Academic literature on the topic 'Statistics Scientific Calculator'

In its development, Business Statistics has used several types of technology to facilitate the learning process for students, such as statistical software, spreadsheets, calculators, multimedia materials, and data repositories. The calculator includes computer technology with a simple version but allows students to experience an active learning process. Thus, the calculator media was chosen as the main learning media in business statistics courses, including in evaluating student abilities. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of using calculators in Business Statistics courses. The research was conducted using a mix method, namely qualitative (questionnaire) and quantitative (experimental). The results showed that there was an increase in the average value of Simple Linear Regression for groups of students who used statistical applications on calculators compared to groups who did not use calculators. Based on the results of the questionnaire and suggestions, it was found that 87.7% of students considered it easy to understand the Business Statistics application questions, when using the statistical application on a calculator. Suggestions made by students were the availability of guidelines for using statistical calculator applications for practice, and the availability of calculators in the research laboratory that students could use for practice

The paper entitled “Students’ Difficulties in Understanding Statistical Calculation” is conducted to analyze the students’ difficulty in understanding statistical calculation and the causes of it. The research is applied to the seventh semester students of English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Educational Sciences, Pakuan University. Students who got low score in statistics subject are chosen as the participants. Descriptive method is used in conducting this research. Questionnaire and interview are used to collect the data of this research. The result of this research shows that the students get difficulties in understanding statistical calculation. The problems are students are not able to answer statistics questions. Additionally, they are not able to understand the statistical formulas, not able to use scientific calculator, and not able to absorb the material that was taught well. Then, the causes are they are not interested in statistical calculation, they are not taught by interesting method, they were weak in calculating, and they are not familiar with scientific calculator.

<em>This research investigates how feature characteristics affect the academic achievement of Grade 11 students in the field of statistics, with a particular emphasis on the role played by the use of calculators. The control group utilized various scientific calculators that are typically employed in statistics classes. The experimental group utilized the statistical functionalities of the advanced calculator. The objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of statistical characteristics of calculators on the academic achievement of grade 11 students in the field of statistics. The study aimed to determine whether there was a notable disparity between the pretest scores of the two groups.&nbsp; Is there a substantial disparity between the pretest and posttest scores of the groups? Is there a&nbsp; substantial disparity in the gain scores between the two groups? Furthermore, provides a comprehensive assessment of the study. The study's findings indicate a notable disparity in the utilization of various statistical functions on calculators. The experimental group demonstrated superior performance and adeptly utilized the statistical aspects of advanced calculators. The students in the Control group had challenges when attempting to solve the z-test and p-value. The statistical functionality of advanced calculators becomes valuable in advanced statistical topics.</em>

Scientific calculators are commonly and widely used tools in senior high schools, offering students the ability to perform mathematical calculations faster and more efficiently. This study aimed to investigate the Impact of Scientific Calculators usage on Junior High School graduates Performance in Mathematics. The study was purely quantitative hence data was collected through survey questionnaires and a mathematics achievement test. The study's accessible population size and sample size consisted of 280 and 162 respectively. The sample of 162 students was selected using a systematic random sampling method. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, a simple linear regression model, and a paired sample t-test. The study found a significant difference in students' test scores before and after the use of scientific calculators, t (162) = 17.199, p &lt; .001, leading to a rejection of the null hypothesis. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between calculator usage and students' achievement test scores, F (162) = 24.614; p &lt; .001. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the Ghana Education Service consider allowing and granting permission to schools to incorporate the use of scientific calculators into the teaching and learning of mathematics at the junior high level. This would enhance students' mathematics learning and academic performance. Furthermore, teachers at the senior high school level should introduce enrolled junior high school graduates in Form One to the proper and efficient use of scientific calculators. Students should be taught how to use calculators to solve simple mathematical questions, which would facilitate effective teaching and learning of mathematics

