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Journal articles on the topic 'Statutory forms'
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1
Ribstein, Larry E. "Linking Statutory Forms." Law and Contemporary Problems 58, no. 2 (1995): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192150.
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Wood, Margaret. "A lexico-grammatical comparison of statutory law and popular written language." Research in Corpus Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2022): 16–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32714/ricl.10.2.03.
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While the plain language movement has shed light on the lack of readability of statutory texts for the lay person, there has been a lack of empirical methodology employed to determine the ways in which statutory language differs lexico-grammatically from forms of popular language that are familiar to the lay person. With this in mind, the present study conducts a comparative analysis of statutory language and other forms of popular written language (i.e., a corpus of news reports, sports reports, encyclopedia articles, and historical articles) with two goals: 1) to provide a detailed lexico-grammatical description of statutory law independent from other forms of legal writing, and 2) to identify pervasive lexico-grammatical features of statutory language that the lay person has relatively less exposure to in comparison to other written registers. Following a bottom-up selection of lexico-grammatical features for analysis, a key feature analysis is used to identify linguistic features that are more pervasive in statutory law relative to other forms of popular written language as measured through Cohen’s d effect sizes. Results reveal the pervasive use of the passive voice, prepositions, a variety of coordinating conjunctions, the pied-piping wh-relative clause construction, and non-finite -ing and -ed clause constructions in statutory language. These results complement previous research regarding the features that are characteristic of statutory language and help to identify features that potentially contribute to the lack of readability of statutory law.
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KUDAS, I. B. "Forms of implementation of statutory activities by international banks." ECONOMIC THEORY AND LAW 38, no. 3 (2019): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31359/2411-5584-2019-38-3-141.
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Hopman, M. J. "Lipstick law, or: the three forms of statutory law." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2017.1308787.
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Warner, Zach, J. Andrew Harris, Michelle Brown, and Christian Arnold. "Hidden in plain sight? Irregularities on statutory forms and electoral fraud." Electoral Studies 74 (December 2021): 102411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102411.
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Bierie, David M., and Kristen M. Budd. "Romeo, Juliet, and Statutory Rape." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 3 (July 15, 2016): 296–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063216658451.
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Statutory rape is an important yet understudied topic. There is broad public support for the prosecution of older adults who engage in sexual relationships with minors regardless of perceptions of consent by either party. However, some scholars worry that expansive definitions within these laws have led to the widespread involvement of the justice system in the lives of similarly aged teenagers engaging in relatively normal sexual behavior, so called “Romeo and Juliet” liaisons. This, in turn, has called into question the legitimacy of national policies, such as sex offender registration, because of the presumption that registries are likely filled with these kinds of cases which may not represent the intent of legislatures and the public. Despite the importance of these debates, there is little research assessing the prevalence of Romeo and Juliet cases in official crime statistics or that analyze differences in characteristics of statutory rape as a function of victim–offender age differences. Drawing on more than 20 years of police data from over 6,000 police departments in the United States, this study found statutory rape cases were rare and Romeo and Juliet cases were even rarer. Multivariate models showed several distinctions between statutory rape cases as a function of the age differences between victim and offender. Of note, the odds that additional forms of sexual aggression occurred in the incident grew as the age difference expanded.
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Son, Kyung-Bok. "Establishing healthy pharmaceutical regulations on statutory exclusivity: Lessons from the experience in the European Union, Canada, South Korea, Australia, and the United States." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 14, no. 4 (September 6, 2018): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134318799385.
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Abstracts Objectives Recent international trade agreements require member countries a prolonged statutory exclusivity for biologics, and domestic legislation guarantees various forms of exclusivity for specific drugs, indications, or studies. This study notes prolonged exclusivity provisions for biologics in the United States and international trade agreements. We aim to review various exclusivity systems, including chemical entities, in selected high-income countries and to suggest implications for establishing the system specifically relevant for biologics in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We conducted a review of a comprehensive range of literature to develop the framework. Then, a comparative legal analysis was conducted to analyze the deviations among the systems in the European Union, Canada, South Korea, Australia, and the United States. Results There is constructive ambiguity in international trade agreements, specifically for provisions regarding biologics. Furthermore, the selected countries operate different statutory exclusivity systems in terms of eligibility for statutory exclusivity, specific measures for exclusivity, and other elements of exclusivity. In addition, market exclusivity, which is distinguished from data exclusivity, is not available in Korea and Australia. There are also various forms of statutory exclusivity for specific drugs, indications, or studies requested by the marketing authority. Conclusions Given constructive ambiguities in international agreements and variations in the manner of implementations of the systems in selected countries, statutory exclusivity for biologics could be established with cautions to mediate the harms. In this study, we suggest several solutions and alternatives for low- and middle-income countries.
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Nurmi, Arja, and Marja Kivilehto. "Identifying Obligation in Legal Finnish and Swedish through English Translations: A Corpus-Assisted Approach." Fachsprache 41, no. 3-4 (October 25, 2019): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41i3-4.1731.
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Even though deontic modality is one central feature of statutory texts, codifying obligation, the descriptions of obligation in Finnish legal texts are still few. This corpus-assisted study of Finnish statutory texts has an innovative approach in using English translations as a starting point for identifying the linguistic forms obligation takes in Finnish statutory texts. Beyond describing Finnish deontic modality, we look at ways it has been translated into legally valid Swedish statutes, paying special attention on existing instructions for translators. The results show that, in addition to explicitly modal expressions, Finnish statutory texts express obligation frequently using the present indicative. In Swedish, there is a range of options, but there, too, the use of the present indicative is common. Based on this study, using English translations to identify such cases for further study is a viable option. The results of the study can be applied in translator training as well as in the work of legal translators.
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Morton, Rochelle, Michelle L. Hebart, Rachel A. Ankeny, and Alexandra L. Whittaker. "Assessing the Uniformity in Australian Animal Protection Law: A Statutory Comparison." Animals 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010035.
