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Journal articles on the topic 'State secrecy – United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Ellington, Thomas C. "Won’t Get Fooled Again: The Paranoid Style in the National Security State." Government and Opposition 38, no. 4 (2003): 436–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-7053.t01-1-00023.

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AbstractIn meeting the threat posed by terrorism, the democratic state also faces a paradox: those practices best suited to defending the state are often least suited to democracy. Such is the case with official secrecy, which has received renewed attention. Military and intelligence operations frequently depend on secrecy for their success. At the same time, democracy depends on openness, a fact too often neglected by democratic theory. Official secrecy subverts citizen autonomy and in so doing creates fertile ground for paranoid-style thinking. For the United States, a history of secrets and

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2

Lefebvre, Stéphane. "A BRIEF GENEALOGY OF STATE SECRECY." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 31, no. 1 (2013): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v31i1.4312.

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This article provides a potential explanation to the following question: With over five million government employees and contractors entrusted with state secrets in both Canada and the United States, how could the fact that the vast majority of keepers of state secrets obey the letter of the law be explained? The deterrent effect of the law alone cannot account for this state of affairs. The reason is that subjects self-regulate (psychologically and sociologically speaking) and behave according to contingent forms of rationalities. These forms of rationalities include changing discourses on se

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Haas, Melinda, and Keren Yarhi-Milo. "To Disclose or Deceive? Sharing Secret Information between Aligned States." International Security 45, no. 3 (2021): 122–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00402.

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Why do aligned states sometimes disclose secret information about their miitary plans to use force, whereas other times they choose to deceive their partners? The state initiating these plans may choose among four information-sharing strategies: collusion, compartmentalization, concealment, and lying. Three main considerations shape its decision: the state's assessment of whether it needs its partner's capabilities to succeed at the military mission, the state's perception of whether the partner will be willing to support the state in the requested role, and the state's anticipated deception c

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Laidler, Paweł. "How Republicans and Democrats Strengthen Secret Surveillance in the United States." Political Preferences, no. 25 (January 28, 2020): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/polpre.2019.25.5-20.

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The purpose of the paper is to assess the relationship between secrecy and transparency in the pre- and post-Snowden eras in the United States. The Author analyzes, from both political and legal perspectives, the sources and outcomes of the U.S. politics of national security with a special focus on domestic and intelligence surveillance measures. The core argument of the paper is that, due to the role of the executive which has always promoted the culture of secrecy, there is no chance for the demanded transparency in national security surveillance, despite the controlling powers of the legisl

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Craig, Megan, and Madeleine Davison. "Secrecy in Death Records: A Call to Action." Journal of Civic Information 2, no. 4 (2020): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/joci.v2i4.127492.

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Legal access to death certificates varies widely from state to state. Because death records are crucial to in-depth journalistic reporting, we examined laws related to data access across the United States to determine how possible such reporting would be in each state under current laws. In addition to conducting a survey of state legislation on death certificates, we also conducted a meta-analysis of state legislative history related to these records, sought stories that have relied on death records, and interviewed the reporters who wrote some of those stories. We found that state laws could

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Weng, Shi-Hong, Anna Ya Ni, Alfred Tat-Kei Ho, and Ruo-Xi Zhong. "Responding to the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Tale of Two Cities." American Review of Public Administration 50, no. 6-7 (2020): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941687.

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This study compares the experiences of Shanghai in China and Los Angeles in the United States to illustrate four tension points in pandemic responses: immediacy versus thoroughness, transparency versus secrecy and security, centralization versus decentralization, and state-driven solutions versus coproduction. Based on the case analysis, strategic management and planning practices in six stages of pandemic response are recommended. The study also suggests research questions for future comparative research to examine more carefully how pandemic responses should vary due to institutional differe

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Lucy, Meghann. "Pills and Control in the Carceral State." Contexts 20, no. 2 (2021): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15365042211012079.