The paper aims to develop a new chatGPT 3.5 instruction (prompt) for computing statistical indicators in student graduation projects. A bibliometric analysis of 79606 sources published in the Scopus database revealed a high level of interest in solving problems related to "graduation projects" and "statistical indicators." Numerous studies emphasize the importance of probability and statistics education. Concurrently, educators are advised to abandon teaching manual calculation methods to students. ChatGPT could serve as a modern tool for computing statistical indicators. Modern methods employed in this research included reviewing scientific literature, analysis and synthesis, bibliometric analysis, mathematical modeling, computation of statistical indicators, and verification of statistical hypotheses using Z-statistics. Five examples of calculating statistical indicators are provided in this paper. Three tools were used for computing statistical indicators, with the new chatGPT 3.5 instruction (prompt) serving as the experimental method, while Excel tables and Windows calculator were used as control methods. Verification of statistical hypotheses using Z-statistics demonstrated the equality of results between experimental and control methods. The standard testing level was set at α = 0.05. The novelty of this work lies in the creation of the new chatGPT 3.5 instruction (prompt) for computing statistical indicators in student graduation projects. Additionally, a User's Guide has been published. The practical value of this work lies in reducing the time and simplifying the method for computing statistical indicators in preparing graduation projects, as well as in improving their quality. An additional benefit is the expanded use of computers for educational purposes.

The developed automated system of information support for nonprofit horticultural partnerships (NHP) is intended for automation of management accounting of the economic activities of NHP. The effective management of the activity of nonprofit horticultural partnerships requires operating full, accurate, objective and timely economic information. This can be achieved through management accounting of the economic activity of NHP. The subject of this research is the methods of automation of control, monitoring and support of the establishment of management reporting of NHP. The object of this research is the information systems functioning within the &amp;ldquo;client-server&amp;rdquo; architecture. The research methods include the apparatus of relational algebra, theory of sets, optimization and mathematical statistics. It is noted that the activity of many NHP is carried out in the so-called &amp;ldquo;manual mode&amp;rdquo;, i.e. all necessary documents the employees fill by hand, and all calculations are by means of calculator. This substantiates the relevance of this research. Leaning on the conducted comparison of software products-analogues based the Saati method, the software &amp;ldquo;Info-Accountant for NHP&amp;rdquo; is chosen as a prototype. The author determines and describes the main algorithms of the developed system, the peculiarity of which is the formation of balance sheet and reports of its implementation, calculation of membership fees, introduction of the function of subsystem of NHP reference books(of the owners of land plots, streets, tariffs, expenditures, etc.). The output data is provided in form of a chart on the display form of the report subsystem. The scientific novelty lies in the suggested approach towards automation of accounting: &amp;nbsp;development of the forecast for pumping up the budget based on the previous periods.

Background: Respectful maternity care (RMC) is the fundamental right of the pregnant mother. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and refers to care that maintains dignity, privacy, and confidentiality and ensures freedom from harm and mistreatment. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding respectful maternity care during labour among 3rd-year midwifery students at DNC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a population of 50 students who were conveniently selected from DNC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages, mean and standard deviation. This study used an Excel sheet and a scientific calculator for data analysis. Results: The result demonstrated that the mean age of respondents was 21.84 (±0.76) years, ranging from (20- 23) years. 90% of them were Muslim. Only 12% of the respondents were married. Findings showed that among all of the respondents’ (8%) had poor knowledge, (22%) had good knowledge, (18%) had average knowledge, (36%) had very good knowledge and only (16%) had excellent knowledge. The overall mean score for RMC knowledge was 76.2 ± 11.58. Conclusion: The current study concluded that respondents'' understood respectful maternity care well. For strengthening the excellent knowledge of every respondent, there needs OSCA, developing regular training programs, seminars and monitoring feedback regarding RMC is recommended

