Academic literature on the topic 'Static-99R'

This study evaluated the validity of the Static-99 and Static-99R in assessing sexual recidivism in Switzerland, based on a sample of 142 male sex offenders. Both tools showed predictive validity, but the Static-99R had better discrimination (OR = 1.82, AUC = .81) and calibration (Brier = .078, P/E = 0.96) than the Static-99. A cut score of four on the Static-99R maximized sensitivity (92.9%) and specificity (60.2%). However, although most offenders (98.7%) with a score < 4 did not commit sexual offenses in the 5-year follow-up period, only one in five (20.3%) offenders with a score ≥ 4 actually recidivated. Furthermore, the predicted number of recidivists in the well above average risk category (Static-99R ≥ 6) was 24% higher than expected in routine samples. The results suggest that the Static-99R may be a useful screening tool to identify low-risk individuals but offenders with scores ≥ 4 should be subjected to a more thorough assessment.

Although considerable research has found overall moderate predictive validity of Static-99R, a sex offender risk prediction tool, relatively little research has addressed its potential for cultural bias. This prospective study evaluated the predictive validity of Static-99R across the three major ethnic groups (White, n = 789; Black, n = 466; Hispanic, n = 719) in the state of California. Static-99R was able to discriminate recidivists from nonrecidivists among White, Black, and Hispanic sex offenders (all area under the curve [AUC] values >.70; odds ratios >1.39). Base rates (at a Static-99R score of 2) with a fixed 5-year follow-up across ethnic groups were very similar (2.4%-3.0%) but were significantly lower than the norms (5.6%). The current findings support the use of Static-99R in risk assessment procedures for sex offenders of White, Black, and Hispanic heritage, but it should be used with caution in estimating absolute sexual recidivism rates, particularly for Hispanic sex offenders.

The Static-99R is an actuarial scale that is commonly used to assess the recidivism risk of male sex offenders. Hanson, Thornton, Helmus, and Babchishin recently revised the Static-99R norms based on revised analyses that excluded the large Bridgewater sample. As a result, the sample size of the high risk/high need (HR/HN) group was reduced substantially, which increased the confidence intervals around the predicted recidivism rates. This study provides alternative 5- and 10-year recidivism rates based on logistic regression analyses of the entire 2009 Static-99R HR/HN group that includes the Bridgewater sample. These rates fit the observed 2009 data well and have smaller confidence intervals. We propose that using alternative sexual recidivism rates from the 2009 HR/HN group is a viable option for assessing sexually violent person (SVP) and other high-risk offenders.

The predictive validity of the Static-99 measures with ethnic minorities in the United States has only recently been assessed with mixed results. We assessed the predictive validity of the Static-99 and Static-99R with a sample of Latino sex offenders ( N = 483) as well as with two subsamples (U.S.-born, including Puerto Rico, and non-U.S.-born). The overall sexual recidivism rate was very low (1.9%). Both the Static-99 measures were able to predict sexual recidivism for offenders born in the United States and Puerto Rico, but neither was effective in doing so for other Latino immigrants. Calibration analyses ( N = 303) of the Static-99R were consistent with the literature and provided support for the potential use of the measure with Latinos born in the United States and Puerto Rico. These findings and their implications are discussed as they pertain to the assessment of Latino sex offenders.

Purpose While there is a significant proportion of people with a mild intellectual disability (MID) or borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) who commit sexual offenses, little research has focused on the risk factors for sexual recidivism in people with MID-BIF. The purpose of this paper is to compare the scores on the STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 between persons with sexual offense histories with and without MID-BIF. Design/methodology/approach Data using the STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 were collected in 85 male patients divided into an MID-BIF group (IQ 50–85, n=50) and comparison group (IQ>95, n=35). Findings The MID-BIF group and comparison group did not differ significantly on the static risk factors and total score of the STATIC-99R. However, of the 13 dynamic risk factors of the STABLE-2007, the MID-BIF group scored significantly higher on the items Impulsive acts, Poor problem solving skills and Lack of concern for others, while the comparison group scored significantly higher on the item Deviant sexual preference. Originality/value The higher score on a number of dynamic risk factors for patients with MID-BIF could partly be explained by the characteristics associated with MID-BIF. Although dynamic criminogenic risk factors which are usually identified as targets for treatment appear the same for people with and without MID-BIF who commit sexual offenses, adaptations to the modality of treatment will still need to be made for people with MID-BIF.

