Journal articles: 'Statistical account of Scotland'

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Hill, Ian. "The Origins of the New Statistical Account of Scotland." Scottish Historical Review 96, no. 2 (October 2017): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2017.0334.

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This article examines the background and beginnings of the New Statistical Account of Scotland (NSA) of 1834–45. 1 It developed out of a lengthy involvement with the Statistical Accounts of Scotland online service and a growing frustration at the extent to which the NSA has been overshadowed by its famous forebear, the First or Old Statistical Account (OSA) of 1791–9. 2 While these publications were separate ventures, this article suggests that they were also interlinked. In particular, it argues that Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster, the father of the statistical accounts, was effectively excluded from participation in the NSA by the society for the benefit of the children of the Kirk against a background of deteriorating relations following the failure of the OSA. It goes on to explain the development of the NSA in terms of the Society's growing experience in the Edinburgh publishing world and its need for additional income, including for its recently-founded daughters fund. In the process it looks at the roles played by the originators of the NSA and at its comparative nature. A final section examines the possible motives of William Blackwood & Co for publishing the NSA but argues that the authority of the general assembly was equally important for enabling completion of the project.

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Watson, Murray. "Using the Third Statistical Account of Scotland to Expose a Major Gap in Scottish Historiography." Contemporary British History 18, no. 1 (March 2004): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136194604200217329.

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Gidal, Eric, and Michael Gavin. "Infrastructural semantics: postal networks and statistical accounts in Scotland, 1790–1845." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 33, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2523–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2019.1631454.

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Sinitsa, Arseniy L. "THE FIRST (OLD) STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF SCOTLAND AS A DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SOURCE ABOUT THE POPULATION OF SCOTLAND OF THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 432 (July 1, 2018): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/432/21.

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BURNS, JAMES H. "From Enquiry to Improvement: David Ure (1749–1798)." Scottish Historical Review 87, no. 2 (October 2008): 258–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0036924108000152.

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David Ure (1749–98) contributed, in his History of Rutherglen and East-Kilbride (1793) not only to local history but, especially, to the development in Scotland of natural history, in some aspects of which he played a pioneering part. His studies at Glasgow University (with John Anderson as one of his teachers) were followed by ordination to the ministry of the Church of Scotland. A ‘stickit minister’ for most of his life, he played a significant part in Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland and contributed also to the surveys prepared for Sinclair's Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement. Had he lived, he would have been Anderson's choice as professor of natural history in what became the Andersonian Institute. His writings reflect a lifelong commitment to the pursuit of knowledge with a view to improvement: he is thus a notable example of what the Enlightenment in late 18th-century Scotland was meant to exemplify and uphold.

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VAN EYNDHOVEN, SARAH, and LYNN CLARK. "The – switch: an empirical account of the anglicisation of a Scots variant in Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000078.

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This article explores the anglicisation of the Scots language between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, focusing on the variation between the orthographic clusters <quh-> and <wh-> found in relative and interrogative clause markers. Using modern statistical techniques, we provide the most comprehensive empirical analysis of this variation so far in the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots (Meurman-Solin 1995). By combining the techniques of Variability-Based Neighbour Clustering (Gries & Hilpert 2008, 2010, 2012) with mixed-effects logistic regression modelling (Baayen et al.2008), we uncover a different trajectory of change than that which has previously been reported for this feature (Meurman-Solin 1993, 1997). We argue that by using modern methods of data reduction and statistical modelling, we can present a picture of language change in Scots that is more fine-grained than previous studies which use only descriptive statistics.

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Tranter, N. L. "Popular sports and the industrial revolution in Scotland: the evidence of the statistical accounts." International Journal of the History of Sport 4, no. 1 (May 1987): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523368708713612.

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Stuart, Claire. "Estimating the number of people with Down’s syndrome in Scotland and the cohort at elevated risk of early onset dementia." Tizard Learning Disability Review 22, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-11-2016-0041.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the size of the population of people with Down’s syndrome in Scotland in order to provide a basis for estimating likely numbers of people with dementia in Down’s syndrome at a range of ages. Design/methodology/approach Recorded data were requested from all general practitioner (GP) services in Scotland on people with an identified READ code denoting Down’s syndrome. A statistical weighting model was then applied to account for non-response bias. Findings There were 3,261 people with Down’s syndrome estimated by the application of a statistical weighting model. Of these, 1,118 people (34 percent) were aged between 40 and 59. This age banding includes the age groups reported as having the highest incidence of early onset dementia in Down’s syndrome. Research limitations/implications It is not possible to apply a benchmark to the percentage of observed data which gives an indication of how accurate the estimates produced are. Rather, the quality of the estimates depends on the response rate itself and the extent to which response is correlated with the outcome variable. In short, the quality of the final weighted estimates depends on the extent to which the biasing effect is mitigated by the weighting. As a result, a different response rate to this survey would have resulted in variations in the weighting model and therefore provided a different set of estimates. Social implications Adults with Down’s syndrome have an elevated risk of developing dementia significantly earlier than the general population and require specific age appropriate supports and services to meet their needs both pre and post-diagnosis. The reality of this is currently not fully realized in either standard practice or national policy concerning the issue. Originality/value This is the first set of data collected from GP services in Scotland to examine this issue and attempt to identify the population of people with Down’s syndrome in Scotland as a whole.

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Andreis, Federico, Richard Bryant, Emanuele Giorgi, Andrea E. Williamson, and Ashleigh Ward. "Prescribing patterns for medical treatment of suspected prostatic obstruction: a longitudinal register-based study of the Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e042606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042606.