Background: Translational research plays a pivotal role in transforming basic scientific discoveries into practical applications, such as drugs and treatments, to address community health needs. This study aims to assess the awareness and perceptions of translational research among healthcare professionals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed, with data collected between January and July 2023 from public and private tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study was approved by Ethical review board of Northwest School of Medicine via letter number: IRB &amp; EC/2022-SM/074 dated: 15 Nov 2022. A sample size of 472 healthcare professionals was determined using the OpenEpi sample size calculator. The study utilized a self-structured questionnaire covering demographic information, awareness of translational research, and knowledge of its various aspects. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics and a one-sample t-test. Results: The study included 472 participants, with a mean age of 30.8 years, comprising various healthcare roles. Gender distribution showed 62.7% males and 37.3% females. Only 25% of respondents reported familiarity with translational research, while 75% indicated a lack of awareness. Information sources varied, with conferences/seminars (16.1%) and colleagues (5.5%) being prominent. Regarding the understanding of translational research, 64.2% admitted to having no idea. Identified barriers included lack of resources (14.8%), lack of awareness (7.6%), and lack of a sense of responsibility (1.3%). A significant majority (87.3%) reported poor knowledge of translational research, while only 12.7% indicated good knowledge. Conclusion: The findings highlight a substantial lack of awareness and understanding of translational research among healthcare professionals in Pakistan.

Abstract Background Colon surgery (COLO) is one of the focus areas for the the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Hospital Inpatient Quality Reporting (IQR) Program. Standardized criteria from the National Healthcare Surveillance Network (NSHN) are used to define surgical site infections (SSI) and to assess and weight standardized risk variables, so that all organizations can be judged to the same standard. Performance is compared though use of a standardized infection ratio (SIR), which is the observed number of infections, divided by the “predicted” number of infections, given the number and type of surgeries performed. Methods A retrospective review of medical records and NHSN documentation was conducted for 778 COLO procedures that were performed at a large academic and level 1 trauma center between January 2019 and December 2020. Initial review of the data showed that the increases in SIR were primarily concentrated in trauma patients with intestinal injury and fecal spillage. SIR for adult procedures were calculated using the NHSN Complex 30-Day SSI Data for IQR Report model, which the metric used by the CMS IQR. The CDC NHSN Statistics Calculator was used to compare SIR for procedures coded as trauma and non-trauma. As a proxy for patients with penetrating trauma, SIR for patients coded as trauma who had a surgical wound class noted as dirty was compared to SIR for patients coded as trauma with surgical wound class coded as contaminated or clean-contaminated. Results For the CMS model, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0003) between SIR for trauma (SIR = 3.451) and non-trauma (SIR = 1.071) procedures. There was also a statistically significant difference (p=0.0014) between trauma procedures with dirty surgical wound class (SIR = 6.608), compared to those with wounds categorized as contaminated or clean-contaminated (SIR = 2.235). NHSN Adult Complex 30 Days SIR comparison for COLO SSI with and without trauma NHSN Adult Complex 30 Days SIR comparison for trauma COLO procedures with dirty wound class description, against COLO procedures with wound class described as clean or clean-contaminated Conclusion Risk factors currently included in the model for COLO SSI may not adequately account for the increased risk from penetrating trauma with fecal spillage. Trauma and wound class should be added to the CMS IQR risk model for SIR. Disclosures Kelley M. Boston, MPH, CIC, CPHQ, FAPIC, Infection Prevention &amp; Management Associates (Employee, Shareholder) Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, MD, Amplyx (Consultant)Cidara (Consultant)F2G (Consultant)Gilead (Grant/Research Support, Speaker's Bureau)Pfizer (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker's Bureau)Scynexis (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)Viracor (Consultant)

This text distills the core ideas of statistical mechanics to make room for new advances important to information theory, complexity, active matter, and dynamical systems. Chapters address random walks, equilibrium systems, entropy, free energies, quantum systems, calculation and computation, order parameters and topological defects, correlations and linear response theory, and abrupt and continuous phase transitions. Exercises explore the enormous range of phenomena where statistical mechanics provides essential insight — from card shuffling to how cells avoid errors when copying DNA, from the arrow of time to animal flocking behavior, from the onset of chaos to fingerprints. The text is aimed at graduates, undergraduates, and researchers in mathematics, computer science, engineering, biology, and the social sciences as well as to physicists, chemists, and astrophysicists. As such, it focuses on those issues common to all of these fields, background in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and advanced physics should not be needed, although scientific sophistication and interest will be important.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A &amp; M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&amp;M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThe raytracing software package OKULIX was initially developed for scientific purposes in the context of accommodating IOLs. Later it was extended to corneal laser surgery which is still available in the “corneal module” of OKULIX. The latest development was then the application to IOL calculation. One of the essential guidelines of the software development was to reduce universal applicability (unlike as in other commercially available raytracing software) in order to optimize it to the special situation of a human eye, i.e., concentration of the fovea as the only optical area of interest, and restriction to mostly four but in maximum six refracting surfaces. In addition, the collection of the manufacturer’s blue prints of the big majority of IOL models on the market was necessary, including continuous updates. In general, the result is an IOL calculation software that is based on physical rather than on statistical data to the highest possible extent, applicable to all kinds of eyes, even without knowing their history. Other than in most IOL formulas, missing information is not taken from Gullstrand’s but from Liou and Brennan’s eye model. The accuracy of OKULIX IOL calculations has been proven to be never systematically worse compared to other methods when the same measured input data are used.

