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Journal articles on the topic 'Statutory reserves'
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1
Koijen, Ralph S. J., and Motohiro Yogo. "The Cost of Financial Frictions for Life Insurers." American Economic Review 105, no. 1 (2015): 445–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121036.
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During the financial crisis, life insurers sold long-term policies at deep discounts relative to actuarial value. The average markup was as low as −19 percent for annuities and −57 percent for life insurance. This extraordinary pricing behavior was due to financial and product market frictions, interacting with statutory reserve regulation that allowed life insurers to record far less than a dollar of reserve per dollar of future insurance liability. We identify the shadow cost of capital through exogenous variation in required reserves across different types of policies. The shadow cost was $0.96 per dollar of statutory capital for the average company in November 2008. (JEL G01, G22, G28, G32)
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Barker, G. M. A., and J. D. Box. "Statutory Local Nature Reserves in the United Kingdom." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 41, no. 5 (1998): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640569811506.
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Bhole, L. M. "Recent Changes in the Theory and Policy of Cash Reserves Ratio and Statutory Liquidity Ratio: A Critical Appraisal." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 18, no. 4 (1993): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919930401.
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As a part of financial sector reforms, the Reserve Bank of India is committed to a reduction in the Cash Reserves Ratio (CRR) and the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). This paper by L M Bhole examines this issue critically and argues that the present economic conditions as well as the future economic scenario in India do not warrant a reduction in the CRR and the SLR.
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Izotova, A. Yu. "Reserve funds of federal subjects: A comparative analysis of nature and practice in Russia and the U.S." Finance and Credit 26, no. 3 (2020): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.3.590.
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Subject. The article reviews four main types of budget reserves of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the USA and Canada, i.e. reserve funds of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reserve funds of supreme executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Rainy Day Funds and Contingency Reserve Funds of the US and Canadian provinces. Objectives. In Russia, the greatest attention is paid to the budget reserve of the Federal budget, while the budget reserves at the level of subjects of the Federation are underexplored and require close scientific understanding, as they bear the greatest social burden. Methods. The fundamental research method is a comparative analysis of the theoretical representation of scientific articles, statutory documents of the subjects of the Federation and annual reports on reserve funds of the USA and Canada. Results. The results of the analysis of reserve funds of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reserve funds of supreme executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Rainy Day Funds and Contingency Reserve Funds of the USA and Canadian provinces are presented in the form of a matrix-characteristic of these four types of funds by eleven criteria. Conclusions. The performed theoretical and practical analysis of the four types of budget reserves is generalized in the form of directions for improving the Methodological Recommendations for subjects of the Russian Federation regarding the formation and use of regional funds of financial reserves of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
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Wright, P. W., S. J. Burgess, R. G. Chadburn, et al. "A Review of the Statutory Valuation of Long-Term Insurance Business in the United Kingdom." British Actuarial Journal 4, no. 4 (1998): 803–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700000209.
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ABSTRACTThis paper considers the approaches currently used by life offices for statutory valuations, and proposes a number of changes to current practice. It builds on the earlier work of Philip Scott's Working Party and a working party which reported on all aspects of unitised with-profits business to the 1996 CILA conference.Recommendations are made for each of the major categories of long-term business, in particular for the introduction of a bonus reserve standard for accumulating with-profits business, whilst retaining the net premium standard for conventional with-profits business. It is proposed that the current net premium approach for non-profit business should be replaced by a gross premium method. The paper also develops a greater codification of the calculation of non-unit reserves on linked business.Considerable emphasis is placed on the requirement for statutory reserves to have regard to PRE. It is assumed throughout that the E.C. Third Life Directive remains in its current form.A number of examples are provided which illustrate the proposed method for accumulating with-profits business. Appendices to the paper include a draft of suggested consequential changes to the Insurance Companies Regulations 1994, and a revised supporting version of the whole of GN8.
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Riduwan, Riduwan, and Rofiul Wahyudi. "Contribution of macroprudensial policy of central bank on microprudensial Islamic banking." INFERENSI: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 11, no. 2 (2018): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/infsl3.v11i2.291-308.
