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1
Buturak, Gökhan. "Choice deferral, status quo bias, and matching." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1282.
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This thesis consists of three independent papers. They are put in reverse chronological order according to when they were initiated. The first paper, which is a joint work with Özgür Evren, extends the standard rational choice framework with the option to postpone the act of selecting an alternative. In that paper, we propose an axiomatic model of choice over risky prospects that restricts the classical rationality axioms solely to those instances in which the decision maker does not defer. The cardinal approach we follow allows us to identify the preference relation of the decision maker over lotteries, even if the choice data is very scarce due to deferral. Moreover, we also derive the value of deferring choice from a given set of options, which turns out to be an affine utility function over choice sets. At each choice situation, the decision maker compares the utility of each available alternative with that of deferral so as to decide on opting for an alternative immediately. The second paper is a model of status quo bias with choice avoidance. It describes the choice behavior of an otherwise standard decision maker whose choices are affected by the presence of a status quo alternative. The status quo emerges as a temporary choice, which may be reversed upon arrival of new (introspective or objective) information, or upon finding new alternatives. The third paper considers the network formation problem from a matching perspective. In that paper, agents want to link with each other and each has preferences over the subsets of others. We consider various solution concepts regarding the stability of a matching between the agents, establish relations between these concepts under several preference restrictions, and provide sufficient conditions for these solutions to be nonempty.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011
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Hagemann, G. Ximena, R. Tania Mejía, and S. Francisca Monzón. "Endowment effect, Status Quo Bias y default option." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108287.
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Muchas veces hemos oído hablar de que cierta conducta es irracional o que tal persona
está actuando irracionalmente. La racionalidad en el comportamiento es un supuesto en el
que se basa la economía para el desarrollo de sus modelos de predicción de la conducta de
los individuos o agentes económicos en sus decisiones de consumo e inversión.
Si los supuestos de la teoría económica tradicional fueran ciertos en su totalidad, no se
deberían observar patrones de desviación desde el punto óptimo del consumo, pero a
menudo se puede notar que las personas cometen errores al tomar sus decisiones. Esto se
debe a que los individuos toman decisiones basándose en la percepción de la realidad, más
que en la realidad misma y en que el modo en el cual se les presente la situación influirá en
su comportamiento.
La ciencia económica tradicional está siendo innovada, relajando los estrictos supuestos
de la conducta racional de los consumidores, reemplazándolos por concepciones más
realistas del comportamiento humano, admitiendo que poseen una racionalidad limitada.
Los pioneros en desarrollar una teoría alternativa a la clásica1
, fueron los profesores
Daniel Kahneman y Amos Tversky(1974), a la cual denominaron Teoría Prospectiva. Las
características claves de esta nueva teoría y que la diferencian de la teoría neoclásica son
que: la función de utilidad es reemplazada por una función de valor, se introduce el precio
de referencia y además se relaja el principio de fungibilidad.
Con esta teoría se pueden explicar diferentes anomalías en el comportamiento del
consumidor que se observan en la vida cotidiana. Algunos ejemplos son:
1) El señor X, compró tiempo atrás una caja de vinos de buena calidad a
$2.000 la botella. Años más tarde, el señor Y le ofrece comprarle a $40.000 cada botella. Sin embargo el señor X, se niega a venderlo, a pesar
de que no estaría dispuesto a pagar más de $14.000 por cada botella
(Thaler 1980).
2) A un individuo se le entrega un ticket de lotería. Antes de realizarse el
sorteo, se le ofrece cambiarlo por otro ticket con igual probabilidad de
ganar, más una pequeña suma de dinero. Sin embargo, el individuo se
rehúsa a cambiar su ticket (Maimaran 2003).
3) Durante un tiempo VTR ofreció la siguiente oferta, quienes opten por la
opción banda ancha light ( una versión menos rápida pero más barata que
la banda ancha normal) recibirán durante los tres primeros meses el
servicio de banda ancha normal por el precio de la light. Al cabo de los
tres meses, si el suscriptor no solicita el cambio a su opción original
(BAL), la compañía seguirá proveyendo el servicio de banda ancha normal
con el respectivo aumento en su cuenta mensual a contar del cuarto mes.
Finalmente se vio que la mayoría de los individuos optaban inicialmente
por la banda ancha light. Sin embargo, al cabo de los tres meses una gran
cantidad de individuos no solicitó el cambio a su opción original (Manzur
2004).
Cada una de estas anécdotas ilustran diferentes tipos de comportamiento semi-racional.
En el primer ejemplo, podemos ver cómo una persona valora de manera diferente un bien
antes y después de poseerlo. A esto se le llama “Endowment Effect”, (Thaler, 1980) y será
analizado en profundidad en el capítulo III.
En el segundo ejemplo, se observa que el individuo se rehúsa a cambiar su situación por
una mejor, este comportamiento opuesto a lo que se propone en la Teoría Económica,
muestra una tendencia a mantener el status quo. Samuelson y Zeckhauser (1988) definieron
este comportamiento como “Status Quo Bias” y se verá en el capítulo IV.
Por último en el tercer ejemplo, podemos ver cómo los consumidores tienden a evitar la
toma de decisiones, este comportamiento suele aparecer cuando se le presenta una opción
Default, es decir, una opción que el consumidor automáticamente recibirá si no especifica
explícitamente otra opción, esto se verá más detalladamente en el capítulo V.
Basaremos nuestra tesis en estas tres conductas del comportamiento del consumidor de
modo de entender porque se producen y como utilizar sus implicancias en las estrategias de
marketing para obtener de este modo mejores resultados.
Para comenzar explicaremos la Teoría prospectiva, aquí analizaremos detalladamente el
modelo de referencia dependencia y la aversión a la perdida, ya que estas dos
características son la base que explica el comportamiento semi-racional de los individuos.
Luego se buscarán motivos alternativos para cada una de estas conductas, trataremos de
encontrar motivos sicológicos que no han sido considerados por la teoría económica y que
nos parecen muy relevantes, ya que generalmente son estos los que modelan el
comportamiento de los individuos.
Intentaremos explicar cuales son los factores que hacen variar la magnitud de estas
anomalías, cómo y porqué se generan.
Además en cada capítulo explicaremos cuales son las implicancias que generan estas
diferentes conductas para el marketing y para algunas políticas sociales, a fin de poder ser
utilizadas para crear estrategias beneficiosas.
3
Hedlund, Sara. "Skillnader i uppvisat bias mellan utmanare och försvarare av status quo." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-59236.
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De som förespråkar en ändring av det rådande läget (status quo), inom exempelvis politik, har visat sig vara mer påverkade av naiv realism än de som vill behålla status quo. Ytterligare studier visar att den politiska tillhörigheten kan vara av betydelse för hur påverkade av naiv realism dessa utmanare är. I två studier har det testats om naiv realism påverkas av positionen till status quo (utmana eller försvara) eller av den politiska tillhörigheten. I båda studier har en tydlig favorisering av den egna gruppen påträffats, samt att personer i utmanarposition gentemot status quo gjorde signifikant större skillnad mellan ingrupp och utgrupp än vad försvarare av status quo gjorde. Den politiska tillhörigheten visade sig inte vara av betydelse. En omarbetad version av enkäten väntas stärka resultaten ytterligare. Fortsatta studier inom området föreslås.
4
Chavez, Elisa. "The change equation| A correlation study of status quo bias in managers." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10017972.
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The purpose of the research study was to predict managerial resistance to status quo bias given the presence of dissatisfaction, vision, and a process outlined for change in the environment. According to the 79 participants surveyed in the study, dissatisfaction, vision, and a process outlined for change provided a statistically significant model for predicting manager resistance to status quo bias for the sample studied. Leaders may be able to use the results of the study to determine manager readiness for change. However, at best the study found only 45.3% of the reasons that predict managerial resistance to status quo bias, providing an opportunity for future researchers to validate empirically other factors that may predict manager resistance to status quo bias.