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The book review explores Silent Cells: The Secret Drugging of Captive America by Anthony Ryan Hatch explaining how the contemporary United States’ carceral state—prisons, nursing homes, foster care systems, active duty military, immigrant detention facilities, and schools—is mired in its own self-imposed drug addiction to psychotropic medication to control those in its “care.”

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Macklin, Audrey. "From Cooperation, to Complicity, to Compensation: The War on Terror, Extraordinary Rendition, and the Cost of Torture." European Journal of Migration and Law 10, no. 1 (2008): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138836407x261326.

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AbstractAttention has turned recently to the human rights implications of Western states' cooperation with the United States in the so-called War on Terror. This paper presents the ordeal of Canadian Maher Arar as a case-study in how one state responded to contentions of complicity in the extraordinary rendition of one of its nationals. Relying in part on faulty intelligence supplied by Canada, Arar was rendered by the United States to Syria. He was imprisoned and tortured for almost a year before Canada secured his release. Under considerable public pressure, the Canadian government appointed

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9

Born, Gary B., and W. Hardy Callcott. "In re Doe." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 2 (1989): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202753.

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A federal grand jury investigating possible criminal violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (18 U.S.C. §§ 1961 — 1968 (1982)) (RICO) by former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos and his wife issued subpoenas requiring the Márcoses to provide handwriting and voice exemplars and fingerprints, and to sign forms authorizing the release of confidential banking records. The Márcoses refused to comply with the subpoenas and were held in civil contempt. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (per Cardamone, J.) affirmed the contempt order and held

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10

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Peverill Squire. "The Politics of Institutional Choice: Presidential Ballot Access for Third Parties in the United States." British Journal of Political Science 25, no. 3 (1995): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400007274.

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During the nineteenth century, a presidential voter actually selected a party-prepared candidate list, casting it in full view of others. The ‘Australian’ ballot, adopted in nearly all states by 1900, took away party preparation of the ballot. State officials now prepared overall candidate lists from which the voter picked in secret. The introduction of the Australian ballot was heralded as a blow against political corruption and for ‘good government’. But practical questions arose. With the state itself responsible for the ballot, how should it decide which candidates to list? Some barriers t

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Burrage, Thomas G. "Microscopy and Microbes at Plum Island: Protecting America's Livestock." Microscopy Today 13, no. 6 (2005): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053931.

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Plum Island Animal Disease Center, located on a small island off the coast of Long Island's North Fork, has been clouded in mystery and misinformation for years. Often the topic of conspiracy theorists, this secret place has generated many myths—from aliens to anthrax and pink eels to secret submarines. But the truth of the center's mission is far less colorful yet far more crucial to the state of the nation's agriculture.In June 2003, operational responsibility for the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) transferred from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to the United S

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Prozzi, Jolanda, Kellie Spurgeon, and Robert Harrison. "Secret Lives of Containers: Evidence from Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1833, no. 1 (2003): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1833-01.

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In 2000, the Texas Department of Transportation contracted with the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) at the University of Texas, Austin, to analyze containerized freight movements in Texas. Although aggregate data are available on the container sector and global movements, including data on container manufacturing, steamship companies, container routes, vessel capacities, and costs and supply chains, little information is available on container movements in the United States. To shippers and those directly involved in the container sector, some data on container movements in the United

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hill, george j. "Intimate Relationships: Secret Affairs of Church and State in the United States and Liberia, 1925?1947." Diplomatic History 31, no. 3 (2007): 465–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00628.x.

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Friedman, Max Paul. "Specter of a Nazi Threat: United States-Colombian Relations, 1939-1945." Americas 56, no. 4 (2000): 563–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029849.

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On 11 September 1941, U..S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took to the airwaves to warn his country that “Hitler's advance guards” were readying “footholds, bridgeheads in the New World, to be used as soon as he has gained control of the oceans.” The most recent sign that the Nazis were coming, the president told his rapt national audience, was the discovery of “secret airlanding fields in Colombia, within easy range of the Panama Canal.”In Bogotá, the response was pandemonium. U.S. ambassador Spruille Braden, astonished that “the President has gone out on a limb with this statement,” sent hi

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BIZADEA, George. "HMONG. THE SECRET ARMY." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (2021): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-25.

