Relevant bibliographies by topics / Statistics Canada. Standard Division

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Academic literature on the topic 'Statistics Canada. Standard Division'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Statistics Canada. Standard Division"

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Deblonde, Godelieve, Stephen Macpherson, Yves Mireault, and Pierre Héroux. "Evaluation of GPS Precipitable Water over Canada and the IGS Network." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam-2201.1.

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Abstract Precipitable water (PW) derived from the GPS zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is evaluated (as a first step toward variational data assimilation) through comparison with that of collocated radiosondes (RS_PW), operational analyses, and 6-h forecasts (from the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale model) of the Canadian Meteorological Centre. Two sources of ZTD data are considered: 1) final ZTD (over Canada), computed by the Geodetic Survey Division (GSD) of Natural Resources Canada, and 2) final ZTD (distributed globally), obtained from the International GPS Service (IGS). The mean GSD GPS–derived PW (GPS_PW) is 14.9 mm (reflecting the relatively cold Canadian climate), whereas that of the IGS dataset is 20.8 mm. Intercomparison statistics [correlation, standard deviation (SD), and bias] between GPS_PW and RS_PW are, respectively, 0.97, 2.04 mm, and 1.35 mm for the GSD data and 0.98, 2.6 mm, and 0.67 mm for the IGS data. Comparisons of GPS_PW with 6-h forecast PW (TRIAL_PW) show slightly lower correlations and a higher SD. The increase in SD is greater for the IGS data, which is not surprising, because in regions such as the Tropics and subtropics, moisture forecasts are of a lower quality and the RS observation network is sparse. From a three-way intercomparison (IGS GPS_PW, RS_PW, and TRIAL_PW) of the SD statistics, it is found that GPS_PW has the lowest estimated PW error (≈1 mm) for PW in the 5–30-mm range. For PW greater than 30 mm, the RS_PW estimated error is ≈2 mm, and that of GPS_PW is ≈2.5 mm. The TRIAL_PW estimated error increases with PW, reaching 5.5 mm in the 40–55-mm PW range. These intercomparison results indicate that GPS_PW should be a useful source of humidity information for NWP applications.
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Vandenberg, A., F. A. Kiehn, C. Vera, R. Gaudiel, L. Buchwaldt, S. Dueck, R. A. A. Morrall, J. Wahab, and A. E Slinkard. "CDC Vantage lentil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-005.

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CDC Vantage is a high-yielding, yellow cotyledon lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It is intended for cultivation in all lentil growing areas of western Canada. The seed coat of CDC Vantage is pale green. It resembles CDC Richlea, the current commercial standard in Canada for the medium green market class of lentil. CDC Vantage was issued registration #4834 on 9 December 1998 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Lentil, cultivar description, Lens culinaris
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Cooper, David, and Atle Nordvik. "PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT FOR SORBENT CONTAINMENT BOOMS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-877.

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ABSTRACT The Emergencies Engineering Division (EED) of Environment Canada, the Marine Spill Response Corporation, the Canadian Coast Guard, the United States Coast Guard, and the United States Minerals Management Service funded a project that resulted in the development of a new standard performance testing protocol for oil spill sorbents. As a continuation of this project, work is being performed to develop a protocol for testing sorbent booms in a containment configuration at the EED test tank facility in Ottawa. The protocol includes elements to test the behavior of sorbent booms using various currents, oil loading rates, and oil viscosities. The protocol will be proposed as a Canadian test standard and eventually as an international standard.
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Civelli, Stella, Enrico Forestieri, and Marco Secondini. "Mitigating the Impact of Noise on Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249099.

