Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Statocyst / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Statocyst.

Journal articles on the topic 'Statocyst'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Statocyst.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Panchin, Y. V., R. I. Sadreev, and Y. I. Arshavsky. "Statomotor system in the marine mollusk Clione limacina." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.407.

Full text

Abstract:

1. In the marine mollusk Clione limacina the "statomotor system" (named by analogy with the oculomotor system) has been found. This system includes a muscle that is directly attached to the statocysts connecting them with each other and with the inner surface of the body. 2. The statocyst muscle consists of four electrically coupled, mononuclear cells. Statocyst muscle cells do not generate spike-like potentials but only excitatory junctional potentials. 3. The motor input to the statocyst muscle correlates with the activity of the locomotor generator. This suggests that in the soft-bodied Clione contraction of the statocyst muscle stabilizes the statocysts into a standard "working" position in relation to coordinates of the body. This statocyst stabilization is important for Clione's spatial orientation during swimming.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Neumeister, H., and B. U. Budelmann. "Structure and function of the Nautilus statocyst." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1361 (November 29, 1997): 1565–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0142.

Full text

Abstract:

The two equilibrium receptor organs (statocysts) of Nautilus are ovoid sacks, half-filled with numerous small, free-moving statoconia and half with endolymph. The inner surface of each statocyst is lined with 130 000 to 150 000 primary sensory hair cells. The hair cells are of two morphological types. Type A hair cells carry 10 to 15 kinocilia arranged in a single ciliary row; they are present in the ventral half of the statocyst. Type B hair cells carry 8 to 10 irregularly arranged kinocilia; they are present in the dorsal half of the statocyst. Both type of hair cells are morphologically polarized. To test whether these features allow the Nautilus statocyst to sense angular accelerations, behavioural experiments were performed to measure statocyst-dependent funnel movements during sinusoidal oscillations of restrained Nautilus around a vertical body axis. Such dynamic rotatory stimulation caused horizontal phase-locked movements of the funnel. The funnel movements were either in the same direction (compensatory funnel response), or in the opposite direction (funnel follow response) to that of the applied rotation. Compensatory funnel movements were also seen during optokinetic stimulation (with a black and white stripe pattern) and during stimulations in which optokinetic and statocyst stimulations were combined. These morphological and behavioural findings show that the statocysts of Nautilus , in addition to their function as gravity receptor organs, are able to detect rotatory movements (angular accelerations) without the specialized receptor systems (crista/cupula systems) that are found in the statocysts of coleoid cephalopods. The findings further indicate that both statocyst and visual inputs control compensatory funnel movements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Levi, R., P. Varona, Y. I. Arshavsky, M. I. Rabinovich, and A. I. Selverston. "Dual Sensory-Motor Function for a Molluskan Statocyst Network." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (January 2004): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00753.2003.

Full text

Abstract:

In mollusks, statocyst receptor cells (SRCs) interact with each other forming a neural network; their activity is determined by both the animal's orientation in the gravitational field and multimodal inputs. These two facts suggest that the function of the statocysts is not limited to sensing the animal's orientation. We studied the role of the statocysts in the organization of search motion during hunting behavior in the marine mollusk, Clione limacina. When hunting, Clione swims along a complex trajectory including numerous twists and turns confined within a definite space. Search-like behavior could be evoked pharmacologically by physostigmine; application of physostigmine to the isolated CNS produced “fictive search behavior” monitored by recordings from wing and tail nerves. Both in behavioral and in vitro experiments, we found that the statocysts are necessary for search behavior. The motor program typical of searching could not be produced after removing the statocysts. Simultaneous recordings from single SRCs and motor nerves showed that there was a correlation between the SRCs activity and search episodes. This correlation occurred even though the preparation was fixed and, therefore the sensory stimulus was constant. The excitation of individual SRCs could in some cases precede the beginning of search episodes. A biologically based model showed that, theoretically, the hunting search motor program could be generated by the statocyst receptor network due to its intrinsic dynamics. The results presented support for the idea that the statocysts are actively involved in the production of the motor program underlying search movements during hunting behavior.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

NAKAGAWA, H., and M. HISADA. "A VIBRATION-SENSITIVE DESCENDING STATOCYST INTERNEURONE IN THE CRAYEISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKII." Journal of Experimental Biology 149, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.149.1.361.