Cette thèse a été faite sous la tutelle de Jean Proulx et R. Karl Hanson. Elle a évaluée par un jury composé de Franca Cortoni, Jean Proulx, R. Karl Hanson, Jean-Pierre Guay et Howard E. Barbaree. Suite à la soutenance, la thèse a reçu la mention "exceptionnelle", a été recommandée à la liste d'honneur du doyen et a été soumise pour le prix de la meilleure thèse de la FESP 2017.
Les outils actuariels servant à évaluer le risque de récidive criminelle des agresseurs sexuels ont souvent été critiqués pour leurs fondements « athéoriques ». En effet, ces derniers ont été constitués en rassemblant les caractéristiques les plus fortement associées à la récidive, sans qu’une théorie ne les unisse à priori. Si cette méthode a assuré une bonne validité prédictive à ces instruments, elle leur a insufflé très peu de résonnance clinique; plusieurs professionnels n’y voient qu’une liste de corrélats statistiques vides de sens. La présente thèse a entrepris de relativiser ces critiques en appliquant des modèles de facteurs latents aux différents items des outils actuariels. Les modèles de facteurs latents postulent que les comportements manifestes (observables) d’un individu renseignent sur ses caractéristiques psychologiques latentes (non observables) – de la même manière que les symptômes d’une maladie permettent d’inférer sa présence chez un patient. Puisque les items des outils actuariels correspondent à divers comportements ou caractéristiques criminogènes manifestes, il devrait être possible de les rassembler en dimensions pour identifier les principaux construits psychologiques latents associés à la récidive des agresseurs sexuels. Les articles de la présente thèse ont donc proposé d’identifier les dimensions de la Statique-99R et de la Statique-2002R, la famille d’outils actuariels pour agresseurs sexuels la plus utilisée mondialement. Trois dimensions ont été extraites par analyse factorielle : 1) la persistance dans les délits sexuels/paraphilies sexuelles, 2) la délinquance générale et 3) le jeune âge/victimes sexuelles non familières. La première dimension était exclusivement associée à la récidive sexuelle, tandis que les deux dernières étaient associées à tous les types de récidives. Leur validité convergente a ensuite été explorée afin d’évaluer à quelles caractéristiques psychologiques ces dernières référaient. La persistance/paraphilie a convergé avec des indicateurs d’intérêts sexuels déviants non coercitifs, alors que la délinquance générale a convergé avec une constellation de traits antisociaux. Finalement, le jeune âge/victimes sexuelles non familières a convergé avec l’intention claire de blesser ses victimes. Ces résultats ont mené au développement d’un modèle tridimensionnel du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels ayant plusieurs implications pratiques pour le domaine. D’une part, les outils actuariels gagneraient à utiliser des scores dimensionnels plutôt que des scores totaux. Par exemple, en retirant la dimension de persistance/paraphilie de la Statique-99R/2002R, il est possible de prédire efficacement la récidive violente non sexuelle et non sexuelle non violente des agresseurs sexuels, ce que l’instrument ne permettait pas précédemment. D’autre part, la connaissance des grandes dimensions de facteurs de risque est susceptible d’aider les évaluateurs à choisir et intégrer plusieurs mesures actuarielles. Cela se révèle particulièrement pertinent lorsque deux mesures du risque divergent, malgré qu’elles aient été conçues pour la même population. Finalement, nos résultats indiquent que les facteurs de risque statiques sont susceptibles de renseigner (imparfaitement) la pratique clinique quant aux besoins criminogènes des agresseurs sexuels. Bien que nous ne suggérions aucunement de substituer cette pratique à la cotation d’outils actuariels de troisième génération, elle pourrait se révéler pertinente pour les établissements n’ayant pas les ressources nécessaires pour coter de tels instruments. Au plan théorique, le modèle tridimensionnel comporte plusieurs avantages par rapport aux modèles à deux dimensions, traditionnellement constitués de la déviance sexuelle et de la délinquance générale/psychopathie (ex. : Doren, 2004). D’une part, les données empiriques supportent clairement la présence de trois dimensions du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels, et non deux. D’autre part, la troisième dimension permet d’intégrer une nuance importante au modèle, soit la distinction entre les intérêts sexuels déviants par leur objet de désir (ex. : pédophilie) et les intérêts sexuels déviants par leur aspect coercitif (ex. : sadisme sexuel). Cette distinction est primordiale, dans la mesure où ces intérêts sexuels ne prédisent pas les mêmes types de récidives. Finalement, notre modèle s’intègre au modèle étiologique du risque de Beech et Ward (2004), qui, lorsque complètement validé, pourra donner lieu à des efforts de prévention – une denrée rare dans le domaine.
Actuarial scales for the prediction of sexual violence have been criticised because they are purely based on atheoretical correlates. Therefore, they are unlikely to provide clinical and theoretical insight on the psychological traits and mechanisms that underlie criminal recidivism. However, according to latent variable models commonly used in psychology, patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion are caused by latent psychological constructs, such as extraversion and neuroticism. Because static and stable risk factors in actuarial scales are mostly behavioral, it should be possible to use them to infer the major psychological constructs responsible for recidivism risk. The current thesis applied latent variable models to nonredundant items from the Static-99R and Static-2002R, the two most commonly used risk tools for sexual offenders. Three dimensions were identified: 1) persistence in sexual crimes/paraphilia, 2) general criminality, and 3) youthful stranger aggression. To understand the psychological meaning of these dimensions, convergent and predictive validity analyses were conducted. Results indicated that persistence/paraphilia was related to dysregulation of sexuality towards atypical objects, without intent to harm, while general criminality was related to antisocial traits. Finally, youthful stranger aggression was related to a clear intent to harm victims. All three constructs predicted sexual recidivism with similar accuracy, but only general criminality and youthful stranger aggression predicted nonsexual recidivism. These results suggest that a tridimensional model of sexual offender risk is viable. That model has numerous practical implications. First, actuarial scales should sort items by constructs rather than rely on total scores. Total scores focus the predictive utility of risk scales to the specific outcome for which they were developed (usually sexual recidivism). When constructs are known, it is possible to improve the prediction of other outcomes by removing constructs unrelated to each of these new outcomes (e.g., removing sexual criminality items to improve the prediction of nonsexual recidivism). Second, construct-level approaches facilitate the integration of potentially conflicting risk scales. By understanding the constructs assessed by each scale, an evaluator can deduce which measures should be combined, and which should not. Finally, static risk constructs significantly correlate with psychological features that are found in dynamic risk scales. Consequently, scales composed entirely of static risk factors could – albeit imperfectly – inform the treatment needs of sexual offenders. These results could assist settings lacking the resources to implement dynamic risk tools. The tridimensional model also has theoretical implications. First, our model showed better statistical fit than classical two factor models based on sexual deviance and psychopathy (e.g., Doren, 2004), suggesting that there are more than two substantive dimensions related to sexual offender recidivism risk. Second, the presence of a third factor enabled an important distinction between noncoercive (e.g., fixated pedophilia) and coercive (e.g., sexual sadism) deviant sexual interests. Such a distinction is particularly relevant in the field of risk assessment, because they do not predict the same types of recidivism. Finally, our model can be integrated in Beech and Ward’s (2004) etiological model of risk, which, once fully validated, could enable primary and secondary prevention efforts.