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Animal welfare is not included in the Australian Constitution, rendering it a residual power of the states and territories. Commentators have suggested that inconsistencies exist between the state and territory statutes, and that a uniform approach would be beneficial. However, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the nature or extent of these purported inconsistencies. This review addresses this gap by providing a state-by-state comparison of animal protection statutes based on key provisions. Utilizing systematic review methodology, every current Australian statute with an enforceable protection provision relating to animal welfare was identified. A total of 436 statutes were examined, with 42 statutes being included in the detailed analysis. The comparison showed that animal protection laws are generally consistent between each Australian jurisdiction and were found to have similar shortcomings, notably including lack of a consistent definition of ‘animal’ and reliance on forms of legal punishment to promote animal welfare which have questionable effectiveness. It is argued that there is a need for attention to definitions of key terms and future consideration of alternative forms of penalties, but that a uniform federal approach may not be necessary to address these shortcomings.
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Bateman, Will, and Leighton McDonald. "The Normative Structure of Australian Administrative Law." Federal Law Review 45, no. 2 (June 2017): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1704500201.
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This article analyses the normative structure of Australian administrative law through the prism of two distinct intellectual approaches to the law of judicial review: the ‘grounds approach’ and the ‘statutory approach’. We explore the development of both approaches and track the contemporary ascendance of the statutory approach in light of the political and constitutional context within which the practice of judicial review is situated. We then reflect on the ways that each responds to two central legitimacy problems which must be confronted by modern administrative law: the democratic legitimacy of judicial review and the legitimacy of the forms of law associated with contemporary administrative government.
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Noll, David. "Administrative Sabotage." Michigan Law Review, no. 120.5 (2022): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.5.administrative.
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Government can sabotage itself. From the president’s choice of agency heads to agency budgets, regulations, and litigating positions, presidents and their appointees have undermined the very programs they administer. But why would an agency try to put itself out of business? And how can agencies that are subject to an array of political and legal checks sabotage statutory programs? This Article offers an account of the “what, why, and how” of administrative sabotage that answers those questions. It contends that sabotage reflects a distinct mode of agency action that is more permanent, more destructive, and more democratically illegitimate than more-studied forms of maladministration. In contrast to an agency that shirks its statutory duties or drifts away from Congress’s policy goals, one engaged in sabotage aims deliberately to kill or nullify a program it administers. Agencies sabotage because presidents ask them to. Facing pressure to dismantle statutory programs in an environment where securing legislation from Congress is difficult and politically costly, presidents pursue retrenchment through the administrative state. Building on this positive theory of administrative sabotage, this Article considers legal responses. The best response, this Article contends, is not reforms to the cross-cutting body of administrative law that structures most agency action. Rather, the risk of sabotage is better managed through changes to how statutory programs are designed. Congress’s choices about agency leadership, the concentration or dispersal of authority to implement statutory programs, the breadth of statutory delegations, and other matters influence the likelihood that sabotage will succeed or fail. When lawmakers create or modify federal programs, they should design them to be less vulnerable to sabotage by the very agencies that administer them.
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Noll, David. "Administrative Sabotage." Michigan Law Review, no. 120.5 (2022): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.5.administrative.
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Government can sabotage itself. From the president’s choice of agency heads to agency budgets, regulations, and litigating positions, presidents and their appointees have undermined the very programs they administer. But why would an agency try to put itself out of business? And how can agencies that are subject to an array of political and legal checks sabotage statutory programs? This Article offers an account of the “what, why, and how” of administrative sabotage that answers those questions. It contends that sabotage reflects a distinct mode of agency action that is more permanent, more destructive, and more democratically illegitimate than more-studied forms of maladministration. In contrast to an agency that shirks its statutory duties or drifts away from Congress’s policy goals, one engaged in sabotage aims deliberately to kill or nullify a program it administers. Agencies sabotage because presidents ask them to. Facing pressure to dismantle statutory programs in an environment where securing legislation from Congress is difficult and politically costly, presidents pursue retrenchment through the administrative state. Building on this positive theory of administrative sabotage, this Article considers legal responses. The best response, this Article contends, is not reforms to the cross-cutting body of administrative law that structures most agency action. Rather, the risk of sabotage is better managed through changes to how statutory programs are designed. Congress’s choices about agency leadership, the concentration or dispersal of authority to implement statutory programs, the breadth of statutory delegations, and other matters influence the likelihood that sabotage will succeed or fail. When lawmakers create or modify federal programs, they should design them to be less vulnerable to sabotage by the very agencies that administer them.
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Schlachter, Monika. "Trade union representation for new forms of employment." European Labour Law Journal 10, no. 3 (September 2019): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952519870018.
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Defining the personal scope of application of the right to be represented by a trade union for collective bargaining purposes starts by defining the notion of employee/worker on whose behalf the conclusion of collective agreements is not disputed. In the German legal system, a sub-category of self-employed persons, known as ‘employee-like’ persons, is also included in the scope of the statute on collective agreements. For all other self-employed persons, however, no such statutory inclusion exists. They are, rather, prevented from collective price setting by (national und EU) competition law. Upon a closer look at the social purpose of exempting collective agreements from the restrictions of competition law, it is necessary to differentiate according to the existence of a structural power imbalance to the detriment of one contracting party much rather than according to the type of contract concluded. Some self-employed persons, specifically those categorised as workers under a new form of employment, do need collective bargaining as much as employees do, as they find themselves in a comparably weak individual bargaining position.
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Bosma, J. M. Cuperus. "Practice of the Statutory Disciplinary System for Health Care Psychologists in The Netherlands." European Journal of Health Law 14, no. 1 (2007): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092902707x185442.
