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MARUSICH, BLANCARTE DE GRGIC Paola. "Kosovo's juridical status." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/17296.
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Arazouk, Aomar. "L'Evolution du statut juridico-social de la femme marocaine depuis l'indépendance." Lille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL30020.
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Notre travail sera consacré à l'étude de l'évolution du statut juridico social de la femme marocaine musulmane au Maroc depuis l'indépendance. Une étude sur la femme pose le problème du rapport ou conflit entre l'héritage du passé et les exigences des temps modernes. Elle touche à des points sensibles comme la religion, la morale, le droit, l'enseignement, le travail et la politique. La femme au Maroc vit des problèmes particuliers: désintégration, éclatement, dislocation de la famille, relâchement des mécanismes de solidarité familiale. Le taux de célibat est élevé. . . Le pouvoir économique de l'adulte mâle est remis en cause parfois par la femme. Le taux de répudiations est alarmant. L'autorité dans toute structure hiérarchisée reste l'homme. C'est à dire que la problématique du changement mérite d'être retenue. Un des enjeux est le choix entre la tradition et la modernité. Le passage de la pratique traditionnelle à la pratique moderne ne s'opère pas sans crise ni difficultés. Quels sont donc les obstacles réels ou artificiels qui se posent devant leur application?<br>I Briefly, devoted my efforts to study musulman woman and all progress towards social statue juridical, specialy Moroccan people, since its independance. Woman is related to the past tradition and dffered from nowadays necessities. So, the problem which takes place is the woman between the past tradition and what concerning the present time. Evidently the very sensitive state like religion, education politique and the others. Moroccan woman is living in a critical condition and leads many particular problems and difficulties which take her away from the rest of the family. Indeed she is often threatened to be divorced. Sometimes the economique power is depending on the women but the man is away from that difficulties I mean he has always the authority and the power. Eventually, whenever we think about these problems we have to take the changement into consideration. The question is to choose between old traditions and what concerning the present time
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D'Souza, Victor George. "The juridic condition and status of minors according to the Code of Canon Law." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6703.
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Heinsohn, Brian D. "Effects of pleading the fifth amendment on juridic decisions." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1045623.
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This study examined the effects that a defendant's pleading of the fifth amendment during a criminal trial had on simulated juror's decisions regarding verdict, likelihood of guilt, certainty of guilt, sentence severity, and perceptions of the defendant's character. One hundred fifty-five undergraduate psychology students read one of three versions of a transcript, based on a trial of a man charged with theft, in which the defendant did not plead the fifth (control), plead the fifth, or plead the fifth possibly for reasons other than hiding involvement in the crime (i.e. having an affair). Results showed that the two fifth amendment conditions found the defendant to be more likely guilty than the control condition. Also, a factor analysis suggested that an honest and a relaxed dimension best described the defendant's character. In addition, it was discovered that perceptions of the defendant's honesty mediated the effects of perceived likelihood of guilt.<br>Department of Psychological Science
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Kennegård, Linton. "Status Europae : en rättshistorisk undersökning av unionsmedborgarskapet." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-153349.
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Gonsorcik, Patsy James. "The canonical status of separately incorporated healthcare apostolates in the United States, current status and future possibilities for the public and private juridic person." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66149.pdf.
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Gustavsson, Jenny, and Chloe Sjöström. "Den temporära lagen : en fråga om status och konventionskränkningar?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61265.
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Tawaifi, Alexandra. "ICC and ISIS : An Examination of the Rome Statute Regarding Individuals Operating under ISIS." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61207.
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Byberg, Isabelle. "Kvinnokonventionens status i Norden : En aktiv kamp för jämställdhet." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85091.
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Denna uppsats har behandlat den internationella kvinnokonventionen. Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka hur de fyra grannländerna Sverige, Finland, Norge och Danmark har implementerat konventionen genom att betrakta de åtgärder som vidtagits. Uppsatsen har även bringat klarhet i skillnader och likheter mellan dessa länder och ett särskilt fokus har legat på några utvalda områden. Dessa är löneskillnader mellan män och kvinnor, diskriminerande reklam, prostitution och våld mot kvinnor. Den rättsvetenskapliga metoden har använts för att redogöra för detta men även komparativ metod då olika rättssystem har jämförts. Resultatet av denna undersökning har påvisat att länderna är lika i många anseenden beträffande hur de implementerat konventionen. Även skillnader har noterats, bl.a. angående lagstiftning.
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Jutered, Fanny. "Sex säljer. Processrättslig status för kvinnor som utnyttjas i prostitution – ur ett brottsoffer- och genusperspektiv." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-180338.
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Witterdal, Robert. "Människoexploatering : Finns det ett tillräckligt starkt straffrättsligt skydd för utsatta personer?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94640.
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Wines, Anna. "Justice for Victims of Crimes Under the Rome Statute : Is Asylum-Seeking Victims’ Access to Participation in National andInternational Criminal Proceedings Ensured?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61291.
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Seppälä, Markus. "The Promise of Ethical Business: On the Legal Status of Corporate Codes of Conduct." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2727.
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<p>The legal status of corporate codes of conduct, whereby a corporation promises to behave in an ethical manner, is uncertain. Such codes are often claimed to be legally unenforceable. But even if codes per se are not regulated by a legal system, there are still numerous rules governing the making and keeping of promises. Contracts, constitutions and advertising are examples of promises recognized in many legal systems. </p><p>This thesis will show, using general principles found in several legal systems, that codes of conduct can indeed be enforceable. </p><p>Firstly, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties. According to different theories, it derives its legal validity from either the ethics of promise-keeping or the reliance of one party. Codes of conduct may, in some cases be considered enforceable contracts. </p><p>Secondly, corporations, like states have constitutions, which outline the basic principles of the organization in a way recognized by the law. A code of conduct can be made enforceable by incorporation into this constitution. </p><p>Finally, promises made in advertising can also be binding for the corporation. If the code is regarded as advertising, it can become enforceable.</p><br><p>Genom etiska policyer (uppförandekoder) kan företag lova att bete sig på et etiskt sätt. Dessa koders rättsliga status är emellertid osäker, och ofta hävdas att sådana de inte är rättsligt bindande. Men även om etikpolicyer i sig inte regleras av rättssystemet, finns det flertaliga regler om att ge och hålla löften. Avtal, författningar och marknadsföring är alla exempel på löften som erkänns som bindande av många rättssystem. </p><p>Denna uppsats visar, genom att åberopa allmänna principer som finns i flera rättssystem, att uppförandekoder faktiskt är bindande. </p><p>Ett avtal är en överenskommelse mellan två eller flera parter. Enligt olika teorier blir det bindande på grund av antingen etiska normer om löften eller en parts tilltro till avtalet. Uppförandekoder kan, under vissa förutsättningar, anses vara avtal. </p><p>Företag, likt stater har författningar som reglerar organisationens mest grundläggande principer på ett sätt som av lagen tillmäts betydelse. En uppförandekod kan göras bindande genom att inkorporeras i denna författning. </p><p>Löften som ges i marknadsföring kan också skapa rättsliga plikter för företaget. Om koden ses som reklam kan den vara bindande.</p>
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Remmelg, Olivia. "Arbetstagarens övergång till konkurrerande verksamhet : Hur starkt är skyddet för arbetsgivarens företagshemligheter?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351786.
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Hansén, Nora. "The Human Right to Water and its Status in International Law." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156385.
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Myhrén, Wojciechowski Theréze. "Gestaltningsprogram : funktion och koppling till detaljplanen." Thesis, KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89774.