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Félix, Hugo Miguel Costa. "Escolha intertemporal: Virtudes e vícios em trocas monetárias." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário das Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2267.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Social e das OrganizaçõesO presente estudo tem como objectivo averiguar as atitudes das pessoas face a virtues e vices em contexto monetário, pois apesar de existir extensa literatura sobre o assunto, nenhuma dela se foca neste contexto. Com base no modelo de preferência por sequências(Loewenstein & Prelec, 1993) no Double-entry mental accounting model (Prelec & Loewenstein, 1998) e na aversão à dívida, prevê-se atracção por virtues e aversão a vices. Devido à natureza dos virtues e vices(perspectivas mistas) averiguou-se também a existência do status quo bias (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988) na escolha intertemporal neutralizando o efeito de aversão às perdas(Kahneman & Tversky, 1979, 1984). Um estudo com 390 sujeitos confirmou tanto as previsões dos modelos face a virtues e vices como a existência do status quo bias na escolha intertemporal. ------- ABSTRACT -------- The present study objective is to investigate people’s attitudes towards virtues an vices in the monetary domain, although there is extensive literature on the subject, none of it is focused on this domain. Based on the preference for sequences model (Loewenstein & Prelec, 1993), on the Double-entry mental accounting model (Prelec&Loewenstein, 1998) and on debt aversion, it is predicted that people are attracted to virtues and averse to vices. Due to the virtues and vices nature(mixed prospects) it was also investigated the presence of the status quo bias (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988) in intertemporal choice after neutralizing loss aversion (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979, 1984). With 390 participants the study confirmed both the predictions for the virtues and vices and the existence of the status quo bias in intertemporal choice.
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Trump, Kris-Stella. "The Status Quo and Perceptions of Fairness: How Income Inequality Influences Public Opinion." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10829.
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This dissertation argues that public opinion regarding the acceptability and desirability of income differences is affected by actual income inequality. Cross-national survey evidence is combined with laboratory and survey experiments to show that estimates regarding appropriate income differences depend on (perceptions of) real income differences. When income inequality changes, public opinion "habituates" by adjusting expectations for fair levels of inequality in the same direction as the factual change. The adjustment occurs because humans are subject to status quo bias and have a motivated tendency to believe in a just world. In the context of increasing inequality in developed democracies over the last 40 years, the implication is that normative expectations for appropriate levels of inequality have adjusted up. This habituation process helps explain why increases in inequality have not been accompanied by increased demands for redistribution and why cross-national variation in income inequality is not clearly linked to public opposition to such inequality.Government
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Koutsoukis, Alexandros. "Challenging victor bias and status quo bias in realist accounts of surrender : re-reading three cases of surrender from the Peloponnesian War." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/d853556e-5b06-465a-8c08-412df06dfd7c.
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From a materialist realist perspective, when a state surrenders power preponderance considerations, that is a state’s relative weakness in terms of material power, should provide the bulk of the explanation for the surrender. Yet, weak states have surrendered quickly and slowly and on occasion have done so only to soon challenge their conquerors. This thesis is driven by a puzzle concerning whether material power and (actual or projected) victory in war can explain logics of surrender and, if not, what this may mean for our understanding of surrender, realism and IR more widely. This study focuses our attention on the fact that surrendering highlights that realism’s core assumption - that states seek survival-is in fact underspecified and problematic. On one hand, state survival seen as autonomy is theoretically paradoxical because in practice it can be easily sacrificed in some instances of surrender. On the other hand, survival as autonomy is underspecified since under different conditions it can be traded off at too high a price making state death and Annihilation a real possibility. Recognition of this is evaded in standard realist approaches. This thesis develops a perspective on surrender which shares some aspects of a cost-benefit approach characteristic of realism, the Strategic Choice Approach (SCA), but innovates by not assuming an abstract view of rationality. Guided by SCA, this thesis problematises surrendering and seeks to explain surrendering from the actor’s own perspective. To explicate surrendering We concentrate on three case studies focused on analysis of surrendering in ancient Greece. The thesis argues that states’ logic of surrendering relates not only to appeasement and opportunistic bandwagoning but also to such non-realist reasons such as gratitude, seduction and recognition. If we do not start from realist assumptions, argued here to be characterised by victor bias and which lead to status quo bias, we can observe certain reasonable, ethically-inspired, and at the same time high-risk actions in the surrendering logics of states. The case studies of surrendering developed here explain both delayed and very fast surrendering and account for the surprising rise of instability in response to some surrenders. Overall, it demonstrates that non-material and psychological factors can over-ride concerns about physical security. This analysis of surrender highlights the potential weaknesses of realist theoretical assumptions when applied to study of surrender and demonstrates that close analysis of surrender logics allows us to better understand not only war and stability but also what is at stake in how we approach theorising IR.
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Sörensen, Mikaela, and Gabriel Krogius. "Lönsamma erbjudanden : Hur tjänsteerbjudanden och dess kunder formas av Optional Framing." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15111.
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ABSTRACT Title: Lucrative deals How service offers and its clients is forms by Optional Framing Level: Bachelor, Business Administration Author: Gabriel Krogius, Mikaela Sörensen Supervisor: Jonas Kågström, department of economics Date: 2013, August Introduction: That the human mind may be directed by how an offer is designed is not news. However, what is new in the following thesis is whether a person is affected in the case of a service rather than, as previously research, a physical product. Does a person find it harder to separate with something rather than to add an option? Aim: The aim for this thesis is to examine how Optional Framing has affection on service offerings/companies, and in this case on real estate brokerage services. Is it, as earlier, when the human can form her own offer, the final price ends up higher when she is about to add options than removing them? Method: The thesis emanates to achieve earlier results where the difference in this case is that our thesis is targeting service offerings. It applies through a positivistic deductive method. The empirical data is collected from a quantitative sample of survey answers, where one part of the groups is faced to remove options from a deluxe-offer and the other part of the group is about to add options to a standard-offer. The survey was created with episodic support from a sample of interviews with active real estate agents. Discussion: The thesis shows that earlier results approve within service companies and its offers, in this case real estate brokerage. We can interpret that the human mind is directed through Optional Framing and that the deluxe-offer ends with a higher price and more options to it than the standard-offer. The correlation analysis shows us connection between some of the offers services that can benefit real estate brokerage in the future. Future research: We hope that foundations have been created for future research that can lead on to further understanding about the customers view on real estate brokerage services and how to make them more attractive. Contribution: Real estate brokerage can benefit from the results in this thesis where they further can implement the work from comparison of theory and empirical. Key words: Loss Aversion, The Endowment Effect, Status Quo Bias and also Framing/Optional Framing.
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Paetzel, Fabian, Rupert Sausgruber, and Stefan Traub. "Social Preferences and Voting on Reform: An Experimental Study." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4120/1/wp172.pdf.
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Debating over efficiency-enhancing but inequality-increasing reforms accounts for the routine business of democratic institutions. Fernandez and Rodrik (1991) hold that anti-reform bias can be attributed to individual-specific uncertainty regarding the distribution of gains and losses resulting from a reform. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate that anti-reform bias arising from uncertainty is mitigated by social preferences. We show that, paradoxically, many who stand to lose from reforms vote in favor because they value efficiency,
while many who will potentially gain from reforms oppose them due to inequality aversion. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Guo, Xiaoning. "The Effects of Depletion, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Attribute Accessibility on Choice Deferral." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337289296.
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Grabicki, Johannes Fabian [Verfasser], Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] Menges, and Heike [Akademischer Betreuer] Schenk-Mathes. "Konsumentenpräferenzen und Status Quo Bias : eine experimentelle Untersuchung am Beispiel des Elektrizitätsmarktes / Johannes Fabian Grabicki ; Roland Menges, Heike Schenk-Mathes." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Technische Universität Clausthal, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1231363010/34.
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Kaljula, Kert. "Public Real Estate Management: Estonian Case Study with Monte Carlo SimulationAnalyses." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147307.