This chapter examines hypothesis testing, a key element in scientific methodology, in which a proposed hypothesis is tested experimentally by measuring the value of a test statistic and then using statistical analysis to calculate the probability that the observed value could have occurred by chance. It introduces different forms of hypothesis testing and analysis. The chapter begins by developing the 't' and 'z' statistics for testing differences in mean values, including the family of standard t-tests, before looking at the F-statistic that is at the heart of the 'analysis of the variance' approach to testing and introducing the basic ANOVA. The chapter then extends the ANOVA concept to include simultaneous testing for the effects of multiple factors. The chapter also considers the general linear model; nonparametric analyses; repeated measurements; chi-squared analyses; frequency and proportions; and resampling techniques.

This chapter develops some underlying statistical concepts from the perspective of experimental data, emphasizing the link between experimental variability and the role of statistics in quantifying and managing this variability. It begins by introducing the value of visualizing experimental data through a variety of graphs, including the boxplot for raw data and the interval plot for calculated mean values. The chapter then reviews the key terminology used to describe the factors and variables that influence the scientific system being analysed, before using the histogram to describe data variations and looking at important standard distributions. It also discusses the uncertainty and error in measurement and develops the mathematics for combining experimental uncertainties. Finally, the chapter develops statistics for analysing data samples and their application in the interpretation of experimental results, before outlining the generic issues associated with hypothesis testing.

Abstract The prime article of faith in scientific theory is that experimentally observed phenomena can be derived from a small number of general principles. The acceptance of this idea implies that, despite the constant changes evident in physical systems, they possess some immutable attributes from which all of their interesting properties can be calculated. A central concept in such a calculation is that of the state of an isolated system. If all of the experimentally measurable properties of a system are known at all times, then this would certainly constitute an adequate description of the state of the system. However, such a definition would be useless for theoretical purposes and is contrary to the assumption that all properties can be related to a few general laws. The most fruitful definition of state is this:

A model for control strategy realization when automating the research process was developed. The control strategy is considered as a certain realizable control trajectory carried out within the boundaries of the hypersurface area which surrounds the optimal control trajectory. The distance from the optimal control trajectory, which determines the range of acceptable values, is assessed by the quality of control -ρ, which is the total statistical value of the “distance” of the real trajectory from the optimal one. This approach allows us to move to a certain realizable control trajectory, carried out within the boundaries of the hypersurface area which surrounds the optimal control trajectory. The model creates the prerequisites for the development of a computer program that allows automating the research process. The program will allow you to calculate quickly the implementation of the optimal control trajectory according to a given strategy, evaluate the quality of control and present ways to have optimal control taking into account the real conditions of research process.

In competition law, economic theory plays a large role in determining what the relevant explanations may be, and how plausible they are. Statistical and econometric evidence plays an important role in drawing inferences from the available evidence. This chapter discusses the relevance of economic models and the main techniques used in competition litigation, particularly as regards damages calculation and estimation. It argues that scientific models can be tools that assist courts to manage uncertainty together with other logical instruments such as inferences, deductions, and common sense.

Abstract Detailed descriptions of the life and labour of the people in all its various aspects, sensational or scientific, derived from personal observation or statistical calculation, become a characteristic feature of the publications of the [the 1880s], whether newspapers or magazines, plays or novels, the reports of philanthropic organisations or the proceedings of learned societies. It may be said that this novel concentration of attention on the social condition of the people was due neither to intellectual curiosity nor to the spirit of philanthropy, but rather to a panic fear of the newly enfranchised democracy.