Full text

Abstract:

1. An interneurone specifically sensitive to substratum vibration was identified in the crayfish circumoesophageal connective. The interneurone, called B1 in this paper, received excitatory input from the statocysts on both sides. Electrical stimulation of the statocyst nerve elicited several spikes in the interneurone with latencies that depended on which side was stimulated. 2. B1 responded phasically to artificial bending of the statocyst sensory hairs. The response was similar to that of the phasic-type receptor in the statocyst 3. The morphology of B1 was studied by an intracellular staining technique using nickel chloride and subsequent silver intensification. The interneurone projects its neurite arborization to the dorsal part of the deutocerebrum and parolfactory lobe on both sides, where the statocyst primary afferents also project. The overlapping of central projections, together with the properties of the response of B1 suggests that the interneurone receives excitatory input from the phasic-type receptors and transmits information about phasic body movement, but not static positional information, to the posterior ganglia 4. Branches of B1 also project to the antennal and tegumentary lobes ipsilateral to the axon. B1 may receive additional mechanosensory information from the cuticular sensory hairs on the antennae and the cephalic body surface

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Sekiguchi, Hideo, and Takanori Terazawa. "Statocyst of Jasus edwardsii pueruli (Crustacea, Palinuridae), with a review of crustacean statocysts." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97131.

Full text

Abstract:

In the puerulus of Jasus edwardsii, the statocyst opens onto the dorsal surface of the basal segment of the antennule. The opening is bordered by two types of setae. The cavity contains many minute hardened statoliths, which are devoid of a mineral or crystalline core and are not cemented together. There are no sensory hairs, secretory pores or fluid within the cavity; these are found among other decapods, but it appears that the Palinuridae are an exception. Knowledge of the statocyst in crustaceans in general is briefly reviewed. Extra keyword: statolith.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Takahata, M., M. Yoshino, and M. Hisada. "Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Crayfish Steering Behaviour as an Equilibrium Response." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.599.

Full text

Abstract:

1. When the crayfish Procambarus is rolled with legs not upon a substratum, uropod opener muscles on the lifted side are activated in co-contraction whereas antagonistic closer muscles on the same side are all relaxed simultaneously. The closers are activated and the openers are relaxed on the lowered side. 2. This reciprocal pattern is also observed in the motor neurone activity: the contraction of opener muscles on the lifted side and closer muscles on the lowered side is caused by an increase in the activity of excitatory motor neurones innervating these muscles, whereas the relaxation of their antagonists on each side is caused by a decrease in the activity of excitatory motor neurones innervating them. Deafferentation by cutting all roots of the terminal ganglion has no significant effect on the steering pattern. 3. The decrease in the excitatory motor neurone activity during steering was found to be due to an increase in the inhibitory input to the motor neurones. 4. During body rolling, the statocyst receptors on the lifted side increase their activity while those on the lowered side decrease it (Takahata & Hisada, 1979). We conclude that the opener motor neurones receive excitation and inhibition respectively from the ipsilateral and the contralateral statocyst, whereas the closer motor neurones receive excitation and inhibition respectively from the contralateral and ipsilateral statocyst. From these results, the connections between the motor neurones and the identified statocyst interneurones were deduced. 5. The normal, bilaterally organized steering pattern of the uropod muscle activity seems to be produced by the statocysts of both sides, whose information is mediated by a bilateral set of interneurones having different connections to individual motor neurones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Murayama, M., and M. Takahata. "Sensory control mechanisms of the uropod equilibrium reflex during walking in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.3.521.

Full text

Abstract:

The temporal characteristics of statocyst and leg proprioceptive inputs to the uropod motor system were investigated in crayfish using behavioural and electromyographic analyses to elucidate their functional roles in the control of the uropod steering response under natural conditions. When the animal, which was suspended in the air without a footboard, was actively extending its abdomen, prolonged stimulation of the statocysts by body rolling elicited a maintained asymmetrical configuration of the bilateral uropods. Prolonged stimulation of the walking legs by footboard tilting with the animal body held in the upright position elicited a transient uropod response. When the treadmill was tilted while the animal was walking on it in the upright position, the uropods showed the same transient response. However, when the animal body was rolled, together with the treadmill, while the animal was walking on it, the uropods showed a transient response which was reversed in direction compared with that observed during body rolling without a footboard. This transient response was abolished by the removal of the statoliths. The results show that the statocysts and leg proprioceptors exert sustained and transient control effects, respectively, on the uropod motor system during walking. It is also suggested that the uropod response to body rolling during walking is controlled primarily by leg proprioceptor signals which result from statocyst-induced changes in the leg position.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Rohde, K., NA Watson, and A. Faubel. "Ultrastructure of the Statocyst in an Undescribed Species of Luridae (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, Luridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 3 (1993): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930215.

Full text

Abstract:

The statocyst of an undescribed species of Luridae is described by electron microscopy. it is located between the brain and the intestine, suspended on a cytoplasmic band, and contains a nucleus and three statoliths. The statoliths are surrounded by many mitochondria. Fibres from the brain enter the statocyst wall through dark lamellae with a lamellate substructure, and form part of the wall that contains many basal bodies with short axonemes which, however, do not protrude into the statocyst cavity as free cilia. It is not clear whether intestinal cells contribute to the formation of the statocyst wall. Three small statoliths, also surrounded by many mitochondria, lie in cytoplasm latero-posteriorly to the statocyst.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Solé, Marta, José-Manuel Fortuño, Mike van der Schaar, and Michel André. "An Acoustic Treatment to Mitigate the Effects of the Apple Snail on Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090969.