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With accumulation of sovereign debt in many large OECD countries it seems that attention is heightened on how to manage public resources more effectively. High levels of sovereign debt are partly related to the aftermath of the latest financial crisis, where resolution for many big economies was to intervene and use public resources to put an end to the expansion of the crisis. Public real estate is one of those resources, which’s efficient management has high importance on general public sector efficacy. It seems that governments around the world have a way to go toward efficiency in public real estate management. There seem to be rather wide differences in management practices and quality. This thesis is an attempt to quantify some choices Estonian government could take in terms of its public real estate management. Four different scenarios are compared and Monte Carlo Simulation tool is used for that purpose. Two of the scenarios are related to private sector involvement and two are not. Privatization of public assets does not only mean cashing out for the government. It has wider consequences by introducing market forces where they weren’t before. One of the most important points of interest in this thesis is what effect can market forces and change in incentives have on public real estate management. There can be both, positive and negative effects, but which ones would prevail? The model built during the process of the thesis tries to measure those effects with aggregate net present value and its volatility by looking at 30 years ahead. Simulation analyses is used to vary input variables in the range that seems to be supported by the observations made in the literature and in some cases, where data is not available, also according to more subjective view that of the author’s. As input and their characteristics are different for scenarios, it is of interest to document how do the main outputs, mean NPV and its volatility, vary along with inputs.
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Zhang, Don. "Investigating the Role of Self-Regulation on Active and Passive Unethical Decision-Making." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1382351174.
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Chivers, Laura L. "Understanding Everyday Decisions: An Examination Of Biases In Decision-Making, Educational Attainment, And Use Of Tobacco And Nicotine Delivery Products Among Women Of Reproductive Age." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/352.
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The aim of this study was to examine associations between biases in decision-making (delay discounting [DD], opportunity cost neglect [OCN], status quo bias [SQB]), educational attainment, and use of cigarettes and other tobacco and nicotine delivery products among women of reproductive age. Women of reproductive age are of special interest because of the additional risks that cigarette smoking or use of these other products represents should they become pregnant. Data were collected anonymously online in survey format using Amazon Mechanical Turk [AMT]. Participants were 800 women of reproductive age (24-44 years) from across the US. Half (n = 400) were smokers who reported current, daily smoking and half (n = 400) were never smokers who reported smoking less than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Participants reported smoking characteristics, plans to quit smoking, use of nicotine replacement therapies, use of other tobacco and nicotine delivery products, alcohol and drug use histories, and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Participants completed two measures for each of the three biases in decision-making, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale [BIS-11], and two scales measuring short- and long-term propensity to plan for money expenditures [PPMS and PPML]. Educational attainment analyses compared three education groups: high school or less vs. some college (e.g. some college/A.A.) vs. B.A. or higher. DD was steeper among current vs. never smokers and for women with lower vs. higher levels of education, with no significant interaction between smoking and education. Modifying the instructions of the DD measure to make the zero option explicit reduced DD similarly across levels of smoking status and education. OCN was worse at lower vs. higher educational attainment on one OCN measure, with no significant effect of smoking status or interaction between opportunity cost neglect and educational attainment on either measure. No evidence was found for stronger SQB by smoking status or education. Smoking status was related to BIS Total, BIS Motor and Nonplanning subscales and to PPML in initial models but remained significant after adjusting for baseline differences in participant characteristics only for BIS Motor subscale and educational attainment was related only to BIS Nonplanning subscale. Preliminary comparisons of e-cigarette users to non-users suggest smokers using e-cigarettes only differ from smokers not using e-cigarettes on measures related to quitting smoking whereas within never smokers e-cigarette users demonstrated a pattern of riskier decision-making compared to non-users. Results confirm that DD and education are important to understanding the use of tobacco and nicotine products in women of reproductive age, and suggest that smoking and educational attainment are independently related to discounting rates. The observed explicit-zero framing effect suggests making alternatives more explicit when presenting choices may help reduce DD and lead to better decision-making, which has possible treatment implications. Results identify OCN as an additional decision-making bias to consider in understanding how low educational attainment might relate to smoking vulnerabilities. The preliminary examination of e-cigarette use suggests for women of reproductive age above age 24 years, e-cigarette use among current smokers may reflect desire or attempts to quit or cut back on smoking whereas e-cigarette use among non-smokers may be a marker of a more impulsive, riskier repertoire, although additional study of this question is needed.
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Westfall, Jonathan E. "Exploring Common Antecedents of Three Related Decision Biases." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1248468207.
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Gunes, Serife Basak. "Essays on experimental economics: preference Reserval and networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7402.
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Esta tesis utiliza un enfoque experimental para comprender las interacciones dentro de redes y percibir las decisiones causando inversión de preferencia (IP). El Capítulo 1 experimentalmente introduce comunicaciones no vinculantes a un modelo de producción de un bien costoso, que es no excluible entre personas vinculadas en una red. Los resultados muestran que la comunicación de dirección única no mejora coordinación tanto como la comunicación entre conjuntos máximos independientes. El Capítulo 2 analiza experimentalmente un modelo de conflictos bilaterales integrado en redes, donde los oponentes invierten para ganar recursos. Concluye sobre exceso de inversiones comparado a las predicciones de equilibrio. Por último, el Capítulo 3 mira si el efecto dotación inicial resultado de statu quo conduce IP. Esto es analizado por la interrogación de la buena voluntad de cambiar una lotería dotada para otra o pago seguro. En contrario de las predicciones, resultados demuestra que dotaciones son renunciadas con frecuencia.This thesis uses an experimental approach in understanding group decisions and interactions in networks and perceiving individual decisions causing preference reversal. Chapter 1 experimentally introduces different communication schemes to a production model of a costly good that is non-excludable among individuals linked within a network. Results show that one-way communication is not as efficient as in earlier literature; yet communication among maximal independent sets enhances coordination. Chapter 2 experimentally analyzes a model of multiple bilateral conflicts embedded in networks where opponents invest in conflict technology to win resources. It concludes on tendency to invest in excess of equilibrium predictions. Finally, Chapter 3 looks at whether preference reversal is driven by an endowment effect explanation originating from status quo bias. This is analyzed through questioning individuals' willingness to exchange their endowed lottery for another lottery or sure money. Contrary to the predictions, results show that individuals most often disclaim their endowments.
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Huang, Yuchen. "Meritocracy and Redistribution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0022.