The increased importance and availability of digital tool leaves an impact on shaping the digitalization of countries and their economies. Links between the digitalization and economic sector productivity and climate change risk adaptation and/or mitigation increase trough different streams have also been found. The use of digital tools can also help in decision making process in terms of climate change including the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of this study is to develop a base framework for a GHG emission calculation tool in the sector of agriculture. The tool framework is based on three different standards: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories in the sector of Agriculture, Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Accounting Standard and Statistical classification of economic activities in European Union (also known as NACE code classification system). The developed framework will simplify the GHG calculation tool use for agriculture companies, as the needed input data will be required based on the company NACE code. Additionally, the tool will segregate the calculated GHG emissions in Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions for easier reporting of GHG emissions, for example, to financial institutions or regulatory bodies.

Water resource protection is significant for Georgia since the intensity of anthropogenic impact on the Georgian ecosystem has been substantially increased over the recent period, at the same time, several diseases with high risk for population life have been considerably increased, as well. The work provides the physical-chemical and hydrochemical characteristics of rivers, artesian and spring waters available at the territories adjacent to the arsenic processing enterprises in the region for 2021-2024. pH, electric conductivity, biogenic substances, principal ions, mineralisation, total arsenic form, and microbiological parameters have been determined in the water samples taken. Statistical characteristics were calculated, including the average value, absolute maximum and minimum, and standard deviation - for some indicators of hydrochemical analysis of natural waters. In some cases, an exceedance of some polluting ingredients of natural waters over maximum allowable concentrations has been observed. River waters have a low arsenic hazard index (HQsw less than 1) and are not at risk. In some artesian and drinking waters, the arsenic hazard index (HQdw&gt;1) is at risk. The correlation coefficient between the concentrations of cations and anions in the rivers was calculated using the Pearson formula. Positive and negative correlations are established. Created linear regression equations for pairs of statistically significant correlation coefficients and calculated coefficients of determination for use in practical calculations.

In climate change, drought, and water scarcity, the natural functioning of river systems largely depends on the proper distribution of water resources. Accurate determination of hydrological characteristics is essential for the sustainable management of water resources and provides information on the status and potential of water systems. Water management must be implemented in such a way as to meet the needs of man and the economy. At the same time, measures are taken to protect the quantitative characteristics of the aquatic environment. This means that water consumption must not exceed a particular limit value of the river flow - the ecological river flow. The development set determines the hydrological characteristics according to the methodology developed for determining the environmental flow for Bulgarian conditions and comparing it with the value according to the current regulation. The results obtained make it possible to make adequate management decisions, guaranteeing the maintenance of sufficient water in rivers and water ecosystems. The current regulation uses average annual and minimum average monthly water quantities. In our presented Methodology, the estimates are based on average monthly values grouped by three types of water content. It is recommended to work with a hydrological approach and standard statistical methods for calculating ecological flow, which requires a minimum of hydro-ecological information and enables the development of a national strategy.

Phytoremediation technology is environmentally friendly and inexpensive to clean soils of harmful toxins. The study aims to introduce phytoremediation of arsenic in the Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti regions to restore soil fertility. For this study, three plants, Amaranthus gangeticus, Chenopodium album and Helianthus annuus, were selected for the accumulation and translocation of Arsenic from the contaminated soil. The seeds of selected plants were treated with the bioactivator Biorag to increase the plant's green mass. Plants were sown in May and harvested in August and October. Plants were gathered in their raw state they were dried for two weeks, after drying, the plants (their parts � roots, shoots or a whole plant) were processed by decomposer�Milestone � Start D Microwave system and the total form of arsenic was determined on the Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy - ICP-OES. Several parameters were calculated that affect phytoremediation potential, such as arsenic concentration, bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and arsenic content in the total mass of the plant. As a result of the research, it was established that the selected plants can accumulate and remove arsenic from contaminated soil, which is a necessary condition for the successful implementation of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation efficiency was determined, and it was equal to 58.7% (extracted by the plant), while the amount remained in the soil �41.3%. The methods and techniques of mathematical statistics and probability theory were used for the analysis of measurements in the paper.