Full text

Abstract:

Global change is the origin of increased occurrence of disturbance events in natural communities, with biological invasions constituting a major threat to ecosystem integrity and functioning. The apple snail (Pomacea maculata) is a freshwater gastropod mollusk from South America. Considered one of the 100 most harmful invasive species in the world, due to its voracity, resistance, and high reproductive rate, it has become a global problem for wetland crops. In Catalonia, it has affected the rice fields of the Ebre Delta since 2010 with significant negative impact on the local economy. As a gastropod mollusc it possesses statocysts consisting of a pair of sacs, one located on each side of the foot, that contain multiple calcium carbonate statoconia. This study shows the first ultrastructural images of pathological changes in the sensory epithelium of the statocyst of apple snail adults with an increase in the severity of the lesions over time after exposure to low frequency sounds. Sound-induced damage to the statocyst could likely result in an inhibition of its vital functions resulting in a potential reduction in the survival ability of the apple snail and lead to an effective mitigation method for reducing damage to rice fields.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Preuss, T., and B. U. Budelmann. "A dorsal light reflex in a squid." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.5.1157.

Full text

Abstract:

A dorsal light reflex is described in the squid Lolliguncula brevis. When illuminated from the side in visually homogeneous surroundings, a free-swimming squid rolls the dorsal side of its head and trunk 10-20 degrees towards the light. With the trunk restricted in a holder, the squid rolls its head 4-5 degrees towards the light; this reaction increases by about 50% when the statocysts are bilaterally removed and increases further when the neck receptor organ is also destroyed. The results indicate a multi-modal interaction of visual, statocyst and proprioceptive inputs during postural control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Arshavsky, Y. I., T. G. Deliagina, I. L. Okshtein, G. N. Orlovsky, Y. V. Panchin, and L. B. Popova. "Defense reaction in the pond snail Planorbis corneus. III. Response to input from statocysts." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.3.898.

Full text

Abstract:

1. In the intact pond snail Planorbis corneus, a rapid tilt in any plane evoked a defense reaction consisting of a fast movement of the shell towards the head, shortening of the foot, inhibition of locomotion and of rhythmical feeding movements. This reaction was similar to the first phase of the general defense reaction of Planorbis to cutaneous stimulation. 2. A method has been developed for inclination of the isolated CNS in space (up to 90 degrees) and simultaneous intracellular recordings from different neurons. 3. The statocyst receptor cells (SRCs) responded both phasically and tonically to the tilt. The SRCs differ in their spatial zones of sensitivity. 4. Essential manifestations of the defense reaction to the input from statocysts could be observed in the in vitro preparation of the CNS isolated with statocysts. Both tilting of the CNS and electrical stimulation of individual SRCs elicited an excitatory response in numerous neurons from different ganglia, including motor neurons (MNs) of the columellar muscle. This response was of "all-or-none" nature, and could be evoked by electrical stimulation of any SRC. The response was followed by a long (10-20 s) period of refractoriness. 5. Activation of SRCs resulted also in excitation of the giant dopaminergic cell in the left pedal ganglion (related to the control of respiration), in inhibition of the feeding rhythm generator, and in inhibition of the pedal neurons responsible for activation of the ciliary locomotor system. 6. Combined stimulation of two inputs able to evoke a defense reaction, i.e., those from the statocyst and from cutaneous nerve, revealed a strong interdependence of their central effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Day, Ryan D., Robert D. McCauley, Quinn P. Fitzgibbon, Klaas Hartmann, and Jayson M. Semmens. "Seismic air guns damage rock lobster mechanosensory organs and impair righting reflex." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1907 (July 24, 2019): 20191424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1424.

Full text

Abstract:

The effects of anthropogenic aquatic noise on marine invertebrates are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of seismic surveys on the righting reflex and statocyst morphology of the palinurid rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii , using field-based exposure to air gun signals. Following exposure equivalent to a full-scale commercial assay passing within 100–500 m, lobsters showed impaired righting and significant damage to the sensory hairs of the statocyst. Reflex impairment and statocyst damage persisted over the course of the experiments—up to 365 days post-exposure and did not improved following moulting. These results indicate that exposure to air gun signals caused morphological damage to the statocyst of rock lobsters, which can in turn impair complex reflexes. This damage and impairment adds further evidence that anthropogenic aquatic noise has the potential to harm invertebrates, necessitating a better understanding of possible ecological and economic impacts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Crow, Terry, and Lian-Ming Tian. "Statocyst Hair Cell Activation of Identified Interneurons and Foot Contraction Motor Neurons in Hermissenda." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 6 (June 2004): 2874–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00028.2004.