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This article aims to analyze the role of the Hmong population in the Indochina conflict. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered Laos a buffer state according to theDominion Theory and as such much more strategically important than Vietnam. To avoid the fall of Laos under communism and thus the spread of communism in the region, Eisenhower turned to the services of the C.I.A., because he could not intervene officially in Laos without violating the Geneva Convention.Keywords: Indochina; Laos; Vietnam; war; United States of America; Hmong, Central Intelligence Agency.

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Amusan, Lere, and Siphiwe Mchunu. "Adventure into Peacetime Intra-Alliance Espionage: Assessment of the America-Germany Saga." Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 33, no. 1 (2015): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lfpr-2016-0010.

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Abstract Peacetime espionage is often employed by states as a means of acquiring information about competitor states in the international system. However the practice is not limited to competitor states. In a world where security concerns are an ever-present consideration for state action, acts of espionage normally reserved for use against enemies are also used against ally states. The basic premise is that while alliances are able to foster mutual trust and cooperation, they do not conclude that an ally will always be trust-worthy and faithful, most especially, when it involves issues of nat

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Walker, William O. "Security, insecurity, and the U.S. presence in the Caribbean." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75, no. 3-4 (2001): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002554.

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[First paragraph]Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba. PETER KORNBLUH (ed.). New York: The New Press, 1998. viii + 339 pp. (Paper US$17.95)Psywar on Cuba: The Declassified History of U.S. Anti-Castro Propaganda. JON ELLISTON (ed.). Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999. 320 pp. (Paper US$ 21.95)Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis. JAMES G. BLIGHT & DAVID A. WELCH (eds.). London: Frank Cass, 1998. x + 234 pp. (Cloth US$ 47.50)Live by the Sword: The Secret WarAgainst Castro and the Death of JFK. Gus Russo. Baltimore MD: Bancroft Press, 1998. xvi + 619 pp. (Clo

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Parsons, Laila. "The Secret Testimony of the Peel Commission (Part I): Underbelly of Empire." Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 1 (2019): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.49.1.7.

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The Peel Commission (1936–37) was the first British commission of inquiry to recommend the partition of Palestine into two states. The commissioners made their recommendation after listening to several weeks of testimony, delivered in both public and secret sessions. The transcripts of the public testimony were published soon afterward, but the secret testimony transcripts were only released by the United Kingdom's National Archives in March 2017. Divided into two parts, this article closely examines the secret testimony. Part I discusses how the secret testimony deepens our understanding of k

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Keller, Spencer. "How Small Cannabis Businesses Can Survive the Hurdles of IP Protection." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 1 (2020): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i1.6.

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The current state of cannabis and intellectual property laws and regulations leaves small and emerging cannabis businesses at a distinct disadvantage compared to those in other industries. Those wishing to pursue cannabis inventions and patents face an uphill battle as cannabis research and development is nearly impossible to conduct legally. The difficulty in researching cannabis has pushed companies to move their research outside of the United States, leaving those growing businesses unable to corner their market in the cannabis industry. Complicating matters further are the overly broad pat

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Mohamed, Salman Khairi, and Eyad Mudhe Gerow. "The cornerstone of creative chaos and the US strategic shift after 9/11." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 16 (July 2, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i16.142.

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Researchers are increasingly interested in the creative chaos produced by American strategic thinking, especially after the official disclosure by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in 2005 that the theory of creative chaos has become a priority of US foreign policy in dealing with critical issues in the Middle East. And Iraq to achieve the goals and interests of the United States and to ensure the need for the requirements of imperial construction without taking into account the material and human costs for the purpose of substantive content reveals the secret link between the religious valu

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21

Cozzens, Susan E. "Editorial." Science, Technology, & Human Values 13, no. 1-2 (1988): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243988013001-202.