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AbstractA statutory disciplinary system for health care psychologists in the Netherlands was introduced in 1998. To provide an indication of the contribution of this system to monitoring the quality of health care psychology all complaints dealt with in the period 1999-2002 were studied. Questionnaires were sent to all 388 members of the disciplinary boards (response 89%) and 43 practicing lawyers (response 65%). The regional disciplinary boards dealt with 68 complaints about health care psychologists. A sanction was imposed 16 times (25%), mainly for sexual intimacies or a sexual relationship, violation of professional secrecy or incorrect statement or reporting. The statutory disciplinary system appears to be an important corrective instrument for serious forms of professional misconduct for health care psychologists.
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Sychev, Vitalii B. "Content and forms of participation of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in lawmaking." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-2-223-231.
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Introduction. The judicial constitutional review authorities ensure the supremacy and direct application of the constitutions. They also participates in lawmaking activities. Constitutional review authorities can participate in lawmaking activities directly or circumstantially. There are two kinds of the direct participation of such authorities in lawmaking activities: legislative initiative and participation in lawmaking activities in connection with the implementation of the constitutional review. The methodology of research is based on general scientific and special legal research methods. Theoretical analysis. Some authors note that the decisions of the constitutional review authorities can modify conditions of public life. Authors often emphasize that court decisions that rules certain norms as unconstitutional have the same goals as statutory acts. Empirical analysis. Constitutional courts administer a special kind of lawmaking, such as “positive”, “negative”, “adjusting” and “interpretative” lawmaking. “Positive” lawmaking is connected with the adoption of statutory acts, which regulate the activities of the constitutional courts. “Negative” lawmaking consists in ruling certain legal norms and sources of law unconstitutional and making them void. By means of “adjusting” lawmaking constitutional courts do not rule the norms as completely unconstitutional, but constitutionally interpret them. “Interpretative” lawmaking consists in clarifying legal norms of constitutions. The constitutional review authorities may also provide recommendations to the legislative authorities. Results. The constitutional review authorities can directly participate in lawmaking activities as a legislative initiative or in connection with the implementation of the constitutional control as “positive”, “negative”, “adjusting” and “interpretative” lawmaking. Circumstantial participation of such authorities in lawmaking activities is administered by adopting special messages.
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Iksanov, Ilya S. "Peculiarities of Implementation of Statutory Acts in the Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation." State power and local self-government 1 (January 21, 2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1247-2021-1-3-7.
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The procedural norms of constitutional law ensure the implementation of the right. This article examines the forms of implementation of the right, as well as their impact on the formation of a unified system of public relations in the course of setting goals and objectives of the state and society.
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Trojanek, Maria. "Carrying Out Municipal Tasks in the Scope of Housing Stock Management – Case Study of Poznań City." Real Estate Management and Valuation 22, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2014-0030.
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Abstract The municipal real estate stock, including housing, serves as an asset base in the process of carrying out statutory tasks by the municipality. Due to the numerous functions of municipal housing in socioeconomic development and its influence on people’s living conditions, it is essential that local governments manage the stock with particular rationality and effectiveness. Management activities differ according to the aim, type and functions of the stock. This paper discusses conditions and potential benefits for the municipality from replacing budgetary units with commercial companies that take over the statutory tasks of municipalities in the field of public social housing and providing the right conditions to enable people’s housing needs to be met. Furthermore, the author presents possible financial settlement forms resulting from leasing municipal housing to commercial companies.
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Hoffmann, Diane E., Sheryl Itkin Zimmerman, and Catherine J. Tompkins. "The Dangers of Directives or the False Security of Forms." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 1 (1996): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01829.x.
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During the past several years, numerous studies have been conducted regarding advance directives (that is, living wills and durable powers of attorney (DPAs) for health care). Studies have examined how many individuals have executed advance directives, who is more likely to execute such directives, and whether factors such as education, income, race, religiosity, or family status affect the likelihood of having executed an advance directive or one's willingness to do so. Studies have also investigated the effectiveness of different educational strategies aimed at increasing the number of individuals who execute these documents. Finally, a number of researchers have looked at the implementation of advance directives (that is, whether they are followed in the institutional setting).Although we now have a better understanding of some of these issues, one area that has been virtually ignored is the reliability, validity, and overall user friendliness of the advance directive forms themselves, and, in particular, of the statutory advance directive forms.
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Lisac, Melanie, Lutz Reimers, Klaus-Dirk Henke, and Sophia Schlette. "Access and choice – competition under the roof of solidarity in German health care: an analysis of health policy reforms since 2004." Health Economics, Policy and Law 5, no. 1 (January 2010): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109990144.
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AbstractThis paper analyses the influence of recent German health care reforms, the Statutory Health Insurance Modernization Act 2004 and the Statutory Health Insurance Competition Strengthening Act 2007, on different dimensions of access and choice. More specifically, we look at and discuss the effects of these policies on the availability, reachability and affordability of health care as well as on their impact on consumers’ choice of insurers and providers. Generally, patients in Germany enjoy a high degree of free access and a lot of freedom to choose, partly leading to over- and misuse of health services. Concerning choice of insurers, one result of our analysis is that in the statutory health insurance system, the introduction of a greater variety of benefit packages will develop into an additional parameter of choice. In contrast to that, insurees more and more accept certain restrictions of choice and direct access to providers by enrolling into new forms of care (such as gatekeeping-, disease management- and integrated care programmes). However, they might benefit from better quality of care and more options for products and services that best fit their needs.
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Галина Кучер. "PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS AND UNIONS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AS SUBJECTS OF PROVIDING SOCIAL AND REHABILITATION SERVICES MEANS OF INCLUSIVE COMMUNITY TOURISM." Social work and social education, no. 5 (December 23, 2020): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.5.2020.220819.
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In today's conditions, public organizations of persons with disabilities are experiencing a new stage of development, gradually moving from users of social services to their providers. They carry out social and public activities based on new approaches in statutory activities, which encourages the search for more effective forms of interaction with people with disabilities of different nosologies and ages, government, media, business, and among themselves.