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In the past years, nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) has been investigated as a potentially revolutionary technique for nonlinear optical fiber communication. However, while NFDM is able to exploit the Kerr nonlinearity, its performance lags behind that of conventional systems. In this work, we first highlight that current implementations of NFDM are strongly suboptimal, and, consequently, oversensitive to noise: the modulation does not ensure a large minimum distance between waveforms, while the detection is not tailored to the statistics of noise. Next, we discuss improved detections strategies and modulation techniques, proposing some effective approaches able to improve NFDM. Different flavors of NFDM are compared through simulations, showing that (i) the NFDM performance can be significantly improved by employing more effective detection strategies, with a 5.6 dB gain in Q-factor obtained with the best strategy compared to the standard strategy; (ii) an additional gain of 2.7 dB is obtained by means of a simple power-tilt modulation strategy, bringing the total gain with respect to standard NFDM to 8.3 dB; and (iii) under some parameters range (rate efficiency η≤30%), the combination of improved modulation and detection allows NFDM to outperform conventional systems using electronic dispersion compensation.
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Beaud, Jean-Pierre, and Jean-Guy Prévost. "Models for Recording Age in 1692-1851 Canada: The Political-Cognitive Functions of Census Statistics." Scientia Canadensis 18, no. 2 (June 18, 2009): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800383ar.

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ABSTRACT As a number of recent studies have emphasized, it is relevant to examine official statistics not just merely to assess the accuracy of historical data, but also in their own right, as political-cognitive devices which, by providing a standard to measure things, allow for an agreement regarding their objective existence and, therefore, the possibility to act upon them. In this paper, we focus on the different manners according to which, prior to the modern census era, ages of respondents were classified. Four different models emerge from this analysis, which in each case can be related to a specific political and social context.
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Wei, Zhao Lan, Rui Yu, and Chu Yun Cheng. "Theoretical Study on Bridge Structure Condition Evaluation Based on Health Monitoring Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.751.

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After processed the signals obtained from monitoring system, one theory of condition evaluation was proposed on basis of a new evaluation parameter—index variation. One new condition grade division method was proposed from approximate statistic distribution of index variation, and as per the concept of confidence degree and confidence interval. Because the monitoring data and the standard of condition grade division were all interval numbers, interval extension evaluation theory was adopted to establish the model of condition evaluation. Set-Valued Statistics and gravity center based decision theory were introduced to divide weight into subjective weight and objective weight to make calculation. This evaluation method was found to be reasonable and had good project practicability.
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Rioux, R. "Un modèle de projection des prix utilisant les relations intersectorielles de l’économie canadienne." L'Actualité économique 51, no. 1 (July 14, 2009): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800606ar.

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This paper describes a simple cost-push price model which has been developed at the Structural Analysis Division of Statistics Canada. This price model is a traditional input/output cost-push model which has been adapted to utilize the rectangular industry by commodity input/output tables for Canada. It can be considered as the "dual" of the output model. Instead of analysing the propagation of demand through the economic system, the price model serves to analyse the propagation of factor prices throughout the system. The purpose of such a price formation model is to determine the impact on industry selling prices and domestic commodity prices arising from a change in impart commodity prices and primary input prices. This price model is of a static type; it accepts no substitutions and its structure is quite rigid. It is considered as being an annual model although it can be used for a different time period. This model is fully operational and is widely used by many government and private agencies.
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Mata, Fernando, and Ray D. Bollman. "An Analysis of Socio-Economic Strains and Population Gains: Urban and Rural Communities of Canada 1981-2001." Canadian Studies in Population 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t31v.

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Important demographic shifts have occurred in Canada in the last decades. As a consequence of these shifts, many geographical communities have won or lost substantial number of residents between 1981 and 2001. Using the CCS (consolidated census subdivision) data set of the Agriculture Division of Statistics Canada, the paper explores the linkages between socio-economic strains and population changes affecting communities in a variety of regional and provincial contexts. A total of 2,607 rural and urban consolidated census subdivisions were examined across five census periods. Quasi simplex structural equation models using unemployment, earnings and poverty as indicators were tested on a variety of communities located in various OECD regions and provinces. Although the predictive power of strains on population gains was found to be limited in the models, a higher level of strain was persistently found to be negatively associated with population gains regardless of regional and provincial groupings of communities. Socio-economic strains were also observed to be relatively stable over time across a variety of geographies.
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Mirza, S. A., and J. G. MacGregor. "Limit states design of concrete slender columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-067.