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Cette thèse de doctorat explore la relation entre la croyance en la méritocratie et la demande de redistribution, en mettant l’accent sur la Chine. Elle remet en question l’hypothèse courante de la littérature selon laquelle les résultats liés à l’effort sont considérés comme justes et ne nécessitent pas de redistribution, tandis que ceux liés aux circonstances et chances sont perçus comme injustes et justifient la redistribution.Dans le premier chapitre, à partir de données d’enquêtes internationales, je constate que de telles préférences se trouvent principalement dans les pays Occidentaux, Éduqués, Industrialisés, Riches et Démocratiques (WEIRD), en particulier les nations anglo-saxonnes et protestantes européennes. Une corrélation positive entre la croyance en le rôle de l’effort dans la réussite et la demande de redistribution est répandue dans les pays en dehors du monde développé occidental, où plus on croit que l’effort paye, plus on désire la redistribution. Le deuxième chapitre, co-écrit avec Yuqian Nora Chen et Zhexun Mo, présente une expérience d’enquête auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de chinois, où les répondants réduisent significativement leur demande de redistribution lorsqu’ils voient des exemples de personnes devenant riches par des moyens non forcément méritocratiques mais représentatifs de la période de transition du marché. Une enquête subsidiaire confirme que les répondants ne considèrent pas ces exemples comme des signes de capacité personnelle extraordinaire ou d’inefficacité gouvernementale. Nous concluons que ces exemples représentant les chanceux de la transition bénéficient d’une grande légitimité parmi les chinois pour deux raisons potentielles : l’équité relative par rapport à l’inégalité politique avant la réforme et l’intérêt personnel pour l’ensemble de la population à justifier le gain dans le processus de transition.Le troisième chapitre, co-écrit avec Margot Belguise et Zhexun Mo, discute l’une des raisons potentielles d’une telle préférence dans le cas de la Chine : une forte conformité au statu quo. Nous revisitons un résultat expérimental récent par Almås et al. (2021) où le peuple chinois semble ne pas faire la différence entre les inégalités basées sur le mérite et la chance. Nous proposons que ce phénomène pourrait être dû à une plus grande adhésion du public chinois au statu quo, ce qui conduit à une préférence apparemment faible pour la redistribution à la fois lorsque l’inégalité est due à l’effort et à la chance. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons mené une expérience de redistribution incitative avec des étudiants d’universités d’élite en Chine et en France, en faisant varier la répartition initiale des gains entre deux travailleurs réels à redistribuer. Nous montrons que les répondants chinois choisissent de manière cohérente et significative plus de non-redistribution (en jouant le statu quo) dans les deux scénarios de statu quo très inégal et relativement égal que nos répondants français ; et que les répondants chinois qui s’éloignent du statu quo font la différence entre les inégalités basées sur le mérite et la chance. Notamment, nos résultats montrent que la conformité des individus chinois au statu quo est particulièrement prononcée chez ceux issus de familles de classe ouvrière et agricole, tandis qu’elle est remarquablement absente chez les individus dont les familles travaillent le secteur privéThis PhD dissertation studies the relationship between belief in meritocracy and demand for redistribution with survey and experimental data and with a particular focus on China. Specifically, the dissertation revisits a commonly used assumption in the literature which equates the differences in results due to effort or personal responsibility with fairness and un-redistributability, and those due to circumstances or luck with unfairness and demand for redistribution.In the first chapter I use cross-national survey data to explore whether the assumption of meritocratic preference hold across the world. I found that that such preferences these preferences are mainly, if not only, found in Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) countries, especially Anglo-Saxon and Protestant European natiions. A positive correlation between belief in the role of effort in success and demand for redistribution is widespread in countries outside of the western developed world, where the more one believes that effort pays off, the more he or she desires redistribution.The second chapter, co-authored with Yuqian Nora Chen and Zhexun Mo, is a survey experiment with a representative sample of China citizens which shows that the respondents significantly reduces their demand for redistribution when they see examples of people getting rich via non-meritocratic ways that are representative of the market transition period. A subsidiary survey further confirms that the respondents do not understand these examples as signs of personal ability or governmental inefficiency. We conclude that those examples representing the lucky few in the transition process enjoy a high legitimacy among the Chinese respondents for two potential reasons: relative fairness compared to pre-reform politically manufactured inequality and a self-interest motivation for the whole population to justify the gain in the transition process.The third chapter, co-authored with Margot Belguise and Zhexun Mo, discusses one of the potential reasons of such preference, at least in the case of China: a strong status quo conformity. We revisit a recent experimental result by Almås et al. (2021) where the Chinese people appear to not differentiate between merit- and luck-based inequalities. We propose that this phenomenon might be due to the Chinese public’s greater adherence towards the status quo which lead to a seemingly low preference for redistribution both when inequality is due to effort and due to luck. In order to test this hypothesis, we run an incentivized redistribution experiment with elite university students in China and France, by varying the initial split of payoffs between two real-life workers to redistribute from. We show that Chinese respondents consistently and significantly choose more non- redistribution (playing the status quo) across both highly unequal and relatively equal status quo scenarios than our French respondents; and that the Chinese respondents who move away from status quo do differentiate between merit- and luck-based inequalities. Notably, our findings show that Chinese individuals’ conformity to the status quo is particularly pronounced among those from families of working-class and farming backgrounds, while it is conspicuously absent among individuals whose families have closer ties to the private sector
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LEFFLER, OSCAR, and NASSIF MANSOUR. "A Study of Energy Saving Actions in Older Buildings in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240673.
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Modern energy saving technologies are become increasingly mature, easier to implement and financially profitable. Both the European Union and the Swedish government have directives with goals regarding energy savings for the year 2020 and 2030. Here, making buildings more energy efficient plays a large role as around 40% of the total energy usage in Europe can be related to buildings. Constructing new, nearly zero energy houses is currently very popular, but as a vast majority of all buildings in a country like Sweden are older buildings, built before 1980, a majority of the used energy will come from these buildings. Hence, there is plenty of incentive for carrying out energy saving actions and investments in older buildings. From previous research and interviews with energy consultants, it can be concluded that energy saving actions are not being carried to the extent that is possible. This thesis aims to find out why this is and mainly what the main obstacles are when implementing energy saving solutions in older buildings. A case study, consisting of eight interviews with energy consultants and real estate owners was carried out in order to get an understanding of the current situation and the different stakeholders views on this issue. The results showed that, at least in the represented cases, there is a will among real estate owners for moving forward with energy saving. An understanding has also recently emerged where most real estate owners realize that there are great financial incentives connected to implementing energy saving solutions to current, older buildings. However, increased will of making a change has not yet resulted in a majority of buildings having installed energy saving solutions. One factor for this is that each building is its own individual case and therefore needs to be handled individually due to different conditions and are therefore suitable for different energy saving actions. Other factors include lack of technical and financial understanding among some real estate owners, slow decision making processes and ownership types. The research explores theories related to decision makings to provide a comprehensive overview regarding the current situation of energy saving in Sweden, as well as a contribution to the theoretical literature regarding decision makingModern teknik inom energibesparing blir allt mer mognare, lättare att implementera och finansiellt lönsamt. Både den europeiska unionen och den svenska regeringen har direktiv med mål för energibesparing för år 2020 och 2030. Här spelar byggnader en viktig roll, då byggnader står för ca 40 % av den totala energianvändningen i Europa. Att bygga nya, nära noll energi byggnader är för närvarande väldigt populärt. Men i ett land som Sverige, där majoriteten av alla byggnader är äldre byggnader, kommer majoriteten av energianvändningen fortfarande från dessa. Därav finns det stora incitament till att genomföra energieffektiviserande åtgärder på äldre byggnader i Sverige. Från tidigare studier och intervjuer med energikonsulter kan det fastslås att energibesparande åtgärder ej genomförs i den grad som det är möjligt. Målet med denna rapport är att utröna varför det är så samt vilka huvudsakliga hinder som kan relateras till energibesparing i äldre byggnader. För att få en överblick av den befintliga situationen samt hur olika intressenter ser på denna fråga genomfördes en fallstudie bestående av åtta intervjuer med energikonsulter och fastighetsägare. Resultaten från studien pekade på att det finns en vilja bland fastighetsägare att gå vidare med energibesparande åtgärder. På senare tid har även en förståelse vuxit fram bland fastighetsägare där man inser att det även finns stora finansiella incitament med att implementera energibesparande åtgärder på äldre byggnader. Detta har dock ännu ej lett till att energibesparande åtgärder genomförts på en majoritet av befintliga byggnader. En anledning till detta är att varje byggnad måste hanteras individuellt då alla har olika förutsättningar och därmed lämpar sig för olika energibesparande lösningar. Andra faktorer inkluderar teknisk och ekonomisk kunskapsbrist bland vissa fastighetsägare, långsamma beslutsprocesser och ägarstrukturer. Studien nyttjar teorier relaterade till beslutsfattning för att ge läsaren en överblick av den befintliga situationen kring energibesparing i Sverige. I tillägg bidrar studien till den teoretiska litteraturen om beslutsfattning.
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Gebel, Michael, Stephan Bürger, Stefan Halbfaß, and Mario Uhlig. "Nährstoffeinträge in sächsische Gewässer: Status quo und Ausblick bis 2027: Modellgestützte Ermittlung der Nährstoffeinträge in sächsische Gewässer – Status quo und Ausblick bis 2027." Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A7475.
