Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'State self-regulation'

The importance of school readiness and social-emotional development for children who live in poverty is well established. Head Start programs have championed the development of the whole child across all learning domains. The implementation of the K-12 Common Core State Standards (CCSS) focuses instructional skills on reading language arts, and math. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore Head Start teachers' perceptions and experiences of the CCSS implementation. The study was guided by the constructivist learning framework of Piaget and Dewey. Research questions explored the understanding and effects of the K-12 CCSS implementation from a group of 10 Head Start teachers in high poverty schools in a large urban district in Washington State. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and shared documents. Open coding was employed to look for common topics for thematic analysis. Emergent themes were related to goal setting for students, teacher training, and student development. Key findings showed early childhood teachers have 3 different sets of standards, and teachers in Head Start could not access others besides their own. Findings resulted in a document for early childhood teachers combining the CCSS; Washington State early learning standards; and goals used by Head Start teachers, in literacy, math, and social-emotional skills for children ages 4 to 6. With access to all early childhood goals, teachers can set goals for their students that precede or exceed the guidelines used at their own grade level. Implications for social change are the opportunity for teachers to meet the needs of their students, no matter their skill level, and allow students to excel beyond their classroom setting, toward greater educational opportunities.

Self-driving cars are here. Once an advanced technology that seemed futuristic, they are now closer than most believe. Many of the largest automobile manufacturers are working on autonomous vehicle technology of their own. Perhaps most well-known, though, are the cars being developed by Tesla and Google. Both companies have well-developed prototypes of fully autonomous vehicles, meaning they require no human input or supervision, and Tesla has promised widespread, consumer availability of this technology in the next one to two years. Along with the availability of this technology to the public and transportation companies like Uber and Lyft, comes a need to establish a regulatory environment. Regulators need to contemplate a new, yet complex, technology with far-reaching implications and determine how best to regulate necessary components. In this paper, I plan to explicate and analyze the ethical impact of the proliferation of self-driving cars that regulators should consider when determining how they ought to regulate. I will do this by first clarifying any technical terms one might need to be familiar with as well as discussing some of the requisite considerations. Then, I plan to explore a some of the pitfalls regulators might be subject to as they navigate the associated complex issues. Finally, I will explain and analyze the likely benefits and potential risks resulting from roadways filled with autonomous vehicles.

Depression is a substantial psychopathology encountered in the dialysis population yet its association with potentially modifiable psychological antecedents are not well known. Of these potential antecedents, individual’s perception of their condition are likely to play an important role in how they adjust to their illness (Leventhal, Brissette, & Leventhal, 2003). The Common Sense Model suggests that illness representations guide the self-regulation of illness (Leventhal, Meyer, & Nerenz, 1980; Leventhal, Nerenz, & Steele, 1984). The model posits that the interpretation of illness (illness perceptions) influence the response and procedures adopted in order to regulate the illness threat. The overarching aim of the work here is to examine whether illness perceptions predict depression and its trajectory in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients, and to establish if depression and illness perceptions are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in these patients. In order to achieve these aims it was first important to establish how best to assess depression and illness representations in the context of ESRD. A pilot study investigated whether the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) could be administered to haemodialysis patients (HD) while actively on dialysis. Patients completed the BDI and IPQ-R while on-dialysis and again at a time when off-dialysis (n=40). Level of agreement revealed no discernable difference between BDI and IPQ-R scores across the two conditions, although there was a slight bias with regards to scoring on somatic items of the BDI while on-dialysis. Given these data, on-dialysis assessments were employed in the studies reported. Furthermore the BDI was compared against a diagnostic standard for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in order to define an adjusted BDI cut-off score that would indicate potential depressive cases. The data revealed that a BDI≥16 had optimal sensitivity and specificity for MDD. This cut-off score was employed to define patients with “probable” depression. The factor structure of the BDI was the focus in the following chapter. BDI data from two larger studies (reported later in the thesis) were pooled in order to conduct confirmatory factor analysis, testing several proposed structures of the BDI. The analysis revealed that two and three factor solutions had relatively poor fit to the data. A relatively novel bi-factor model proposed by Ward (2006) had the best fit. In this model there is a general depression factor that loaded onto all of the 21 BDI items, and two smaller orthogonal cognitive and somatic factors. These factors collectively explained 91% of the total variance in BDI-II total scores, suggesting that the BDI provides a good overall measure of global depressive symptoms. The first study to examine the association between illness representations and depression was a cross-sectional study of established HD patients (n=215). Nearly 30% of the sample were depressed (BDI≥16), highlighting the extent of depressive symptoms in this patient group. Significant differences between depressed and non-depressed patients with regards to illness perceptions were evident. In logistic regression illness coherence, perceived consequences and treatment control perceptions predicted depression. Interestingly clinical variables including co-morbidity were unrelated to depression. This suggests that it is not disease severity or extra-renal co-morbidity