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The purpose of this research will be to answer the contribution of the macroprudential policy of Central Bank to the microprudential of islamic banking during the period of January 2008 - February 2016. The method used by quantitative analysis with panel data regression to be able to describe macroprudential policy contribution to FDR of islamic banking in Indonesia. Macroprudential policy instruments use Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTR), Statutory Reserves (GWM) based on Loan-to-Funding Ratio (LFR) and Countercyclical Capital Buffer (CCB). The islamic bankingmicroprudential instrument used is Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR). The result shows that macroprudential policy contribution through LTV instrument to FDR has negative and significant influence. Statutory Reserves based on LFR on FDR have a positive and significant influence and CCB on FDR of Indonesia’s islamic banking shows negative and significant influence.
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Koy, Justin Kyale, Alphonse Maindo Monga Ngonga, and D. Andrew Wardell. "Moving beyond the illusion of participation in the governance of Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo)." Nature Conservation 33 (April 22, 2019): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.33.30781.
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The participation of local communities in the governance of protected areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo is challenged by several external and local factors. This article aims to understand the representation of local communities and factors that influence their participation in the governance of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve. Three principal sources of information (archival records, focus group and semi-structured interviews) were used to collect data. The results indicate a top-down participatory approach. The cumulative failure of several projects in the context of local development has led to different perceptions by local communities of their role in the participative governance of Yangambi Biosphere Reserve. Initiatives in participatory management and local development only function during the lifetime of externally-funded projects when initiators are present in the intervention area. The results call into question formal claims made by both conservation projects and the Congolese government regarding the actual participation of local communities in the governance of Biosphere Reserves. Furthermore, although Biosphere Reserves in DRC are recognized as part of the national network of protected areas since 2002, their management is still not aligned to either the Seville Strategy or the statutory framework of the world network of Biosphere Reserves. To achieve this, local development initiatives need to focus on poverty alleviation (through the diversification of income sources, entrepreneurship, farmer training and the creation of employment opportunities) and a better understanding of local practices and cultures in the design of such projects.
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Wahid, Arfian Nur, Surono Bin Jamel, Heni Noviarita, and Erike Anggraini. "Assessing Sharia Monetary Instruments Against Country Economic Growth." JEJAK 13, no. 2 (2020): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v13i2.23754.
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This study aims to examine the effect of Islamic monetary instruments on Indonesia's economic growth. Statutory Reserves, Bank Indonesia Syariah Certificate (SBIS) and Outstanding Deposit Facility Syariah (FASBIS) are used as sharia monetr instrument variables in observations. this study is a quantitative study using monthly time series data obtained from the publication of Bank Indonesia and the Indonesian statistical agency in 2015-2019 using ARDL analysis. The results of this study indicate that both short-term and long-term modeling, instrument variables Islamic monetary does not have a significant relationship on economic growth. Although it has a very small effect, the Demand Deposits variable has an effect on the Indonesian economy, while the other variables observed have an inverse relationship with the variable of Indonesia's economic growth. the achievement of monetary stability through sharia monetary instruments can be optimized using policies on the minimum statutory reserves in banks that are useful for controlling the circulation of the amount of money in society so that it is more stable and the Indonesian economy can grow through the middle income trap.
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Cigler, Beverly A. "Fighting COVID-19 in the United States with Federalism and Other Constitutional and Statutory Authority." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 51, no. 4 (2021): 673–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjab021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic challenges a workable American federalism. The Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reserves plenary responsibilities to states for promoting health and well-being; but states and their local governments suffer from a significant lack of resources and interjurisdictional competition during major emergencies. In this article, I argue that a president has significant constitutional and statutory authority for pandemic preparedness and, by law, is responsible for leading a coordinated national response necessary to a pandemic. The article outlines the constitutional and statutory authorities available to President Trump and assesses how he used those powers to address the pandemic. It is argued that early, decisive national coordinative systems for containing and mitigating the virus; testing, tracing, contacting, and isolation protocols; data collection standardization; procurement and distribution of supplies; and planning vaccine eligibility and distribution could have reduced the state and local government disadvantages early in the pandemic, saving lives and boosting the economy.
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Peterson, Nicolas. "Legislating for Land Rights in Australia." Practicing Anthropology 23, no. 1 (2001): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.1.1rp8324376861j67.