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Owens, B. Robert. "What Is a Social Group in the Eyes of the Law? Knowledge Work in Refugee-Status Determination." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 04 (2018): 1257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12369.
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This article explores the settling and unsettling of legal concepts in relation to refugee-status determination. To gain admission to the United States, asylum seekers are required to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of one of five protected grounds: race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Accordingly, many political asylum claims turn on the interpretation of “particular social group.” This article examines case law disputes in the federal courts of appeals over the meaning of that phrase and describes how statutory interpretation by judges has contributed to the persistence of such disputes over several decades since the passage of the 1980 Refugee Act. My analysis reveals the tensions between different forms of rationality at play in judicial statutory interpretation and applies the concept of legal settling to a new empirical domain.
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Król, Urszula. "The environmental protection financing by the local government units." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2017.016.
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The article discusses the rules of financing environmental protection by local self-government units. The statutory tasks specified by local governments in this respect were indicated. Then possible forms of financing environmental protection are presented. Municipality, county or province can use different sources of funding. The next element of the article is to determine the amount of environmental spending at each level of local government in recent years.
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Батанов, O. В., and В. В. Кравченко. "Doctrinal problems of the municipal statute norm-setting (axiological, ontological and teleological aspects)." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPECTS 7, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151919.
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The article is devoted to the conceptual problems of statutory rulemaking in local self-government. Conceptual analysis of axiological aspects of municipal statute norm-making is carried out. There is a connection with the axiology of the municipal statute law of the problem of its ontological significance. It is substantiated that the disclosure of ontological aspects of municipal statutory rulemaking will show the role of territorial communities as a special form of law in terms of the embodiment of the ideals of municipal democracy as a person, a member of a territorial community. The essential features and substantiated structural, informative and functional characteristics of the institute of statutory law in the local self-government are revealed. Attention is drawn to the coordination-integration and orientation-coordination value of the municipal statutory norm-setting. Established sources and forms of statutory law in local self-government and substantiated the basic organizational and legal patterns of its development. The system of functions of the statutory right, to which the authors include such as: legitimate, managerial, regulatory, innovative, reformatory, right of establishment, human rights, ethics are given.
It is concluded that an important criterion for determining the effectiveness of the statutes of territorial communities and the system of their functions, their social value is the effectiveness of the implementation of these functions in order to fulfill the tasks and objectives laid down in the municipal statutory regulation. Municipal statutory law - nothing if its provisions are not implemented in the activities of territorial communities and their members – the inhabitants of villages, settlements and cities, in municipal-legal relations. It is impossible to understand the value, essence, content, functional and teleological purpose of municipal law, if we deviate from the mechanism of its realization in the life of a society of specific territorial communities. This statement, first of all, should be attributed to the assessment of the statutes of territorial communities, their norms and functions. In other words, the statutes of territorial communities remain completely ineffective documents, and their prescriptions – abstraction, devoid of real meaning and practical significance, in the case where, firstly, the adoption of the statutes of territorial communities did not have objective preconditions; and secondly, the statutes of territorial communities do not have a real impact on social relations in the field of local self-government. Therefore, the effectiveness of the existence and functioning of the statutes of territorial communities and their normative requirements is determined by the degree of their implementation.
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Kała, Dariusz P., and Robert Tabaszewski. "Przesłanki podmiotowe i przedmiotowe nadania Odznaki Świętego Floriana oraz Krzyża Świętego Floriana." Radca Prawny, no. 1 (30) (May 30, 2022): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921943rp.22.009.15811.
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Subjective and functional conditions for awarding the Saint Florian Badge and the Cross of Saint Florian The paper contains the analysis of public policies on prizes and honors of voluntary fire brigades. The authors show the issue of the conditions for awarding the Saint Florian Decoration and the Saint Florian Cross. These two forms of honoring merits, along with several other forms of rewarding firefighters, were provided for by the legislator in 2022. The authors present the most important rules of the special awarding policy and interpret the Polish constitutional and statutory provisions. These regulations are compared with the established legal practice, traditional customs and with Polish legislation.
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KOSOV, Mikhail E., Svetlana P. SOLYANNIKOVA, Aleksandr V. SIGAREV, Victor P. KARPENKO, and Sergey Y. POPKOV. "Public Investment in Russia: Peculiarities of Implementation and Ways to Improve Efficiency." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 4 (June 30, 2019): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.4(42).29.
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The study of dynamics and peculiarities of the main forms of public investment in Russia in order to find mechanisms to improve the efficiency of public investment. The research offers options to solve the problem of improving the efficiency of public investment in Russia. Apart from the measures designed to improve the statutory legal framework for public investment, it is necessary to revise the approach to the management of all public finances.
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Hasyyati, Astrid Amidiaputri, Mukhammad Tismandico Ilham Zulfikar, Kadek Deddy Permana Artha, and Arif Rahman. "Penerapan Pre-Sale Disclosure sebagai Perlindungan Hukum Pembeli Bentuk Bisnis “Business Opportunity Ventures” Ditinjau melalui Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen." JURNAL MERCATORIA 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/mercatoria.v13i1.2985.
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The form of business "Business Opportunity Ventures" that has developed in Indonesia has the same meaning as the franchise business form, but the two business forms are basically different. BO is regulated in the Business Opportunity Sales Law of 1995 by the Federal Trade Commission of the United States. Different forms of business certainly require different arrangements. This is motivated by the reason that the business forms that have not been regulated in a law are prone to fraud and injustice in the transaction process. buyers of this form of business. In this study using a normative juridical method with the statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. Fraud and injustice received by BO Buyers can be done legally through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency as stipulated in the UUPK.
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Mannoni, Michele. "On the Forms and Thorns of Linguistic Indeterminacy in Chinese Law." Comparative Legilinguistics 45, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cl-2021-0004.