per se that are vulnerabilities for depression, rather it is the interpretation of the disease that appears to be important. The proceeding chapter extended this cross-sectional investigation by examining the trajectory of depression (i.e. change in depression) over the first year of dialysis therapy in relation to illness representations. An incident cohort of dialysis patients (n=160) were seen at a point soon after dialysis initiation and followed up 6 and 12 months thereafter. In particular, differences between patients who start dialysis via planned route (i.e. those with progressive renal failure who had been “worked-up” to dialysis) vs. those who started dialysis suddenly (unplanned starters) were sought. Unplanned starters were more depressed than the planned patients and held different illness perceptions. Structural equation modelling of the baseline data revealed that illness perceptions predicted depression, and that path to dialysis had an indirect effect on depression as mediated through illness perceptions. Over time, depression and illness perceptions appeared to remain relatively stable although there was some evidence of a non-linear decline in depression scores over the follow-up period. In addition, illness identity decreased over time, while illness coherence (understanding) increased. Clinical and demographic factors were not associated with the trajectory of depression as assessed using Latent Growth Models. However several illness perceptions were associated with a change in depression over time, suggesting that patient’s illness representations assist in the regulation (or under-regulation) of mood. The first of two clinical oriented chapters examined the utility of illness representations in explaining fluid non-adherent behaviour. HD patients were categorised as either fluid adherent or non-adherent based upon Inter-dialytic Weight Gain (IDWG). Patients in the upper quartile of percent weight gain were defined as non-adherent (IDWG≥3.21% dry weight). The data revealed that non-adherent patients had lower timeline perceptions as compared to adherent patients. Logistic regression models were evaluated in order to identify predictors of fluid non-adherence. After several demographic and clinical variables had been controlled, lower consequence perceptions predicted non-adherence. This data points to the utility of understanding dialysis patient’s personal illness representations in relation to maladaptive health care behaviour. Finally, the potential association between depression, illness representations and short term survival in incident dialysis patients was evaluated. Patients were followed up for a mean of 545 (±271) days in which there were 27 deaths (16.9%). Patients were censored if they were lost to follow-up, transplanted or recovered renal function. In Cox survival models after controlling for several co-variates including co-morbidity, depression significantly predicted mortality. Furthermore, survival models including illness perceptions revealed that treatment control perceptions were also predictive of mortality. These results suggest that depression and beliefs surrounding treatment control contribute to the survival of dialysis patients. Possible explanations regarding these associations are presented. In conclusion the empirical investigations offered here support the thesis that illness perceptions predict depression in dialysis patients. Moreover there is evidence that illness representations are associated with maladaptive health behaviour (non-adherence) in dialysis patients. Depression and illness representations also predict short-term survival in incident patients after adjusting for important co-variates. Recent studies have shown that altering maladaptive illness perceptions via psychological intervention can have a positive influence upon outcomes (Petrie, Cameron, Ellis, Buick, & Weinman, 2002). Given the evidence presented in this thesis, testing interventions that target maladaptive illness representations in order to improve clinical and psychological outcomes seem highly relevant in this setting.

The current understanding of students' co- and self-regulated learning behaviours during group learning is limited. Research on social cognitive models of self-regulated learning (SRL) focused primarily on understanding the processes that students use to self-regulate their learning and the subsequent benefits of SRL on learning and academic performance. Recently, sociocultural models have begun to argue that SRL is fostered, developed, and maintained within social contexts and as a result of interactions with teachers and peers. This research employs both social cognitive and sociocultural theories to investigate students' co- regulatory behaviours in a computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment. The students worked in a computer based science simulation learning environment in which either self-regulatory prompts or co- and self- regulatory prompts were given. A longitudinal design methodology incorporating four studies was adopted. The first study engaged two hundred and fourteen year 7 and 8 (11-13 year oIds) students to pilot the developed co-regulated strategies for learning questionnaire (CRSLQ) in a high school at Bedfordshire County in the United Kingdom. The remaining three studies engaged forty year 7 students (11-12 year olds) from the same school who were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group to work collaboratively on various science topics. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses were used to examine the strategies that students used to co- regulate their learning processes over time. Results from the quantitative analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the experimental and the control groups in the students' demonstration of co-regulated learning (CRL) behaviours over time. However, the results from the knowledge tests, although they suggested that learning had taken place, did not reach statistical significance. Findings from the qualitative analysis suggested between group and within group differences in the nature of co-regulatory processes that groups used to co-regulate their learning behaviour over the course of the three studies. Theoretically, this research extends individual models of SRL to include social forms of regulation arguing that students acquire, refine, and use different forms of regulatory processes to regulate their learning behaviours during collaborative learning. Finally, given the emphasis on SRL throughout the national curriculum this research supports the use of collaborative tasks in a technology-rich learning environment as an instructional method to increase students' regulatory processes. Some recommendations for future work are then made.

The Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation of Health and Illness has previously been applied to people with early-stage dementia. This suggests that people hold ‘illness representations’ of cognitive perceptions of their health condition. Illness representations develop from lay knowledge, current experience and information from external sources. Recent studies have highlighted that people with early-stage dementia have unmet information needs and require individually tailored information about aspects of dementia which are important to them. Professionals require a way to identify what people with early-stage dementia feel they do not understand about their dementia. Thus, the current study investigated whether illness representations might provide a mechanism for identifying the information needs of eight people with early-stage Alzheimer’s or mixed dementia attending a National Health Service memory clinic. An important feature of illness representations is whether they allow someone to form a coherent understanding of their condition, the ‘coherence’ of their illness representation. For the current study, the definition of coherence was adapted to match research aims, allowing the investigation of particular aspects of dementia people felt they did not understand using semi-structured interviews. A novel feature of this approach was using explicit prompts about what participants felt they understood or did not understand about each area of their illness representation to help illustrate how lack of understanding could contribute to absence of coherence. Interview transcripts were subject to framework analysis which showed that participants could identify things which they did not understand about their dementia and aspects of dementia they would like to know more about. Broad areas of dementia were identified which several people wanted to know about, along with idiosyncratic information needs. For some participants, illness representations, informed by medical stereotypes, appeared to limit their awareness of possible psychosocial support. Strengths, limitations and recommendations for research and practice were discussed.

A tese a ser defendida é a de que a autorregulação institucionalmente estruturada e legitimada pela regulação é um eficiente arranjo para tratar as falhas e riscos inerentes ao mercado de bolsa. O trabalho se inicia com a descrição da atual estrutura da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa, destacando seu novo formato institucional decorrente do processo de desmutualização e abertura de capital das entidades administradoras do mercado de bolsa e concluindo pela necessidade de adoção de novas perspectivas sobre o tema que transcendam o aparente antagonismo entre concepções liberais e intervencionistas. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho apresenta uma visão panorâmica da evolução histórica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa e considerações sobre os conceitos de autorregulação em outras áreas do conhecimento, a fim de identificar suas variações e seus elementos mais marcantes que constituirão a base a partir da qual serão apresentadas as novas perspectivas de análise do tema. As perspectivas propostas enfocam a natureza jurídica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como atividade paraestatal destinada a concretizar o modelo teórico neoclássico de justa formação dos preços segundo a livre atuação das forças de oferta e demanda e, também, melhorar os padrões de conduta praticados no mercado. Para tanto, o trabalho propõe que as decisões tomadas no âmbito da autorregulação se pautem por critérios materiais baseados nas premissas teóricas da concorrência perfeita e na exigência de cumprimento dos deveres derivados da boa-fé objetiva (informação, lealdade e proteção). Por fim, é apresentada uma especulação teórica, preliminar e não definitiva, denominada teoria palco-platéia, que visa situar o desenvolvimento da estrutura de autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como parte de uma questão essencial de interação entre indivíduo e sociedade representada nas diversas situações comunicativas envolvidas nos processos decisórios individuais e coletivos que modelam os padrões de conduta e as instituições públicas e privadas.<br>The thesis to be defended is that the institutionally structured self-regulation and legitimized by the regulation, is an efficient array to treat flaws and risks inherent of the exchange market. The paper begins with a description of the current self-regulation structure of the exchange market, highlighting its new institutional format, due to the demutualization process and IPO of the entities that manage the exchange market, and concluding with the need of the adoption of new perspectives regarding the subject-matter that transcend the apparent antagonism between liberal and interventionist conception. From this premise, the paper presents an overview of the history of self-regulation of the exchange market and considerations on the concepts of self-regulation in other areas of knowledge, for the purpose of identifying its variations and its most striking elements that will form the basis from which the new perspectives of analysis of the matter will be presented. The proposed views focus on the legal nature of the exchange markets self-regulation as a parastatal activity that seeks to achieve the neoclassic theoretical model of fair pricing, according to the free action of forces of supply and demand, and also improve the conduct standards in the market. Therefore, the paper proposes that decisions made within the self-regulation should be guided by material criteria based on theoretical postulations of perfect competition and in the requirement of the obligations derived from the objective good faith (information, loyalty and protection). Lastly, a preliminary and not final, theoretical speculation is presented, denominated stage-audience theory, which aims to situate the development of the self-regulation structure of the exchange market, as part of an essential matter of interaction between individual and society represented in various communication situations involved in individual and collective decision-making, which shape the standards of conduct, and public and private institutions.

Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a significant concern for musicians of all ages, levels of mastery, and genders (Kenny, 2011). Whereas the anxiety-performance relationship has been well researched in athletes, similar research with musicians is sparse (Nordin-Bates, 2012). In the present research, video feed-forward self-modeling (FF-SM video) was explored as an intervention for use by musicians. FF-SM involves video-editing, typically, to depict a level of master performance higher than that yet attained by the individual. Although video FF-SM has been used successfully with athletes (Ste-Marie, Rymal, Vertes, & Martini, 2011) to increase self-efficacy and improve performance, its use has not yet been explored with musicians. In the present study, Bandura’s Self-efficacy Theory (1977) was used as a framework to explore whether FF-SM videos would increase self-efficacy, lower anxiety, and improve performance in adolescent musicians who self-reported MPA. Twelve string musicians, aged 13 to 18 years, who self-reported MPA took part in a two-week intervention where in one week they practiced with the use of a FF-SM video and in the alternate week they practiced without the video. At the end of each week, participants performed the selected repertoire from their video. Video FF-SM significantly increased musicians’ self-efficacy but only for those musicians who viewed the video in the second week. No changes in anxiety or performance levels were observed. Zimmerman’s triadic self-regulation model is used to explain the cyclical pattern of self-efficacy benefits. It is concluded that the FF-SM video can be an effective tool to increase self-efficacy for musicians who self-report MPA, but that an enactive experience is first needed for those benefits to occur. Research extended over a longer time frame is recommended in order to examine whether influences on anxiety and performance would emerge at a later time.

Les ressentis affectifs lors d’un exercice physique ont été révélés comme prédicteurs de l’engagement dans une pratique régulière (Mohiyeddini, Pauli, &amp; Bauer, 2009). Toutefois, alors que certains ont la possibilité d’expérimenter positivement une séance, d’autres ne le sont pas (Van Landuyt, Ekkekakis, Hall , &amp; Petruzzello, 2000). Une des explications avancées par la théorie du double mode (Ekkekakis, 2003) est que les différences observées entre les individus sont dues à l'interaction existante entre leurs capacités physiques et leurs caractéristiques psychologiques. Dans ce contexte, mon travail de thèse visait à comprendre comment une caractéristique psychologique telle que la tolérance à l'effort peut impacter les réponses affectives d’un individu lors de la réalisation d'un exercice physique modéré. La tolérance est définie comme un trait qui influence la capacité de l'individu à continuer à s'exercer à un niveau d'intensité imposé même si l'activité devient inconfortable ou désagréable (Ekkekakis, Hall et Petruzzello, 2005). À ce jour, mon travail a révélé que le concept de tolérance semble être un concept valable dans un échantillon européen francophone (étude I) et ce quelle que soit la pratique physique hebdomadaire auto-déclarée par les individus. Mon travail montre également que la tolérance à l’effort impacte effectivement les ressentis durant un exercice physique modéré (études II et IV). De plus, il semblerait que plus les individus sont tolérants à l'effort, plus ils sont capables de produire un exercice physique intense (études III et IV). Fait intéressant, les résultats ont révélé que le niveau de tolérance semble être associé à l'efficacité du fonctionnement cognitif. Plus précisément, plus les individus possèdent des fonctions exécutives efficaces, plus ils possèdent un niveau élevé de tolérance à l'effort (étude III). Enfin, l'effet positif d'un environnement de distraction musicale sur la perception de la difficulté de l'exercice physique n'a été révélé que chez les personnes très tolérantes (étude IV); suggérant que la musique peut ne pas être adaptée à tous. En conclusion, à travers la réalisation d'une évaluation psychométrique