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Der Bericht liefert einen Überblick über die Belastung der sächsischen Böden und Gewässer mit Nährstoffen. Bilanziert wurden u. a. Phosphor-und Stickstoff- sowie Sedimenteinträge in die Gewässer. Die Abschätzungen erfolgten auf Basis des in Sachsen entwickelten Modells STOFFBILANZ. Die Betrachtungen beziehen sich auf die Zeitschnitte der Jahre 2000, 2005, 2012 sowie 2021 und 2027. Die Veröffentlichung richtet sich an Ingenieur- und Planungsbüros, Forschungs-, Lehr- und Fortbildungseinrichtungen, Umwelt- und Landwirtschaftsverbände sowie an Behörden, die im Bereich Gewässerschutz und Landwirtschaft in Sachsen tätig sind.
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Mo, Zhexun. "A Few Essays on the Political Economy of Inequalities in Africa and China." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0057.
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Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans mes intérêts de recherche générale à l’intersection de l’économie du développement, de l’économie politique et de l’histoire économique. Plus précisément, mon programme de recherche se concentre autour de deux axes principaux. D’une part, en numérisant des ensembles de données historiques à grande échelle, j’explore les vicissitudes à long terme des inégalités sous des formes multidimensionnelles en Afrique et en Asie de l’Est, en particulier leurs déterminants historiques (via l’avènement et la fin du colonialisme, la montée et la chute de différents régimes politiques, etc.) et leurs interactions à long terme avec le développement contemporain et les résultats de la croissance. D’autre part, j’adopte une perspective plus micro en concevant des expériences d’enquête transnationales pour comprendre comment les gens perçoivent subjectivement les inégalités et forment leurs préférences en matière de redistribution, en particulier dans les pays en développement où la forte présence d’institutions traditionnelles et des trajectoires de croissance uniques peuvent avoir façonné la vision des citoyens sur l’inégalité et le développement de manière différente, les idées tirées pouvant également éclairer les politiques pour un développement plus durable à long terme. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, je tente de répondre à ces questions en me concentrant sur les dimensions de recherche susmentionnées en quatre chapitres traversant les territoires de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et de l’Asie de l’Est. Dans le premier chapitre, j’examine les déterminants historiques de la conception des institutions coloniales françaises en Afrique de l’Ouest, En particulier, je me concentre sur l’un des épisodes de travail forcé les plus draconiens intégrés dans le système de conscription de l’époque, spécifiquement au Mali colonial où les réservistes militaires étaient exploités pour les travaux publics et la construction de chemins de fer. J’estime les répercussions à long terme du travail forcé colonial en collectant manuellement un énorme ensemble de données historiques sur les soldats coloniaux au Mali avec mes collègues qui recherchent sur le développement au Mali contemporain. Dans mes deuxième et troisième chapitres, je m’éloigne du colonialisme en Afrique de l’Ouest et me plonge dans l’étude des perceptions des inégalités et de la formation des préférences redistributives dans la Chine contemporaine. À travers deux expériences d’enquête consécutives avec mes co-auteurs,nous constatons que les attitudes des citoyens chinois envers les inégalités et les préférences pour la redistribution diffèrent significativement des idéaux occidentaux, et nous tentons de rationaliser cet ensemble unique de préférences avec l’expérience économique transitoire de la Chine et la faible agence politique de la population. Dans mon dernier chapitre, je retourne dans l’histoire de la Chine au 20e siècle et, avec mes coauteurs, nous estimons l’évolution à long terme de l’accumulation de la richesse nationale chinoise depuis la fondation de la République de Chine (1911) jusqu’en 2020. Nous trouvons des modèlestrès frappants en ce qui concerne la dynamique de l’accumulation de la richesse d’un pays ayant subi des trajectoires politiques et de développement drastiques au cours du siècle dernier, ce qui ouvre la voie à plus de dialogues pour comprendre la relation complexe entre inégalité et croissance en Chine et dans le monde en développement en général à l’avenirThis Ph.D. dissertation speaks to my general research interests at the intersections of development economics, political economy and economic history. Specifically, my research agenda centers around two main axes. On the one hand, by digitizing large-scale historical datasets, I explore the long-term vicissitudes of inequalities in multi-dimensional forms in both Africa and East Asia, in particular their historical determinants (via the advent and end of colonialism, the rise and fall of different political regimes, etc) and their long-run interactions with contemporary development and growth outcomes. On the other hand, I zoom in from a more micro perspective, by designing cross-country survey experiments, in order to understand how people subjectively perceive inequalities and form preferences for redistribution, especially in developing countries where the strong presence of traditional institutions and unique growth trajectories could have shaped citizens to view inequality and development in alternative manners and the insights from which could also inform policy-making for more sustainable development in the longer run. In this Ph.D. thesis, I attempt to answer these questions centering around the aforementioned research dimensions in four chapters, traversing the territories of West Africa and East Asia. In the first chapter, I examine the historical determinants over the design of French colonial institutions in West Africa. In particular, I zoom in on one of the most draconian forced labor episodes embedded in the conscription system at the time, specifically in colonial Mali where military reservists were exploited for public works and railway construction, and estimate the long-term developmental repercussions of colonial forced labor by hand-collecting an enormous historical dataset on colonial soldiers in Mali together with my colleagues researching on development in contemporary Mali. In my second and third chapters, I depart away from colonialism in West Africa, and dive into investigating inequality perceptions and the formation of redistributive preferences in contemporary China. Via two consecutive survey experiments with my co-authors, we find that Chinese citizens’ attitudes towards inequalities and preferences for redistribution differ significantly from the western ideals,and we attempt to rationalize this unique set of preferences with China’s transitional economic experience and low political agency of the population. In my final chapter, I go back into the history of China in the 20th century, and together with my co-authors, we estimate the long-run evolution of Chinese national wealth accumulation from the founding of the Republic of China (1911) till 2020. We find very striking patterns with regards to the dynamics of wealth accumulation of a country having undergone drastic political and development trajectories over the past century, which paves the way for more dialogues on understanding the intricate relationship between inequality and growth in China and the developing world at large in the future
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Haarmann, Lutz [Verfasser], Rainer [Verfasser einer Einleitung] Eckert, Stephan [Verfasser einer Einleitung] Hilsberg, and Detlef [Verfasser einer Einleitung] Kühn. "Teilung anerkannt, Einheit passé? : Status-quo-oppositionelle Kräfte in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vom Grundlagenvertrag bis zur Friedlichen Revolution. Mit Geleitworten von Rainer Eckert/ Stephan Hilsberg/ Detlef Kühn. / Lutz Haarmann." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1238430627/34.
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Wu, Cheng-Chieh, and 吳政杰. "Adopting Cloud Systems: A Status Quo Bias Perspective." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12667461711947711456.
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博士國立中央大學
資訊管理研究所
100
Cloud-based environment has been viewed as an elastic alternative of hosting information systems. Although a lot of attention is paid in cloud system applications, organizations in business are still skeptical of adopting cloud framework. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants on firms’ reactions toward cloud systems adoption from status quo bias perspective. An integrative conceptual framework of system adoption was proposed and tested by a meta-analytic review with 34 published studies. The moderation effects of adoption type, system type, and institutional pressures type were also examined. Based on the findings of meta-analysis, a quantitative research model was proposed and empirical tested. A two-phase survey was conducted by using cloud ERP and cloud CRM as research target. Data were collected from the leading manufacturing and service firms in Taiwan. A total of 303 usable responses were used for further analyses. The results indicate that institutional pressures, switching benefits, and switching costs have significant influence on the perceived value of cloud system adoption. Switching benefits and switching costs are key determinants of perceived risk. Perceived value contributes to organizational adoption intention, while perceived risk has significant influence on organizational resistance. The results also reveal the difference among the type of cloud systems. The findings provide a foundation for understanding the possible determinants of cloud system adoption and resistance as well as valuable implications to organizations seeking to utilize cloud-based framework.