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BackgroundThe diagnosis of lower urinary tract symptoms related to suspected bladder outflow obstruction from benign prostate hyperplasia/enlargement in men is increasing. This is leading to high demand on healthcare services; however, there is limited knowledge of differences in pharmacotherapy prescribing for this condition based on geography.ObjectiveTo investigate potential variation in drug prescribing for suspected bladder outflow obstruction in Scotland, based on analysis of publicly available data, to identify trends and inform future prescribing.Study designA longitudinal register-based data study of prescribing and patient data publicly available from Scottish registries. All information is available as monthly aggregates at the level of single general practices.Setting and participants903 (97%) general practices in Scotland, over a 50-month period (October 2015 to November 2019).Outcome measurements and statistical analysisWe analysed numbers of daily doses of drugs for suspected bladder outflow obstruction prescribed per month using a Bayesian Poisson regression analysis, incorporating random effects to account for spatial and temporal elements.ResultsPrescriptions for suspected bladder outflow obstruction medications increased during the observation period (overall average rate of change 1.24±0.28, ranging from 0.893 in Orkney to 1.95 in Lanarkshire). While some determinants of health inequality regarding prescribing practices across health boards are consistent with those known from the literature, other inequalities remain unexplained after accounting for practice-specific and patient-specific characteristics such as deprivation and rurality.ConclusionsInequalities in prescribing for suspected bladder outflow obstruction medications exist in Scotland, partially ascribable to accepted sociodemographic and geographic factors.

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Holmes, Matthew. "The perfect pest: natural history and the red squirrel in nineteenth-century Scotland (William T. Stearn Prize 2014)." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 1 (April 2015): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0284.

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Following the extirpation of the red squirrel from much of Scotland by the end of the eighteenth century, nineteenth-century naturalists strived to find evidence of its native Scottish status. As medieval accounts and Gaelic place names proved ambiguous, the true extent of the squirrel's former habitat was a matter of some debate. While numerous reintroductions of the species were made from the late eighteenth century, general enthusiasm for the return of the squirrel quickly turned to dismay, ultimately followed by persecution. If the squirrel originally represented a symbolic mission to rediscover a lost species, the physical animal itself fell below expectations. It became publically perceived as both economically and ecologically destructive. The squirrel was despised by foresters and landowners for damaging trees, while naturalists condemned the species for the destruction of bird's eggs and nests. This article will investigate naturalists' quests to rediscover the red squirrel, before examining changing attitudes to the species upon its reintroduction and gradual proliferation. The narrative will emerge through the works and correspondence of Scottish naturalist John Alexander Harvie-Brown (1844–1916) and The new statistical account of Scotland (1834–1845). The argument will be made that the red squirrel as an object of antiquarian curiosity initially made the species endearing to natural historians, as part of a wider fascination with extinct British fauna. However, the clash between naturalists’ established ornithological interests did little to endear the species to that community, leaving the red squirrel open to a policy of general persecution on economic grounds.

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Allardyce, J., G. Morrison, J. Van Os, J. Kelly, R. M. Murray, and R. G. McCreadie. "Schizophrenia is not disappearing in south-west Scotland." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 1 (July 2000): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.1.38.

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BackgroundRecent work has reported a decline in the incidence of schizophrenia, but it is unclear if these findings reflect a true decrease in its incidence or are an artefact arising from methodological difficulties.AimsTo take account of these methodological difficulties and report service-based incidence rates for schizophrenia in Dumfries and Galloway in south-west Scotland for 1979–98.MethodUsing both clinical diagnoses and diagnoses generated from the Operational Checklist for Psychotic Disorders (OPCRIT) computer algorithm for ICD–10 and DSM–IV schizophrenia, we measured change in the incidence rates over time. We used indirect standardisation techniques and Poisson models to measure the rate ratio linear trend.ResultsThere was a monotonic and statistically significant decline in clinically diagnosed schizophrenia. The summary rate ratio linear trend was 0.77. However, using OPCRIT-generated ICD–10 and DSM–IV diagnoses, there was no significant difference over time.ConclusionsOPCRIT-generated consistent diagnoses revealed no significant fall in the incidence of schizophrenia. Changes in diagnostic practice have caused the declining rates of clinically diagnosed schizophrenia in Dumfries and Galloway.

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Clark, J. D., P. A. Mossey, L. Sharp, and J. Little. "Socioeconomic Status and Orofacial Clefts in Scotland, 1989 to 1998." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, no. 5 (September 2003): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0481_ssaoci_2.0.co_2.

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Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between socioeconomic status and orofacial clefts (OFC) in Scotland. Design Study of prevalence at birth over a 10-year period using an area-based measure of material deprivation. Setting Population-based study throughout Scotland. Participants Eight hundred thirty-four live births with OFC born between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1998, ascertained from the nationwide register of the Cleft Service in Scotland, compared with the total 603,825 live births in Scotland in this period. Results There was a strong positive relationship whereby the prevalence of OFC at birth increased with increasing deprivation. This trend was statistically significant for cleft lip and/or palate (CL[P]: p = .016) but not for cleft palate (CP; p = .078). For each type of cleft, the relative risk among those resident in the most deprived areas, compared with those resident in the least deprived areas, was 2.33. Conclusions The association between OFC and socioeconomic status is consistent with a report for an earlier period in a smaller part of Scotland. Unlike the earlier study, this pattern appears to be stronger for CL(P) than for CP. These observations do not appear to be an artifact of recording. It is possible that they reflect the association between deprivation and risk factors for OFC, most likely tobacco smoking during pregnancy. Because the relationship between OFC and socioeconomic status appears to have been virtually unstudied in other populations, it would be valuable to investigate this relationship elsewhere and determine whether known risk factors account for the relationship.

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Howard, David M., Mark J. Adams, Toni-Kim Clarke, Eleanor M. Wigmore, Yanni Zeng, Saskia P. Hagenaars, Donald M. Lyall, et al. "Haplotype-based association analysis of general cognitive ability in Generation Scotland, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and UK Biobank." Wellcome Open Research 2 (August 10, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12171.1.