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A commitment in applied anthropological policy work to maximising cultural appropriateness or even to supporting what indigenous people say they want is not always possible. This proved to be the case in connection with formulating recommendations for land rights legislation in Australia's Northern Territory. Until 1992 the only rights in land that Aboriginal people had as the original occupiers of the continent were statutory (that is, through acts of state and federal parliaments). No treaties were signed with Aboriginal people and until that date the continent was treated as terra nullius, unowned, at the time of colonisation in 1788. From early on in the history of European colonisation, however, areas of land had been set aside for the use and benefit of Aboriginal people. These reserves were held by the government, or by one of a number of religious bodies that ministered to Aboriginal people, usually supported by government funding. Beginning with South Australia in 1966 all of the states, except Tasmania, have passed legislation that gives varying degrees of control of these reserves to land trusts governed by Aboriginal people. Each of these pieces of legislation had/have different shortcomings which included some or all of the following: the total area that had been reserved was small; the powers granted over the land were limited; the majority of the Aboriginal population did not benefit from the legislation; and none of them addressed the issue of self-determination. In 1973 a Royal Commission into Aboriginal Land Rights, with a single Commissioner, Mr. Justice Woodward, was established by the newly elected Federal Labor government, the first in 23 years. It was planned that it would deal with the continent but that it would begin by focusing on the Northern Territory which until 1978 was administered by the Federal government. At the time there were 25,300 Aboriginal people in the Territory making up 25% of the population.
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SMIRNOV, Valerii V. "Economic boundaries of the Bank of Russia's operations." Finance and Credit 27, no. 5 (2021): 1093–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.5.1093.
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Subject. The article focuses on operations of the Central Bank’s of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The study is to determine economic boundaries of operations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and methods of statistical, neural network and cluster analysis. Results. Analyzing the tomorrow-today dynamics of difference of the weighted average exchange rate RUB/USD and EUB/EUR and supply of USD and EUR, I discovered the supply of USD steadily exceeded the supply of RUB/EUR starting from 2018. Analyzing trends in growth rates of international reserves and money base (in its narrow sense), I found a growth in monetary growth starting from 2015 and currency reserves, cash in circulation (out of the Bank of Russia), statutory reserves of credit institutions in the Bank of Russia starting from 2017. Analyzing the importance of growth rates of market indicators, I identified its effective configuration referring to the dynamics of SP500. However, I point out stocks of Rostelecom, gold and RUB/USD. The article demonstrates the important ties between RTS index and stocks of Gazprom and Rostelecom, USD index ? RUB/USD, gold, SP500. Considering the existing structure of the Russian economy, the upper and base boundaries of the Bank of Russia’s operations are Repo rate and RUB/USD respectively. Conclusions and Relevance. The above economic boundaries of the Bank of Russia’s operations allow financial institutions to pursue an increase in the sustainability of the banking system, preserve the ownership structure, legal form and corporate governance, and use derivatives in order to decrease borrowings costs. The study contributes to the knowledge and competence of governmental officials so as to make administrative decisions on sources of growth in the Russian economy and respective opportunities.
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Wardell-Johnson, Grant, Angela Wardell-Johnson, Beth Schultz, et al. "The contest for the tall forests of south-western Australia and the discourses of advocates." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 1 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18058.
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After over 50000 years of interaction between Aboriginal people and changing climates, south-western Australia’s tall forests were first logged less than 200 years ago, initiating persistent conflict. Recent conservation advocacy has resulted in the protection of 49% of these tall forests in statutory reserves, providing an opportunity to implement and benefit from a growing moral consensus on the valuing of these globally significant, tall forest ecosystems. We analysed a cross-section of literature (63 papers, 118 statements) published on these forests over 187 years to identify values framing advocacy. We differentiated four resource-oriented discourses and three discourses giving primacy to social and environmental values over seven eras. Invasion sparked initial uncontrolled exploitation, with the Forests Act 1918 managing competing agricultural and timber advocacy. Following the Colonial and Country Life eras, industrial-scale exploitation of the karri forest region resulted in reaction by increasingly broad sectors of society. Warming and drying in the 21st Century emphasises the importance of intact tall forest and the Indigenous Renaissance discourse. Vesting for a more comprehensive set of values would acknowledge a new moral consensus.
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Mandron, Viktoria Valerievna, Anton Alekseevich Antonenko, Viktoria Dmitrievna Sadovnikova, and Amalya Rudikovna Chobanyan. "Sources of formation and evaluation of resource base of credit organization." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 2 (2020): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-2-116-124.