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Chi, Wen-Chou, and 紀彣宙. "The inhibiting effects of resistance: a status quo bias perspective." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09885954761997214417.
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博士國立中正大學
資訊管理學系暨研究所
101
A Disability Determination System (DDS) was implemented in Taiwan to assist the disability determination process in July, 2012. After one year of implementation, it was discovered that one of the major challenges facing the system was user resistance. Information systems implementation projects have historically been plagued by failures for which user resistance has consistently been identified as a salient reason. Due to the negative impacts of resistance to change (RTC) on the implementations of information system and the limited studies that investigated the theoretical bases, we aim to explore and investigate the causes and impacts of RTC. Based on the literature review, the reasons of RTC in our study can be explained by the quo bias theory (SQB), which is described in terms of three main categories: rational decision making, cognitive misperceptions, and psychological commitment. The measurement of SQB consists of 5 constructs: Perceived value, Favorable Colleague Opinion, Self-efficacy for Change, Transitions cost and Uncertainty cost. The inhibiting effects of RTC were discussed based on Technology Acceptation Model (TAM). The data were collected through questionnaires developed based on literature review. The participants included individuals who used DDS in the disability determination field. The questionnaires were distributed to 206 hospitals and 22 local government departments through two methods, the internet-based questionnaires and the paper questionnaires. Path analysis for testing the hypotheses was conducted by structural equation modeling (SEM) multivariate analysis technique. A total of 252 valid questionnaires were collected in three weeks. Of all the participants, 79.8% were female, 57% were between 25 to 34 years of age, 64.9% held a Bachelor degree, and 67.8% worked in the hospitals. The Path analysis results of this research showed that Self-Efficacy for Change, Switching Cost and Favorable Colleague Opinion result in a significant effect on RTC, among which, Self-Efficacy for Change and Switching Cost presented a positive correlation while Favorable Colleague Opinion presented a negative correlation. On the other hand, RTC could only affect Perceived Usefulness not Perceived Ease of Use. The study results provided additional information to reduce Switching Cost and increase positive Favorable Colleague Opinion to achieve the goal of RTC reduction. Future researchers interested in RTC study may take this research as basis to explore RTC, or strengthen the deficiencies of this research.
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Wang, Kuang-Ju, and 王冠茹. "The Study of Factors Influencing Mobile Ticket Adoption:The Status Quo Bias Theory." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u977nm.
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碩士銘傳大學
企業管理學系碩士班
102
As the global Internet, ubiquitous technologies and wireless application become widespread, e-commerce has been shifted its form into the era of mobile commerce, and consumers gradually acquire the greater ability and application of SOLOMO, namely social, location and mobile ones. As a result, many companies enter such market in order to get more profits and benefits increasingly, and mobile ticketing becomes an essential tool for connecting firms and users. However, mobile ticketing is not popular in Taiwan so far, and user’s knowledge of mobile ticketing is still limited. That’s the reason why firms need to realize relevant factors which influencing user’s acceptance or adoption intention of mobile ticketing. Therefore, based on the perspective of status quo bias theory, the objective of this study is to investigate what and how factors would influence user’s usage intention of mobile ticketing. Web-based and paper-based survey questionnaires were then developed and made available for our target respondents, who are mobile ticketing users, to fill out. Valid survey data from 241 mobile ticketing users were obtained, with a 100% valid response rate. Meanwhile, this paper adopted SmartPLS for data analysis as well as for validity and reliability tests to further verify the hypotheses of this study. Our results show that (1) Perceived value, changes of self-efficiency, and the degree of system support significantly influence user’s intention to adopt mobile ticketing, but social influences and transfer costs have no any influence on user’s intention to adopt mobile ticketing. (2) Transfer benefits have significant influence on perceived value but transfer costs have not. (3) For the construct of transfer costs, changes of self-efficiency have positive and significant influences on it. (4) Surprisingly, social influence has positive influence on transfer costs, comparing to the original negative hypothesis argument. (5) Social influences affect transfer costs positively, and social influences also positive influence transfer benefits. Implications for practitioners and researchers and suggestions for future research were also addressed in this study.
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Lin-yahsuan and 林亞萱. "The Study on Status Quo Bias of Mutual Fund Investors: Evidence from Taiwan." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bx5udf.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
會計學系
102
The main purpose of this study is examining whether status quo bias(SQB) exist in Taiwan’s mutual fund market. This study analyze how flows into a fund depends on previous flows into a same fund. If the influence of previous flows on current flows is positive and statistically significant, indicates the existence of SQB. Furthermore, we exam whether the influence of previous fund flows on current fund flows to be stronger with a large number of alternatives than a small number of alternatives. This study use multivariate regression model to examine mutual funds in Taiwan from 2003 to 2012. The empirical results are as follow. First, the influence of previous flows on current flows is positive and statistically significant. It indicates that investors in mutual fund market exist SQB. Second, the influence of previous fund flows on current fund flows increase for the case 11-65 alternatives in segment. Third, investor exist SQB when alternatives are more than 5 in family. Besides, the influence of previous fund flows on current fund flows increase for the case 6-20 alternatives in segment.
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Wu, Yi-Syuan, and 吳宜軒. "Self-Service Check-in of Airport Passengers: Based on Status Quo Bias Perspective." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gtuhj2.
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碩士國立高雄餐旅大學
觀光研究所
105
Self check-in Services in airport is a type of self-service technology. Customers can use the technological service facilities to complete the check-in procedures by themselves and without contact with the first line staff. However, compared to foreign airports, penetration rate of self check-in in Taiwan is relatively maintaining at the phase of public promotion. Most people in Taiwan seem not to be willing to use self check-in system. Therefore, this research intends to explore the factor of why travelers incline to manual check-in instead of self check-in. The literature of self-service technology about how to make users accept or adopt in the past were mostly researched from Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the study dimension. Base on the perspective of technology itself influencing users, it is not quite frequent to use “whether users are willing to transfer initial behavior” to discuss. This study is based on the perspectives of behavior image in “Status Quo Bias” issued by Samuelson & Zeckhauser (1988). The view of SQB theory contains three major ideas: Rational decision making, Cogitative misperception and Psychological commitment, and used them to explain users’ changing attitude during the new developing technology. Concerning the changing situation between acceptance and resistance after assessment of pros and cons, this study manage to analyze and further discuss the faults on design of self check-in through this theory in order to get more understanding of the key reason why users resist. Sincerely hope the analyze method proposed from this research can make providers find out some criteria for improving self-service and draw up proper strategies for improvement and make increase on satisfaction and utility rate.
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CHOU, YU-YU, and 周宥妤. "Gender and Investment Behavioral Bias: Status Quo, Conservatism, Availability, and Loss Aversion Biases." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03035504707255273674.
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碩士世新大學
財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)
104
With the development of behavioral finance, the relationship between gender and behavioral bias draws growing attention. We study the relationship between gender and behavioral bias with four behavioral biases: status quo bias, conservatism bias, availability bias and loss aversion bias. The questionnaire is published by professional marketing survey website Pollster online questionnaire survey. Questionnaires were issued to investors aged 18 with at least one year experience. The survey continued from 2015/7/20 to 2015/7/24 with 1,147 valid observations. The independence chi-square test and t-test for difference between means are used in our study. Furthermore, the logistic regression is used to test whether gender difference influences behavioral bias and investing experience significantly, and if there are relationships between behavioral bias. According to our samples, status quo bias exists in 40.28% investors in Taiwan, conservatism bias 67.83%, availability bias 8.63% and loss aversion bias about 70%. Results shows that gender difference is significantly in all behavioral biases. Reporting results from test for equality shows that gender difference in proportion in all behavioral bias. The proportion in male is higher in conservatism bias, and female is higher in others. t-test for difference between means shows that male with average more experienced than female. Result from logistic regression shows that female is significantly in higher proportion of status quo bias, availability bias and loss aversion bias. Investors without conservatism bias tend to have status quo bias. Male and middle monthly income and high monthly income investors tend to have conservatism bias. Investors aged from 30 to 39, aged from 40 to 49, and aged over 60 have less tendency to conservatism bias.