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Detaljplaner upprättas och antas när områden ska exploateras och bebyggas. Plan- och bygglagen säger att vissa handlingar måste upprättas under detaljplaneprocessen. Ett dokument som ofta upprättas, i synnerhet vid större exploateringsprojekt, kallas för gestaltningsprogram. Upprättandet av gestaltningsprogram är däremot inte ett krav uttryckt i lagen. Gestaltningsprogram upprättas framför allt för att det finns en önskan om att kunna få en bild av det nya områdets karaktär och stil. Gestaltningsprogram kan skilja sig åt. Vissa gestaltningsprogram innehåller avancerade illustrationer och mycket detaljerade element. Andra gestaltningsprogram är betydligt enklare med färre skisser och mindre i sitt omfång. Dessutom kan gestaltningsprogrammen även skilja sig åt hur de förhåller sig till detaljplanen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka gestaltningsprogram i relation till detaljplan dvs. hur den juridiska kopplingen ser ut. I arbetet undersöks tio stycken detaljplaner med motsvarande gestaltningsprogram från fem kommuner i Stockholms län. Undersökningen beskriver hur gestaltningsprogrammet ser ut, och vilken detaljeringsgrad de har. Vidare undersöks om det finns någon hänvisning till gestaltningsprogrammet i planbestämmelserna och hur de är formulerade. Det som undersöks i de olika fallen är om gestaltningsprogrammet ska följas i detalj eller om det mer fungerar som ett vägledande dokument för områdets gestaltning. Utifrån resultatet av undersökningen i denna uppsats går det att identifiera minst olika typerav kopplingar mellan detaljplan och gestaltningsprogram. Planbestämmelsernas kan hänvisa:1. till hela gestaltningsprogrammet2. konkret till en viss sida i gestaltningsprogrammet3. planbeskrivningen hänvisar till gestaltningsprogrammet4. inte alls hänvisa(5. genom informationsruta, ej planbestämmelse)I slutet är alla gestaltningsprogram sammanfattade med hänvisningar till de olika typerna av kopplingar. Det finns även idéer på andra frågeställningar gällande gestaltningsprogram som är intressanta att undersöka.
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Malmsköld, Elin. "The status of abortion in public international law and its effect on domestic legislation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355922.
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Few issues divide leaders and policy-makers as much as abortion, which regularly sparks heated political, religious and philosophical debates. Numerous states choose to prohibit or criminalize abortion, despite the fact that it has been practiced throughout recorded history. In many of these states, women turn to unsafe abortion methods, such as consuming bleach or inserting a coat hanger, which may cause long-term damage or death. In the light of this tragic reality, one could ask whether these women have a right to safe abortion in human rights law or not. In order to answer this question, the author analyzes the status of abortion in public international law. The results are based on a thorough examination of the preparatory works (travaux préparatoires) and reservations to CEDAW, CRC, ECHR, and ICCPR, as well as documents by international and regional treaty bodies. The author applies a treaty-based international law methodology, analyzes the results through Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin’s theory of the public and private distinction in public international law and discusses the juridical- political context. The author concludes that there is neither an explicitly formulated human right to abortion, nor is abortion included within the right to family planning. However, she finds that domestic legislation which criminalizes or restrict access to safe abortions may be in violation of other fundamental human rights.
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Nyström, Costa Jonas. "Humanitarian interventions trapped in the crime of aggression : Humanitarian interventions through the lens of article 8bis in the Rome Statute." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9837.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine interventions under the doctrine of R2P without appropriate legal authority becomes coercive actions of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. And that a unilateral humanitarian intervention would amount to the crime of aggression. The R2P doctrine states that sovereignty is derived from the responsibility for a population. The responsibility to protect is primarily on the state. In the event of a failure to protect a human population the responsibility is transferred to the international community of states.According to the doctrine of Humanitarian Interventions it exists a third exception to the use of force, which allows states to legally intervene in the event of a humanitarian catastrophe. This thesis will first examine the link between R2P and Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. Secondly, the legal status of Unilateral Humanitarian interventions will be examined, and how Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention can fulfil the elements of the crime of aggression. The last part examines if Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention can constitute ‘defensive force of others’ as grounds to exclude criminal responsibility, in the event of an ICC criminal trial for the crime of aggression.The thesis concludes that a person subject to a criminal prosecution for the crime of aggression in the event of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention, could successfully argue ‘defensive force of others’ as grounds to exclude criminal responsibility.
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Namoora, Riman. "Mapping Apartheid In Hebron." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42637.
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The interest in the Palestinias human rights violation by Israeli Occupation authorities has been increased and is taking a significant role in the world today. Especially after OPT gained its right to self-determination and consequently became a part of the international community and international Laws and most importantly, the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court. The ICC has started an investigation of crimes and violations committed under the Rome Statute. However, there have not been any decisions or prosecution filed yet. However, different reports have discussed the crimes committed. This paper is examining the crime of apartheid and analysing it under the Rome statute through a singel case study of the city Hebron.
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Berggren, Isabelle. "Disappearing island states and human rights. Preservation of statehood and human rights in times of climate change." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158175.
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Kristiansen, Tindra. "Finns den kollektiva förmågan? : En kvantitativ studie om kollektiv förmåga och dess inverkan på våldsbrott." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182387.
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Denna studie syftar till att studera om teorin kollektiv förmåga går att applicera i en svensk kontext. Mer specifikt genom att undersöka om områden som skiljer sig gällande socioekonomisk status, andelen utflyttningar och nivån av etnisk heterogenitet också skiljer sig gällande nivån av kollektiv förmåga. Vidare syftar studien till att studera sambandet mellan kollektiv förmåga och våldsbrott. Med detta som bakgrund krävs två områden som skiljer sig gällande samtliga aspekter som presenterats ovan. Vid genomgång av statistik ansågs Brommas och Skärholmens stadsdelsområden som lämpliga att inkludera i studien. Studiens primärdata samlas in med hjälp av enkäter, i syfte att mäta kollektiv förmåga i respektive område. Enkäterna analyseras med hjälp av korstabeller och regressionsanalyser. Resultaten visar att nivån av kollektiv förmåga skiljer sig mellan de två områdena. Vidare påvisas ett samband mellan kollektiv förmåga och våldsbrott. Detta samband kvarstår när en rad individbaserade variabler inkluderas i modellerna för att testa det ursprungliga sambandet. Slutsatsen är att teorins grundläggande antagande gällande strukturella faktorers inverkan på kollektiv förmåga kan påvisas i en svensk kontext. Vidare finns det också ett samband mellan högre kollektiv förmåga och lägre nivåer av våldsbrott.
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Ljuslin, Linda. "The temporal scope of Unwilling or Unable : a case study on Syria." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-8369.
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The purpose with this paper is to analyze the temporal scope of the doctrine of Unwilling or Unable and focus on when the right to use force in self-defense ends. According to the doctrine a State has a right to use force in self-defense towards a non-state actor on another States territory, if the harboring state is Unwilling or Unable to suppress the non-state actor. This paper will first analyze which factors governs the right to use force in self-defense according to the Unwilling or Unable doctrine and secondly the findings will be applied to the situation in Syria, where the United States are using force in collective self-defense on Iraq’s request, towards ISIL. The conflict will be analyzed in three different time periods, 2014, 2016 and 2018 to identify for how long the United States has a right to use force in self-defense in Syria. The conclusion in this paper is that in 2014 and 2016 the United States has a right to use force in self-defense towards ISIL on Syria’s territory according to the doctrine, but in 2018 the circumstances has changed and the United States’ right to use force in self-defense in Syria has ended.
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Galle-From, Alex. "Death and Taxes : Analysis and Comparison of Bilateral International Succession TaxTreaty Structures Between the United States and Selected OECDStates." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384696.
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Potier, de La Varde Eléonore. "L'ordre juridique partisan." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020010/document.