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Background: Cognitive ability is a heritable trait with a polygenic architecture, for which several associated variants have been identified using genotype-based and candidate gene approaches. Haplotype-based analyses are a complementary technique that take phased genotype data into account, and potentially provide greater statistical power to detect lower frequency variants. Methods: In the present analysis, three cohort studies (ntotal = 48,002) were utilised: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the UK Biobank. A genome-wide haplotype-based meta-analysis of cognitive ability was performed, as well as a targeted meta-analysis of several gene coding regions. Results: None of the assessed haplotypes provided evidence of a statistically significant association with cognitive ability in either the individual cohorts or the meta-analysis. Within the meta-analysis, the haplotype with the lowest observed P-value overlapped with the D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) gene coding region. This coding region has previously been associated with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease, which have all been shown to impact upon cognitive ability. Another potentially interesting region highlighted within the current genome-wide association analysis (GS:SFHS: P = 4.09 x 10-7), was the butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene coding region. The protein encoded by BCHE has been shown to influence the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and its role in cognitive ability merits further investigation. Conclusions: Although no evidence was found for any haplotypes with a statistically significant association with cognitive ability, our results did provide further evidence that the genetic variants contributing to the variance of cognitive ability are likely to be of small effect.

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Macdonald, Fiona A. "Maisie Steven, Parish Life in Eighteenth-Century Scotland: A Review of the Old Statistical Account. Aberdeen, Scottish Cultural Press, 1995. Pbk. xi + 169 pp. 5 Ill. £14.95." Innes Review 48, no. 2 (December 1997): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.1997.48.2.186.

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Collet, Lila, Shaun Harrigan, Christel Prudhomme, Giuseppe Formetta, and Lindsay Beevers. "Future hot-spots for hydro-hazards in Great Britain: a probabilistic assessment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 5387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5387-2018.

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Abstract. In an increasing hydro-climatic risk context as a result of climate change, this work aims to identify future hydro-hazard hot-spots as a result of climate change across Great Britain. First, flood and drought hazards were defined and selected in a consistent and parallel approach with a threshold method. Then, a nation-wide systematic and robust statistical framework was developed to quantify changes in frequency, magnitude, and duration, and assess time of year for both droughts and floods, and the uncertainty associated with climate model projections. This approach was applied to a spatially coherent statistical database of daily river flows (Future Flows Hydrology) across Great Britain to assess changes between the baseline (1961–1990) and the 2080s (2069–2098). The results showed that hydro-hazard hot-spots are likely to develop along the western coast of England and Wales and across north-eastern Scotland, mainly during the winter (floods) and autumn (droughts) seasons, with a higher increase in drought hazard in terms of magnitude and duration. These results suggest a need for adapting water management policies in light of climate change impact, not only on the magnitude, but also on the timing of hydro-hazard events, and future policy should account for both extremes together, alongside their potential future evolution.

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Allison, S. M., M. F. Proe, and K. B. Matthews. "The prediction and distribution of general yield classes of Sitka spruce in Scotland by empirical analysis of site factors using a geographic information system." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-279.

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A framework has been developed to predict growth of Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) at a regional scale throughout Scotland based on an analysis of yield, site, and climatic factors. Using the general yield class (GYC) system for predicting forest production (m3•ha−1•year−1), the statistical model was integrated with a geographic information system to predict tree growth at a resolution of 1 km2. Site factor data from 487 sample sites were analysed along with the associated climate data derived from monthly 30-year means recorded at meteorological stations throughout the country. Multiple regression was used to develop and validate the model, which accounted for 59% of the variation in observed GYC. Standard errors of prediction were determined by analysis of variance to provide confidence limits for the 1-km2 GYC predictions. The distribution of these estimates of production was plotted in the form of a digital map for Scotland, housed within the geographic information system and providing a facility to readily analyse and summarise regional information.

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Croxford, Linda, Gemma Docherty, Rebecca Gaukroger, and Kathleen Hood. "Widening Participation at the University of Edinburgh: Contextual Admissions, Retention, and Degree Outcomes." Scottish Affairs 23, no. 2 (May 2014): 192–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2014.0017.

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In Scotland, as in the rest of the UK, there is growing recognition that prior qualifications may not provide an adequate indication of the ‘potential’ of applicants from educationally-disadvantaged backgrounds to succeed at university. Universities are being encouraged to use contextual data on neighbourhood characteristics and school performance to identify disadvantaged applicants in the admissions process. Contextualised admissions have been pioneered at the University of Edinburgh since 2004, and this article reports findings on the prior qualifications, retention and degree outcomes of a sample of students who entered the University in 2004–2006. The article describes the distribution of contextual data and discusses the limitations of indicators based on geographical area and school characteristics. Differences in average prior qualifications, retention and degree outcomes associated with indicators of widening participation are small. Statistical models suggest that after taking account of prior qualifications WP-indicated students were as likely to complete an HE qualification and achieve an Honours degree as non-WP students, but they had a lower probability of achieving a higher classification of degree. The findings raise questions for the University about possible causes for lower achievement by disadvantaged students.

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McPhee, Iain, Barry Sheridan, and Steve O’Rawe. "Time to look beyond ageing as a factor? Alternative explanations for the continuing rise in drug related deaths in Scotland." Drugs and Alcohol Today 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-06-2018-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons and risk factors that explain the threefold increase in drug-related deaths from 267 in 1996 to 934 in 2017 in Scotland. The authors explore the known links between deprivation and problem drug use (PDU) and discuss the impact of drug policy and service provision on PDU and drug-related deaths. Design/methodology/approach Using quantitative data sets from the National Records of Scotland (NRS) for drug-related deaths registered in 2017 and data sets from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD), we produce statistical data on mortality rates relating to areas of deprivation, gender and age. Findings The data highlight the disproportionate number of deaths in the most deprived areas in comparison to the least deprived areas and the national average. Findings indicate that one quarter of male and female DRD in 2017 were under 35. When examining the least deprived vingtile, drug-related deaths account for 2.84 per 100,000 population. Based on this mortality rate calculation, the amount of drug-related deaths are 23 times higher in the most deprived area than the least deprived area. Research limitations/implications The research design uses data obtained from the NRS and data from Scottish Multiple Index of Deprivation. Due to the limitations of available data, the research design focused on SIMD population vingtiles. Practical implications This research contributes to making unarguable links between entrenched structural inequality and increased drug-related death. Social implications This paper contributes to knowledge on the need for drug policy advisors to recognise the importance of deprivation that plays a major part in risks of problematic drug use and harms. Originality/value While several national data sets have published information by SIMD vingtile, no published research has sought to investigate the disproportionate number of deaths by population in the most deprived areas.