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chi-tinglin and 林致廷. "A study of customer’s resistance behavior on mobile shopping via Status Quo Bias(SQB) Theory." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vw9d2a.
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碩士國立成功大學
企業管理學系
104
Mobile shopping has become very popular recently and has had a dramatic impact on online shopping. Customers not only can use computers to engage in online shopping, but they also can use apps to shop with their mobile phones. However, mobile shopping can’t substitute for computer online shopping, and most customers are resistant to mobile shopping. For example, Agrebi and Jallais’ (2015) study indicated that customers are fearful of losing convenient online shopping experiences, and they have to spend time and effort on learning how to manipulate mobile shopping apps if they want to engage in mobile shopping. Therefore, these fears and related costs make customers resistant to mobile shopping. This study is based on Status Quo Bias (SQB) theory. SQB theory includes three categories: cognitive misperception (loss aversion), rational decision making (net benefit, transition cost and uncertainty cost), and psychological commitment (sunk cost, social norms and mobile addiction). These seven variables impact attitude toward computer online shopping and lead to either positive or negative perceived benefits of mobile shopping, and attitude toward computer online shopping and perceived benefits in turn influence resistance toward mobile shopping. In addition, a personal trait (self-efficacy) is used as a moderator to measure the relationship between attitude toward computer online shopping and resistance to mobile shopping as well as the relationship between perceived benefit and resistance to mobile shopping. The participants are customers who have had online shopping and mobile shopping experience, and a total of 426 respondents were collected for the survey data. SEM was used for data analysis. The results suggest that the hypotheses related to two variables among the SQB theory categories, loss aversion and net benefit, were supported. The hypotheses reflecting the other five variables in SQB theory were partially supported. For example, uncertainty cost was shown to positively impact attitude toward computer online shopping, as suggested, but it was not shown to negatively impact perceived mobile shopping benefits. In addition, attitude toward computer online shopping and perceived mobile shopping benefits will either impact resistance to mobile shopping positively or negatively, and high self-efficacy has a moderating effect between these two relationships. Last but not least, this study suggests that online retailers can increase customer’s perceived value of mobile shopping and decrease their attitude toward computer online shopping to reduce customer resistance toward mobile shopping.
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LIU, SHU-CHUAN, and 劉淑娟. "Exploring the inhibitors of farmers’O2O system use intention from the perspective of status quo bias." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h545pw.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
資訊管理系
106
In the past, agricultural products are sold by markets, supermarkets or concrete stores. Because the times of internet is coming, people start to get used to pick and buy products on the internet. According to the agricultural products features, they are difficult to be stored and delivered, so they have not made a breakthrough in the internet market. Nowadays, the internet sales platform of agricultural products is mainly from farmers whom internet sales contracted with for agricultural products. For decreasing the cost and damage of delivery, most sales target farmers who are near markets of township for agricultural products business. Therefore, it can’t promote the circulation of agricultural products in far townships. Because farmers in Taiwan cost higher due to the establishment of channels and the collection of market information, we can make good use of technology to publicize the local advantages of domestic agricultural products. We should integrate the systems of innovative marketing of agricultural products in each farmers’ association. Also, we should combine concrete sales with internet sales to establish the systems of delivery of place of origin, so there will be more chances of international markets. That way, there will be more chances of business for farmers. This research will be that Online to Offline (O2O) of farmers’ association is the platform in the project of farmers’ association. By Status Quo Bias Theory, I want to realize the correlation between consumers and Online to Offline (O2O) of farmers’ association with electronic questionnaires.
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Chia-YuanLei and 雷嘉元. "Exploring User’s Change Resistance Factors on ERP System Upgrading: Based on Status Quo Bias Theory." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x69erx.
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Chen, Shu-Kuang, and 陳曙光. "Exploring the Behavioral Intention of E-wallet From the Perspectives of Status Quo Bias and Innovation Resist." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pf54su.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
資訊管理系
108
With the advance of technology, the global economic and payment method has been changed dramatically. On 18 October 2013, Taobao Website, a leading online shop in China has been launched a brand new payment method called Alipay, in which plays an important role in the advance of payment method in China in following years. Following with the success in China, Taiwan launches its remote payment method in recent years after solving of law issue.But compare with the success in China, Taiwan seems to face the difficulty in promoting this brand-new payment method mainly for the following two reasons. First, the traditional purchasing habit in Taiwan is mainly using NFC Contact payment method (Easy-Card). Second, unlike Chinese government, Taiwan lacks of support in promoting the remote payment method thus leading the public refuse to use the new technology.This research focuses on using status quo bias theory in investigating the reason behind of slowly developing remote buying method in Taiwan.
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Wang, Yu-Yin, and 汪于茵. "A Study of User Upgrading Behavior of Operating System ─ Based on Status Quo Bias Theory and Purchase Intention Model." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8y5a4z.
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博士國立中山大學
資訊管理學系研究所
102
Though prior research has recognized users’ upgrading behavior as one of the keys to successful tech-innovations, few studies have investigated the determinants of a user’s behavioral intention to upgrade. Therefore, this paper tries to fill the gap and to explore operating system’s upgrading behavior by incorporating both status quo bias (SQB) theory and hierarchy of effects model into Warshaw’s purchase intention model (PIM). Data collected from 213 users were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. Results showed that perceived need (positively) and inertia (negatively) influenced users’ intention to upgrade to a new generation operating system. Perceived need has been found have full mediated effects on incumbent system habit, benefits loss costs and procedural switching costs with upgrading intention. In addition, inertia serves as full mediate effects on relative advantages and product knowledge and partially mediate effects on social norms and over performance with upgrading intention. Inertia also has moderating effect that weakens the positive relationship between perceived need and behavioral intention. These findings would provide valuable implications in terms of IT upgrades for both academicians and practitioners.
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Ye, Yi-Shan, and 葉宜珊. "An investigation of factors of health cloud in Taiwan: A Theory of Planned Behavior and a Status Quo Bias theory." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tg89hx.
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碩士嘉南藥理大學
醫務管理系
103
The "Taiwan Health cloud" program proposed by Ministry of Health and Welfare consists of four years. There are four components in Health Cloud, include Medical Cloud, Care Cloud, Wellness Cloud and Epidemic Cloud. Expect to achieve medical information sharing and enhanced medical care of people self-health awareness. The "Taiwan Health cloud" program proposed by Ministry of Health and Welfare consists of four years. There are four components in Health Cloud, include Medical Cloud, Care Cloud, Wellness Cloud and Epidemic Cloud. Expect to achieve medical information sharing and enhanced medical care of people self-health awareness. What kinds of key factors can affect the health promotion plan of The Health Cloud? Key stakeholders for the health cloud are citizens. In order to investigate key factors of the health cloud, this study develops an integrated model, according to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and status quo bias (SQB) perspectives. Research framework including "behavioral intention" and "user resistance" the antecedent factors of two major perspectives were discussed. This study applied questionnaires to collect data. Participants were 20–year old Structural equation model (SEM) was used to examine the data. A total of 1300 questionnaires were distributed and a valid sample of 783 citizens was collected for data analysis ( response rate is 60.2%). The results indicated that the key factor of citizens’ for implement the health cloud program are attitude, perceived behavior control, perceived value, switching costs, and perceived risk have significant influence (p<0.001). Sunk cost and Inertia have significant influence (p<0.01). This study results provide government and medical managers insights into factors for understanding strategies. To ensure that the health cloud the substance of applications effects to enhance the quality of health care. Recommends that government development of the health cloud in the future, enhanced the health cloud understanding of people and strengthening health Information Security Management, establish and improve medical norms and regulations during the people actual operation phase. Implementation of the health cloud helps to view hospital system function and education training guidelines to ensure that the health cloud the substance of applications effects.