Full text

Abstract:

Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda produces both light-elicited inhibition of normal positive phototactic behavior and conditioned stimulus (CS)-elicited foot-shortening. Rotation, the unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits foot-shortening and reduced forward ciliary locomotion. The neural circuit supporting ciliary locomotion and its modulation by light is known in some detail. However, the neural circuits responsible for rotation-elicited foot-shortening and reduced forward ciliary locomotion are not known. Here we describe components of the neural circuit in Hermissenda that produce anterior foot contraction and ciliary activation mediated by statocyst hair cells. We have characterized in semi-intact preparations newly identified pedal ventral contraction motor neurons (VCMNs) and interneurons (Ib). Type Ib interneurons receive polysynaptic input from statocyst hair cells and project directly to VCMNs and cilia-activating motor neurons. Depolarization of VCMNs with extrinsic current in normal artificial seawater (ASW) and high-divalent cation ASW, and under conditions where central synaptic transmission was suppressed with 5 mM Ni2+ ASW, elicited a contraction of the ipsilateral anterior foot measured from videotape recordings. Mechanical displacement of the statocyst or depolarization of identified statocyst hair cells with extrinsic current elicited spikes and complex excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in type Ib interneurons and complex EPSPs and spikes recorded in VCMNs. Type Ib interneurons are electrically coupled and project to VCMNs and VP1 cilia-activating motor neurons located in the contralateral pedal ganglia. The results indicate that statocyst hair-cell-mediated anterior foot contraction and graviceptive ciliary locomotion involve different interneuronal circuit components from the circuit previously identified as supporting light modulated ciliary locomotion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Paul, H., W. J. P. Barnes, and D. Varjú. "Roles of eyes, leg proprioceptors and statocysts in the compensatory eye movements of freely walking land crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi)." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 24 (December 15, 1998): 3395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.24.3395.

Full text

Abstract:

The compound eyes, the canal organs of the statocysts and proprioceptors in the legs all generate compensatory eye movements in the horizontal plane in the land crab Cardisoma guanhumi. Frequency analyses of the compensatory eye reflexes elicited by each of these inputs show that visual (V) and proprioceptive (P) reflexes respond best below 0.1 Hz, while statocyst (S)reflexes only achieve a high gain above this frequency. They thus increase the range of frequencies over which compensation can occur. Eye and body movements were recorded in an arena under all possible combinations of crabs seeing or blind (V+ or V-), with or without statocysts (S+ or S-) and freely walking or passively transported on a trolley (P+ or P-). Intact crabs (V+S+P+) show good stabilisation of the eyes in space, the only movements with respect to external coordinates being saccadic resetting movements (fast phases of nystagmus). The eyes thus compensate well for body turns, but are unaffected by translatory movements of the body and turns that are not accompanied by a change in the orientation of the long axis of the body in space. In the absence of any one sense, compensation for rotation is significantly impaired, whether measured by the increase in the width of the histograms of changes in the angular positions of the eyes in space ( capdelta &phgr; E), by the mean angular velocity of the eyes(slope of regression line, mE) with respect to the angular velocity of the body (mB) or by response gain plotted against angular acceleration of body turn (a). The absence of two senses reduces the crab's ability to compensate still further, with the statocyst-only condition (V-S+P-) being little better than the condition when all three senses are absent(V-S-P-).Such multisensory control of eye compensation for body rotation is discussed both in terms of making use of every available cue for reducing retinal slip and in making available the information content of the optic flow field.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Panchin, Y. V., Y. I. Arshavsky, T. G. Deliagina, L. B. Popova, and G. N. Orlovsky. "Control of locomotion in marine mollusk Clione Limacina. IX. Neuronal mechanisms of spatial orientation." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1924–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.1924.

Full text

Abstract:

1. When swimming freely, the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina actively maintains a vertical orientation, with its head up. Any deflection from the vertical position causes a correcting motor response, i.e., bending of the tail in the opposite direction, and an additional activation of the locomotor system. Clione can stabilize not only the vertical orientation with its head up, but also the posture with its head down. The latter is observed at higher water temperature, as well as at a certain stage of hunting behavior. The postural control is absent in some forms of behavior (vertical migrations, defensive reactions, "looping" when hunting). The postural reflexes are driven by input from the statocysts. After removal of the statocysts, Clione was unable to maintain any definite spatial orientation. 2. Activity of the neuronal mechanisms controlling spatial orientation of Clione was studied in in vitro experiments, with the use of a preparation consisting of the CNS and statocysts. Natural stimulation (tilt of the preparation up to 90 degrees) was used to characterize responses in the statocyst receptor cells (SRCs). It was found that the SRCs depolarized and fired (10-20 Hz) when, during a tilt, they were in a position on the bottom part of the statocyst, under the statolith. Intracellular staining has shown that the SRC axons terminate in the medial area of the cerebral ganglia. Electrical connections have been found between some of the symmetrical SRCs of the left and right statocysts. 3. Gravistatic reflexes were studied by using both natural stimulation (tilt of the preparation) and electrical stimulation of SRCs. The reflex consisted of three components: 1) activation of the locomotor rhythm generator located in the pedal ganglia; this effect of SRCs is mediated by previously identified CPA1 and CPB1 interneurons that are located in the cerebral ganglia and send axons to the pedal ganglia; 2) bending the tail evoked by differential excitation and inhibition of different groups of tail muscle motor neurons; this effect is mediated by CPB3 interneurons; and 3) modification of wing movements by differential excitation and inhibition of different groups of wing motor neurons; this effect is mediated by CPB2 interneurons. 4. Gravistatic reflexes in the tail motor neurons were inhibited or reversed at a higher water temperature. 5. The SRCs are not "pure" gravitation sensory organs because they are subjected to strong influences from the CNS. In particular, CPC1 interneurons, participating in coordination of different aspects of the hunting behavior, exert an excitatory action on some of the SRCs, and inhibitory actions on others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