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Abstract This study addresses the different types and implications of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese law. It firstly draws on the studies of scholars of different disciplines, such as linguistics and philosophy of language, to provide a taxonomy of indeterminacy in language. It then provides examples of each type, highlighting the implications in law and legal interpretation. It uses linguistic data from various texts, such as statutory laws and judgements, and analyses them with various methods, including discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. This study argues that when the language of the law is indeterminate, the legal outcomes may be particularly uncertain. It suggests that although it is difficult to ascertain whether the degree of indeterminacy is higher in some languages more than in others, some linguistic mechanisms at the word-formation level in Chinese, such as portmanteaus and the modifier-modified structure, are remarkably ambiguous. When uncertain terms are in key parts of the law, the consequences may be more serious. The study of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese has implications for the study of forensic linguistics, and Chinese studies in general.
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Moyo, Admark, and Basutu S. Makwaiba. "The Role of Founding Values and Principles in Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation: Lessons for Zimbabwe." Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law 2020 (2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/ajcl/2020/a2.
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This article explores the role of constitutional values and principles in statutory and constitutional analysis. Given that the exact meaning of these values and principles remains largely unexplored, the article starts by explaining the differences between these terms and argues that these differences are not important for purposes of determining the role of values and principles in the interpretation of legal texts. In addition, the article examines the meaning and scope of the teleological theory of interpretation which forms the philosophical basis of a value-laden approach to constitutional and statutory analysis. More importantly, the article proceeds to unpack the letter and reach of the constitutional provisions that explicitly require courts to pay due regard to values and principles when interpreting any part of the Declaration of Rights. Towards the end, the article demonstrates the role of values in both the interpretation of enactments and the development of the common law or customary law.
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Rancourt, Stephen J. "Hacking, Theft, and Corporate Negligence: Making the Case for Mandatory Encryption of Personal Information." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 2011): 183–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v18.i2.2.
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Information is being created at an astonishing rate, and the electronic storage of personal data is at the forefront of this growth. Social security numbers, home and email addresses, and financial records are almost universally stored electronically, whether on internal servers, hard drives, or portable devices, such as flash drives and diskettes. The ubiquity of this information has undoubtedly benefitted commerce, but it has not come without drawbacks. As recent evidence suggests, personal information is increasingly vulnerable to hacking and other forms of theft, putting the consumer at serious risk of identity theft and misuse of their personal information. The time has come for a uniform standard to protect this type of data, as well as statutory liability for companies that fail to store this information properly. This Article attempts to show why current statutory and common law is inadequate to solve this problem and makes the case for creating a national standard of encryption for businesses that store personal information.
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Rácová, Anna. "K Odbornej Terminológii V Slovenskej Rómčine." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0023.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to identify possible methods of formation of Romani technical terms by means of an analysis of a SlovakRomani dictionary of administrative and legal terms. If the existing word stock of Romani is felt to be insufficient, missing words are added by borrowing from Slovak. The borrowings serve as oneword or multiword terms (štatutaris – ‘štatutár’/’statutory person’; bežno učtos – ‘bežný účet’/’current account’); however, more often they serve as components of multiword, most frequently twoword terms which take the form of semicalques. Romani components of the semicalques are either words used in their common dictionary meaning or neologisms. The analysed terminology is characterized by a high rate of homonymy of adjectival forms in the function of the determining component in multiword naming units. The characteristic feature of the analysed Romani terminology is instability, which manifests itself especially in the use of various terms to denote the same content, either Romani terms or variant forms of terms (iribnaskeri forma – ‘písomná formaʼ/’written formʼ, irinďi informácia – ‘písomná informáciaʼ/’written informationʼ).
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Coryka, Widhiatmika, I. Nyoman Putu Budiartha, and Ni Made Puspasutari Ujianti. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemilik Kartu Elektronik dalam Transaksi E-Commerceputu." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 3 (November 27, 2021): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.3.4131.525-530.
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Electronic contracts are one of the new forms of contracts that get special protection in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. In general, electronic contracts are very different from ordinary (conventional) forms of contract, therefore it will be very difficult to directly apply the conditions for the occurrence of conventional contracts to this electronic contract (online contract). The purposes of this study are to reveal the validity of electronic contracts in credit card agreements and legal protection for credit card owners in e-commerce transactions. This research was conducted using normative legal research by applying a statutory approach. The technique of collecting legal materials is carried out by taking inventory of laws and regulations and recording techniques. This study uses primary and secondary legal materials which are then processed using deductive logic with analysis of legal interpretation and legal arguments presented descriptively. The results of the study reveal that in Law Number 8 of 1999 there are regulations that protect the parties who carry out E-Commerce transactions. Electronic contracts are basically the same as written contacts and have legal force and legal consequences as long as they meet statutory requirements. The legal protection provided by Article 26 of Law Number 8 of 1999 provides protection for consumers by requiring business actors who trade services to fulfill the agreed or/or agreed guarantees and/or guarantees.
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Stacey, Paul. "Rethinking the Making and Breaking of Traditional and Statutory Institutions in Post-Nkrumah Ghana." African Studies Review 59, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.29.
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Abstract:This article examines a complex dispute over the jurisdictions of traditional and statutory institutions that traversed shifts in forms of government in Ghana for nearly a decade following the ousting of Kwame Nkrumah in February 1966. The analysis emphasizes underlying processes of continuity and seeks to add nuance to familiar conceptualizations that view this period in terms of state weakness, crisis, and rupture. The article explores, in particular, a powerful category of chieftaincy defined in opposition to state logics that have escaped empirical investigation. It therefore invites a rethinking of the notion that the post-Nkrumah era heralded a state-initiated revival of traditional institutions.
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KONOVALOVA, Elena Evgenievna, Aleksandr Vladimirovich SHELYGOV, Larisa Sergeevna ARTAMONOVA, Olga Nikolaevna DOLINA, and Aleksandr Igorevich BOIKOV. "Development of Forms of the Hotel Business Organization in Modern Conditions." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.4(44).09.