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Gore, Sheila M. "Suicide in prisons." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 1 (July 1999): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.1.50.

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BackgroundA recent review showed that opioid users' deaths from suicide were 10 times as common as expected on the basis of age and gender. Surveys showing prisoners' high prevalence of injecting or opioid dependence have led to a new statistical approach to prison suicides.AimsTo estimate the expected number of UK prison suicides annually, having taken account of inmates' age, gender and opioid dependence.MethodBy gender, estimate the effective number of individuals (in terms of community-equivalent suicide risk) for whom prisons have a duty of care as 10 times the number of opioid-dependent inmates plus the number of non-opioid user inmates. Apply the gender and age-appropriate national suicide rates to work out the expected number of prison suicides.ResultsThe Scottish Prison Service can expect 7.1 suicides per annum, and annual totals up to 12 without exacerbation of suicides due to incarceration. For the Prison Service in England and Wales, 19.3 suicides per annum can be expected in prisons, and annual totals may range up to 28 without indicating incarceration; the total of self-inflicted deaths was 47 in 1993–94ConclusionsPrisons cannot prevent all suicides. An alert may be warranted if prison suicides exceed 12 per annum in Scotland, or 28 in England and Wales.

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Maddock, Alistair, Alasdair R. Corfield, Michael J. Donald, Richard M. Lyon, Neil Sinclair, David Fitzpatrick, David Carr, and Stephen Hearns. "Prehospital critical care is associated with increased survival in adult trauma patients in Scotland." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208458.

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BackgroundScotland has three prehospital critical care teams (PHCCTs) providing enhanced care support to a usually paramedic-delivered ambulance service. The effect of the PHCCTs on patient survival following trauma in Scotland is not currently known nationally.MethodsNational registry-based retrospective cohort study using 2011–2016 data from the Scottish Trauma Audit Group. 30-day mortality was compared between groups after multivariate analysis to account for confounding variables.ResultsOur data set comprised 17 157 patients, with a mean age of 54.7 years and 8206 (57.5%) of male gender. 2877 patients in the registry were excluded due to incomplete data on their level of prehospital care, leaving an eligible group of 14 280. 13 504 injured adults who received care from ambulance clinicians (paramedics or technicians) were compared with 776 whose care included input from a PHCCT. The median Injury Severity Score (ISS) across all eligible patients was 9; 3076 patients (21.5%) met the ISS>15 criterion for major trauma. Patients in the PHCCT cohort were statistically significantly (all p<0.01) more likely to be male; be transported to a prospective Major Trauma Centre; have suffered major trauma; have suffered a severe head injury; be transported by air and be intubated prior to arrival in hospital. Following multivariate analysis, the OR for 30-day mortality for patients seen by a PHCCT was 0.56 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.86, p=0.01).ConclusionPrehospital care provided by a physician-led critical care team was associated with an increased chance of survival at 30 days when compared with care provided by ambulance clinicians.

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Gormley, Fraser J., Marion MacRae, Ken J. Forbes, Iain D. Ogden, John F. Dallas, and Norval J. C. Strachan. "Has Retail Chicken Played a Role in the Decline of Human Campylobacteriosis?" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 2 (December 7, 2007): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01455-07.

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ABSTRACT Between 2001 and 2006, the incidence of human Campylobacter infections decreased by 10 and 27% in Scotland and the Grampian region of Scotland, respectively. Contemporaneous collection and analyses of human and retail-chicken isolates from Grampian were carried out over a 10-week period in 2001 and again in 2006 in order to determine whether the fall in the incidence of human infections was related to the retail-chicken exposure route. Rates of carriage of Campylobacter on chicken carcasses from retail outlets in Grampian in 2001 and 2006 were estimated. Chicken-derived Campylobacter isolates from 2001 (n = 84) and 2006 (n = 105) and human-derived isolates from patients with clinical cases of infection in 2001 (n = 172) and 2006 (n = 119) were typed by multilocus sequence typing. We found no evidence for statistically significant changes in prevalence and counts per carcass. We found by rarefaction that although the degree of diversity in humans tended to be higher than that in chickens, these differences were not significant. The genetic distance between chicken and human isolates from 2001 according to sequence type, clonal complex (CC), or allele composition was not significant, whereas the distances between 2006 isolates at the CC and allele levels were significant. This difference was attributable to a lower proportion of CC-21's being found in retail-chicken isolates from 2006 than in chicken isolates from 2001. We conclude that human exposure to Campylobacter via retail chicken is important and that changes in the population structure of campylobacters in this reservoir need to be taken into account in investigating human infection.

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Jeyam, Anita, Fraser W. Gibb, John A. McKnight, Brian Kennon, Joseph E. O’Reilly, Thomas M. Caparrotta, Andreas Höhn, et al. "Marked improvements in glycaemic outcomes following insulin pump therapy initiation in people with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide observational study in Scotland." Diabetologia 64, no. 6 (March 8, 2021): 1320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05413-7.