FRASER, P. J., M. BÉVENGUT, and F. CLARAC. "Swimming Patterns and the Activity of Identified Equilibrium Interneurones in the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas." Journal of Experimental Biology 130, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130.1.305.

Full text

Abstract:

Swimming behaviour in crabs is electromyographically described in relation to the involvement of the discharge of the equilibrium interneurones. In intact crabs or crabs with only the fifth legs remaining, swimming consists of cyclic out-of-phase sculling movements of the last pair of pereïopods (P5). In these legs, all muscles are involved within a single swimming cycle; antagonistic muscles burst alternately, as do bilateral pairs of muscles. Bursting in the four proximal muscles ensures the appendage rotation while distal muscles set the scull in the best propulsive position. Swimming evoked by tilt in the sagittal plane starts with symmetrical remotor activity before alternate bursting begins. Tilt in the plane of a statocyst vertical canal leads to asymmetrical onset of remotor bursting, starting with the muscle contralateral to the stimulated statocyst. Tilt in defined vertical planes elicits the discharge of identified equilibrium interneurones. Of these, interneurones C and D are active before and during swimming. Sensory inputs from the statocysts and/or the leg proprioceptors to these interneurones are both adequate to drive swimming. Moreover, our experiments suggest that cell C activity is strongly involved in the onset and the maintenance of swimming behaviour. Swimming can be altered by autotomy of legs on one side performed a few days in advance, and leads to the same turning tendency as does contralateral cutting of a connective. This may be due to modification in the strength of the remaining central connections to compensate for those lost. Note: To whom reprint requests should be addressed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Williamson, Roddy, and Abdul Chrachri. "A model biological neural network: the cephalopod vestibular system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1479 (January 17, 2007): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1975.

Full text

Abstract:

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become increasingly sophisticated and are widely used for the extraction of patterns or meaning from complicated or imprecise datasets. At the same time, our knowledge of the biological systems that inspired these ANNs has also progressed and a range of model systems are emerging where there is detailed information not only on the architecture and components of the system but also on their ontogeny, plasticity and the adaptive characteristics of their interconnections. We describe here a biological neural network contained in the cephalopod statocysts; the statocysts are analogous to the vertebrae vestibular system and provide the animal with sensory information on its orientation and movements in space. The statocyst network comprises only a small number of cells, made up of just three classes of neurons but, in combination with the large efferent innervation from the brain, forms an ‘active’ sense organs that uses feedback and feed-forward mechanisms to alter and dynamically modulate the activity within cells and how the various components are interconnected. The neurons are fully accessible to physiological investigation and the system provides an excellent model for describing the mechanisms underlying the operation of a sophisticated neural network.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Morton, Brian. "Statocyst structure in the Anomalodesmata (Bivalvia)." Journal of Zoology 206, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05633.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

KAIFU, Kenzo, Tomonari AKAMATSU, and Susumu SEGAWA. "Underwater sound detection by cephalopod statocyst." Fisheries Science 74, no. 4 (August 2008): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01589.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Breithaupt, Th, and J. Tautz. "Vibration sensitivity of the crayfish statocyst." Naturwissenschaften 75, no. 6 (June 1988): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00367325.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Williamson, R. "Efferent activity in theOctopus statocyst nerves." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 158, no. 1 (1986): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00614526.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

NAKAGAWA, H., and M. HISADA. "Inhibitory Connections Underlying the Directional Sensitivity of the Equilibrium System in the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii." Journal of Experimental Biology 152, no. 1 (September 1, 1990): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.152.1.305.