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The article is devoted to the development of forms of the hotel business in modern conditions. The authors have established that the modern typology of accommodation facilities is determined by the development of recreational infrastructure and its provision with statutory and operation-al acts, as well as the identification of functional and technological structures. It has been proven that Russian hotel services classification system considers the main criteria for the assessment of service quality and cur-rent state of the material and technical base of all types of hotels and their specialization. The authors have determined that modern competitive advantages of the hotel business development can include the global information system, deeper specialization of hotel complexes, development of small hotel chains, introduction of computer technologies, establishment of international hotel chains, and adaptation and balanced approach to consumer needs. It has been identified that the main option of running a hotel can be the independent management of a hotel, the independent management with the participation of a hotel association, the independent management under a franchise agreement, the leasing of the operator’s property, and the signing of a management agreement with an independent hotel operator.
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Wiguna, I. Made Ananda Dwirama, and Dewa Gede Pradnyana Yustiawan. "RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS ACTORS FOR THE TRANSFER OF CONSUMER CHANGE FORMS." POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI) 2, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/polri.v2i1.510.
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This article aims to provide an understanding of the legal arrangements for the transfer of consumer change forms by business actors and examine the responsibility of business actors for the transfer of consumer change forms that can result in losses to consumers. The writing of this article uses a normative legal research method through a statutory approach, conceptual approach, case approach and use primary and secondary legal materials. The characteristics of this research are categorized as descriptive research. The results of the study show that the regulation regarding the transfer of consumer change is regulated in Law no. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law no. 23 of 1999 and Law no. 7 of 2011 which basically stipulates that rupiah currency is a legal tender in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia so that consumer change must be in the form of rupiah currency without being transferred in any form. This will certainly cause deviations in terms of legal rules because consumers feel disadvantaged and violated their rights. Therefore, a legal review is needed based on related regulations, especially regarding the responsibility of business actors for the transfer of consumer change.
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Egorov, Gennadiy, and Irina Oreshkina. "Statutory and Regulatory Features of the Digital Economy Implementation in Russia." Legal Concept, no. 3 (October 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2019.3.2.
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Introduction: modern society involves the creation of legal mechanisms aimed at the introduction of digital systems in all legally significant public interests. At the same time, modern federal programs and strategy for the development of the information society in Russia are the basic elements of the country’s economic development. The aim of the study is to identify the main legal components of the modern digital economy of the Russian Federation. Using the methods of scientific knowledge, especially the method of system analysis, it is found that the complexity of the problem involves the use of both law-making and law-realization “vision” of the main directions and forms of the legal adaptation of the digital systems of the modern economy support. Results: the noted shortcomings in the rule-making development are identified on the basis of the analysis of the data from the electronic banks, which allowed justifying the need for the legal regulation of digital relations in terms of improving the rules of law and the law enforcement practice in the country and proposing a number of measures to eliminate them. Conclusions: it is necessary 1) to create the normative conditions of the digital rights adaptation for the subjects of entrepreneurial activity; 2) to introduce a uniform approach to the concept of digital relations; 3) to justify the most significant advantages of the introduction of digital relations and information technologies covering the whole society.
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Riry, Welly Angela, Efie Baadilla, Wilshen Leatemia, and Vondaal Vidya Hattu. "Perjanjian Kerjasama Internasional dalam Konstruksi Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia." Balobe Law Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/balobe.v1i1.499.
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Introduction: The times have demanded international cooperative relations, including Indonesia, which is solely done to improve the welfare and prosperity of the people. International agreements are the main instrument for the implementation of international cooperative relations. Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to find out and understand the position of international cooperation agreements in the construction of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.Methods of the Research: This research is a normative study using a statutory approach with the source of legal materials used primary legal materials and secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials with qualitative analysis with deductive and inductive methods. Results of the Research: Every process of implementing and ratifying an international cooperation agreement must be carried out using formal statutory instruments so that the Indonesian state forms and issues a regulation in regulating all matters concerning international agreements, this proves the importance of establishing international cooperation and also shows that international cooperation agreements also become part of the construction of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.
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BAIEVA, Nataliya Anatolyevna, Dmitriy Olegovich BURKIN, Tatyana Fedorovna VYSHESLAVOVA, and Svetlana Alekseevna LUKINOVA. "Current Problems Faced by Russia in the State-Legal Policy in Social Partnership in the Labor Field." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 5 (June 8, 2019): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.5(35).08.
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In this article, the authors consider the basics of Russia’s current state-legal policy pursued in the field of social partnership, analyze basic international legal and national statutory and legal acts, which regulate social partnership in the labor field. The authors reveal the social and legal significance of social partnership between employees and employers for the benefit of the sustainable development of the society’s economy, problems related to the establishment and implementation of Russia’s state-legal policy in the modern conditions. The article puts a special emphasis on the analysis of peculiarities related to the development of laws in the constituent entities of Russia on social partnership in the field of social labor on the example of statutory acts adopted in the Stavropol region. In addition, the authors pay sufficient attention to bringing to light the principles of social partnership in the labor field and its primary forms (collective negotiations over the signing of collective contracts and agreements). The article reveals problems that Russia currently faces in pursuing the social partnership policy in the laborfield and substantiates proposals for solving them.
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Orrú, Christina D., Alessandra Favole, Cristiano Corona, Maria Mazza, Matteo Manca, Bradley R. Groveman, Andrew G. Hughson, et al. "Detection and Discrimination of Classical and Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 4 (January 21, 2015): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02906-14.