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Abstract Aims/hypothesis Our aim was to assess the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland and its association with glycaemic control, as measured by HbA1c levels, frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia (SHH), overall and stratified by baseline HbA1c. Methods We included 4684 individuals with type 1 diabetes from the national Scottish register, who commenced CSII between 2004 and 2019. We presented crude within-person differences from baseline HbA1c over time since initiation, crude DKA and SHH event-rates pre-/post-CSII exposure. We then used mixed models to assess the significance of CSII exposure, taking into account: (1) the diffuse nature of the intervention (i.e. structured education often precedes initiation); (2) repeated within-person measurements; and (3) background time-trends occurring pre-intervention. Results HbA1c decreased after CSII initiation, with a median within-person change of −5.5 mmol/mol (IQR −12.0, 0.0) (−0.5% [IQR −1.1, 0.0]). Within-person changes were most substantial in those with the highest baseline HbA1c, with median −21.0 mmol/mol (−30.0, −11.0) (−1.9% [−2.7, −1.0]) change in those with a baseline >84 mmol/mol (9.8%) within a year of exposure, that was sustained: −19.0 mmol/mol (−27.6, −6.5) (−1.7% [−2.5, −0.6]) at ≥5 years. Statistical significance and magnitude of change were supported by the mixed models results. The crude DKA event-rate was significantly lower in post-CSII person-time compared with pre-CSII person-time: 49.6 events (95% CI 46.3, 53.1) per 1000 person-years vs 67.9 (64.1, 71.9); rate ratio from Bayesian mixed models adjusting for pre-exposure trend: 0.61 (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.47, 0.77; posterior probability of reduction pp = 1.00). The crude overall SHH event-rate in post-CSII vs pre-CSII person-time was also lower: 17.8 events (95% CI 15.8, 19.9) per 1000 person-years post-exposure vs 25.8 (23.5, 28.3) pre-exposure; rate ratio from Bayesian mixed models adjusting for pre-exposure trend: 0.67 (95% CrI 0.45, 1.01; pp = 0.97). Conclusions/interpretation CSII therapy was associated with marked falls in HbA1c especially in those with high baseline HbA1c. CSII was independently associated with reduced DKA and SHH rates. CSII appears to be an effective option for intensive insulin therapy in people with diabetes for improving suboptimal glycaemic control. Graphical abstract

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Schopp, Anja, Helena Leino-Kilpi, Maritta Välimäki, Theo Dassen, Maria Gasull, Chryssoula Lemonidou, P. Anne Scott, Marianne Arndt, and Anne Kaljonen. "Perceptions of Privacy in the Care of Elderly People in Five European Countries." Nursing Ethics 10, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733003ne573oa.

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The focus of this article is on elderly patients’ and nursing staff perceptions of privacy in the care of elderly patients/residents in five European countries. Privacy includes physical, social and informational elements. The results show that perceptions of privacy were strongest in the UK (Scotland) and weakest in Greece. Country comparisons revealed statistically significant differences between the perceptions of elderly patients and also between those of nurses working in the same ward or long-term care facility. Perceptions of privacy by patients and their nursing staff were quite similar in Finland, Germany and the UK. In contrast, in Greece and Spain these perceptions were different: nurses believed that they took account of their patients’ privacy needs more often than the patients themselves felt this was the case. Among Spanish and UK patients, an association was found between lower levels of independence and comparatively less positive perceptions of privacy. No associations were established between nurses’ perceptions and their demographic factors. This is the third of a set of five articles published together in this issue of Nursing Ethics in which the results of this comparative research project are presented.

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Blei, E., M. R. Heal, and K. V. Heal. "Long-term CH<sub>3</sub>Br and CH<sub>3</sub>Cl flux measurements in temperate salt marshes." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 23, 2010): 6295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-6295-2010.

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Abstract. Fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl and their relationship with potential drivers such as sunlight, temperature and soil moisture, were monitored at fortnightly to monthly intervals for more than two years at two contrasting temperate salt marsh sites in Scotland. Manipulation experiments were conducted to further investigate possible links between drivers and fluxes. Mean (± 1 sd) annually and diurnally-weighted net emissions from the two sites were found to be 300 ± 44 ng m−2 h−1 for CH3Br and 662 ± 266 ng m−2 h−1 for CH3Cl. A tentative scale-up indicates that salt marshes account for 0.5–3.2% and 0.05–0.33%, respectively, of currently-estimated total global production of these two gases, in line with previous findings from this and other research groups, but consistently lower than past global scale-up estimates from Southern Californian salt marshes. Fluxes followed both seasonal and diurnal trends with highest fluxes during summer days and lowest (negative) fluxes during winter nights. Statistical analysis generally did not demonstrate a strong link between temperature or sunlight levels and methyl halide fluxes, although it is likely that temperatures have a weak direct influence on emissions, and both certainly have indirect influence via the annual and daily cycles of the vegetation. CH3Cl flux magnitudes from different measurement locations depended on the plant species enclosed whereas such dependency was not discernible for CH3Br fluxes. In 14 out of 19 collars CH3Br and CH3Cl net fluxes were significantly correlated. The CH3Cl/CH3Br net-emission mass ratio was 2.2, a magnitude lower than mass ratios of global methyl halide budgets (~22) or emissions from tropical rainforests (~60). This is likely due to preference for CH3Br production by the relatively high bromine content in the salt marsh plant material.

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Campbell, Martin. "Adult protection training for community nurses: evaluating knowledge following delivery using participant-favoured training methods." Journal of Adult Protection 16, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-04-2013-0016.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure nurses’ knowledge about Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 before and after a one-day training course using participants’ favoured methods of training activities. Design/methodology/approach – A repeated measures design was used to evaluate the impact of a one-day Adult Support and Protection training on pre-training knowledge of community nurses across one NHS area. Participants’ favoured methods of training activities were used in the training. Participants were community nurses working in learning disability, mental health, older people's services, acute services, substance misuse, and accident and emergency. All completed a training needs analysis and training preferences study. Individual and group scores on an Adult Support and Protection knowledge questionnaire were analysed pre- and post-training. Findings – There was a statistically significant increase in scores post-training (Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test). Individual increases ranged from 2.5 to 27.5 per cent, with a mean score of 15 per cent. Evaluation of the impact of nationally approved Adult Support and Protection training is needed and training should take account of participants’ existing knowledge and preferred methods of training delivery to improve the transfer of learning into practice. Research limitations/implications – Participants were self-selecting. Existing knowledge was not controlled for in the sample. No longitudinal follow up to measure retention of any improvements in knowledge. No control group. Training methods used were based on the expressed preferences of 40 nursing staff, but only 18 of these staff participated in the training day. Originality/value – There is a dearth of research in evaluating the impact of the adult protection training on staff knowledge and understanding. Designing training activities and content to take account of participant preferences, and areas where knowledge is weakest may enhance the effectiveness of training in this area. This research was funded as a Queens Nursing Institute Community Project. It builds on a pilot project

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Twigg, Marsailidh M., Evgenia Ilyinskaya, Sonya Beccaceci, David C. Green, Matthew R. Jones, Ben Langford, Sarah R. Leeson, et al. "Impacts of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption on the UK atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 17 (September 14, 2016): 11415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11415-2016.