The paper outlines the process of data collection and processing undertaken to develop a digital twin of the central region of Bratislava city, focused on evaluating its capacity for generating solar and wind energy on an urban scale. Data sources included airborne laser scanning, provided as 3D point clouds, older existing polygonal 3D models, and other available map documents, which were processed to generate a comprehensive polygonal model with semantic information across different layers as buildings, vegetation, water bodies, paved and unpaved terrain. The outcoming digital twin was then used to calculate solar energy potential of the city using Ladybug tools (incident radiation) and weather data from a reference year. The results were compared to the calculations using the model r.sun (total irradiation) with satellite weather data within the GrassGIS software. The newly created digital twin of the city was published as physical model with digitally projected information layers at an exhibition and it will be also published online to be used as inputs to discussions on sustainable energy strategies for smart city development. The model will be further utilized in analysis of wind energy potential using OpenFoam and in statistical models predicting urban heat island formation and popularity of public spaces evaluated by their inhabitants.

On the background of regional climate changes, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme droughts has been observed in many regions of Europe in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. While common in southern Europe, including Bulgaria, drought can adversely affect human life and economic activities. Extreme droughts lead to water scarcity, restricting the availability of irrigation water for agricultural purposes. In the regions where irrigation is vital for sustaining crop production, diminished water availability can result in crop failures and economic losses. This study aims to contribute to understanding the climate-water-food nexus by assessing the impact of drought on the main cereal crops in Bulgaria, namely maize, wheat, and barley. The analysis incorporates climatic data (air temperature and precipitation), hydrological data (streamflow), and statistical data on crop yields. Drought indices such as Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) were calculated at different timescales (from 1 to 12 months) to identify drought periods. A significant decrease in yields is observed during dry years. Correlation analysis shows a clear link between drought in warm months and maize production, while the winter drought is more crucial for wheat and barley.

The circular economy is targeted to increase the efficiency of resource use through prevention of waste and pollution; preservation of products and materials in circulation as long as possible and maintenance of natural capital. Therefore, the research authors aim to study the management of household waste and resources in Latvia in the context of other EU Member States in order to achieve circular economy targets. The study employs the monographic method, statistical data analysis and the correlation analysis to calculate the relation between the economic development and the amount of household waste in Latvia. The authors conclude that the amount of household waste in Latvia is increasing along with the economic development. The disposal of waste in landfills and the insufficient level of household waste recycling generate the largest problems. Better results are achieved in the recycling of paper, cardboard and glass packaging, while the recycling of plastic is not sufficient and there is a risk of not reaching the goals set by the EU. The proportion of reused materials is significantly lower than the EU average and, hence, the efficiency of resource use is twice as low. A significant improvement of the situation in Latvia requires a set of several measures. Along with economic instruments, an increasing attention should be paid to public education, which also includes raising the awareness of producers and packers about more environmentally friendly materials and new opportunities for reducing packaging.

The paper presents research on the development of enrichment of polymetallic ores of the Elan deposit. The heterogeneity of textures, structures and material composition of the ores of the Elan deposit make it a difficult object for technological research. The research was focused on the development of waste-free enrichment technology; progressive stadial, collective and collectively selective flotation schemes with full water circulation, ensuring environmental protection, using both currently manufactured by industry and promising (methyl isobutyl carbinol) reagents. The work was carried out using a number of modern accurate and precision physico-chemical research methods and well-known enrichment methods. Mathematical methods are widely used. Based on the identified features, a technology for the enrichment of all types of Elan deposit�s ores has been developed and confirmed in experimental industrial conditions, providing the production of copper, lead, zinc, pyrite and fluorite concentrates with high extraction of the components of the same name and the integrated use of ore. The technological typification of ores was carried out and a method for classifying ore samples by technological properties for technological mapping of the deposit was developed. One of the methods of increasing the reliability of engineering and geological assessment of ore deposits in the subsurface is technological mapping of deposits. Reliability improvement is achieved mainly through a detailed study of all natural types and phases of ores extracted at the deposit; differentiated calculation of ore reserves by technological types; correction of recoverable value in the technical and economic assessment of proven reserves, taking into account different ore enrichment. The practical value of the work, expressed in the development of technology for the approval of stocks. The scientific value expressed in the development of a methodology for classifying ores based on multidimensional statistical analysis.