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Statutory surveillance of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) indicates that cattle are susceptible to both classical BSE (C-BSE) and atypical forms of BSE. Atypical forms of BSE appear to be sporadic and thus may never be eradicated. A major challenge for prion surveillance is the lack of sufficiently practical and sensitive tests for routine BSE detection and strain discrimination. The real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test, which is based on prion-seeded fibrillization of recombinant prion protein (rPrPSen), is known to be highly specific and sensitive for the detection of multiple human and animal prion diseases but not BSE. Here, we tested brain tissue from cattle affected by C-BSE and atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-type BSE or L-BSE) with the RT-QuIC assay and found that both BSE forms can be detected and distinguished using particular rPrPSensubstrates. Specifically, L-BSE was detected using multiple rPrPSensubstrates, while C-BSE was much more selective. This substrate-based approach suggests a diagnostic strategy for specific, sensitive, and rapid detection and discrimination of at least some BSE forms.
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Maciąg, Anna. "Budżet obywatelski a samorządowe konsultacje społeczne. Rozważania nad wielopostaciowością administracji publicznej na płaszczyznach teorii i praktyki." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 16, no. 1 (3) (September 13, 2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1148.
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Civic budget (participatory budget) shows us that public administration is multiform. It is a relatively new institution of direct democracy which has been implemented since 2011. It does not have a specific legal framework. For that reason, it is adapted to well-known forms, such as social consultation or – on the contrary – to other ideas. In this case, the citizens’ budget may be based on statutory tasks executed by municipalities, rules regulating public finances or social contracts. Each way allows using other features of this institution. Neither is perfect, though.
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Durrant, Hannah, Julie Barnett, and Emily Suzanne Rempel. "Realising the Benefits of Integrated Data for Local Policymaking: Rhetoric versus Reality." Politics and Governance 6, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i4.1586.
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This article presents findings from local government projects to realise the benefits of big data for policy. Through participatory action research with two local statutory authorities in the South West of England, we observed the activities of identifying, integrating and analysing multiple and diverse forms of data, including large administrative datasets, to generate insights on live policy priorities and inform decision-making. We reveal the significance of both data production and policymaking contexts in explaining how big data of this kind can be called upon and enacted in policy processes.
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Gale, Christopher P., and Graham P. Mulley. "Pacemaker Explosions in Crematoria: Problems and Possible Solutions." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95, no. 7 (July 2002): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680209500708.
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The number of artificial cardiac pacemakers is increasing, as is the number of bodies being cremated. Because of the explosive potential of pacemakers when heated, a statutory question on the cremation form asks whether the deceased has a pacemaker and if so whether it has been removed. We sent a questionnaire to all the crematoria in the UK enquiring about the frequency, consequences and prevention of pacemaker explosions. We found that about half of all crematoria in the UK experience pacemaker explosions, that pacemaker explosions may cause structural damage and injury and that most crematoria staff are unaware of the explosive potential of implantable cardiac defibrillators. Crematoria staff rely on the accurate completion of cremation forms, and doctors who sign cremation forms have a legal obligation to provide such information.
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Breen, Oonagh B., Alison Dunn, and Mark Sidel. "Riding the Regulatory Wave: Reflections on Recent Explorations of the Statutory and Nonstatutory Nonprofit Regulatory Cycles in 16 Jurisdictions." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 691–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764019837602.
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This article explores both state-based regulation and self-regulation, shared narratives, and lessons to better understand the interaction of these two forms of regulation in the nonprofit space. “The Context” section outlines six preliminary research questions that inform the work. “The Framework” section then outlines the regulatory framework, focusing on various regulatory motivations, before “The Findings” section turns to country findings. In unpacking some of the major findings, we look first at state perspectives on the role of regulation before considering the sector’s perspective. Taking both on board enables us to configure the relationship spectrum between state and sector when it comes to regulation and to begin to identify, based on the 16 case studies undertaken, the most common triggers for regulatory change identified therein and to reframe them through the development of a series of five regulatory propositions and seven environmental variables to help understand how different forms of regulation are triggered and interact.
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Pleśniak, Marcin. "Formy współpracy administracji publicznej z organizacjami pozarządowymi — na przykładzie stowarzyszeń i fundacji." Prawo 323 (December 29, 2017): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.323.10.
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Forms of cooperation between public administration and non-governmental organizations, on the example of associations and foundationsThe article describes relations and forms of cooperation between public administration bodies, both government and local government administration, and non-governmental organizations NGOs belonging to the so-called “Third sector”. Associations and foundations are the most popular forms of NGOs. The basis for their functioning are the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which guarantees freedom of association and foundation, and relevant acts, i.e. Law of Foundations and Law of Associations. There is no single, closed definition of the terms: public administration and administrative body. In literature they are defined by an indication of their characteristic features. We distinguish two forms of cooperation between the third sector and public administration: financial and non-financial. Financial support forms include targeted donations to NGO’s public tasks, financial guarantees, loans and sureties given to perform public service tasks. The range of non-financial forms of cooperation includes among others consultations with non-governmental organizations on formulating legal acts related to their statutory activities, the establishment of joint advisory boards, the creation of units supporting the activities of third sector organizations, or the transfer of real estate to be used by non-governmental organizations.
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Biniasz-Celka, Danuta. "Rola Towarzystwa Budownictwa Społecznego w zaspokajaniu lokalnych potrzeb mieszkaniowych." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2 (30) (June 15, 2020): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2020.2.30.7.
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By the Act of 8 March 1990 on Municipal Self-Government, the legislator imposed a wide range of tasks to be performed by the municipality, including meeting the community’s needs in the area of municipal housing. The aim of the study is to present a legal entity that is autonomous from the commune and managed as a limited liability company, namely the Towarzystwo Budownictwa Społecznego (TBS) [Social Housing Society]. It operates under the Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000 within the scope resulting from Article 27(1) and (2) of the Act of 26 October 1995 on Certain Forms of Housing Promotion, thus performing the municipality’s housing tasks. TBS companies have been equipped with a legal personality primarily to become a more effective guarantor of the proper implementation of public tasks. The availability and standard of housing play a key role in meeting the housing needs of households. For those social groups that are unable to finance the purchase of a dwelling at market prices on their own, rental housing is a beneficial solution to meet their housing needs. The operations of the TBS are not subject to the principles of the market economy. The specificity of the company’s activity is that the primary and principal statutory objective cannot be profit-making, i.e. to seek to generate and maximise profits, but that any income must be allocated to statutory objectives. However, nothing stands in the way of such companies performing secondary and accessory activities at the same time, the income from which will support their non-commercial statutory objectives.