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Abstract. Volcanic emissions, specifically from Iceland, pose a pan-European risk and are on the UK National Risk Register due to potential impacts on aviation, public health, agriculture, the environment and the economy, from both effusive and explosive activity. During the 2014–2015 fissure eruption at Holuhraun in Iceland, the UK atmosphere was significantly perturbed. This study focuses one major incursion in September 2014, affecting the surface concentrations of both aerosols and gases across the UK, with sites in Scotland experiencing the highest sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. The perturbation event observed was confirmed to originate from the fissure eruption using satellite data from GOME2B and the chemical transport model, EMEP4UK, which was used to establish the spatial distribution of the plume over the UK during the event of interest. At the two UK European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) supersite observatories (Auchencorth Moss, SE Scotland, and Harwell, SE England) significant alterations in sulfate (SO42−) content of PM10 and PM2.5 during this event, concurrently with evidence of an increase in ultrafine aerosol most likely due to nucleation and growth of aerosol within the plume, were observed. At Auchencorth Moss, higher hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentrations during the September event (max = 1.21 µg m−3, cf. annual average 0.12 µg m−3 in 2013), were assessed to be due to acid displacement of chloride (Cl−) from sea salt (NaCl) to form HCl gas rather than due to primary emissions of HCl from Holuhraun. The gas and aerosol partitioning at Auchencorth Moss of inorganic species by thermodynamic modelling confirmed the observed partitioning of HCl. Using the data from the chemical thermodynamic model, ISORROPIA-II, there is evidence that the background aerosol, which is typically basic at this site, became acidic with an estimated pH of 3.8 during the peak of the event.Volcano plume episodes were periodically observed by the majority of the UK air quality monitoring networks during the first 4 months of the eruption (August–December 2014), at both hourly and monthly resolution. In the low-resolution networks, which provide monthly SO2 averages, concentrations were found to be significantly elevated at remote “clean” sites in NE Scotland and SW England, with record-high SO2 concentrations for some sites in September 2014. For sites which are regularly influenced by anthropogenic emissions, taking into account the underlying trends, the eruption led to statistically unremarkable SO2 concentrations (return probabilities > 0.1, ∼ 10 months). However, for a few sites, SO2 concentrations were clearly much higher than has been previously observed (return probability < 0.005, > 3000 months). The Holuhraun Icelandic eruption has resulted in a unique study providing direct evidence of atmospheric chemistry perturbation of both gases and aerosols in the UK background atmosphere. The measurements can be used to both challenge and verify existing atmospheric chemistry of volcano plumes, especially those originating from effusive eruptions, which have been underexplored due to limited observations available in the literature. If all European data sets were collated this would allow improved model verification and risk assessments for future volcanic eruptions of this type.

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Rust, William, Mark Cuthbert, John Bloomfield, Ron Corstanje, Nicholas Howden, and Ian Holman. "Exploring the role of hydrological pathways in modulating multi-annual climate teleconnection periodicities from UK rainfall to streamflow." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): 2223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2223-2021.

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Abstract. An understanding of multi-annual behaviour in streamflow allows for better estimation of the risks associated with hydrological extremes. This can enable improved preparedness for streamflow-dependant services, such as freshwater ecology, drinking water supply and agriculture. Recently, efforts have focused on detecting relationships between long-term hydrological behaviour and oscillatory climate systems (such as the North Atlantic Oscillation – NAO). For instance, the approximate 7 year periodicity of the NAO has been detected in groundwater-level records in the North Atlantic region, providing potential improvements to the preparedness for future water resource extremes due to their repetitive, periodic nature. However, the extent to which these 7-year, NAO-like signals are propagated to streamflow, and the catchment processes that modulate this propagation, are currently unknown. Here, we show statistically significant evidence that these 7-year periodicities are present in streamflow (and associated catchment rainfall), by applying multi-resolution analysis to a large data set of streamflow and associated catchment rainfall across the UK. Our results provide new evidence for spatial patterns of NAO periodicities in UK rainfall, with areas of greatest NAO signal found in southwest England, south Wales, Northern Ireland and central Scotland, and show that NAO-like periodicities account for a greater proportion of streamflow variability in these areas. Furthermore, we find that catchments with greater subsurface pathway contribution, as characterised by the baseflow index (BFI), generally show increased NAO-like signal strength and that subsurface response times (as characterised by groundwater response time – GRT), of between 4 and 8 years, show a greater signal presence. Our results provide a foundation of understanding for the screening and use of streamflow teleconnections for improving the practice and policy of long-term streamflow resource management.

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Plackett, R. L. "The Old Statistical Account." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) 149, no. 3 (1986): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2981555.

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Tabor, Abby, Michael A. Thacker, G. Lorimer Moseley, and Konrad P. Körding. "Pain: A Statistical Account." PLOS Computational Biology 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): e1005142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005142.

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Pentland, B., C. Boake, and W. W. McKinlay. "Scottish Head Injury Rehabilitation: An Historical Account." Scottish Medical Journal 34, no. 1 (February 1989): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308903400113.

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During the Second World War two units were established in Scotland for the rehabilitation of head injured patients which were ahead of their time in philosophy and practice. Despite advice to the contrary, these two facilities were not maintained in the ensuing post-war years and while other countries have expanded and improved upon the concepts of care for the traumatically brain injured no specific unit for head injury rehabilitation exists in Scotland today.

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Higginbottom, Gail, and Roger Clay. "Reassessment of Sites in Northwest Scotland: A New Statistical Approach." Journal for the History of Astronomy 30, no. 24 (February 1999): S41—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182869903002404.

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Barrell, A. D. M. "William de Grenlaw, Papal Collector in Scotland, and his Account." Innes Review 42, no. 1 (June 1991): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.1991.42.1.3.

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Robertson, C., and P. Boyle. "Statistical modelling of breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in Scotland." British Journal of Cancer 76, no. 9 (November 1997): 1248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1997.542.

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Morris, R. J. "Urban biography: Scotland, 1700–2000." Urban History 29, no. 2 (August 2002): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926802002080.