de la version francophone (étude I), d'un paradigme dual (étude II) et d'une évaluation neuropsychologique des capacités cognitives des individus (étude III), mon travail de thèse a révélé que la tolérance à l’effort semble être un concept francophone valide prédisant la réponse affective positive ou négative à l'exercice physique ; et ce que l’exercice se réalise dans le silence ou en la musique (Études II et IV)<br>Affective responses to physical exercise have been reported as predictors of the degree of engagement a personis ready to set in regular practice (Mohiyeddini, Pauli, &amp; Bauer, 2009). According to the dual mode theory, theindividuals’ differences occurring during the exercise are due to the interplay between one’s physical abilitiesand one’s psychological characteristics (Ekkekakis, 2003) with some experiencing positively the session whileothers do not (Van Landuyt, Ekkekakis, Hall, &amp; Petruzzello, 2000). Hence, my thesis work targeted the betterunderstanding of the effect of one of the psychological characteristics, the Tolerance to effort, on one’saffective responses during moderate physical exercise. Furthermore, I tried to reveal that a neuropsychologicaldefinition of the Tolerance to effort can be possible, even required for prescribing exercise program. Toleranceis defined as a trait that influences one’s ability to continue exercising at an imposed level of intensity even ifthe activity becomes uncomfortable or unpleasant (Ekkekakis, Hall, &amp; Petruzzello, 2005). To date, my workhas revealed that the concept of Tolerance seems to be a valid concept in a French-speaking European sample(Study I). Interestingly, the results were revealed whatever the individuals’ self-reported weekly physicalpractice. My work also shows that the way one experiences a physical exercise depends on one’s tolerancelevel (Studies II and IV). Furthermore, the more individuals were tolerant to effort, the more they were able toproduce intense physical exercise (Studies III and IV). Interestingly, results revealed that one’s tolerance levelseems to be associated with one’s efficiency of cognitive functioning. More specifically, the more individualspossess efficient executive functions, the more they possess high level of Tolerance to effort (Study III).Finally, the positive effect of a musical distracting environment on one’s perception of physical exercisedifficulty was revealed only in high tolerant individuals (Study IV); suggesting that music may not be adaptedto all. To conclude, through the conduction of a psychometric assessment of the French-speaking version(Study I), a dual task paradigm (Study II) and a neuropsychological assessment of individuals cognitiveabilities (Study III), my thesis work has revealed that one’s tolerance level seems to be a French-speaking validconcept predicting the positive or negative affective response to physical exercise either in silence or in music(Studies II and IV) and defining one’s tolerance to effort from a cognitive standpoint

Music performance anxiety is an issue that affects musicians at all levels but can begin in early adolescence. The researcher investigated three variables and their ability to predict music performance anxiety: catastrophization, self-regulation, and goal-setting style. Catastrophization is a negative thought that amplifies perceived criticism. Self-regulation is a metacognitive skill that allows students to plan strategies and evaluate learning. Goal-setting style refers to a student's framework when establishing learning objectives – whether they are focused on mastering the subject matter, or only trying to avoid being the worst in the class. A sample of adolescent wind musicians (n = 68) were administered four self-reporting measures for the predictor variables and music performance anxiety. Catastrophization, self-regulation, and goal-setting style were all statistically significant in predictor music performance anxiety, with catastrophization alone explaining 69% of the variance in the predictor variable. Overall, the whole model was able to explain 46% of the variance in music performance anxiety.