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The limit states design requires the use of load factors and resistance factors to consider the probability of overloading, understrength, or both. Research has been underway in Canada to introduce the probability-based limit states design for concrete structures. Based on the current knowledge of building load statistics, the National Building Code of Canada adopted a set of load factors which are different from those used in the Canadian Standards Association Standard A23.3-M77. This required the development of resistance factors that would be compatible with the load factors specified in the National Building Code of Canada. The research reported herein discusses the development of such resistance factors for use in computing the moment magnification of concrete slender columns. Key words: building codes, load factors, loads (forces), moment magnification, reinforced concrete, resistance, resistance factors, slender columns, stability, structural design.
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Szeicz, Julian M., and Glen M. MacDonald. "Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of Summer Temperatures in Northwestern Canada since A.D. 1638 Based on Age-Dependent Modeling." Quaternary Research 44, no. 2 (September 1995): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1070.

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AbstractRing widths from five Picea glauca stands at the alpine treeline in northwestern Canada are used to investigate climate-growth responses and to develop a long reconstruction of summer temperatures. Response function and linear regression analyses indicate that the radial growth response of these trees to climate varies with age and site. At most sites, the period of significant positive response to growing season temperatures declines with tree age. Age-dependent and standard (age independent) models are then used to develop two reconstructions of June-July temperatures for northwestern Canada extending back to A.D. 1638. Calibration statistics were similar for both models, but the standard model performed poorly during verification. The reconstruction produced using age-dependent modeling suggests June-July temperatures were cooler than present throughout most of the past 350 years, with the exception of the late 18th century. Particularly cool periods occurred at ∼1700 and in the mid-19th century. In constast, the standard model suggests that temperatures were similar to or warmer than present during the last 350 years. The age-dependent reconstruction compares favorably with other proxy climate records from northern North America. Age-dependent dendroclimatic modeling can provide a sensitive record of recent climatic change that allows the inclusion of previously rejected sites into dendroclimatic analyses.
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Books on the topic "Statistics Canada. Standard Division"

1

Statistics Canada. International Trade Division. International Trade Division catalogue of products and services. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1999.

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Canada, Statistics. Spending patterns in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1998.

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Létourneau, Raynald. A regional perspective on the Canada-U.S. standard of living comparison. [Ottawa]: Industry Canada, 2000.

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Canada, Statistics. Occupation according to the 1991 Standard Occupational Classification. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1991.

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Canada, Statistics. Occupation according to the 1991 Standard Occupational Classification. Ottawa, Ont: Industry, Science and Technology Canada, 1995.

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Division, Canada Statistics Canada Household Surveys. Family food expenditure in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1990.

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Wu, Zheng. Fertility and family surveys in countries of the ECE region: Standard country report Canada. New York: United Nations, 1999.

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Canada, Statistics. Family expenditure in Canada: 17 Metropolitan areas 1990 = : Depenses des familles au Canada : 17 regions metropolitaines 1990. Ottawa: Minister of Industry, Science and Technology, 1992.

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Occupation according to the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1991.

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1962-, Fortin Nicole, Statistics Canada. Business and Labour Market Analysis Division., and Canada. Human Resources Development Canada. Applied Research Branch., eds. Gender composition and wages: Why is Canada different from the United States? [Hull, Quebec]: Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Statistics Canada. Standard Division"

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Vardaki, Maria, and Haralambos Papageorgiou. "Statistical Data and Metadata Quality Assessment." In Handbook of Research on Public Information Technology, 604–14. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-857-4.ch055.