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It is widely thought that the state of public understanding of science in the United States, and indeed throughout much of the industrialized world, is in need of fundamental reexamination…. Regardless of its philosophical soundness, the old model of value-free science unlocking the secrets and powers of nature for man's benefit has had profound social and intellectual consequences. Today, however, there is growing resistance to this model; in various quarters, allegiance is shifting to another image, one that projects science as almost mindlessly giving virtually uncontrolled powers over natu

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22

Coates, Benjamin A. "The Secret Life of Statutes: A Century of the Trading with the Enemy Act." Modern American History 1, no. 2 (2018): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2018.12.

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In 1917 Congress passed the Trading with the Enemy Act to prevent trade with Germany and the Central Powers. It was a wartime law designed for wartime conditions but one that, over the course of the following century, took on a secret, surprising life of its own. Eventually it became the basis for a project of worldwide economic sanctions applied by the United States at the discretion of the president during times of both war and peace. This article traces the history of the law in order to explore how the expansion of American power in the twentieth century required a transformation of the Am

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Piette, Adam. "Writing into the Cold War West." Theory, Culture & Society 28, no. 7-8 (2011): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276411417464.

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John Beck's fine study of the representation of the postwar American West, analyzes the cultural impact of the secret state's establishment of its arsenals, proving grounds and waste disposal sites after the Manhattan Project. The giant Southwest Defense Complex is registered, with acute and telling political energy, in texts by Cormac MacCarthy, Leslie Marmon Silko, Bradford Morrow and Don DeLillo, as a brute invisible energy field at the edges of national experience. This is one of the best studies of the military-industrial complex on record, typified by sharp close reading, blistering and

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Zamanapulov, Democrit. "Organizing the Mechanism of Conducting the “Secret War” of the USA Against the Sandinista Regime of 1984." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.7.

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Introduction. In Russian historiography, the issue of the reasons for the beginning of the U.S. special operations in Nicaragua is a complex problem that requires careful development due to its importance as one of the elements of the confrontation during the Cold War. The scientific relevance of this issue is determined by the insufficient degree of its study. The socio-political relevance is related to the current military-political situation in the world in general and the actions of the United States in particular, which, as part of ensuring their national security, use special operations

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Belov, Sergey I. "REHABILITATION OF THE NAZI REGIME, ITS SUPPORTERS AND ACCOMPLICES IN THE EUROPEAN CINEMATOGRAPHY: CURRENT STATE AND NEW TRENDS IN DEVELOPING MEMORY POLICIES." RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, no. 1 (2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-1-110-117.

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The presented study is dedicated to the rehabilitation of the Nazi regime, its supporters and accomplices in modern cinema as part of the memory policy. The relevance of this work is determined by the growing influence of ultra-right politicians in a number of economically developed countries, an increase in the number of memorial wars due to the rehabilitation of Nazism accomplices and the spread of right-wing radicalism in the United States and European Union states. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the rehabilitation practices of Nazism and its supporters in new motion pictures, wh

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Houweling, Henk, and Mehdi Parvizi Amineh. "IR-Theory and Transformation in the Greater Middle East: the Role of the United States." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6, no. 1-3 (2007): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914907x207676.

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AbstractThis article analyzes why post-Cold War American foreign policy regarding the Greater Middle East (GME) changed course and why the United States having a virtual military monopoly fails to achieve its war aim in Iraq. To that end, the authors consult realist and liberal theory in international relations. Realists have a security-driven policy agenda. They fail to create a micro-level foundation in political man for the posited collective interest at the level of the state. Realists therefore produce indeterminate results. Liberal theory in international relations does have a micro-foun

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Bratosin, Stefan. "Mediatization of Beliefs: The Adventism from “Morning Star” to the Public Sphere." Religions 11, no. 10 (2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11100483.