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Hung, Yu-Li, and 洪幼力. "An investigation medical professional’s resistance and acceptance of Taiwan health cloud: technology acceptance model and a status quo bias theory." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xwe9h9.
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碩士嘉南藥理大學
醫務管理系
104
Since 2013, according to Board of Science and Technology and the Executive Yuan, Ministry of Health and Welfare started to conduct “ Taiwan Health Cloud Plan.” It refers to “Taiwan Health Cloud” including Medical Cloud, Wellness Cloud, Care Cloud and Epidemic Cloud. Through the promotion and application, it is hoped that the cloud record the medical personal health information and treatment for each institutions. Therefore, with the aim to turn the health information back to people, the Taiwan Health Cloud provides a complete personal health records and medical treatment records. Despite its advantages, the risks present, especially for implementation and management. As the developmental stage, the first step is to find out whether the medical professional’s of medical institutions are willing to try on executing the work on cloud with strong motivation. Moreover, to avoid losing the significance of introduction to the system, the further step is to learn about their behaviors of usage and the reasons of resistance for the sake of promoting the policy effectively. According to the perspectives from Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Status Quo Bias (SQB), to understand medical professional’s acceptance and resistance of relevant factors, an integrated model was conducted to construct inhibitors and promoting factors with the access of medical professional to Health Cloud. A total of 253 questionnaires were distributed and total of 190 returned.The 182 valid responses constituted a response rate of 72%. The results show perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use have significant positive influence (p<0.001) on healthcare professionals’ intention to use the health cloud. And perceived ease of use have significant positive influence (p<0.001) on healthcare professionals’ perceived usefulness of the health cloud. Regret avoidance, Inertia, switching costs, and job threat have significant positive influence (p<0.001) on healthcare professionals’ resistance to the use of the health cloud. Perceived value have significant negative influence (p<0.001) on healthcare professionals’ resistance to the use of the health cloud. The results also indicate a significant negative influence (p<0.001) in the relationship between healthcare professionals’ intention and resistance to using the health cloud.The results of the study suggest main factors, which urge users to accept, and the factors that the users resist using Health Cloud. The study is conducted with the hope that it provides government agencies, hospital administrators and software suppliers a future reference to avoid the failure of the import system and to promote policies.
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Hermann, Daniel. "Erfassung von Zeitpräferenzen, Risikoeinstellungen und verhaltensökonomischen Effekten – Experimentelle Ansätze am Beispiel landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmer." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-86E2-D.
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Riesmeier, Niklas. "The best decision of your life : the relationship between multicultural life experiences and decision-making biases." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29228.
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This dissertation investigates the correlation between various types and phases of foreign experience and several decision-making biases: the status-quo bias, anchoring effect and confirmation bias. Previous research had shown that different types of foreign experience (travelling, currently living abroad and having lived abroad in the past) had distinctive effects on individuals and lead to differences in behavior and cognition. It was hypothesized that this would subdue the negative effects of decision-making biases. The hypotheses were tested by replicating previous studies in the field via an online survey. It was found that foreign experience has no impact on the status-quo bias, either strengthens or weakens the anchoring effect depending on the type of foreign experience, and strengthens the effect of confirmation bias throughout all groups of foreign experience. The conclusion was that foreign experience affects some decision-making biases but to varying degrees and depending on the type of foreign experience. A theoretical frame was built to explain this finding, using previous studies to explain possible causations. This dissertation hypothesizes that cultural adjustment, in a u-,w-shaped experience, are responsible for the differences between the various groups of foreign experience and act as a mediator between the variables. Further studies and methodologies are proposed and outlined to test this hypothesis. The dissertation therefore adds towards the understanding of the effects of foreign experience and found evidence for a connection between cultural identity shifts and adjustments towards cognition and decision-making.Esta dissertação investiga a correlação entre vários tipos e fases de experiências no estrangeiro e várias tomadas de decisão tendenciosas/enviesadas: preconceito status-quo, efeito da ancoragem, viés de confirmação. Pesquisas anteriores revelaram que diferentes tipos de experiência no estrangeiro (viajar, viver atualmente no estrangeiro, ou ter vivido além fronteiras no passado) têm efeitos distintos sobre os indivíduos que viveram estas experiências, levando-os a terem diferentes atitudes a nível comportamental e cognitivo. Por este motivo, foi levantada a questão hipotética de estas mesmas experiências reduzirem os efeitos negativos nas tomadas de decisão preconceituosas. As hipóteses foram testadas através da replicação de estudos anteriores através de um inquérito online. Descobriu-se por isso que a experiência estrangeira não tem impacto sobre o preconceito status-quo. Na verdade apenas fortalece ou enfraquece o efeito da ancoragem dependentemente do tipo de experiência no estrangeiro e fortalece o viés de confirmação em todos os grupos que viveram este tipo de experiências. Em suma, as conclusões revelam que a experiência no estrangeiro afeta alguns tipos de tomada de decisão tendenciosa, mas em graus variados e dependendo do tipo de experiência estrangeira. Um quadro teórico foi ainda construído para explicar essa mesma conclusão, utilizando estudos prévios para explicar possíveis causas. Mais se salienta que esta dissertação propõe a hipótese de um ajustamento cultural através de uma experiência moldada do tipo u ou w, que é responsável pelas diferenças dos grupos em estudo, atuando como mediadora das diferentes variáveis. Outros estudos e metodologias foram ainda propostos e delineados para testar esta hipótese. Concluindo, esta tese final de mestrado adiciona uma nova compreensão aos efeitos de experiência no estrangeiro e encontra evidências claras: existe uma conexão entre mudanças de identidade cultural e ajustes na atividade cognitiva e tomadas de decisão.
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Rodenburg, Kathleen. "Choice Under Uncertainty: Violations of Optimality in Decision Making." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/7245.
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This thesis is an investigation of how subjects behave in an individual binary choice decision task with the option to purchase or observe for free additional information before reaching a decision. In part 1 of this thesis, an investigative study is conducted with the intent to sharpen the view to literature concerning corresponding psychology and economics experiments designed to test decision tasks that involve purchasing and observing information from an imperfect message prior to taking a terminal action choice. This investigative study identifies areas of research that warrant further investigation as well as provides enhancements for execution in the subsequent experiment conducted in Part 2 & 3 of this thesis. In Part 2 & 3, I conduct an experiment to test how subjects behave in an individual binary choice decision task with the option to purchase or observe for free additional information before reaching a final decision. I find that subjects’ behaviour over time converges toward optimal decisions prior to observing an imperfect information signal. However, when subjects observe an imperfect information signal prior to their terminal choice there is greater deviation from optimal behaviour. I find in addition to behaviour that is reflective of a risk-neutral BEU maximizer, status quo bias, over-weighing the informational value of the message received and past statistically independent outcomes influencing future choices. The subjects’ willingness to pay (WTP) to use the additional information gathered from an imperfect message service when making a final decision was on average less than the risk neutral BEU willingness to pay benchmark. Moreover, as the informative value of the message increased, causing the BEU valuation to increase, subjects under-estimated the value of the message signal to a greater degree. Although risk attitudes may have influenced the subjects’ WTP decisions, it does not account for the increased conservative WTP behaviour when information became more valuable. Additionally, the findings from this study suggest that individuals adopt different decision rules depending on both personal attributes (i.e. skillset, gender, experience) and on the context and environment in which the decision task is conducted.SSHRC grant: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council via Dr. Bram Cadsby Professor Department of Economics, University of Guelph
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Filiz, Ibrahim. "Biases and Heuristics in Portfolio Management – Determinants for non-optimal Portfolio Diversification." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E5A5-7.
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Nahmer, Thomas. "Financial Market Actors: Cognitive Biases, Portfolio Diversification and Forecasting Ability." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E630-5.
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