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Etudier l’ordre juridique partisan, c’est affirmer qu’un parti politique constitue un ordre juridique. Pour cela, il faut d’abord montrer que les règles internes des partis répondent aux critères mobilisés par la doctrine pour qualifier la juridicité puis, en s’inscrivant dans la perspective du pluralisme juridique et en s’appuyant sur la théorie de l’institution, démontrer que le parti politique, en tant qu’institution, est un ordre juridique. Ce constat implique d’étudier ses relations vis-à-vis de l’Etat tant en ce qui concerne son encadrement que son contrôle ce qui permet de prendre la mesure de son autonomie. L’ordre juridique partisan n’est pas seulement un ordre juridique spécifique, c’est encore un ordre juridique flexible, perméable à la société qui l’entoure et au sein duquel le droit est instrumentalisé. La porosité de l’ordre juridique partisan vis-à-vis de son environnement se traduit par une conformation au contexte institutionnel dans lequel il évolue mais aussi par une adaptabilité aux évolutions du contexte social dans lequel il s’inscrit. Au sein du parti, le droit est mis au service de la justification des stratégies politiques et de nombreuses règles se voient contournées ou même jamais appliquées. Le droit disciplinaire, quant à lui, connaît une application circonstancielle motivée par des considérations d’opportunité politique ou résultant des rapports de forces internes au parti qui en font un droit négocié<br>The study of the nature of partisan juridical order leads to affirm that a political party constitutes a juridical order. To do so, one must first establish that the internal rules of parties meet the criteria established by existing doctrine to decide that the threshold for lawfulness has been met ; and then, within the perspective of juridical pluralism and based on the theory of institutions, one must demonstrate that a political party, as an institution, is a juridical order. Such a finding implies the need to study the party’s relationship to the state, in both its regula tion and its control, so as to be able to measure its autonomy. The partisan juridical order is not only a specific juridical order; it is also a flexible juridical order, which is open to the society around it and within which the law is made instrumental . The porosity to its environment of the partisan juridical order results in its conforming to the institutional context in which it operates, but also in its adaptability to the evolution of the social context within which it fits. Within the party, the law is used to justify political strategies and a number of rules are bypassed or even never applied. As to disciplinary law, it is applied according to circumstances, and motivated by considerations of political opportunity or as a result of the internal balance of power within the party, which make it a negotiated law
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Summers, James. "Tangible Intangibles in the United States’ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act : How Mixed Definitions of “Intangible” Lead to Mixed Results in the United States’ Efforts to Close Tax Loopholes, Move to a Territorial Tax System, and Reduce Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Abuses." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352298.
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The United States’ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) changed a 30-year-old definition of the term “intangible property” and added assessment requirements for two different types of “intangible income”, both of which deviate from the newly changed general definition of “intangible” and most common understandings of the meaning of the word. While it may appear unlikely that a change in meaning of a single word in a large tax code could have a drastic effect on international taxation, the differing definitions of “intangible” create far-reaching tangible consequences. The TCJA affects the international taxation of US-based corporations for cross-border transactions, among many ways, by employing different definitions of the word “intangible” in three different provisions. First, it modifies the general statutory definition of “intangible” to specifically include goodwill, workforce in place, and going-concern value will be examined. Second, it uses an unusually broad definition of “intangible” in the new tax category of global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI); and third, the meaning of “intangible” as used in assessing so-called foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) essentially creates a broad export subsidy. Each use of the term will also be assessed on how it ties into the TCJA’s intended purpose for the provision in which it appears. Additionally, they will be assessed on how they compare with established international tax standards provided by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Plan. By explicitly changing the definition of “intangible property”, it becomes apparent that the TCJA has increased the scope of potential tax liability for US corporations and has brought the US in line with the OECD’s use of the phrase as used in its model convention. In examining how the GILTI tax is calculated, it will become evident that the tax can be applied to income that is not connected to intangibles despite the seemingly limited scope implied by its name. Furthermore, a limitation on foreign tax credit means that GILTI might allow at least some continuation of the old worldwide tax system. While potentially overly-burdensome, GILTI seems to be broadly in line with the BEPS goal towards reducing profit shifting. As a result of how “intangible” is defined for purposes of determining FDII, two effects become apparent. First, for tax categorization, it encompasses income from both tangible and intangible assets. Second, it permits deductions that can be construed as an export incentive.
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Olovson, Natali. "Hacking for the State? : The Use of Private Persons in Cyber Attacks and State Responsibility." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-10218.
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While there are many examples to turn to regarding the thriving phenomenon of private persons being exploited to launch cyber attacks on behalf of states, this thesis will direct it’s attention onto two special cases. Russia has been accused of being the state actor behind the cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007 and Georgia in 2008. The cases are chosen as Estonia have been recognised as the first coordinated cyber attack on a foreign country, and Georgia being the first case were cyber attacks have been utilised in synchronisation with military action. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the facts of each case in relation to the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (DARSIWA). The analysis will work through article 4, article 5, article 8 and article 11. The main question is how Russia may be hold as legally responsible under international law for the private conduct of ’patriotic’ hackers, the Nashi Youth Group and the Russian Business Network. The thesis concludes that while the circumstances of each case highly indicate state-involvement, this cannot be proven under the respective criterias of the articles and Russia does therefore not bear legal responsibility.
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Maya, Daniel Lacasa. "Decadência e prescrição das contribuições sociais para a seguridade social." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7787.
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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Daniel Lacasa Maya.pdf: 3529847 bytes, checksum: b88c914db0f034864dc9a4de0e2814bd (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2007-11-26<br>The discussion over the statute of limitations ( decadência ) and limitation
period ( prescrição ) as regards the social contributions destined to finance the social
security saw a new lining with the publication of Law no. 8,212/91, of July 24, 1991,
whose articles 45 and 46 set forth ten (10) year terms for the Social Security to claim
its credits, while the National Tax Code establishes a five (5) year term for the statute
of limitations and limitation period for tax matters. This matter, widely discussed at
administrative courts and before the Judiciary Branch, is the topic covered in this
paper.
With that purpose, and adopting strict assumptions, we shall discuss in
Chapter I the importance of language and language used in law, with emphasis on
the speeches of law makers and scholars. In Chapter II, we shall cover the juridical
norms, establishing the four concepts with which we shall operate: norms introducing
instruments, normative documents, prescriptive enunciations and juridical norms in
the strict sense (meanings taken from normative texts).
In Chapter III, we shall approach the dynamics of the statutory law system,
taking as a starting point the operation of the sources of law, to later enter the
domain of validity, enforceability, effectiveness and efficiency . We shall also cover
normative incompatibilities, revocation, as well as about the criteria for overcoming
normative incompatibilities, which are the hierarchical, time (or chronological) and
specialty criteria. On its turn, Chapter IV shall be destined to the normative
production control, where we shall indicate normative production vices and
techniques to exercise such control, i.e.: control over constitutionality (including
interpretation according to the Constitution and partial unconstitutionality without
reduction of text), control over legality and control over non-application of law rules.
In Chapter V we shall focus on the study of supplementary laws and general
tax law rules. The topic shall cover the role of supplementary laws related to tax
matters, notably the roles set forth by article 146 of the Constitution, and of the
special role of system adjustment that it plays.
Chapter VI shall be dedicated to the statute of limitations and limitation period
for tax matters. We shall discuss these elements that terminate rights in view of the
failure of its creditor to act during a specified term. In the tax arena, we shall explore
the role of the supplementary law to set forth national rules on statute of limitations
and limitation periods, also considering the possibility of establishing said terms. We
shall also shed a light on the rules of the National Tax Code on the matter,
particularly the statute of limitations and limitation period terms.
Finally, Chapter VII shall bring the rules of articles 45 and 46 of Law no.
8,212/91. The ten-year terms for statute of limitations and limitation periods for the
collection of social contributions destined to the social security shall then be
submitted to the control over constitutionality, control over legality and control over
the non application of juridical rules<br>A discussão sobre os prazos de decadência e prescrição relativamente às
contribuições sociais destinadas ao financiamento da seguridade social ganhou
novos contornos com a publicação da Lei n. 8.212/91, de 24.07.1991, cujos arts. 45
e 46 estabeleceram prazos de 10 (dez) anos para a Seguridade Social cobrar seus
créditos, enquanto o Código Tributário Nacional fixa em 5 (cinco) anos os prazos de
decadência e prescrição em matéria tributária. Está questão, amplamente
controvertida nas esferas administrativas e perante o Poder Judiciário, é o tema que
será enfrentado neste trabalho.
Para tanto, e adotando rígidas premissas, versaremos no Capítulo I acerca da
importância da linguagem e da linguagem própria do direito, com destaque para os
discursos do legislador e do cientista do direito. Já no Capítulo II, trataremos das
normas jurídicas, definindo as quatro acepções com as quais operaremos:
instrumentos introdutores de normas, documentos normativos, enunciados
prescritivos e normas jurídicas em sentido estrito (significações construídas a partir
dos textos normativos).
No Capítulo III abordaremos a dinâmica do sistema do direito positivo,
tomando como pontos de partida a atuação das fontes do direito, para depois
ingressarmos na temática da validade, vigência, eficácia e efetividade. Falaremos
ainda sobre incompatibilidades normativas, revogação, bem como sobre os critérios
para superação de incompatibilidades normativas, que são os critérios hierárquico,
temporal (ou cronológico) e da especialidade. Por sua vez, o Capítulo IV será
destinado ao controle de produção normativa, quando apontaremos os vícios de
produção normativa e as técnicas para o exercício desse controle, a saber: controle
de constitucionalidade (inclusive interpretação conforme à Constituição e
inconstitucionalidade parcial sem redução de texto), controle de legalidade e controle
de não aplicação das normas jurídicas.