To tackle climate change, the European Union has set objectives of low-carbon energy transition and carbon-neutral society creation by 2050. The EU Member States should implement GHG emissions reduction targets through improved energy efficiency and use of the renewables. Digital technologies can help to accelerate this. The digitalization of the energy system is a policy priority and is linked to the European Green Deal and the Digital Decade Policy Programme 2030. Lithuania supports EU ambition to achieve netzero GHG emissions and become climate-neutral by 2050. The aim of the article is to evaluate the relations between digitalization and energy efficiency and to identify the position of Lithuania in the context of EU. Scientific literature analysis and statistical data analysis methods were used for this purpose. The data of Digital Economy and Society Index were used for digitalization indicators and Eurostat data were collected for energy efficiency indicators. Significant correlations between digitalization and energy efficiency indicators of EU countries were calculated. The position of Lithuania among other EU countries was evaluated. Lithuania ranks above EU average in digital public services and integration of digital technologies; however, it performs poorly in environment related technologies and in terms of energy efficiency. The findings of this research can be relevant for both Lithuanian and EU authorities from the practical point of view in promoting cooperation between digital and energy stakeholders, shaping policy, steering digitalization in a way that maximizes the benefits for entire energy system.

Drought is a complex weather and climate-related phenomenon with significant ecological and socioeconomic consequences. In light of the increasing severity and frequency of droughts in Europe in recent years, this study focuses on assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of drought in Bulgaria during the period 2014-2022. To achieve this, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is calculated at different time scales (1, 3, and 6 months) for both the country's territory and individual municipalities using software recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. The spatiotemporal analysis is performed in the QGIS environment, utilizing the Ordinary Kriging method for spatial interpolation and the Zonal Statistics tool to calculate selected statistical features at the municipality level. Additionally, area-averaged values are extracted from all raster layers, forming time series spanning the period 2014-2022, which are used for further statistical analysis. The study reveals several drought events, with the most significant occurrence in 2019-2020, affecting 60-80% of the country's territory during certain months. However, the considered period is characterized by normal and wet conditions. The results also show that several municipalities in the western and southeastern regions of the country are particularly vulnerable to severe and extreme droughts. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating different spatial and time scales in drought monitoring and analysis.

Hypothesis testing is a well-used statistical method to evaluate whether a proposition is true or false. A fundamental part of the testing procedure is the calculation and interpretation of a p-value, which represents the probability of a set of data being observed, under the assumption that the proposition is true. This null hypothesis is then rejected if the p-value is less than a certain threshold, usually 0.05. In recent years, some members of the scientific community have called into question the validity of the hypothesis testing approach, because it places so much emphasis on whether or not a value is above or below an arbitrary threshold. We think that hypothesis testing is still a valid method, but it is important that, as well as the p-value additional information such as effect sizes is taken into account when interpreting results. In addition, there are alternative approaches, such as equivalence testing or Bayesian hypothesis testing, which should be considered in certain circumstances.

The article considers the issues of assessing the level of financial security of the bank. An analysis of existing approaches to solving this problem. A scientific and methodological approach based on the application of comprehensive assessment technology is proposed. The computational algorithm is presented in the form of a four-stage procedure, which contains the identification of the initial data set, their normalization, calculation of the partial composite indexes, and a comprehensive index of financial security. Results have interpretation. Determining the levels of financial security and the limits of the relevant integrated indicator is based on the analysis of the configuration of objects in the two-scale space of partial composite indexes, which is based on the division of the set of initial indicators by content characteristics. The results of the grouping generally coincided with the results of the banks ranking according to the rating assessment of their stability, presented in official statistics. The article presents the practical implementation of the proposed computational procedure. To automate calculations and the possibility of scenario modeling, an electronic form of a spreadsheet was created with the help of form controls. The obtained results allowed us to identify the number of levels of financial security and their boundaries.