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This article examines “the material becoming-forces of symbolic forms” mobilized by the Adventist beliefs in the public sphere of the United States of America during the 19th century. Particularly, the article focuses on the “transformation” of the prophetic letter’s secret of the Bible into “communicative action”, which is both civil and religious. The article aims to test the strengths and the weaknesses of Adventism’s symbolic function in the paradigmatic myth of the State, on the assumption that, in the creation of spiritual meaning in the present world, Adventism is an external referent t

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McDowell, Jennifer, and Milton Loventhal. "The Spy (K.G.B. General Alexander Orlov), the Dupe (Bertram D. Wolfe), and the Documents (The Stalin Resolutions)." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 48, no. 4 (2014): 375–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04804001.

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Two-hundred and forty-two consecutive, Soviet Politburo resolutions on foreign policy covering 1934–1936, some built on reports by Stalin with his actual words, and 34 pieces of 1934 espionage correspondence that traveled between the Moscow Foreign Office and its branch in the Soviet Embassy in Vienna, were purchased clandestinely by German intelligence, at the time, and as they were written. A German Sovietologist named Dr. Georg Leibbrandt authenticated them right at the time. Adolf Hitler read them. They influenced his decision to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. Captured by the U.S. Army i

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Clark, Peter A. "Palliative Care and Hospice: A Paradigm for End-of-Life Care in Developing Nations." Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 6, no. 2 (2017): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v6i2.18541.

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Traditionally, medical care has had two mutually exclusive goals: either to cure disease and to prolong life or to provide comfort care. Given this dichotomy, the decision to focus on reducing suffering is made usually only after life-prolonging treatment has been ineffectual and death is imminent, usually by days or hours. As a result, one of the best kept secrets in a hospital today in the United States is palliative care and hospice care. We estimate that of the 2.4 million Americans that die each year, about 80% end their lives in hospitals attached to the latest advances in technology; 30

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Rabush, Taisiуa. "Involvement of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in the Events in Afghanistan in the Late 1970s." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.12.

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Introduction. In this article, the author examines the position of the countries of the Middle East region in the late 1970s with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The emphasis is on the period on the eve of the entry of the Soviet troops to Afghanistan – from the April Revolution of 1978 until December 1979. The author’s focus is on two states: Pakistan directly bordering on Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia, which is a major geopolitical actor in the region. Methods and materials. The author relies on documentary sources such as “Department of state bulletin”, documents of secret corr

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Hutton, R. "The Making of the Secret Treaty of Dover, 1668–1670." Historical Journal 29, no. 2 (1986): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00018756.

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Few international agreements have provoked more controversy among historians than that concluded at Dover, on 22 May 1670, by representatives of the English and French Crowns. Its main provisions were for an offensive war against the Dutch republic of the United Provinces, leading to its destruction as a European power, and for the public profession by the English king, Charles II, of the Roman Catholic faith, which had been regarded by most English people for a hundred years as the bitterest enemy of their own church. The existence of this treaty was concealed not only from the other European

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Jayawardena, Hemamal. "AIDS and Professional Secrecy in the United States." Medicine, Science and the Law 36, no. 1 (1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600108.

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Objective: To create a legal awareness of AIDS patients' right to privacy among the medical profession. Discussion and recommendations: Doctors should recognize confidentiality as a patient's right, since in most countries the AIDS patient is practically considered a person who is going through a punishment, having no legal rights, rather than a patient suffering from a grave illness. Originally the common law did not recognize the concept of professional secrecy as a right of the patient. It was only regarded as an ethical duty not actionable in court. But with the eruption of diseases such a

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Hassoon, Salam Fadhil, and Naeem Abed Joudah. "The American role in the Anti-Soviet Afghan War (1977- 1980)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 5 (2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.954.

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Purpose of the study: This study aims to discuss the American role in the anti-Soviet Afghan war and disclose the reasons for the Soviet worry about the growth of the fundamentalist terrorist groups inside Afghanistan. Methodology: This is library-based research work. Results: The article has come up with some main points on that severe war. One of these was that the American President Jimmy Carter's Doctrine in 1980. Carter's Doctrine could be considered a sort of policy that allows the use of military force in case American interests are exposed to Soviet threats. As a result, th

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Nigmatova, Lolakhon Khamidovna. "LANGUAGE AND CUL GE AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN UZBEK V TURAL ISSUES IN UZBEK VOCABULARY." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 1 (2021): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/1/3.