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Quality was defined in the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 8402-1986 standard as “the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs,” which slightly changed in ISO updates. However, regarding quality in statistics, “stated or implied needs” are mainly identified by considering several quality dimensions, criteria, or components for the collection, processing, and dissemination of statistical information for the public (see, for example, Eurostat, 2002a, 2002b; Office of Management and Budget [OMB], 2002; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2003; Statistics Canada, 2003; Statistics Finland, 2002).
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Conference papers on the topic "Statistics Canada. Standard Division"

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Gutkin, Leonid, Douglas A. Scarth, and Grant A. Bickel. "Statistical Assessment of Effect of Hydride Non-Ratcheting Conditions on Delayed Hydride Cracking Initiation in CANDU Pressure Tubes." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25707.

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In-service flaws in CANDU Zr-Nb pressure tubes are evaluated for initiation of delayed hydride cracking (DHC) according to Canadian nuclear standards. A flaw may be under hydride ratcheting conditions or under hydride non-ratcheting conditions, depending on the hydrogen concentration at the flaw location. Under hydride ratcheting conditions (higher hydrogen concentrations), flaw-tip hydrides do not completely dissolve at normal operating temperature and incrementally accumulate with each reactor heatup/cooldown cycle. On the contrary, under hydride non-ratcheting conditions (lower hydrogen concentrations), the flaw-tip hydrides completely dissolve at normal operating temperature, so that no incremental hydride accumulation occurs with each reactor heatup/cooldown cycle. Experiments have demonstrated that the resistance to DHC initiation under hydride non-ratcheting conditions is substantially higher than that under hydride ratcheting conditions. A single-valued lower-bound hydride non-ratcheting factor had been proposed to conservatively quantify this behaviour. However, such a factor does not account for the experimentally observed variation in the relative increase in the threshold stress for DHC initiation under hydride non-ratcheting conditions with respect to that under hydride ratcheting conditions. In this paper, this problem has been addressed statistically by evaluating the probability of DHC initiation at the in-service flaws. The predicted probability of DHC initiation has been found to increase with increasing the applied stress and the stress concentration at the flaw tip and to decrease with increasing the threshold stress intensity factor for DHC initiation. All these trends are consistent with our fundamental understanding of the DHC initiation phenomenon. Also, the predicted probability of DHC initiation is higher for hydride ratcheting conditions than for hydride non-ratcheting conditions. On the basis of this analysis, the hydride non-ratcheting factor has been represented as a distributed parameter, suitable for use in the probabilistic assessments of delayed hydride cracking initiation.
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Wilson, Brandon M., Barton L. Smith, Robert Spall, and Hugh M. McIlroy. "A Non-Symmetrical Swirling Jet as an Example of a Completely Described Assessment Experiment." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78386.

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The standard of a completely described experiment for CFD validation is demonstrated by using experimental and numerical models of swirling jets as an example. The experiment is designed to contain relevant physics (e.g. swirl) but without regard for generality or direct scaling to realistic geometries. Also, the design allows for direct measurement of the inflow (mean and statistics). The swirling jets experience vortex breakdown, have non-symmetric inlet profiles, and have Reynolds numbers of 3650, 2560, and 550 with Rossby numbers of 0.63, 0.59, and 0.73 respectively. The two larger Re cases resulted in turbulent flow inside the jet conduit upstream. All of the jets became turbulent rapidly after leaving the exit. It is demonstrated that the numerical simulations will provide more accurate results when the inlet conditions of these non-symmetric swirling jets are fully described.
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Murray, Alan. "Are Pipelines Being Held to an Unreasonably High Standard of Performance?" In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78744.