Dedicaremos o Capítulo V ao estudo da lei complementar e das normas
gerais de direito tributário. O tema passará também pelo exame do papel da lei
complementar em matéria tributária, notadamente daqueles papéis estabelecidos
pelo art. 146 da Constituição, e da especial função de ajuste do sistema que exerce.
O Capítulo VI será reservado à decadência e à prescrição tributárias.
Discorreremos sobre essas figuras extintivas de direitos em razão da inércia de seu
titular por determinado prazo. No campo tributário, será explorado o papel da lei
complementar para estabelecer normas nacionais sobre decadência e prescrição,
inclusive sobre a possibilidade de veicular os respectivos prazos. Também estarão a
merecer nossa atenção as regras do Código Tributário Nacional sobre o tema, em
especial os prazos decadenciais e prescricionais.
Por fim, no Capítulo VII enfrentaremos as regras dos arts. 45 e 46 da Lei n.
8.212/91. Os prazos decenais de decadência e prescrição para a cobrança das
contribuições sociais destinadas à seguridade social, então, serão submetidos ao
controle de constitucionalidade, ao controle de legalidade e ao controle da não
aplicação das normas jurídicas
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Al-Ameri, Wahab, and Zaybak Haitham Al. "Verkställighetshinder i utlänningslagen : En studie om reglering och Migrationsöverdomstolens tillämpning av verkställighetshinder som stadgas i 12 kap. utlänningslagen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Juridik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45175.
Full textAbstract:
Some expulsion decisions cannot be executed due to the existence of deportation impediments, which in this case means that foreigners are in a legal limbo in such a way that they have neither the right to stay nor the opportunity to leave Sweden. The regulation of deportation impediments is found in Aliens Act (2005:716), but it is the application of these regulations that determine how specific cases are assessed, why it is highly relevant to study said cases. The essay deals with political, practical and medical impediments, found in Chapter 12 of the Aliens Act, in order to establish the applicable law, and by analyzing ten court cases from the Migration Court of Appeal, study how the court assesses the Swedish Migration Agency's application of these legal barriers. The provisions being studied are chapter 12 1-3 §§ Aliens Act, concerning political impediments, chapter 12 18 § Aliens Act, concerning practical and medical impediments, and also chapter 12 19 § Aliens act which establishes the possibility of a new trial in a case. The applicable law is established through a legal dogmatic method, and the legal cases from the Migration Court of Appeal are analyzed using a legal sociological method. The study concludes that political impediments are weighed heaviest in comparison to medical and practical impediments, due to the latter two not being derived from international conventions or instruments as opposed to political impediments. Furthermore, it is easier to present evidence when invoking political impediments, as evidentiary requirements are set lower than those for practical and medical impediments. At the same time the individual has an opportunity to be granted a new trial if he or she invokes a new condition that concerns political impediments, while a new trial cannot be granted if the individual invokes medical or practical impediments. The provisions concerning practical and medical impediments should therefore be developed or amended in such a way that they are adapted to the circumstances that may arise in these cases. It is also concluded that the Swedish Migration Agency's investigation and interpretation of these impediments must be more comprehensive. It must be adapted to the conditions referred to in the case, due to the application of these provisions being complex and requiring the Swedish Migration Agency's staff to be well trained and accurate in each individual case.
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Bagdžiūtė, Rasa. "Įmonės, įstaigos, organizacijos vadovo teisinis statusas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140625_205055-27007.
Full textAbstract:
Šiame darbe analizuojamas įmonės, įstaigos, organizacijos vadovo teisinis statusas. Siekiant apibrėžti, apie kokio teisės subjekto vadovą bus kalbama, taip pat atsižvelgiant į tai, kad skirtingų juridinių asmenų vadovų teisinis statusas skiriasi, darbe pateikiama juridinio asmens samprata, kilmė bei klasifikacija. Nagrinėjama privačių ir viešųjų juridinių asmenų vadovų teisinio statuso raida, lyginant, kaip keitėsi ir koks šiuo metu yra įstatymų leidėjo bei teismų praktikos požiūris į juridinių asmenų vadovus. Detaliau analizuota dažniausiai Lietuvoje pasitaikančių privačių juridinių asmenų – akcinių bendrovių – bei viešųjų juridinių asmenų – viešųjų įstaigų vadovų teisnio statuso raida. Vienas iš vadovo teisinio statuso elementų, jo teisės ir pareigos, lyginamos su paprasto darbuotojo teisėmis ir pareigomis, įtvirtintomis Darbo kodekse. Aprašoma juridinio asmens vadovo teisės, pareigos, garantijos darbo sutarties sudarymo, vykdymo ir nutraukimo metu. Analizuojant teisės aktus bei teismų praktiką, nagrinėjama akcinės bendrovės vadovui taikytina atsakomybė, siekiant nustatyti, kuriais atvejais jam taikoma civilinė t. y. visiška, o kada ribota materialinė atsakomybė pagal darbo teisę, taip pat kokios yra vadovo atsakomybės ribos. Juridinio asmens vadovo atsakomybė lyginama su darbuotojui taikoma atsakomybe. Trumpai aptariama drausminė, administracinė bei baudžiamoji vadovo atsakomybė bei viešųjų juridinių asmenų vadovų etinės atsakomybės problema.<br>Juridical Status of the Manager of Enterprise, Institution or Organization is analyzed in the Thesis. Aiming to define the Manager of which Legal Person will be discussed also based on the situation that juridical status of a Managers of different Juridical Persons differ, the conception, origin and classification of Juridical Persons is given in the Thesis. Development of juridical status of private and public Juridical Persons is analyzed while comparing the development and current status of the Mangers of Juridical Persons from the point of view of legislative establishments and juridical opinion. The development of juridical status of Managers of most common Private Juridical Persons – Joint Stock Companies and Public Juridical Persons – Public Entities was analyzed more precisely. One of the elements of juridical status of a Manager – his rights and obligations are compared to the rights and obligations of common employee as foreseen in the Labor Code. The rights, obligations, functions, guarantees of a Manager of Juridical Person at the moment the Labor Contract is signed, executed, and terminated are described. Based on the analysis of legislation of juridical practice the responsibility employed to the Manager of Joined Stock Company aiming to determine in which cases civil liability i.e. total responsibilities and in which cases limited material liability based on the Labor Legislation is to be employed is analyzed as well as the limits of liability of a Manager. The... [to full text]
30
Lundborg, Ida. "Att ställa den skyddsbehövande inför rätta : Om de rättsliga förutsättningarna för att förhindra skyddslöshet vid tillämpningen av Flyktingkonventionens uteslutandeklausuler och samtidigt motverka straffrihet för de grova folkrättsbrott som faller under klausulernas artikel 1F(a)." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10933.