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Abstract. In the article had been noted the harmony, stability and reflection of language and culture in the educational vocabulary. In order to teach the native language and inculcate the national and spiritual values and culture of the Uzbek people passed down from generation to generation to the younger generation, the role of dictionaries is very important. The creation of educational dictionaries with a history of several thousand years still remains an urgent task in the XXI century. It is not secret that in developed countries, the focus on the intellectual and spiritual upbringing of a

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Hoppe, Trevor. "Punishing Sex: Sex Offenders and the Missing Punitive Turn in Sexuality Studies." Law & Social Inquiry 41, no. 03 (2016): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12189.

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At precisely the same time that gay and lesbian activists were securing marriage rights for same-sex couples nationwide, courts and “tough on crime” state legislatures were devising new ways to regulate sex. Despite recent estimates that over 750,000 Americans are registered sex offenders, few sexuality scholars have examined the growth of punitive policies regulating sex offenders. In this article, I draw on a unique set of data on the population of sex offenders in the United States to analyze: (1) whether recent trends in sex offender registration mirror those of corrections more generally,

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Сальков and Nikolay Sal'kov. "Americanization of Russian Geometric Education and Descriptive Geometry." Geometry & Graphics 3, no. 3 (2015): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14418.

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70 years ago, the bloodiest of wars had ended. Literally, the next day the USA started the ruthless Cold war against the USSR. Goal – to destroy the USSR as political and military enemy. Ironically, it was the Russian Empire (and the Soviet Union – its successor) that first in the world recognized the USA as an independent state. In 1991, the goal was achieved. Russia considered the cold war over, and the USA a partner in all matters. In vain. It is no secret the CIA felt home in Russian governmental buildings. It is no secret that Department of

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Kim, Marlene. "Pay Secrecy and the Gender Wage Gap in the United States." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 54, no. 4 (2015): 648–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12109.

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Campbell, Craig A. "Field Research and Development of Plant Growth Regulators by the Agrochemical Industry." HortTechnology 12, no. 1 (2002): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.1.68.

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This paper describes the field research and development (FRD) process followed by agrochemical companies when developing a new plant growth regulator (PGR). Specific approaches used by Valent BioSciences Corporation in developing EcoLyst, a newly registered PGR for use on orange (Citrus sinensis) in the United States, are cited as examples of this process. Agrochemical companies acquire some new PGR compounds from outside sources, while others are discovered internally. Internal development of new compounds is simpler to control and manage. When a new PGR is identified from an outside source,

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Burr, William. "To “Keep the Genie Bottled Up”: U.S. Diplomacy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Gas Centrifuge Technology, 1962–1972." Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no. 2 (2017): 115–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00743.

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In the 1960s and early 1970s, U.S. policymakers maintained a complex effort to limit the dissemination of gas centrifuge technology for enriching uranium, which they saw as an inherent nuclear proliferation risk. Recognizing that controls could not stop scientific research and development, U.S. officials nevertheless believed the overseas development of gas centrifuge technology could be slowed. To prevent further dissemination overseas, the United States supported cooperation with European allies that were already developing the technology. Cooperation involved implementation of secrecy and e

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Watts, Frank C., Loyal A. Quandt, and Francis D. Hole. "State Soils of the United States." Soil Horizons 33, no. 4 (1992): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh1992.4.0087.

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Fitch, Megan. "United States State Department Web Site." Journal of Government Information 28, no. 3 (2001): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(01)00310-0.

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Utami, Agnes Nora Eko Wahyu. "GENDER WAGE DISPARITY IN THE UNITED STATES: SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT V. LEGISLATIONS." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 2, no. 2 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v2i2.34256.