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The article describes the key factors in the development of the state economic system. One of the key factors is the stability of the banking system. Currently, the banking sector in Russia is characterized by increasing instability and a decrease in the reduction of opportunities to replenish the resource base. It is noted that the sources of developing the resource base of credit or-ganizations include own and attracted resources. Own resources include retained earnings, trust funds, formation of a statutory fund, additional contributions of shareholders to the statutory fund, mergers and acquisitions, etc. Borrowed funds comprise interbank loans, issuance of debt securities, term deposits, etc. The main part of the resource base of banking sector belongs to the large credit organizations. The structure and mechanism of creating own and attracted resources by organizations of the banking sector are examined in detail. A review and analysis of existing methods of raising funds by credit organizations is presented. The main trends in changing the resource base have been studied; the assessment of the indicators characterizing the volume and dynamics 
 of bank liabilities at the present stage has been presented. It has been found that the mechanism 
 of forming the resource base of the banking sector has the certain difficulties. A key problem in or-ganizing fundraising mechanisms is the imbalance in long-term assets and liabilities. Today, credit organizations form a significant part of their resources from short-term sources. There has been in-ferred the existence of a priority task for the credit organizations in order to increase competition and liquidity: credit organizations have to choose a method to form a resource base that, at minimal cost, will ensure the payment of dividends, replenish reserves and funds, and provide necessary conditions for the effective development of the organization activities.
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Dalkowska, Anna. "Protection of tenants of Warsaw real properties in the light of amendment of the Actof 17 September 2020 on amending the Act about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties, issued in violation of law, the Act on Commercialisation and Some Powers of Employees, as well as the Property Management Act (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1709)." Nieruchomości@ : kwartalnik Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości IV, no. IV (2020): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4816.
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On 17 September 2020, there was adopted the amendment to the Act of 9 March 2017 about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties issued in violation of law3, and the Property Management Act that entered into force as of 20 October 2020. It has fundamentally changed a complicated legal situation of tenants of the Warsaw real properties4 –in many aspects, mainly at two levels. Firstly, it gives greater indemnification guarantee with regard to damage and injuries resulting from the reprivatisation of Warsaw real properties repugnant to the law through the introduction of statutory universal succession of the Treasury in lieu of the capital city of Warsaw as an addressee of liability for damages. Secondly, it significantly extends the catalogue of prerequisites for a refusal to grant decree applications, e.g. through preclusion of reprivatisation of real property, if it is inhabited by a tenant within the meaning of Article 2 section 1 item 1 of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the protection of tenants’ rights, municipal housing reserves and on the amendment to the Civil Code5. Moreover, the Act introduces a series of significant changes organising previous provisions of the Commission Act in order to increase its effectiveness, maximise the assurance of protection of rights of real property residents, and minimise reprivatisation-related ailments.
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Brigham, Christopher R., and Jenny Walker. "Special Feature: Use of the AMA Guides–2006 Update." Guides Newsletter 11, no. 2 (2006): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2006.marapr02.
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Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, is the most widely used basis for determining impairment and is used in state workers’ compensation systems, federal systems, automobile casualty cases, and personal injury cases. The AMA Guides is used in most state workers’ compensation jurisdictions: 25 states use the fifth edition; 10 use the fourth edition, 1 state uses a hybrid of the fourth and fifth editions, and 2 states use the third edition, revised; 6 states use their own state-specific guidelines, and 6 do not indicate a specific guideline. Statutes may or may not specify which edition of the AMA Guides to use nor how to use them. In addition, many states use a statutory schedule for amputations, hearing loss, visual loss, hernias, and disfigurement, and other states use the AMA Guides for nonscheduled injuries. The AMA Guides often is used to quantify the extent of injuries resulting from an automobile casualty or personal injury. Insurers may use an impairment rating as a factor in setting reserves and determining the settlement value of a claim, and attorneys may use this information to quantify the effects of an injury. A four-page table displays uses of the AMA Guides in state workers’ compensation plans, including the edition most commonly used, the statute/code, comments, and relevant websites.
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Loi, Teck Hui. "CSR as an organizational routine: Bintulu Development Authority." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 3, no. 7 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-07-2013-0151.