Full text

Abstract:

1. Neuronal mechanisms underlying the directional sensitivity of the crayfish equilibrium system were studied in the brain by intracellular recording combined with mechanical statocyst hair deflection. 2. Five primary afferents were successfully characterized. Three of them showed a decrease in response to inward hair deflection. The remaining two showed the opposite directional response. 3. Directional sensitivity was found in six interneurones. Two of them were excited during inward hair deflection while the other four were excited during outward deflection. Both groups exhibited active inhibition during hair deflections in the opposite direction. 4. This ‘null-phase inhibition’ appeared to arise from the convergence of the two classes of afferents onto an interneurone with the opposite sign. 5. Three identified descending statocyst interneurones, S3, S6 and S7, were found to receive excitatory input from one statocyst and inhibitory input from the other. 6. The results thus indicated that the directional sensitivity of the crayfish equilibrium system was achieved by selective excitatory connections between the interneurone and the directionally arranged receptor and sharpened by inhibitory mechanisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Sakakibara, Manabu, Tomoyo Aritaka, Akira Iizuka, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Tetsuro Horikoshi, and Ken Lukowiak. "Electrophysiological Responses to Light of Neurons in the Eye and Statocyst of Lymnaea stagnalis." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 1 (January 2005): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00692.2004.

Full text

Abstract:

Lymnaea can be classically conditioned by pairing photic stimulation with a rotational stimulus. The electrophysiological properties of the Lymnaea photoreceptors and statocyst neurons are incompletely known. There are 2 types of ocular photoreceptors and 3 types of statocyst “hair cells.” Type A photoreceptors had a response latency from 200 to 400 ms, with a graded depolarizing response having maximum action spectra at 480–500 nm, corresponding to the βmax of rhodopsin. Additionally they extend their axons in the direction of the other type of photoreceptor neuron, the type T cell. These neurons have a 2-component response to light: a response reversibly reduced in Ca2+-free saline, and a component persisting in Ca2+-free saline. Type T cells send processes into the cerebral ganglion and terminate close to the ending of the statocyst hair cells. Hair cells send their terminal branches to the cerebral ganglia close to the terminations of the type T cells. Caudal hair cells respond to a light flash with a depolarization, whereas the rostral cells respond with a hyperpolarization. The response latency in all hair cells was dependent on the stimulus intensity; the brightest light tested had a latency of 200 ms. The photo-induced response was abolished in Ca2+-free saline, whereas it was still present in high Ca2+–high Mg2+ saline, consistent with the hypothesis that the connection between the photoreceptors and hair cells is monosynaptic. Thus the sensory information necessary for forming an association between photic and rotational stimuli converges on the statocyst neurons.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Budelmann, B. U., and R. Williamson. "Directional sensitivity of hair cell afferents in the Octopus statocyst." Journal of Experimental Biology 187, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.187.1.245.

Full text

Abstract:

Changes in threshold sensitivity of hair cell afferents of the macula and crista of the Octopus statocyst were analyzed when the hair cells were stimulated with sinusoidal water movements from different directions. The experiments indicate that cephalopod statocyst hair cells are directionally sensitive in a way that is similar to the responses of the hair cells of the vertebrate vestibular and lateral line systems, with the amplitude of the response changing according to the cosine of the angle by which the direction of the stimulus (the deflection of the ciliary bundle) deviates from the direction of the hair cell's morphological polarization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Stephens, P. R., and J. Z. Young. "The statocyst of Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)." Journal of Zoology 180, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 565–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb04704.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Deliagina, T. G., G. N. Orlovsky, A. I. Selverston, and Y. I. Arshavsky. "Neuronal Mechanisms for the Control of Body Orientation inClione II. Modifications in the Activity of Postural Control System." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.367.

Full text

Abstract:

The marine mollusk Clione limacina, when swimming, can stabilize different body orientations in the gravitational field. The stabilization is based on the reflexes initiated by activation of the statocyst receptor cells and mediated by the cerebro-pedal interneurons that produce excitation of the motoneurons of the effector organs; tail and wings. Here we describe changes in the reflex pathways underlying different modes of postural activity; the maintenance of the head-up orientation at low temperature, the maintenance of the head-down orientation at higher temperature, and a complete inactivation of the postural mechanisms during defense reaction. Experiments were performed on the CNS-statocyst preparation. Spike discharges in the axons of different types of neurons were recorded extracellularly while the preparation was rotated in space through 360° in different planes. We characterized the spatial zones of activity of the tail and wing motoneurons and the CPB3 interneurons mediating the effects of statocyst receptor cells on the tail motoneurons. This was done at different temperatures (10 and 20°C). The “fictive” defense reaction was evoked by electrical stimulation of the head nerve. At 10°C, a tilt of the preparation evoked activation in the tail motoneurons and wing retractor motoneurons contralateral to the tilt and in the wing locomotor motoneurons ipsilateral to the tilt. At 20°C, the responses in the tail motoneurons and in the wing retractor motoneurons occurred reversed; these neurons were now activated with the ipsilateral tilt. In the wing locomotor motoneurons the responses at 20°C were suppressed. During the defense reaction, gravitational responses in all neuron types were suppressed. Changes in the chains of tail reflexes most likely occurred at the level of connections from the statocyst receptor cells to the CPB3 interneurons. The changes in gravitational reflexes revealed in the present study are sufficient to explain the corresponding modifications of the postural behavior in Clione.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

NEWLAND, PHILIP L., and DOUGLAS M. NEIL. "Statocyst Control of Uropod Righting Reactions in Different Planes of Body Tilt in the Norway Lobster, Nephrops Norvegicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 131, no. 1 (September 1, 1987): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.131.1.301.