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The media and sections of the public have shown recently an acute interest in Pipeline operational performance incident statistics. Published data for North America shows that 99.999% of crude oil and petroleum products shipped by pipelines reach their destination safely. Some pipeline operators claim even better performance, 99.9996 % being one example. However, should failing to deliver 4 barrels of product for every million shipped be a legitimate cause for concern? If not how about the more general case of 1 per one hundred thousand? Is pipeline performance being singled out unreasonably when compared to other threats to public and environmental wellbeing such as medical malpractice or industrial waste contamination? Evidence from Canada and elsewhere, indicates that, during their hospital stay, an appreciable number of patients, one in every 18, experience adverse events, such as medication error, injurious falls, infections, and other medical misadventures. Errors (mostly minor), in fulfilling pharmaceutical prescriptions show an even higher error rate — 1 in 4 in one recent study, yet the public appears to be unperturbed. A common thread is determining what constitutes an acceptable level of risk whether individual or societal, voluntary or involuntary. Besides providing a broader context for pipeline risk, the paper explores the origin and intent of the environmental screening standard of 1 in 10−6, as well as the concept of setting risk tolerance to be as low as reasonably practicable — ALARP. The question of why there may be a reticence for many Pipeline Regulators to set, as other industries have, a prescriptive value for ALARP is considered.
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Van Dam, Noah, Wei Zeng, Magnus Sjöberg, and Sibendu Som. "Parallel Multi-Cycle LES of an Optical Pent-Roof DISI Engine Under Motored Operating Conditions." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3603.

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The use of Large-eddy Simulations (LES) has increased due to their ability to resolve the turbulent fluctuations of engine flows and capture the resulting cycle-to-cycle variability. One drawback of LES, however, is the requirement to run multiple engine cycles to obtain the necessary cycle statistics for full validation. The standard method to obtain the cycles by running a single simulation through many engine cycles sequentially can take a long time to complete. Recently, a new strategy has been proposed by our research group to reduce the amount of time necessary to simulate the many engine cycles by running individual engine cycle simulations in parallel. With modern large computing systems this has the potential to reduce the amount of time necessary for a full set of simulated engine cycles to finish by up to an order of magnitude. In this paper, the Parallel Perturbation Methodology (PPM) is used to simulate up to 35 engine cycles of an optically accessible, pent-roof Direct-injection Spark-ignition (DISI) engine at two different motored engine operating conditions, one throttled and one un-throttled. Comparisons are made against corresponding sequential-cycle simulations to verify the similarity of results using either methodology. Mean results from the PPM approach are very similar to sequential-cycle results with less than 0.5% difference in pressure and a magnitude structure index (MSI) of 0.95. Differences in cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV) predictions are larger, but close to the statistical uncertainty in the measurement for the number of cycles simulated. PPM LES results were also compared against experimental data. Mean quantities such as pressure or mean velocities were typically matched to within 5–10%. Pressure CCVs were under-predicted, mostly due to the lack of any perturbations in the pressure boundary conditions between cycles. Velocity CCVs for the simulations had the same average magnitude as experiments, but the experimental data showed greater spatial variation in the root-mean-square (RMS). Conversely, circular standard deviation results showed greater repeatability of the flow directionality and swirl vortex positioning than the simulations.
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Jamal, Tausif, and D. Keith Walters. "Investigation of an Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model for Simulation of Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows With and Without Buoyancy Effects." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20354.

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Abstract Complex turbulent flows such as those encountered in nuclear reactor cooling systems pose considerable challenges for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models based on the linear eddy-viscosity modeling (LEVM) framework. One particular difficulty is the use of low Prandtl number (Pr) fluids such as liquid metal coolants, which considerably alters the fluctuating thermal field and violates the Reynolds analogy upon which turbulent heat flux modeling in LEVMs is based. Although previous studies have shown that Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) offer some improvements over traditional LEVMs for flows containing complex inter-component interaction and Reynolds stress anisotropy, the added complexity, increased computational requirements, and the lack of robustness introduced by traditional RSMs do not always result in an overall improvement. This study evaluates the performance of a newly proposed Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (ARSM) including an Algebraic Heat Flux Model (AHFM) against two industry standard RANS models, standard k-ε and realizable k-ε model, for a set of canonical test cases relevant to nuclear reactor cooling applications. Numerical simulations using the spectral element code Nek5000 are performed for fully developed channel flows with varying values of Reynolds number (Re) and Pr, both with and without the effects of buoyancy. Results are compared to Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data in terms of the velocity and thermal statistics. For all cases investigated, the ARSM model consistently outperforms the other RANS models in this study and it is concluded that the new ARSM model can be a suitable alternative to traditional LEVMs for complex turbulent flows without significant penalty to efficiency and robustness that are commonly associated with traditional RSMs.
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Lampert, Dieter, Robert F. Steele, Markus Rosenfelder, and Salvatore DellaVilla. "Equivalent Availability Measurement for Combined-Cycle Power Plants: A New Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0579.