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Subject area Business ethics, corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate strategy and public administration. Study level/applicability Undergraduate (final year) and Master level course (e.g. MBA, EMBA, Master in management and Master in public administration). Case overview This case accounts the experience of a Malaysian Governmental Development Agency cum City Council, Bintulu Development Authority (BDA), in organizing and strategizing its CSR initiatives so as to discharge its self-interests and societal expectations. BDA was established following the discovery of huge reserves of natural gas and oil offshore in Bintulu, an industrial town in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. It serves as the governmental instrument to undertake and coordinate development initiatives in Bintulu. There have been several driving forces prompted BDA to be more vigilant in discharging its social obligations along with its statutory obligations as a development agency and municipal services provider. They are, namely, the BDA Ordinance 1978 that governs its legitimate existence, the emergence of social media era that alters the access of people to information, the growing ecological and social concerns, and the unpredictable geopolitical environment that makes the logic of long-term strategic planning questionable. To ensure discharging its statutory and social obligations, BDA articulated vision and mission statements with strong social orientation. Two master development plans, embedded with social and environmental considerations, have guided BDA in translating its strategic mission into real structured development and action plans from 1978 to present. Through institutionalization of CSR elements as part of the organization's core business routines, annual budget allocation, performance control and reward mechanisms, CSR becomes an organizational routine of value to BDA. Expected learning outcomes This case has three learning objectives: it assists students to understand the contextual background of the case so as to establish the strategic position of CSR initiatives within the organization; it assists students to assess the embeddedness of CSR in an organization's core business routines and its potential sources of value creation; and it encourages students to examine the possible critical factors that enable or impede the initiation and implementation of regular CSR programs in an organization. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Medjahdi, Boumediene, Assia Ltreuch-Belarouci, and Rémy Prelli. "Actualisation du catalogue des pteridophytes du Nord Ouest Algerien (region de Tlemcen). An update of the cheklist of pteridophytes from Nordwest Algeria (Tlemcen region)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 38 (December 1, 2013): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v38i0.2638.
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Français. Un inventaire des ptéridophytes a été entrepris dans les forêts de la région de Tlemcen. L’inventaire de ces populations constitue une étape importante pour le développement des stratégies de conservation des ressources génétiques et de la diversité de ces populations sur l’ensemble de leur aire de distribution naturelle. Nous avons ainsi effectué le recensement et l’identification des fougères existantes dans la région de Tlemcen. Au total, plusieurs stations dont les caractéristiques écologiques diffèrent d’un site à un autre ont été prospectées, cela a permis l’identification de 26 taxons (dont 5 exceptionnellement rare). La création de réserves naturelles forestières renforcée par une protection réglementaire des espèces les plus menacées est nécessaire pour le maintien de ces communautés si particulières. English. An inventory of Pteridophyta was begun in the forests of the Tlemcen region. The inventory of these populations constitutes an important stage for the developement of the strategies of preservation of the genetic resources and the diversity of these populations on their whole area of natural distribution. We so made the inventory and the identification of the existing ferns in the region of Tlemcen. On the whole, several stations the ecological characteristics differ from a site in the other one were canvassed; they allowed the identification of 26 taxes (among which 5 exceptionally rare). The creation of forest nature reserves strengthened by a statutory protection of the most threatened species is necessary for the preservation of these particular communities.
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Zenin, S. S., K. V. Mashkova, and G. N. Suvorov. "Gender Verification Issues in Sports: The UK Experience." Lex Russica, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.170.1.094-100.
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In the context of the increased attention to the rights of the LGBTQ community representatives, the problem of allowing transgender people to participate in sports competitions cannot but arise, which is the subject of discussion at the level of the IOC and international sports federations. In these circumstances, the legislator and the sports community face a difficult task to balance the idea of universal equality in the context of access to sports regardless of gender and fair competition, which is reasonably questioned in cases of admission of transgender people to women's competitions.The analysis of the UK legislation shows that the statutory regulation of these issues is carried out at various levels: the basic provisions are prescribed in the laws, while the detailed procedures for the admission of these persons to competitions are carried out in the relevant guidelines for sports federations. Content analysis reveals that attempts to implement a pragmatic approach to the question of access of persons not meeting the classic ideas of gender identity to sports competitions. This approach develops different strategies depending on the level of competition, type of sport (contact/noncontact), physiological characteristics of athletes, divided for these purposes into several categories. The UK reserves the right to allow transgender athletes to participate in national competitions, ensuring a more inclusive approach on the part of national governing bodies, and develops rules for their admission to international competitions, taking into account the existing requirements.
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Aulia, Rifka Mifta, and Lina Nugraha Rani. "PENGARUH KINERJA KEUANGAN DAN EFISIENSI TERHADAP RATE OF RETURN SIMPANAN MUDHARABAH BANK UMUM SYARIAH." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 8, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol8iss20211pp1-7.