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<p>The purpose of this study has been to investigate the prospects for identifying and prosecuting individuals suspected of war crimes, within the process of exclusion from refugee status under article 1F(a) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, and using subsequent mechanisms for extradition or prosecution in international criminal law. A number of principles within human rights law and public international law have been advocated by the UNCHR and several human rights NGOs as necessary for a thorough application of the exclusion clauses; one that takes individual responsibility into account and upholds the aims and purposes of the exclusion clauses. There is a discussion as to whether specialised or accelerated exclusion procedures are justified for reasons of security and efficiency, or if they put the rights of the individual at risk and limit the opportunities for gathering information to support investigation and prosecution of the crime in question. Apart from the instruments of asylum law and procedure that have emerged within the EU harmonisation process, there are no general, binding rules on the procedural aspects of the exclusion clauses. One principle that regulates the consequences for the individual of exclusion from refugee status and decisions on extradition is, however, the principle of <em>non-refoulement</em>. Although partly contested in state practice, there is widespread consensus in international jurisprudence and doctrine that the principle, following its status as a <em>jus cogens</em> rule, prohibits every state from returning any individual to a territory where he or she may face torture or other cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment, irrespective of any security risks that the individual may pose to the custodial state.</p><p>Extradition or prosecution of individuals suspected of crimes under article 1F(a), based on universal jurisdiction and the principle of <em>aut dedere aut judicare</em>, has gained increased support from international conventions, such as the 1948 Convention on Genocide and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The principles are widely upheld by human rights NGOs, and tendencies in practice and policy among the member states of the EU and the parties to the Rome Statute point towards the development of a customary rule of universal jurisdiction among these states. Continuing resistance to the Rome Statute and to universal jurisdiction among influential states such as the USA, Russia, China and India nevertheless serves to exclude these states from being bound by such an emerging customary rule of universal jurisdiction. There are compelling arguments as to why breaches of <em>jus cogens</em>-rules should include or give rise to <em>erga omnes</em> rights or obligations for all states to exercise universal jurisdiction over such breaches. Without the support of major states it is, however, difficult to establish the existence of the general state acceptance of universal jurisdiction as is required for the principle to attain <em>jus cogens</em>-status and become universally applicable, regardless of state consent. Future prospects for adequate and efficient identification and prosecution of suspected war criminals depend on the correct and thorough application of the exclusion clauses, in combination with the development of existing rules of universal jurisdiction, and not least on the willingness and ability of states to overcome the political, economic and institutional obstacles that presently may prevent many states from extraditing or prosecuting individuals who fall within the scope of article 1F(a) of the exclusion clauses.</p>
31
Suaiden, Chede Domingos. "A decadência das contribuições previdenciárias no âmbito das execuções instauradas pela Justiça do Trabalho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8958.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-17<br>Many discussions are held about the statute of limitations on the collection of social security contributions when it is executed in the sphere of the Labor Courts. Often, based on the argument that the Social Protection System itself should be safeguarded, the juridical safety is relegated to second place. As this paper will show, said issue creates more unsafety to all citizens to the extent that the end is overestimated to the detriment of the means created with mechanisms of checks and balances to allow previous knowledge of the rules that will govern the social relations. Especially within the context of the Tax Law, the guidelines laid down by the Constituent Power must be carefully followed otherwise we may turn our legal system into a make-believe legal system. The purpose of this study lies in identifying the rules in the Constitution and in the ordinary law that govern the principle of the statute of limitations and further, if such rules change where such contributions are executed in the context of labor claims. To this end, an in-depth analysis is required. We intend to understand the constitutional limitation of the State itself when confronted with the limitations imposed by the Constituent Power. The pertinent legislation will be searched for the proper juridical vehicles able to introduce rules for the statute of limitations on the social security contributions, and any affront to said instructions by the lawmaker, should any unconstitutional law have been created on the pretext of protecting the collection of such contributions to finance the Social Security. At the end, the conclusion will demonstrate how the statute of limitations on social security contributions should be applied even where they are executed by the Labor Courts and indicate if the Brazilian lawmaker is alert to said fact<br>São grandes os debates em torno da aplicação da decadência tributária sobre as contribuições previdenciárias quando executadas no âmbito da Justiça do Trabalho. Muitas vezes, com base no argumento de resguardar o próprio Sistema de Proteção Social, a segurança jurídica é posta em segundo plano. Como se poderá observar neste trabalho, o referido problema acaba por criar mais insegurança a todos os cidadãos, à medida que os fins são superestimados em detrimento dos meios criados com mecanismos de freios e contrapesos, no sentido de permitir o conhecimento prévio das regras que irão reger as relações sociais. Especialmente no âmbito do Direito Tributário, deve-se maior respeito às diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Poder Constituinte, sob pena de transformarmos nosso ordenamento jurídico em mero sistema jurídico de fachada. Neste estudo, objetiva-se identificar quais são os princípios e as regras constitucionais e infraconstitucionais que regulam o instituto da decadência das contribuições previdenciárias, verificando, ainda, se há alterações das regras quando da execução das referidas contribuições no bojo de ação trabalhista. E, para tanto, será necessária uma análise minuciosa de diversas normas jurídicas. Busca-se compreender as limitações constitucionais do próprio Estado quando confrontado com as limitações impostas pelo Poder Constituinte. Pesquisar-se-á na legislação pertinente quais são os veículos jurídicos que têm a capacidade de introduzir normas relativas à decadência das contribuições previdenciárias, bem como se houve por parte do legislador infraconstitucional a afronta de tais orientações por meio da criação de leis inconstitucionais, a pretexto da proteção da arrecadação destinada ao Custeio da Previdência Social. No final, será apresentada a conclusão do estudo, demonstrando como deve ser realizada a aplicação da decadência das contribuições previdenciárias, mesmo quando executadas pela Justiça do Trabalho, e se o legislador brasileiro está atento a tal fato
32
Hamnell, Emelie. "Reglering av visstidsanställningar och dess konsekvenser : En kandidatuppsats om visstidsanställningar i samhället." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18148.
Full textAbstract:
I dagens samhälle finns det ett antal arbetstagare som har anställning på begränsad tid. Denna uppsats utreder regleringarna kring visstidsanställningar samt vilket förhållande som finns mellan visstidsanställningar och samhället. Fokus i detta arbete är att undersöka hur visstidsanställningar regleras och hur dessa inverkar på individer i Sverige. För att få full förståelse behandlar uppsatsen vidare EU:s syn på Sveriges reglering av visstidsanställda. Samhällets utveckling behandlas kort för att nå en djupare kännedom om behovet av visstidsanställningar i Sverige. I anslutning till samhällsutvecklingen undersöks konsekvenser för arbetstagare och arbetsgivare vid tillämpning av visstidsanställningar. Slutligen kartläggs fördelningen av visstidsanställningar bland grupper av individer i samhället. Underlaget för denna uppsats baseras främst på berörda lagrum, förarbeten, rättsfall och doktrin. Materialet kompletteras med statistik på antalet visstidsanställningar i samhället samt fördelning av visstidsanställningar i samhället.I uppsatsen har det framkommit att det är enkelt för arbetsgivare att anställa en arbetstagare på begränsad tid. Uppsatsen belyser att det finns två typer av visstidsanställningar där den ena är mer fördelaktig än den andra för anställda. Av uppsatsen framgår det att främst kvinnor har den mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som inte är frivilligt vald. Män är något överrepresenterade vad gäller den mer fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som är frivilligt vald och har positiv inverkan på löneutvecklingen. En slutsats från detta resonemang är att många visstidsanställda kvinnor missgynnas. För att uppnå jämställdhet på den svenska arbetsmarknaden borde kvinnor och män vara lika representerade även i de mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningarna.<br>In today’s society there are a number of employees who are hired for a limited time. This paper investigates the regulations regarding fixed-term employment and the relationship between this type of employments and the society. To focus on this work regulation regarding fixed-term employments must be investigated and also how these affect the individuals in Sweden. To gain a full understanding the paper also deals with how other countries within EU relate to how Sweden handles the regulation of the fixed-term employments. The development of the society is shortly treated to reach a deeper understanding about the needs of temporary employments in Sweden. In connection with the development of the society, the consequences are investigated how the application of fixed-term employments will affect the employees and the employers. Finally, the distributions of temporary employments among groups of individuals in the society are mapped. The foundation of this paper is mainly based on the relevant section of law, preparation work, legal cases and doctrines. The material will be completed with statistics on the number of fixed-term employments and the distribution of these in the society.The paper shows that it is easy for employers to hire an employee for a limited time. The paper also shows that there are two types of fixed-term employments for employees, where one is more favorable than the other. It is mostly women who have less favorable fixed-term employments, and most of these jobs are not freely chosen. Men are slightly over-represented in terms of more favorable fixed-term employments which are often freely chosen and have a positive impact on the wages. The conclusion of this reasoning is that many temporary employed women are mistreated. In order to achieve equality on the Swedish labor market, both women and men should be equally represented even in the less favorable fixed-term employments.
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Drakopoulos, David. "Appeal mechanisms and Investment Court Systems in Investor-State Dispute Settlement : An analysis of AM and ICS suggestions, in light of contemporary reform." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443417.