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Bator-Bryła, Monika. "Restrictions on Movement During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Light of Constitutional Freedom of Movement in the Republic of Poland." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 66, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2022.02.08.
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The aim of the publication is to present the key issues regarding legal forms of restrictions on freedoms and rights (especially freedom of movement) without the simultaneous introduction of one of the constitutional states of emergency during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Republic of Poland and their assessment in terms of compliance with the Constitution. An important issue is the restriction of freedom of movement by the executive without proper authorization by statute. Despite the lack of the authorization in question, the Minister of Health introduced a ban on movement under the provisions of the executive act, which is contrary to Art. 92 sec. 1 of the Polish Constitution2, pursuant to which the bodies indicated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland are authorized to issue the ordinance on the basis of statutory delegation. Moreover, in the light of Art. 31 sec. 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, restrictions on the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights, including the right to move (Art. 52 of the Polish Constitution), may be established only by statute, therefore the regulation of the matter in question by means of a sub-statutory act, without proper authorization in the provisions of the act, violated a number of provisions of the Constitution, which means that in the event of failure to observe the statutory form for restrictions on freedoms and rights, it must lead to the disqualification of a given regulation as being contrary to Art. 31 sec. 3 of the Polish Constitution.
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Jaworski, Bogdan. "Administrative and legal dimension of the Police cooperation with international entities." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Seria Prawnicza. Prawo 31 (2020): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/znurprawo.2020.31.7.
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The modern police formation to which the Police in Poland aspires cannot be limited only to independent execution of tasks. Performing statutory tasks by the Police is related to undertaking various forms of cooperation and interaction with legally and organizationally diverse entities. Apart from national cooperation, legal regulations impose an obligation to cooperate with police forces of other countries and their international organizations, as well as with European Union bodies and institutions. The subject of deliberations is widely understood international cooperation of the Police and the role of entities responsible for its conduct. The areas of cooperation and forms in which it is undertaken have been investigated. Special research attention was also paid to legal regulations relating to police activity on the international arena. In the study attempts were made to assess the current system of international police cooperation.
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Gałecka, Małgorzata, and Katarzyna Smolny. "Criteria for the optimal financing model of public theatres." Review of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2019-0007.
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Abstract The research is part of a wider research problem, whose aim is to find an optimal financing model for cultural institutions in Poland. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance indicators of municipal and regional theatres in the context of accessibility to cultural public services. The study forms a verification of previously distinguished indicators of the effectiveness of cultural institutions with a general direction: how to find an optimal financing model of public dramatic theatres. The current research problem is the accessibility of public dramatic theatres in the absence of criteria for the allocation of statutory subsidies. We hypothesise that the absence of criteria for the allocation of statutory subsidies highly diversifies the accessibility of performing arts organisations. The object of study is public dramatic theatres in Poland in the period 2011–2015. We investigated the indicators having an impact on the level of accessibility of public theatres. The statistical methods used allowed us to identify criteria affecting availability. These criteria are recognized in the literature. In addition, we indicate the level of diversification of accessibility by individual public theatres.
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Kostruba, Anatoliy. "Integrated Structures of Corporations: Ukrainian Legal Reality." Teisė 124 (September 28, 2022): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2022.124.10.
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The article is devoted to the study of legal nature of the mechanism for association of legal entities. Such associations of legal entities are realized in order to attract not only capital and other production resources, including labor, but also in order to satisfy nonproperty interests.Legal capacity of legal entities in the process of their merger is analyzed, based on what – statutory or contractual – association of corporations is determined. The statutory association does not lead to the creation of another fiction other than a legal entity, due to which it is ensured through its inherent organizational legal forms. The contractual association does not require the formation of a new legal entity (concern, consortium, association (union), syndicate, conglomerate, cartel, pool).In the event of such consolidation of legal entities, the contractual structure of a simple company or other joint activity is formed, formally close to such person at law as a legal entity. The difference between the above procedure of merging from the first option lies in the degree of autonomy of the members from each other, as well as in the expected result of such merger.
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Moll, Tomasz. "EXPIRY OF THE COUNCILOR’S MANDATE – SELECTED ISSUES." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XX (June 30, 2020): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1694.
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This study deals with selected legal issues related to the expiration of the councilor’s mandate, namely circumstances causing this legal effect (death, loss of electoral right or not having election day, refusal to take the oath, written resignation of the mandate, violation of the statutory prohibition of joining a councilor’s mandate with the performance of certain in separate regulations of the function or activity, selection to the head of a municipality, failure to submit a statement on its financial status as specified in separate regulations), procedure, dates and forms of expiry and obligations of the authorities in this respect
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Radja, Abraham, and Imam Haryanto. "Akibat Hukum Pengusaha Melakukan Perbuatan Curang pada Masa Pandemi Dikaitkan dengan Perundang-Undangan Yang Berlaku." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i1.336.
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This writing is written to find out the fraudulent acts committed by business actors during the pandemic and how the legal consequences arise from these fraudulent acts. This research is a juridical normative type with a statutory approach using secondary data collected through literature study. From this writing, it can be concluded that dominant position, Price fixing, and hoarding are a form of fraudulent and interrelated acts committed by business actors in the current pandemic era. Administrative sanctions, fines, imprisonment or additional penalties are given to comply with the applicable provisions for parties who commit several forms of fraud during the pandemic period.