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Urban biographies are growing in numbers upon the shelves. A clutch of mainly English ones were reviewed recently in these pages by David Reeder with a sense of cautious enthusiasm and warnings about the dangers of fragmentation in these often topic-oriented multi-authored volumes. Recent examples include Donald Miller's 1996 study of Chicago, an example of unashamedly scholarly boosterism. The massive Burrows and Wallace study of New York followed in 1999 and presented a detailed episodic account of the city. In 1,383 pages they have still only got to 1898. This book displayed a love of city with overwhelming knowledge, but presented a very readable story for those with stamina. Scotland already has the two Glasgow volumes, also included in Reeder's review. To this have now been added multi-authored studies of Aberdeen and Dundee and two more accounts of Glasgow

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Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, U. Dragosits, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European agricultural landscapes – a method for farming system assessment, emission hotspot identification, and mitigation measure evaluation." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2012): 8859–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8859-2012.

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Abstract. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm nitrogen (N) balances and N surplus from the in total 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively. However, all landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with landless large-scale poultry farming. So, whereas the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1yr−1, the landscape average was similar to those of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry were included. However, the challenge remains how to account for indirect N surpluses and emissions from such farms with a large export of manure out of the landscape. We conclude that farm N balances are a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate levels in soils and groundwater, measured during the landscape data collection campaign from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. However, no significant correlation was found to N measured in surface waters, probably because of the short time horizon of the study. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22 % reduction, related to statistically significant effects (p < 0.01) of measures targeted at reducing N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences between the average and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that N-surplus reductions of 25–50 % as compared to the present level were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective at comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options, and is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N sink and N source hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.

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Mackay, T. W., C. G. Wathen, M. F. Sudlow, R. A. Elton, and E. Caulton. "Factors Affecting Asthma Mortality in Scotland." Scottish Medical Journal 37, no. 1 (February 1992): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309203700102.

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Asthma mortality in the age group 5 — 44 years appeared to be stable in Scotland in both males and females at a rate of approximately 1.0 per 100,000 during the period 1970 — 1988 despite an increase in the hospital discharge rate for asthma of approximately 4% per annum during that period. Two-thirds of these deaths occurred outside hospital. There was evidence of a seasonal variation in asthma deaths with a peak mortality occurring in August, four to six weeks after the peak in total pollen counts. Monthly variation in atmospheric pollution did not appear to account for the variation in asthma mortality. It is suggested that the seasonal variation in asthma mortality provides a basis for further studies to elucidate the factors contributing to these deaths.

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Henderson, Ailsa, Rob Johns, Jac Larner, and Chris Carman. "Scottish Labour as a case study in party failure: Evidence from the 2019 UK General Election in Scotland." Scottish Affairs 29, no. 2 (May 2020): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0313.

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For Scottish Labour to be reduced to a single MP in Scotland once might seem like misfortune: that in 2019 they suffered the same fate looks like carelessness. While much focus of the 2019 UK General Election in Scotland will be on the SNP, an equally interesting puzzle is the electoral performance of the once dominant party in Scotland. In this article we explore what helps to explain why formerly successful parties fail, identifying explanations that may account for the current electoral fortunes of Labour in Scotland. To this end we rely on data from the 2019 round of the Scottish Election Survey.

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Chew, Peter A., and David G. Robinson. "Automated account reconciliation using probabilistic and statistical techniques." International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 20, no. 4 (October 19, 2012): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/18347641211272722.

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Koval, Tetiana, Lesia Turovska, and Iryna Shevchenko. "The organization of the statistical account of readers." Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, no. 56 (June 10, 2019): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.56.158.

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Reynolds, Andrew. "Statistical Method and the Peircean Account of Truth." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 30, no. 2 (June 2000): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2000.10717534.

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Peirce is often credited with having formulated a pragmatic theory of truth. This can be misleading, if it is assumed that Peirce was chiefly interested in providing a metaphysical analysis of the immediate conditions under which a belief or proposition is true, or the conditions under which a proposition or belief is said to be madetrue. Cheryl Misak has exposed the subtleties in Peirce's discussion of truth, especially showing the difficulties faced by any ascription to him of an analytic definition of truth. In this paper I follow Misak in urging that Peirce's contribution to the philosophical discussion about the nature of truth was not of that kind. What makes his pragmatic approach distinctive is that rather than attempting to state the nature of truth per se, it attempts to uncover the beliefs and expectations we commit ourselves to when we make specific claims that such and such is true or is the case.

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Burns, Charles. "Marco Grimani in Scotland, 1543â1544: a versified account of his legation." Renaissance Studies 2, no. 2 (October 1988): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.1988.tb00158.x.

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Atkinson, Colin. "Patriarchy, gender, infantilisation: A cultural account of police intelligence work in Scotland." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 2 (January 14, 2016): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865815626964.

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Burns, Charles. "Marco Grimani in Scotland, 1543-1544: A Versified Account of His Legation." Renaissance Studies 2, no. 2 (June 1988): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-4658.00066.

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44

Philp, B., I. Hamlin, and A. Lavery. "Insects and arachnids of Ardeer, North Ayrshire, Scotland." Glasgow Naturalist 27, no. 2 (2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37208/tgn27215.

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The Ardeer site on the Garnock Estuary in North Ayrshire, Scotland is considered to be the richest wildlife site in Ayrshire and to be of national significance. It has a rich and varied invertebrate fauna which reflectsthe wide range of habitats present ranging from sand dunes to wetland and woodland. This paper gives an account of some of the insects and arachnids that have been discovered there during recent surveys. A number of current threats are outlined.

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WALKER, Mike, and John LOWE. "Lateglacial environmental change in Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 110, no. 1-2 (November 23, 2017): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691017000184.