Full textAbstract:
We begin with a short analysis of the history of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). We then discuss the merits and demerits of the regime, such as the arguments between finality, speediness, and correctness. Following from this, historical reforms are discussed, and whether those issues have gotten worse or better since these discussions. The modern problems are discussed, leading to the explanation of the “legitimacy crisis”. As Appellate Mechanisms (AM) and Investment Court Systems (ICS) both propose multi layered systems, we argue whether ISDS must be a “one bite at the apple” system. We expand on the issues of regulatory chill, before showing the contradictions in the granting of awards. From this, a discussion is raised on the advantages of a tenured system of adjudicators, particularly in reference to their apparent bias. We delve deeper into the direct consequences of the perceived issues of ISDS, in the context of human rights, the environment, and other issues of sovereignty.As more reforms are suggested, the question of “what makes arbitration, arbitration?” is raised. From here, we may begin to suggest reforms based on which key factors are to be preserved. Firstly, we discuss current reform options, such as the Mauritius Convention. We take inspiration from existing AM, and prior discussions on the implementation of such a system across the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) frameworks. We analyse whether these discussions have led to change by comparing trends in drafting.Thereon, we offer suggestions of reform. ICS and how this would be implemented, what it would look like structurally, and its positive and negative effects. Using the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and other contemporary ICS reform suggestions, we gain some knowledge of what an ICS regime could and should look like, the implementation of AM previously discussed in this regime, and other. Finally, we offer a different solution to the problems, yet less pragmatic, the termination of arbitration.
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Marinho, Raquel de Melo. "A responsabilidade dos adolescentes autores de ato infracional no diálogo entre o direito e a psicanálise." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17388.
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Previous issue date: 2009-12-21<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This study result from a work with adolescents who commit infractional act and
are inserted at social educative system. It is a work out of the responsibility idea, that is
understanding, by a lot of people, like a expected effect in the application and performing
a social educative measure.
For that we get opinions about the subject with the academics of the laws of the
childhood and adolescence in the Brazil and with academics of the psychoanalyse,
because it refer a subject surround with the Law and the Crime and can contribute with
the criminology, precisely about the conception of a human being and the responsibility.
Finally we promoted, from some practical experiences with the tennagers, a
dialog between law and psichoanalytic, about the differents notions of responsability<br>Este estudo resulta de um trabalho junto a adolescentes autores de ato infracional,
inseridos no sistema socioeducativo. Trata-se de uma investigação sobre a idéia de
responsabilidade, que é entendida, por muitos, enquanto o efeito esperado na aplicação e
cumprimento de uma medida socioeducativa.
Para tanto, buscou-se opiniões a respeito do tema entre os teóricos do direito da
infância e adolescência no Brasil e também da psicanálise, visto que essa última refere-se
a um sujeito às voltas com a Lei e o Crime e pode, pois, colaborar com a criminologia,
precisamente quanto a uma certa concepção de homem e de responsabilidade.
Ao final, tentou-se promover, a partir de algumas experiências práticas com os
jovens, um diálogo entre o direito e a psicanálise, acerca das diferentes noções de
responsabilidade
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Nicolau, Jean. "Droit international privé du sport : études sur une discipline en construction." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3018.
Full textAbstract:
En appréhendant les éléments du droit international privé, en sa notion la plus large, pour les appliquer aux situations associées à l’activité sportive en général et au droit du sport en particulier, cette étude se propose de forger les piliers d’un droit international privé du sport. En effet, seront abordées premièrement des thématiques ayant trait à la nationalité, étatique comme sportive, des athlètes composant le le mouvement sportif. Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail se penchera sur l’identification et la détermination tant des autorités compétentes pour les situations juridico-sportives de dimension internationale, que sur le droit applicable à ces dernières<br>Through the examination of the elements of the private international law and their contrast to situations associated with sports practice in general, and to Sports Law in particular, this thesis intends to establish the pillars of the private international law on sport. In this regard, the topics related to the nationality of the athletes, either granted by the State Law or Sports Law, are initially addressed. Subsequently, this thesis aims to identify and to determine the competent authorities and the applicable law to rule over international legal issues related to sport<br>A partir do exame dos elementos do direito internacional privado e da contraposição dos mesmos a situações associadas à prática esportiva, de modo geral, e ao direito desportivo, em particular, este estudo pretende erigir os pilares do direito internacional privado do esporte. Com efeito, são abordadas, em um primeiro momento, temáticas relacionadas à nacionalidade, estatal e esportiva, dos atletas que integram o movimento esportivo. Na sequência, o objeto da tese repousa sobre a identificação e a determinação tanto das autoridades competentes para a apreciação das situações jurídico-desportivas de dimensão internacional, quanto do direito aplicável a estas últimas
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Houedjissin, Mededode. "Les victimes devant les juridictions pénales internationales." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00628543.
Full textAbstract:
La position des victimes sur la scène pénale internationale a considérablement évolué depuis la mise en place des tous premiers tribunaux militaires internationaux en 1945. Même si les victimes n'ont pas, à proprement parler, le statut de " partie " au procès pénal international, leur participation au procès est désormais une garantie, avec des droits substantiels. L'étendue de ces droits, aux différentes phases de la procédure, clarifie la manière dont les dispositions correspondantes du droit positif international sont interprétées par le juge pénal international. La fonction des victimes tient, dans un premier temps, davantage à " corroborer l'action publique " internationale qu'à pouvoir déclencher par elles-mêmes cette action destinée à établir la culpabilité ou non des personnes, objets du procès pénal international. Leur rôle se renforce finalement au moment de la présentation, par la voie subsidiaire d'intervention, des réclamations civiles, et plus largement de la recherche d'une pleine satisfaction ; moment au cours duquel les victimes deviennent de véritables " parties civiles " disposant pleinement de la capacité juridique internationale pour faire valoir leur droit. Ainsi, fort de leur action, les victimes paraissent dans une posture " double ", vindicative (répression) et réparatrice (indemnisation). L'objectif, visé et atteint, était donc de montrer quelle était aujourd'hui la place des victimes devant les juridictions pénales internationales.
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Küng, Elize. "An education-juridical perspective on the status of educators / Elize Küng." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/14764.
Full textAbstract:
The intent of this multi-strategy research study was to obtain an educational-juridical perspective on the status of educators in South Africa. Not only was the relationship between school community perceptions measured, but a comparative law method was also used in order to compare the status of educators in South Africa, Belgium (Flemish community) and England/Wales. Chapter Two sets out to investigate the private and public law status of South African educators, by considering educators‟ entitlement to fundamental rights, obligation placed on educators with regard to the fundamental rights of learners and parents/caregivers, and relevant education specific, as well as general legislation. At the same time, current literature relating to the legal status of educators and factors contributing to perceptions concerning the status of educators were consulted. In order to determine the extent to which the South African legal framework for the status of educators differs from those of Belgium and England/Wales, the researcher explored the private and public law status of educators in the two countries in Chapter Three. Hereafter, the legal status of educators in South Africa, Belgium and England/Wales was compared and contrasted in Chapter Five, aiming at finding possible contributions which the international perspective can offer to the South African situation. A survey was conducted in order to determine perceptions of the South African school community concerning the status of educators. Questionnaires were filled out by sampled learners, educators and parents/caregivers at a variety of public schools. The researcher used the data in conjunction with the information obtained from the literature study to make sound recommendations to establish better relationships between role players in the South African school community. The research study not only provides a better understanding of the precise nature of the legal status of South African educators, but also allows for recommendations to be made to advocate for change in the perceptions which learners, educators and parents/caregivers have concerning the status of educators. In this manner, educator confidence can be enhanced and greater job satisfaction created, leading to an improved teaching and learning climate.<br>PhD (Education Law)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015
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Teleki, Chopo John. "Juridical aspects of teacher misconduct : a management perspective." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26734.
Full text
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Blom, Suzette. "Implications of Jewish divorces that became causes celebres: the reform of Jewish status and juridical centralization." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/5507.
Full textAbstract:
IMPLICATIONS OF JEWISH DIVORCES THAT BECAME CAUSES CÉLÈBRES:
THE REFORM OF JEWISH STATUS AND JURIDICAL CENTRALIZATION
Suzette Blom Advisor:
University of Guelph, 2012 Professor William Cormack
This dissertation examines the reform of Jewish status in France in the eighteenth century in connection with the monarchy's impetus to centralize juridical authority. In particular it focuses on how litigating divorces in sovereign courts affected Jewish civil status. This study suggests a new perspective on events leading up to the decrees of 1790 and 1791 that granted the Jews active citizenship and the legalization of divorce in 1792. It examines the extent of the role that making Jewish divorce subject to secular national courts played in the acceptance of Jews as citizens. It concludes that Jewish divorces which attracted public attention as causes célèbres enhanced the role of the Jews in the larger process of juridical centralization and added a new dimension to the construction of a French identity. It further concludes that the reform of Jewish status was part of the erosion of traditional religious values and the growth of ideals of individualism. The principal manifestation of this process was the attempt to develop a uniform legal code for both the public and private spheres. This change included calls for the dissolution of marriage which was prohibited in France for all groups other than Jews as a result of the influence of the Church.