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This study aimed at investigating the contributing factors to the persistence of gender pay disparity in American workforce despite decades of the enactment of progressive, federal legislations concerning on women’s wage. This study employed sociological approach and utilized qualitative research to achieve its predetermined objectives. Utilizing library research, data were gathered and analyzed using gender theory, particularly the theory of devaluation of women’s work. The results of this study indicated that prevalent American cultural values on gender roles and pay secrecy interfere with t

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Guex, Sébastien. "The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy." Business History Review 74, no. 2 (2000): 237–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116693.

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For all its notoriety and controversial character, the history of Swiss banking secrecy remains largely unexplored. This article traces the crucial phases of its development. It reveals that the maintenance and reinforcement of banking secrecy represented a major objective of Swiss authorities throughout the twentieth century, and exerted a substantial influence on Swiss domestic and foreign policy. It demonstrates that, contrary to popular opinion, the institution of Swiss banking secrecy did not arise from a desire to protect the funds deposited in Switzerland by Jewish victims of Nazi perse

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Walters, William. "Everyday secrecy: Oral history and the social life of a top-secret weapons research establishment during the Cold War." Security Dialogue 51, no. 1 (2019): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619887850.

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Despite the welcome turn within security studies towards a more material- and practice-oriented understanding of state secrecy, the ways in which security actors experience, practise and negotiate secrecy in their everyday work lives has been rather overlooked. To counter this neglect the article calls for attention to everyday secrecy. Focusing on a former top-secret weapons research facility in the UK called Orford Ness, it uses oral history to give an account of ex-employees’ memories, experiences and practices concerning secrecy. Such a focus reveals that subjects make sense of procedures

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Kuo, Raymond. "Secrecy among Friends: Covert Military Alliances and Portfolio Consistency." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 1 (2019): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719849676.

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Scholars think that friendly nations adopt secrecy to avoid domestic costs and facilitate cooperation. But this article uncovers a historical puzzle. Between 1870 and 1916, over 80 percent of alliance ties were partially or completely covert. Otherwise, hidden pacts are rare. Why was secrecy prevalent in this particular period and not others? This article presents a theory of “portfolio consistency.” Public agreements undermine the rank of hidden alliances. A partner willing to openly commit to another country but not to you signals the increased importance of this other relationship. States p

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Wood, D. "State Aid Management in the United States." European State Aid Law Quarterly 12, no. 1 (2013): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2013/1/330.

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Platt, Tony. "The State of Welfare: United States 2003." Monthly Review 55, no. 5 (2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-055-05-2003-09_3.

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Mokrosinska, Dorota. "Why states have no right to privacy, but may be entitled to secrecy: a non-consequentialist defense of state secrecy." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23, no. 4 (2018): 415–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2018.1482097.

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Dai, Bin, A. J. Han Vinck, and Yuan Luo. "Wiretap Channel in the Presence of Action-Dependent States and Noiseless Feedback." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/423619.

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We investigate the wiretap channel in the presence of action-dependent states and noiseless feedback. Given the message to be communicated, the transmitter chooses an action sequence that affects the formation of the channel states and then generates the channel input sequence based on the state sequence, the message, and the noiseless feedback, where the noiseless feedback is from the output of the main channel to the channel encoder. The main channel and the wiretap channel are two discrete memoryless channels (DMCs), and they are connected with the legitimate receiver and the wiretapper, re

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Yin, Xinxing, Xiao Chen, and Zhi Xue. "Wiretap Channel with Action-Dependent States and Rate-Limited Feedback." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/131063.

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We introduce the wiretap channel with action-dependent states and rate-limited feedback. In the new model, the state sequence is dependent on the action sequence which is selected according to the message, and a secure rate-limited feedback link is shared between the transmitter and the receiver. We obtain the capacity-equivocation region and secrecy capacity of such a channel both for the case where the channel inputs depend noncausally on the state sequence and the case where they are restricted to causal dependence. We construct the capacity-achieving coding schemes utilizing Wyner's random

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