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ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the evidence for environmental change during the Lateglacial period (c.14.7–11.7 ka), perhaps the most intensively studied episode in the Quaternary history of Scotland. It considers first the stratigraphic subdivision and nomenclature of the Lateglacial, before proceeding to a discussion of the various lines of proxy evidence that have been used to reconstruct the spatial and temporal patterns of environmental change during this time period. These include pollen and plant macrofossil data; coleopteran and chironomid records; diatom data; stable isotope and geochemical records; and evidence for human activity. The paper then considers the principal methods that have been employed to date and correlate Lateglacial events: radiocarbon dating; surface exposure dating; varve chronology; and tephrochronology. This is followed by an examination of the constraints imposed on environmental reconstructions, an account of the ways in which the evidence can be employed in the development of an event stratigraphy for the Lateglacial in Scotland, and a proposal for a provisional Lateglacial type sequence (stratotype) at Whitrig Bog in SE Scotland. Emphasis is placed throughout on the potential linkages between the Scottish records and the isotopic signal in the Greenland ice cores, which forms the stratigraphic template for the N Atlantic region. The paper concludes with a discussion of the strategies and approaches that should underpin future research programmes on Lateglacial environmental change in Scotland.

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Dyke, P. P. G. "Water circulation in the Firth of Forth, Scotland." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 3-4 (1987): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006734.

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SynopsisThe Firth of Forth, in terms of physical oceanography, is part of the North Sea. The general circulation pattern in the firth must be regarded as largely speculative. There have been insufficient measurements of insufficient quality, and what evidence exists leads to the view that what circulation there is, is sluggish and varies from season to season and from year to year.A description is given of the three principal mechanisms that contribute to circulation. Tides, due initially to astronomical forces, manifest themselves in the Firth of Forth through the rise and fall of the adjacent open sea. This rise and fall, periodic in mid ocean, is no longer strictly so in the firth and neither are the tidal currents. The wind-driven currents in the sea are influenced by the earth's rotation. In the Firth of Forth, some of this influence is retained. Naturally, wind-driven currents are larger near the surface. Finally, when water of different densities meets, overturning causes convection currents. All of these effects are present to some extent in the Firth of Forth. In addition, specific account has to be taken of complicated coastal and bottom topography and river outflow. Some attempt to bring together these effects and available measurements is made in this paper. Lastly, several theoretical models are proposed which account for the magnitudes and directions of the observed steady circulation. Mathematical details are given in appendices.

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Hancock, Andy. "Language education policy in multilingual Scotland." Language Problems and Language Planning 38, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.38.2.04han.

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Scotland is a small country yet it has a rich and complex linguistic makeup. The aim of this article is to analyse the current picture of the role of language education policy (LEP) in supporting and developing Scotland’s diverse languages drawing on policy documents, policy discourses and school pedagogies. The article begins with a historical account of multilingual Scotland in order to contextualize LEP and to dispel the myth of a monolingual country. This is followed by an examination of the three main language perspectives currently influencing LEP: regional languages, modern foreign languages and the languages of migrant communities. It will be illustrated that a post-devolutionary arena has provided opportunities for formulating and debating LEP which reflect a multilingual society, but significant imbalances and questions of equity still remain between the different categories of languages in terms of ideology, provision and practice. Finally, Lo Bianco’s (2007) taxonomy of language planning and action is modified to gain insights into the tensions and challenges that exist around a cohesive approach to LEP development in Scotland.

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Begum, Millia, Rebecca Helliwell, and Angus Mackay. "Difficulties with use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 by general practitioners in rural Scotland." Psychiatric Bulletin 28, no. 7 (July 2004): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.28.7.248.

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Aims and MethodAnecdotal evidence suggests that considerable difficulties are experienced in rural areas by isolated general practitioners, when detaining patients under the Mental Health (Scotland) Act1984. The aim of this study was to identify the range and extent of these difficulties in a structured way, and to identify ways of responding to them. A postal questionnaire was sent to 85 general practitioners in a sparsely populated area of Scotland to assess their experience of emergency detention.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 62%. Considerable difficulties were recorded from those who responded, notably their lack of support with clinical management during the delay between the patient's detention and the arrival of psychiatric staff, the lack of satisfactory places of safety for the patient during this period, and the difficult logistics of safe and satisfactory transport to hospital.Clinical ImplicationsRural general practitioners and their patients appear to be disadvantaged through lack of coordinated help in the management of inherently difficult and risky clinical situations. Even without additional resources, the process could be improved through coordinated, multi-agency action plans which take account of local conditions.

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Mudrov, Sergei A. "Did they Define the Outcome? Churches and the Independence Referendum in Scotland." Journal of Religion in Europe 11, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-01101002.

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The 2014 referendum in Scotland, which brought victory for the unionists, was characterised by a high level of involvement of religious organisations in the campaign. Although the Churches chose to be neutral on the referendum dilemma, this was explained by prevailing attitudes among clergy, who objected Scottish independence. In this article, analysing the stance of the Church of Scotland, Roman Catholic Church, Episcopal Church of Scotland, and Free Church of Scotland, I argue that the chosen path of neutrality played more in favour of unionists. The Churches’ influence on the referendum’s outcome was far beyond statistical errors, and had Churches publicly supported independence, it would have been likely that Edinburgh would now be negotiating the terms of “divorce” with London.

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Macdonald, A. S., J. Straughn, and M. Sutton. "Healthy Life Expectancy Measurement in Scotland." British Actuarial Journal 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 327–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700003019.

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ABSTRACTHealth expectancy (HE) was only recently estimated for the Scottish population (Clark et al., 2004). The estimates were based on Sullivan's method, applying the morbidity prevalence in each age group to the expected number of years lived, to obtain the expected number of years lived in good health. First, we compare these estimates with a wide range of estimates in respect of the rest of the United Kingdom and the (pre-accession) countries of the European Union. We find that Scotland's HE is relatively low, especially for men. Second, we examine data comprising the responses to the 1998 Scottish Health Survey, linked to the hospital records of the respondents from 1981 to 2004, and death records from 1998 to 2004, with HE measurement in mind. Although time spent in hospital does not give a satisfactory measure of HE, the linkage presents a rare opportunity for statistical analysis of survey respondents' mortality and morbidity. We show the results of survival analyses, quantifying the effectiveness of various definitions of ‘unhealthy’ as predictors of future mortality and morbidity. The results suggest that enumerating recent serious hospital episodes might help to predict future patterns of demand for acute services.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Statistical account of Scotland'

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