This analysis relies on published mémoires judicaires for Jewish divorces that became causes célèbres. These mémoires reflected the changing attitudes towards the patriarchal concept
of authority symbolized by indissoluble marriage, the erosion of corporate autonomy for the Jews and the reform of Jewish status. This analysis also relies on the correspondence and memoires of sovereign administrators, reformers and Jewish leaders which reflected the divisiveness of political and social opinion regarding the restructuring of authority. Little study has been done on the litigation of Jewish divorce in sovereign courts as an aspect of juridical centralization. Yet the mémoires judicaire of the Peixotto and Levy cases provide excellent case studies of the evolution in attitudes toward divorce and the acceptance of Jews as French subjects. Although there has been considerable scholarship to support the idea that the events of the French Revolution were grounded on the developments and reforms of previous decades, this analysis demonstrates that juridical centralization played a more critical role than has previously been considered.
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Bothma, Franciska. "A juridical foundation for accountability to enhance the security of the Higher Education lecturer in South Africa / Franciska Bothma." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15027.
Full textAbstract:
The widening of access to Higher Education (HE) with a concomitant call for more accountability in the HE sector locally and globally, has altered the former elitist status of the university and impacted the professional standing, autonomy, and working conditions of lecturers negatively. Lecturers are increasingly held to account for providing quality teaching and delivering employable graduates. Yet their work environment has been characterised by poor support, dwindling resources, lack of recognition and reward for teaching efforts and excellence, and absence of legal protection when failing to fulfil the undefined yet high accountability expectations in their teaching-related work. This state of affairs has had an inevitable influence on lecturers’ perceived security in their labour environment. The overarching purpose of this study was therefore to generate guidelines to improve the existing juridical foundation for accountability of South African (SA) HE lecturers with a view to enhance their security in their employment context. In order to assist in the fulfilment of this central purpose, the study aimed to develop understanding of how lecturers perceive their accountability and security in light of diverse teaching-related responsibilities and vagueness in terms of expected conduct; and the protection (or lack of protection) of their rights and professional status. An international perspective on these issues was imperative to shed some light on how regulation elsewhere could improve practices in the SA context.
While SA lecturers are equally entitled to all the rights stipulated in the Bill of Rights, they are also subject to and accountable for upholding the provisions of the SA Constitution and derived labour legislation relevant within the HE environment. The founding values of the Constitution, namely equality, human dignity and the protection of human rights and related freedoms, form not only the basic standard for measuring lecturer conduct, but also the legal basis for challenging policy, system or conduct that might threaten constitutional or labour rights. Yet, despite the existing juridical foundation for the regulation of accountability and rights protection of SA lecturers, comprising the SA Constitution, general labour and HE legislation, there is an absence of HE-specific teaching-related accountability regulation, resulting in lecturer insecurity regarding expected conduct, professional recognition and support, and accountability expectations in their teaching-related work. In comparison, a number of Australian legal imperatives, including the Commonwealth of Australia Learning and Teaching Council’s standard for quality teaching with corresponding quality indicators, provide for more clearly defined teaching-related accountability regulation. In addition, the Mission Based Compacts, the Threshold Standards, and the national Modern Award for the Higher Education Industry, afford Australian lecturers the protection of HE-specific rights relevant to enhance security in their unique work environment. These legal imperatives proved to be significant for informing the improved juridical foundation for lecturer teaching-related accountability in the SA context to enhance the security of the SA lecturer.
With a focus on the development of in-depth understanding of the phenomena of lecturer accountability and security via the perspectives and interpretations of lecturers themselves, the empirical study was grounded in an inductive qualitative methodology from an interpretive-phenomenological perspective. To ensure richness of descriptive data, lecturers actively involved in undergraduate teaching at three different local, and one Australian university, were purposively selected to participate in semi-structured individual and focus group interviews. The analysis and interpretation of the interview data included a comparative component to explore perceptions of lecturer accountability regulation and security protection in an Australian context with a view to identify inadequate legal provisioning for these phenomena in the SA HE environment.
From the data analysis and interpretation, seven meaningful themes were identified, associated with either lecturer accountability or lecturer security. The findings offered not only a clear delineation of internal and external lecturer teaching-related accountability, but also a comprehensive definition of lecturer professional security that was found wanting in all legal sources and other literature studied for this thesis. Moreover, in realisation of the primary aim of this study, twelve significant guidelines are presented to establish an improved juridical foundation for lecturer accountability that will enhance lecturer security in the SA Higher Education context. Amongst these are: the development of a clear delineation of teaching-related roles and responsibilities articulated for different academic post levels; the establishment of a professional HE teaching-oriented career path affording professional recognition via a professional body for lecturers, and requiring continuous professional teaching development; and the development of minimum conditions of employment unique to the work of the HE lecturer.<br>PhD (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Pienaar, Nicolaas Albertus. "Verslag van die maatskaplike werker ingevolge artikels 14(4) en 15(1) van die Wet op Kindersorg as 'n juridies gefundeerde hulpmiddel vir die kinderhof." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15779.
Full textAbstract:
Text in Afrikaans<br>In hierdie ondersoek word gepoog om 'n regswetenskaplike basis vir "Die
Verslag van die Maatskaplike Werker ingevolge artikels 14(4) en 15(1) van die Wet op Kindersorg as 'n Juridies Gefundeerde Hulpmiddel vir die Kinderhof' daar te stel. Die studie fokus onder andere op vroeere wetgewing rakende sekere regte van kinders voor die instelling van kinderhowe in Suid-Afrika, die aard en instelling van die kinderhof, die posisie van kinderhowe binne die hierargie van howe en die kinderhof se handeling. Ooreenkomstig die administratiefreg word die klem veral geplaas op die regsvereistes wat vir alle administratiewe handelinge geld - soos deur Wiechers (1984) gesistematiseer en deur Eckard (1988) op kinderhofondersoeke van toepassing gemaak is.
Regswetenskaplike begrippe met inagneming van die relevante gemeneregtelike beginsels, die tussentydse Grondwet, ander relevante wetgewing en regspraak word ontleed ten einde die betekenis en invloed daarvan vir die verslag van die maatskaplike werker duidelik te maak. By implikasie hied hierdie ontleding ook riglyne vir die skryf van die verslag vanuit 'n regsperspektief.
Aan die hand van genoemde regsperspektiewe word 'n voorlopige model binne 'n bepaalde struktuur vir die skryf van hierdie verslag voorgestel. Die
regsbeginsels wat ontleed is, word doelgerig en planmatig aangewend in 'n poging om uitvoering aan die doelstellings van die kinderhof te verleen en die bewyswaarde van inligting maksimaal te verhoog.
Kritiese stellings asook verskeie dilemmas waarmee die maatskaplike werkers in die praktyk te make het, word aangespreek en word nuwe betekenis aan die begrippe "maatskaplike werker" en "verslag" rakende kinderhofaangeleenthede verleen.
By wyse van 'n beperkte verkennende empmese ondersoek binne die
Christelike Maatskaplike Raad van Noord-Transvaal, word bestaande kritiek betreffende die verslae wat maatskaplike werkers aan kinderhowe lewer asook die maatskaplike werker se beperkinge rakende relevante regskennis bevestig.
Spesifieke behoeftes aan kennis word geldentifiseer en 'n hernieude
maatskaplikewerkperspektief rakende kinderhofwerk as 'n spesialiteitsgebied binne die maatskaplikewerkterrein word bevestig. Verder word die regsvereistes asook ander relevante vereistes wat op die verslag van toepassing behoort te wees, en soos vanuit die literatuurstudie bepaal is, beaam.