Les objectifs du présent mémoire étaient d’identifier les dimensions présentes dans la Statique-99R, l’échelle actuarielle de prédiction de la récidive sexuelle la plus utilisée, et de tester leur validité prédictive. Une analyse factorielle exploratoire des items de l’instrument en a extrait trois dimensions : la déviance sexuelle, l’orientation antisociale et le détachement émotionnel. Des analyses de régressions de Cox ont révélé que ces facteurs affichaient une validité prédictive différentielle; la déviance sexuelle ne prédisait que la récidive sexuelle, alors que l’orientation antisociale ne prédisait que la récidive violente non sexuelle et la récidive générale. Le détachement émotionnel affichait une validité prédictive incohérente. Des analyses de courbes ROC ont indiqué que la dernière révision de la Statique-99, la Statique-99R, surpassait pratiquement en tout point son prédécesseur. Ces mêmes analyses indiquaient que la validité prédictive de l’échelle était similaire pour les agresseurs sexuels de femmes et d’enfants.
The aims of the current paper were to identify dimensions of the Static-99R, the most commonly used sex-offender actuarial scale, and to test their predictive validity. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three dimensions from the scale: sexual deviance, antisocial orientation and detachment. Cox regression analyses revealed that different actuarial factors predicted different recidivism outcomes: sexual deviance only predicted sexual recidivism, while antisocial orientation only predicted non sexual violent recidivism and general recidivism. Detachment had an inconsistent predictive validity. ROC curve analyses indicated that the latest Static-99 revision, the Static-99R, outperformed its predecessor in virtually every way. These same analyses revealed that the scale was as effective with rapists as with child molesters.