Full text

Abstract:

1. The righting reactions of the uropod exopodites of the Norway lobster, Nephrvps norvegicus, induced by stimulation of the statocysts, were studied during both imposed body tilts in different vertical planes and freely expressed manoeuvres. 2. The opening and closing movements of the uropod exopodite were brought about by the reciprocal activity of the dorsal abductor muscles and the reductor muscles, respectively. 3. The uropods were held symmetrically open when the animal was upright, but adopted an asymmetrical pattern, with the downward uropod open and the upward uropod closed, during imposed body roll. 4. In an imposed pitch of the body, the uropods closed symmetrically on headdown movement and opened symmetrically on head-up movement. The response pattern which occured in roll persisted through intermediate vertical planes to within 10° of true pitch. 5. Removal of the statolith from a single statocyst caused the zone of symmetrical uropod responses to shift towards the operated side, but did not alter its angular dimensions. Bilateral statolith removal abolished the uropod reaction to tilt. 6. Animals released in mid-water exactly in the pitch plane recovered their upright posture by a pitching movement, using symmetrical motor reactions of the abdomen and its appendages. Animals released at all other possible orientations used an initial rolling movement, involving an asymmetrical disposition of the appendages. The chelipeds did not contribute significantly to righting in roll, but both the lateral beating of the swimmerets and the asymmetrical disposition of the uropods produced righting torques as the animal descended through the water. 7. These results are discussed in terms of the hydromechanical effect of asymmetrical uropod postures, and the functional significance of the distinct switching between symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns. Implications for the mechanisms of statocyst control of uropod righting reactions, in terms of both the magnitude and the direction of body tilt, are also considered. Note: Present address: Physiological Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 060, Japan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

NISHIHARA, MORIKAZU. "Numerical simulation of a statocyst type impact sensor." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 59, no. 2 (1993): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.59.323.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Deliagina, T. G., G. N. Orlovsky, A. I. Selverston, and Y. I. Arshavsky. "Asymmetrical Effect of GABA on the Postural Orientation inClione." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 1673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1673.

Full text

Abstract:

The marine mollusk Clione limacina, when swimming, normally stabilizes the vertical body orientation by means of the gravitational tail reflexes. Horizontal swimming or swimming along inclined ascending trajectories is observed rarely. Here we report that GABA injection into intact Clione resulted in a change of the stabilized orientation and swimming with a tilt of ∼45° to the left. The analysis of modifications in the postural network underlying this effect was done with in vitro experiments. The CNS was isolated together with the statocysts. Spike discharges in the axons of two groups of motoneurons responsible for the left and right tail flexion, as well as in the axons of CPB3 interneurons mediating signals from the statocyst receptors to the motoneurons, were recorded extracellularly when the preparation was rotated in space. Normally the tail motoneurons of the left and right groups were activated with the contralateral tilt of the preparation. Under the effect of GABA, the gravitational responses in the right group of motoneurons and in the corresponding interneurons were dramatically reduced while the responses in the left group remained unchanged. The most likely site of the inhibitory GABA action is the interneurons mediating signals from the statocysts to the right group of tail motoneurons. The GABA-induced asymmetry of the left and right gravitational tail reflexes, observed in the in vitro experiments, is consistent with a change of the stabilized orientation caused by GABA in the intact Clione.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Kurumoto, K., Y. Sakaki, A. Yano, and S. Ueno. "Analysis of Magnetic Materials Extracted from statocyst of Crawfish." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 24, no. 4−2 (2000): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.24.923.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Tsubata, Noriko, Akira Iizuka, Tetsuro Horikoshi, and Manabu Sakakibara. "Photoresponse from the statocyst hair cell in Lymnaea stagnalis." Neuroscience Letters 337, no. 1 (January 2003): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01289-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Ovchinnikov, A. V. "Interaction between hair cells in the statocyst ofHelix lucorum." Neurophysiology 17, no. 2 (1985): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01052952.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Chrachri, Abdesslam, and Roddy Williamson. "Synaptic Interactions Between Crista Hair Cells in the Statocyst of the Squid Alloteuthis subulata." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.656.