Hierdie ondersoek is 'n nuwe bydrae tot die maatskaplikewerkvakliteratuur en
baan die weg tot verdere navorsing en ontwikkeling op hierdie terrein.<br>This investigation attempts to establish a jurisprudential basis for the "The
Report of the Social Worker according to articles 14(4) and 15(1) of the Act on Child Welfare as a Juridically Based Aid for the Children's Court". The study focuses inter alia on earlier legislation concerning certain rights of children prior to the establishment of children's courts in South Africa; the nature and institution of children's courts; the position of children's courts within the hierarchy of courts, as well as actions of the children's court.
In accordance with Administrative Law the accent falls especially on legal
requirements for all administrative actions as systematised by Wiechers (1984) and as applied by Eckard (1988) to examination in such courts.
An analysis is made of jurisprudential concepts such as Common Law
principles, the Interim Constitution, and other relevant acts of parliament and court verdicts in order to clarify their meaning and influence for this report. By implication this analysis also furnishes guidelines for writing the report within jurisprudential perspectives.
With the aid of these perspectives a preliminruy model is presented within a specific structure for the writing of this report. The jurisprudential principles analysed, are purposively and methodically applied in an attempt to satisfy the goals of the children's court and maximise the value of evidence given. Critical statements and several dilemmas confronting social work practice are addressed, and in the court situation new meaning is accorded to concepts such as "social worker" and "report".
By means of a limited exploratory empirical investigation within the confines of the Christian Social Services of the Northern Transvaal the present criticism of reports delivered to courts by social workers as well as their jurisprudential limitations have been confirmed. Specific knowledge deficiencies have been identified and a renewed social work perspective on children's courts as specialist field in social work has been established. Legal and other relevant requirements for this report - as found in the literature study - have been confirmed. This investigation constitutes a new contribution to social work literature and
opens the way to further research and development in this field.<br>Private Law<br>D. Phil. (Social Work)
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Paadi, Ramoraka Daniel. "A critical discussion/analysis of the right to development as an individual and collective right." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15726.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the essay is to critically discuss and analyse the right to development as an
individual and a collective right, and or both at national as well as at the international level.
The main objective being to ascertain whether there is .distinct dichotomy between the right
to development as an individual and a collective right.
Having critically analysed the right to development as an individual and a collective right
or both, I attempted to critically discuss both the active and passive subjects of the right
- so-called right-holders and duty-bearers respectively, at national as well as at
international level.
The juridical status of the right has been critically examined. It is clear that the right is
legally binding on all states. The right is universally recognised as a human right enjoying
international legal status.<br>Law<br>LL.M.
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Martins, João Francisco Freitas. "Construção, exploração, administração e dispersão territorial de salinae maritimae em época romana no Noroeste peninsular." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/89837.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Arqueologia e Território apresentada à Faculdade de Letras<br>As intervenções arqueológicas realizadas nas últimas décadas na fachada litoral do Noroeste ibérico permitiram a identificação de diversas estruturas que têm sido interpretadas como salinas marítimas romanas. Contudo, o estudo da exploração do sal em época romana foi esquecido pela investigação arqueológica, aparecendo apenas nos últimos anos um interesse por esta temática. Como consequência, o objetivo fundamental deste trabalho foi apresentar a dispersão e as técnicas e materiais de construção das salinae maritimae inseridas no Noroeste da província Citerior Tarraconense em período alto-imperial. A escassez de evidências arqueológicas de exploração do sal faz que o estudo das salinas romanas do Noroeste possa ser um referente para o conjunto do Império romano, o que concede ainda mais relevância ao registo efetuado nesta dissertação. A relação entre as salinas marítimas e as fábricas de preparados de peixe revela-se instrumental para o estudo arqueológico destas estruturas. A produção de preparados e salgas de peixe estava, invariavelmente, relacionada com a exploração salineira e, sobretudo, com a atividade piscícola. Concomitantemente, foram também identificadas diversas cetariae ao longo das últimas décadas no Noroeste peninsular. Observa-se, assim, a coesxistência espacial de diversas salinae e cetariae neste território, o que por sua vez pode ser considerado como um indicador da existência de enclaves industriais produtores de sal e preparados de peixe. Como tal, pretende-se com este estudo indicar a dispersão de cetariae neste Noroeste peninsular e de que forma estas estruturas se relacionam (arqueologicamente) com as salinas marítimas romanas. A sua relação permite-nos, por outro lado, problematizar de que forma interagem estas estruturas a nível económico, administrativo e jurídico. O estatuto jurídico das salinas marítimas pauta-se, inclusive, como um dos temas mais problemáticos no estudo destas infraestruturas. A sua condição jurídica afeta necessariamente o seu regime de propriedade e administração. Assim, a partir da documentação jurídica alusiva às salinas e ao litus maris procuramos contestar a atribuição jurídica pública que tem sido defendida e reiterada pelos investigadores desta área nos últimos anos.<br>In the last couple of decades, the archaeological interventions carried out on the Iberian Northwest coastal front have allowed for the identification of a diverse set of structures that have been interpreted as roman salt evaporation ponds. However, the investigative study of salt exploitation in the roman epoch has been long overlooked by the archaeological community, only recently sparking a renewed interest in exploring this theme. As a consequence, the main objective of this study is to present the techniques, construction materials and respective geo-dispersion of the salinae maritimae within the Citerior Tarraconense province during the Early Roman Empire. The shortage of archaeological evidence of salt exploitation highlights the importance of the current study on the Northwest Roman salt ponds, possibly allowing it to be regarded as a reference for the Roman Empire data set in this time period. The relationship between coastal salt ponds and the fish processing factories has proven to be instrumental for the archaeological study of these structures. The production of salting fish preparations was invariably related with the salt exploitation activities along the coastal lines and especially with the fishing activity. Concomitantly, multiple cetariae structures have also been identified over the last couple of decades along the peninsular Northwest. Moreover, a spatial coexistence between salinae and cetariae has also been observed, which, in turn, can be considered as a strong indicator for the existence of salt production and fish-salting industrial enclaves. As such, this study intends to illustrate the degree of cetariae dispersion in the peninsular Northwest and provide an enhanced understanding of how these structures are correlated archaeologically with the Roman salt ponds. On the other hand, this relationship also opens an array of possibilities on how these structures interact at an economical, administrative and juridical level. The juridical statute of the coastal salt ponds emerges also as one of the most problematic themes on the study of these infrastructures as, its juridical condition directly affects its ownership and administrative regimes. Thus, resorting to juridical documentation allusive to salt ponds and the litus maris, we seek to dispute the public juridical attribution that has been defended and reiterated so far.
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Catterson, Michelle Karen. "The liability of companies and that of directors in their personal capacities, in relation to legal warranties." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26389.
Full textAbstract:
This research looks at the need and enforceability of legal warranties that companies include in contracts and/or public displays/notices to limit the company’s liability exposure to third parties. It also discusses the liability incurred by a company and that of its directors in their personal capacities (if any) should the legal warranty implemented be found to be unenforceable. The liability that may be incurred by the company and/or its director/s is dependent on whether the legal warranty which it implemented is enforceable or not and therefore it is important to establish what would constitute an enforceable legal warranty. In order to determine what is likely to constitute an enforceable legal warranty the study looks back at what has previously been deemed to constitute an unenforceable legal warranty. This is done by analysing the common law principles of contract, being the freedom to contract and the sanctity of contract, and its development in accordance with our constitutional dispensation through case law precedents. The provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 that apply to legal warranties are also analysed in order to determine the anticipated outcome of future case law where the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 may be applicable to a dispute involving legal warranties. Once what constitutes an unenforceable legal warranty is established, the study will discuss the legal position of a third party, and that of the company, where a third party has suffered damages as a result of the company’s acts or omissions and the company is unable to raise a legal warranty as a defence against such liability, as the legal warranty is found to be unenforceable. Thereafter the study will discuss the measures available to the company where the company is found liable to the third party for the aforementioned damages and the company wishes to mitigate its losses in this regard. Such measures shall include director insurance as well as the recovery of such liability against a director, in the director’s personal capacity, where the company either does not have director insurance or is unable to enforce the director insurance due to the actions of a director. In order to determine the director’s accountability to the company in this regard an assessment is made of the duties imposed on a director in terms of the common law and Companies Act 71 of 2008 to establish whether such duties are wide enough to include a duty on the director to ensure legal warranties he/she plays a part in implementing are enforceable.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LL. M. (Corporate Law)