The original purpose of this thesis is to explore the possibility of setting up a school in Aotearoa (New Zealand) that operates according to the principles and philosophies of Summerhill School in Suffolk, England. An examination of Summerhill School is therefore the purpose of this study, particularly because of its commitment to self-regulation and direct democracy for children. My argument within this study is that Summerhill presents precisely the type of model Māori as Tangata Whenua (Indigenous people of Aotearoa) need in our design of an alternative schooling programme, given that self-regulation and direct democracy are traits conducive to achieving Tino Rangitiratanga (Self-government, autonomy and control). In claiming this however, not only would Tangata Whenua benefit from this model of schooling; indeed it has the potential to serve the purpose of all people regardless of age race or gender. At present, no school in Aotearoa has replicated Summerhill's principles and philosophies in their entirety. Given the constraints of a Master's thesis, this piece of work is therefore only intended as a theoretical background study for a much larger kaupapa (purpose). It is my intention to produce a further and more comprehensive study in the future using Summerhill as a vehicle to initiate a model school in Aotearoa that is completely antithetical to the dominant neo-liberal philosophy of our age. To this end, my study intends to demonstrate how neo-liberal schooling is universally dictated by global money market trends, and how it is an ideology fueled by the indifferent acceptance of the general population. In other words, neo-liberal theory is a theory of capitalist colonisation. In order to address the long term vision, this project will be comprised of two major components. The first will be a study of the principal philosophies that govern Summerhill School. As I will argue, Summerhill creates an environment that is uniquely successful and fulfilling for the children who attend. At the same time, it will also be shown how it is a philosophy that is entirely contrary to a neo-liberal 3 mindset; an antidote, to a certain extent, to the ills of contemporary schooling. The second component will address the historical movement of schooling in Aotearoa since the Labour Party's landslide victory in 1984, and how the New Zealand Curriculum has been affected by these changes. I intend to trace the importation of neo-liberal methodologies into Aotearoa such as the 'Picot Taskforce,' 'Tomorrows Schools' and 'Bulk Funding,' to name but a few. The neo-liberal ideologies that have swept through this country in the last two decades have relentlessly metamorphosised departments into businesses and forced ministries into the marketplace, hence causing the 'ideological reduction of education' and confining it to the parameters of schooling. The purpose of this research project is to act as a catalyst for the ultimate materialization of an original vision; the implementation of a school like Summerhill in Aotearoa. A study of the neo-liberal ideologies that currently dominate this country is imperative in order to understand the current schooling situation in Aotearoa and create an informed comparison between the 'learning for freedom' style of Summerhill and the 'learning to earn' style of our status quo schools. It is my hope to strengthen the argument in favour of Summerhill philosophy by offering an understanding of the difference between the two completely opposing methods of learning.

碩士<br>臺灣大學<br>法律學研究所<br>98<br>The concept of “Regulation” is, and always will be one of the most important issues in the area of public law. This paper aims to develop the most efficient and adaptive regulation model through an examination and comparison of the following three concepts: state regulation, self-regulation, and co-regulation. The First Chapter explains why “television violence” is the focus of this paper. The Second Chapter defines the concept of regulation and demonstrates the advantages of “co-regulation”. This is achieved by a comparison of various regulation models including “state regulation” and “self-regulation”. The third chapter introduces different illustrative examples of domestic and foreign television rating systems on violent contents. A thorough review is conducted with regard to the above-mentioned rating systems. In addition, this chapter attempts to structure an ideal television rating system from different perspectives — including legal, public-sector, and private-sector perspectives. The Forth Chapter places emphasis on the constitutionality of the following two issues: (i) Inviting private sector as a co-regulator, and (ii) Enforcing a television program rating system. The Fifth Chapter draws conclusion of the subject and envisions the future of regulation from the perspective of “television rating system on violent contents”.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>資訊科學與工程研究所<br>97<br>When having flow experience under computer-mediated environments, individuals are enabled to enhance their learning abilities, communicative competence, positive emotions, and capability of using computers. Howeveer, it is possible for various inviduals to go into different flow states even in the same environment. In the past, the CME-based researches on flow theory usually measure the flow states in the middle or at the end of the test. Our research, in comparison, adopts a casual game called Music Flow, which is developed by Learning Technology Lab, NCTU, to test the flow state process in the activity without interruption. Playfulness, a personal trait, can produce satisfaction and fun in both working and learning conditions and make people more immersed. Moreover, whether individuals adopt self-regulation in pursuing their goals may also affect their flow states (flow distance) especially when they are in the process of human-computer interaction. The main objectives of this reaarch are listed as follows: (1) To find the relationship between playfulness and self-regulation in the game. (2) To find the influence between self-regulation and flow state in the game. (3) To know what role self-regulation plays in the relationship between playfulness and flow state. This research aims to understand the effects on flow state caused by different degrees of playfulness and self-regulation of individuals. Using the shooting average to analyze players’ self-judgment and the selections of stage depend on flow state to analyze player’s self-reaction. In the process of human-computer interaction, individuals will present different levels of flow process. Our research will discuss in detail on players who are able to focus on human-computer interaction continuously, and approach the measurement of different flow state between playfulness (a trait of personality) and self-regulation. In this research, we take experimental method. The participants are junior high school students (N=266), and the adopted casual game is “Music Flow”. According to the experiment results, we find that the higher playfulness is, the higher self-regulation is, and ita also has positive influence on the flow state. Thus, we reach four conclusions: (1) Children’s playfulness is positively associated with self-regulation; (2) Self-reaction made in the game environment has positive influence on flow state; (3) The ability of self-judgment could be examined by the shooting average. Self-judgment ability could be analyzed from game data. (4) Self-reaction of players who have different playfulness has different influence on their flow states.