Full text

Abstract:

Chrachri, Abdesslam and Roddy Williamson. Synaptic interactions between crista hair cells in the statocyst of the squid Alloteuthis subulata. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 656–666, 1998. Intracellular injections of the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow into the various cell types within the anterior transverse crista segment of the statocyst of squid revealed that the primary sensory hair cells and both large and small first-order afferent neurons have relatively simple morphologies, each cell having a single, unbranched axon that passes directly into the small crista nerve that innervates the anterior transverse crista. However, the small first-order neurons have short dendritic processes occurring in the region of the sensory hair cells. The secondary sensory hair cells have no centripetal axons, but some have long processes extending from their bases along the segment. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from pairs of the different cell types in the anterior transverse crista segment demonstrated that electrical coupling is widespread; secondary sensory hair cells are coupled electrically along a hair cell row, as are groups of primary sensory hair cells. Secondary sensory hair cell also are coupled to neighboring small first-order afferent neurons. However, this coupling is rectifying in that it only occurs from secondary sensory hair cells to first-order afferent neurons. Direct electrical stimulation of the small crista nerve to excite the efferent axons revealed efferent connections to both the primary sensory hair cells and the small first-order afferent neurons. These efferent responses were of three types: excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and excitatory postsynaptic potentials followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The functional significance of the cell interactions within the crista epithelium of the statocyst of squid is discussed and comparisons drawn with the balance organs of other animals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Tamm, Sidney L. "Functional Consequences of the Asymmetric Architecture of the Ctenophore Statocyst." Biological Bulletin 229, no. 2 (October 2015): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv229n2p173.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Balaban, Pavel M., Aleksey Y. Malyshev, Victor N. Ierusalimsky, Nikolay Aseyev, Tania A. Korshunova, Natasha I. Bravarenko, M. S. Lemak, et al. "Functional Changes in the Snail Statocyst System Elicited by Microgravity." PLoS ONE 6, no. 3 (March 29, 2011): e17710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017710.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Kharkeevich, T. A., and G. I. Gorgiladze. "Morphofunctional study of the statocyst of the cuban crayfishprocambarus cubensis." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 36, no. 1 (January 2000): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02890669.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Pedrozo, Hugo A., and Michael L. Wiederhold. "Effects of hypergravity on statocyst development in embryonic Aplysia californica." Hearing Research 79, no. 1-2 (September 1994): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(94)90135-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Fraser, Peter J. "Effects of temperature on statocyst afferents of the crab Carcinus maenas." Journal of Thermal Biology 15, no. 1 (January 1990): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(90)90043-h.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

WILLIAMSON, R. "Vibration Sensitivity in the Statocyst of the Northern Octopus, Eledone Cirrosa." Journal of Experimental Biology 134, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134.1.451.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Pedrozo, H. A., Z. Schwartz, M. Luther, D. D. Dean, B. D. Boyan, and M. L. Wiederhold. "A mechanism of adaptation to hypergravity in the statocyst of Aplysia californica." Hearing Research 102, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(96)00147-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Gao, Wenyuan, Michael Wiederhold, and Robert Hejl. "Development of the statocyst in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata, Basommatophora)." Hearing Research 109, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(97)00059-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Locke, Jan M. "Ultrastructure of the statocyst of the marine enchytraeid Grania americana (Annelida: Clitellata)." Invertebrate Biology 119, no. 1 (May 11, 2005): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00176.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Ovchinnikov, A. V. "Morphological characteristics of chemosensory, visual, and statocyst pathways in the snailHelix lucorum." Neurophysiology 18, no. 1 (1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01052485.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Wiederhold, Michael L., Jyotsna S. Sharma, Brian P. Driscoll, and Jeffrey L. Harrison. "Development of the statocyst in Aplysia californica I. Observations on statoconial development." Hearing Research 49, no. 1-3 (November 1990): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(90)90095-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

HARRIGAN, JUNE F., TERRY J. CROW, ALAN M. KUZIRIAN, and DANIEL L. ALKON. "BEHAVIORAL, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF STATOCYST FUNCTION IN THE NUDIBRANCH MOLLUSCHERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS." Biological Bulletin 170, no. 2 (April 1986): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541811.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Finley, L., and D. Macmillan. "The structure and growth of the statocyst in the Australian crayfish Cherax destructor." Biological Bulletin 199, no. 3 (December 2000): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1543181.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Ohsuga, K., M. Kurokawa, and K. Kuwasawa. "Immunocytochemical study of the statocyst hair cells in the gastropod mollusc Pleurobranchaea japonica." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 124 (August 1999): S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(99)90366-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Tu, Yijun, and Bernd U. Budelmann. "Effects of l-arginine on the afferent resting activity in the cephalopod statocyst." Brain Research 845, no. 1 (October 1999): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01929-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Takumida, Masaya, and Koji Yarn. "Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of the Statocyst in the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard." Auris Nasus Larynx 23, no. 1 (January 1996): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(96)80020-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Gao, Wenyuan, and Michael L. Wiederhold. "The structure of the statocyst of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata, Basommatophora)." Hearing Research 109, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(97)00058-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!