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The Equivalent Availability Factor (EAF) is the most important RAM characteristic in statistics for benchmarks and guarantees for power plants. It represents an energy ratio of the amount available in a period and the theoretical maximum. Representing the impact of scheduled and forced outages of components along with any deratings, a large number of parameters are involved from design, operation to the environment. In 1993, ABB and SPS commenced a cooperation on the fields of data procurement and recording. ABB brought large experience as a power plant supplier, SPS its competence as the leading firm specialized on RAM data service for the power industry worldwide. In May 2000 ALSTOM affiliated the whole power generation division of ABB. ALSTOM and SPS agreed to complete their periodic reports on time based reliability and availability data with EAF data. As the available energy must be calculated from the attributes of its components — in contrast to the effective produced energy that can be measured — the question of accuracy arises. Starting from the definition formula set as standard by ISO 3977/9 (former ANSI/IEEE 762), different methods have been considered to find the most suitable approach. The accuracy of comparisons of plants of different designs and operation modes and the ability to interpret the results is a measure for the suitability of the model chosen. Finally, some recommendations to handle and apply the EAF in the power plant business are given.
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Siddiqi, Mohammed A., Praneetha Boppa, and Mikhail P. Strongin. "Multi-Parameters Pump Impeller Optimization." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72091.

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Rotodynamic pumps designed by traditional methods have persisted at their current levels of maturity, vis-à-vis performance and efficiency, for decades now. These historical statistics of performance have been formulated as industry standard charts of efficiency based on specific speed and flow-rate (Fig. 1). Through the last decade, research activity aimed at challenging and surpassing these historical performance levels, via the application of various optimization methods and tools, has been slowly but surely building up. The work presented in this paper is one such effort to enhance the performance of a pump, with the impeller blade of a medium specific speed centrifugal pump chosen as its subject, the blade being the heart of any turbo-machine. This study is somewhat unique in the respect that intuitive, high-level features were used to optimize the blade design rather than inanimate variables. A radical and proprietary blade development scheme allowed a 75% reduction in the number of parameters needed to fully describe the blade, compared to conventional blade layout and development schemes. A software suite comprised of an intimate blend of proprietary and commercial tools, for design, performance simulation and optimization, constituted the engine for this study. A template was generated with all software linked in a seamless bi-directional communication loop for hands-off execution of the optimization study (Fig. 3). A Design of Experiments (DoE) scheme is used to generate several hundred design points corresponding to different geometry and flow configurations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate the performance and yield integrated output parameters, viz., head, power, and efficiency, for each design point at multiple flow-rates. Data from the simulated DoE table was then used to generate an n-dimensional Response Surface (RS), which established pre-validated relationships of the output to the input parameters. Finally, a Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) technique was used to extract the most efficient designs satisfying other weighted goals or objectives. The weighting process forces some objectives to be sacrificed to a certain extent in favor of others, which is a good reflection of reality, since a trade-off between different objectives is an essential element of any design process. The predictions from the optimizer were then subjected to a final round of CFD simulations for validation. Two discrete application examples were used as test cases for this study, using the optimization template described in the foregoing. This multi objective optimization approach resulted in a performance improvement of 2 efficiency points over a mature baseline blade design, developed using an advanced proprietary design code. Traditional CFD-assisted design enhancements were found to provide less than 1 point of efficiency improvement over this baseline design.
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