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>The purpose of this dissertation is to study the regulation of advertising in the healthcare context. First, it focuses on consumers rights, freedom to advertise and. especially, the right to health. Additionally, the text explores the Unfair commercial practices’ regime. As the main objective, we analyse the different types of regulation in Portugal: advertising self-regulation; professional self-regulation, and State regulation. In particular, we will critically examine the Statute: «Decreto-Lei nº 238/2015». The purpose of this dissertation is to study the regulation of advertising in the healthcare context. First, it focuses on consumers rights, freedom to advertise and. especially, the right to health. Additionally, the text explores the Unfair commercial practices’ regime. As the main objective, we analyse the different types of regulation in Portugal: advertising self-regulation; professional self-regulation, and State regulation. In particular, we will critically examine the Statute: «Decreto-Lei nº 238/2015».The purpose of this dissertation is to study the regulation of advertising in the healthcare context. First, it focuses on consumers rights, freedom to advertise and. especially, the right to health. Additionally, the text explores the Unfair commercial practices’ regime. As the main objective, we analyse the different types of regulation in Portugal: advertising self-regulation; professional self-regulation, and State regulation. In particular, we will critically examine the Statute: «Decreto-Lei nº 238/2015».<br>A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para o estudo da regulação das práticas publicitárias em saúde. Primeiramente, tratamos dos direitos dos consumidores, das liberdades dos anunciantes, e em especial, da protecção da saúde. Depois, analisamos o regime vigente. Após um enquadramento comunitário, no qual destacamos o Regime das Práticas Comerciais Desleais, focamo-nos, no ordenamento interno e suas formas regulatórias: a Auto-regulação publicitária, a Auto-regulação Profissional e a Hetero-regulação. Nesta última, levada a cabo pela ERS, incidimos sobretudo no DL nº 238/2015, de 14 de Outubro e seu Regulamento complementar, propondo-se algumas vias de superação das dificuldades identificadas. A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para o estudo da regulação das práticas publicitárias em saúde. Primeiramente, tratamos dos direitos dos consumidores, das liberdades dos anunciantes, e em especial, da protecção da saúde. Depois, analisamos o regime vigente. Após um enquadramento comunitário, no qual destacamos o Regime das Práticas Comerciais Desleais, focamo-nos, no ordenamento interno e suas formas regulatórias: a Auto-regulação publicitária, a Auto-regulação Profissional e a Hetero-regulação. Nesta última, levada a cabo pela ERS, incidimos sobretudo no DL nº 238/2015, de 14 de Outubro e seu Regulamento complementar, propondo-se algumas vias de superação das dificuldades iden-tificadas.A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para o estudo da regulação das práticas publicitárias em saúde. Primeiramente, tratamos dos direitos dos consumidores, das liberdades dos anunciantes, e em especial, da protecção da saúde. Depois, analisamos o regime vigente. Após um enquadramento comunitário, no qual destacamos o Regime das Práticas Comerciais Desleais, focamo-nos, no ordenamento interno e suas formas regulatórias: a Auto-regulação publicitária, a Auto-regulação Profissional e a Hetero-regulação. Nesta última, levada a cabo pela ERS, incidimos sobretudo no DL nº 238/2015, de 14 de Outubro e seu Regulamento complementar, propondo-se algumas vias de superação das dificuldades identificadas.

Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Aplicada<br>O presente estudo procurou analisar as relações entre uso materno de referências a estados mentais e a autorregulação em pré-escolares nascidos prematuramente. A amostra integrou 48 díades mãe-criança. As crianças tinham entre 41 e 45 meses de idade. De forma a avaliar a autorregulação, foi utilizada a tarefa Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS; Ponitz, McClelland, Matthews, & Morrison, 2009). O uso materno de referências a estados mentais foi avaliado através da Escala de Referências a Estados Mentais (Brown & Dunn, 1992; Jenkins, Turrell, Kogushi, Lollis, & Ross, 2003), a partir de uma interação estruturada mãe-criança. Os resultados indicaram que o uso de mais referências a estados mentais, por parte da mãe, está positivamente associado à autorregulação da criança. Porém, uma análise de regressão subsequente veio esclarecer que uso materno de referências a estados mentais não é um preditor significativo da autorregulação, após o controlo do Q.I. da criança que emergiu como único preditor. Os resultados salientam a importância do funcionamento cognitivo nas competências de autorregulação, em crianças em idade pré-escolar nascidas prematuramente.<br>The present study sought to analyse the correlation between the use of mental-state talk and preschoolers´ prematurely born self-regulation. The sample integrated 48 dyads mother-child. The children were about 41 to 45 months of age. In order to evaluate the self-regulation, it was used the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS; Ponitz, McClelland, Matthews, & Morrison, 2009). The use of mental-state talk was measured by the Scale of Mental-State Talk (Brown & Dunn, 1992; Jenkins, Turrell, Kogushi, Lollis & Ross, 2003), through a structured interaction mother-child. However, a following decrease analysis clarified that the use of mental-state talk is not a significant predictor of self-regulation, upon the control of the child’s Q.I. that emerged as the only predictor. The results emphasise the importance of the cognitive functioning in the self-regulation skills, in preschool-age children prematurely born.

Les états mentaux réfèrent à la qualité de la capacité d’un individu à élaborer mentalement et à s’ouvrir à son expérience subjective dans l’ici et maintenant. Les divers états mentaux varient quant à la disponibilité des ressources représenta-tionnelles et affectives pouvant être activées afin d’organiser l’expérience vécue, ainsi que dans leur utilisation de stratégies défensives et d’autorégulation. La présente thèse avait pour objectifs 1) d’approfondir l’évaluation des états mentaux par le développement et la validation d’un instrument pratique, le Mental States Task (MST), développé afin d’évaluer différentes qualités d’états mentaux et 2) d’investiguer les propriétés psychiques et les répercussions des différents états mentaux. Le premier article avait pour but de valider le MST. La première partie de l’article est consacrée à la validation du MST dans sa version francophone, et la deuxième partie porte sur la traduction et la validation du MST dans sa version anglophone. Les résultats fournissent des indices convaincants de validité et de fidélité, ainsi qu’une valeur prédictive adéquate. Le MST semble représenter de façon conforme autant les états mentaux de bas niveau que de haut niveau selon le continuum de réflexivité. De fait, les états mentaux de bas niveau et de haut niveau ont été respectivement associés à un large spectre de construits négatifs/immatures et positifs/matures. De plus, chaque état mental évalué par le MST semble posséder des propriétés particulières relativement aux processus mentaux et émotionnels utilisés pour traiter l’expérience. Le second article avait pour objectif d’approfondir l’étude de la valeur prédictive du MST par le biais de l’évaluation des coûts psychiques engendrés par les différentes qualités d’états mentaux—coûts présumés dépendant des ressources représentationnelles disponibles et du type de stratégies de régulation utilisées. Les résultats suggèrent que les états mentaux de bas niveau génèrent des coûts énergétiques plus élevés, ayant pour répercussion d’entraîner subséquemment un effet de déplétion du moi. Inversement, les états mentaux de haut niveau engendrent de moindres coûts, protégeant contre un état subséquent de déplétion du moi. Le MST s’est avéré être un outil efficace d’évaluation des répercussions énergétiques occasionnées par les divers états mentaux.<br>Mental states refer to the quality of one’s capacity to mentally elaborate and open up to his/her subjective experience in the here-and-now moment. Mental states differ relatively to the availability of the representational and affective resources triggered in order to organize the experience, and in the type of defensive and self-regulatory strategies used. The aims of this thesis were 1) to deepen the evaluation of mental states through the creation and validation of a practical measure, the Mental States Task (MST), in order to evaluate differences in quality of mental states, and 2) to investigate the psychic properties and repercussions of the different mental states. The goal of the first article was to validate the MST. The first part of this article was dedicated to the validation of the French version of the MST, and the second part to the translation and validation of its English version. Results provide convincing evidence of validity and reliability, as well as an adequate predictive value with respect to a large range of related concepts, in both its French and English versions. The MST appears to well represent both low- and high-level mental states according to the reflective continuum, which were found to be linked to a large range of negative/immature and positive/mature constructs, respectively. In addition, each mental state measured by the MST appears to have particular characteristics relative to the mental and emotional processes used to deal with the experience. The purpose of the second article was to deepen the investigation of the predictive value of the MST, through the evaluation of the psychic costs generated by the different qualities of mental states—the costs presumably depending on the representational resources available and the regulatory strategies used. Results suggest that using low-level mental states generates higher energetic costs, resulting in a subsequent ego-depletion effect. Conversely, high-level mental states generate fewer costs, protecting from a subsequent ego-depletion effect. The MST appeared to be an efficient tool in the assessment of the energetic repercussions produced by the different mental sates.