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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Financial Performance Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Giro Wajib Minimum (GWM), Biaya Operasional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), Net Interest Margin (NIM), dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) terhadap Rate of Return (ROR) Bank Syariah. Random Effect Model (REM) digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menguji hubungan variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen, baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), dan Net Interest Margin (NIM) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Rate of Return (ROR) Bank Syariah. Sedangkan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Rate of Return (ROR) Bank Syariah. Variabel FDR, GWM, dan Efisiensi Operasional serta Rasio Efisiensi Biaya tidak berpengaruh terhadap Rate of Return (ROR) Bank Syariah. Hal ini dipertimbangkan Bank Islam dapat meningkatkan rasio ROE, sehingga dapat meningkatkan modal untuk efektivitas tingkat pengembalian, dan membuat rasio Net Interest Margin menjadi lebih efisien.Kata kunci: ROA, ROE, FDR, GWM, BOPO, NIM, CAR, Bank Umum Syariah, Rate of Return. ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of Financial Performance Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Minimum Statutory Reserves (GWM), Operating Costs to Operating Income (BOPO), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on the Rate of Return (ROR) of Islamic Bank. Random Effect Model (REM) is used in this study to examine the relationship of independent variables to the dependent variable, both partially and simultaneously. The finding shows that Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Interest Margin (NIM) have positive and significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR) of Islamic Bank. Meanwhile, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has negative and significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR) of Islamic Bank. Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Reserve Requirement (GWM), and Operational Efficiency and Cost Efficiency Ratio variables have no effect on the Rate of Return (ROR) of Islamic Bank. This considered for the Islamic Bank to increase the ROE ratio, thus it can increase capital for the effectiveness of the rate of return, and make the Net Interest Margin ratio more efficient.Keyword: ROA, ROE, FDR, GWM, BOPO, NIM, CAR, Islamic Commercial Banks, Rate of Return.
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Karabanyk, Stepan, and Yuliia Mykytiuk. "The role of self-financing in introducing innovative development in construction organizations." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(87) (January 30, 2018): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2018.01.098.
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The article discusses and defines the concept of self-financing which unlike statutory reserves is not necessarily displayed in a balance sheet and may take different forms of investment. It is pointed out that one of the main principles of generating investment resources of an organization is the principle of correspondence between attracted investment resources and investments needed, which is based on calculations of the total of real and financial investments. It was found that the problem of financial and credit support of innovative development through self-financing relates to the portfolio allocation model of scarce investments between the elements of organization. Such an approach results in a situation in which some innovative projects receive insufficient investment resources. The concept called “routinization of innovation” is considered as a stage of the innovation process which is characterized by the accumulation of constantly reproduced traditions. The savings achieved through this should be spent on the routine of innovation. The possibilities of using self-financing are examined. It is viewed as the main tool for introducing innovative development in building organizations under current conditions. Reasons for lack of effectiveness of this tool are described. The methodology for calculating the range within which self-financing is considered to be reasonable is presented. It is proved that in order to facilitate the effective operation of an organization, given the process and structure of self-financing, its innovative adaptation should reflect the ability to perform all the functions (including the logistics of resources) arising from innovative development of the organization.
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Nazarova, Iryna. "The essence of equity capital and its structuring for accounting needs." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(85) (August 8, 2017): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.03.117.
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The paper considers various interpretations of the essence of equity capital. The concept of equity capital is viewed from the perspective of property as a venture capital, i. e. business property, which does not guarantee profits and dividends, and for which there is no clear schedule of returning funds to investors and shareholders. The most common equity capital components in national and foreign practice are examined and compared. It is pointed out that the equity components mainly used in Ukraine are defined by the National Accounting Standards. Alternatively, the structure of equity capital components in foreign practice relies on the Conceptual Framework of Financial Statements, but it is further detailed by national standards of each country and depends on its policy and accounting characteristics. The structure of equity capital in foreign practice may be influenced by shareholders’ decisions on the establishment of funds (additional capital), allocation of profits, transactions with treasury shares. It is made clear that in most countries equity capital components include joint stock capital, surplus reserves, and retained profit. The article reviews the classification of equity capital, viewed as the key factor, and determines its influence on accounting principles and policies. It is concluded that in regulatory documents, there are no clear lines between types of equity capital. The paper also discusses various views of scholars on equity capital arrangement. It is found that in research works, equity capital is classified based on various characteristics, but the majority of researchers consider sources of equity capital to be the main criterion. In addition, there is no consensus among academics as to what types of equity capital can be singled out by the criterion described. Taking into consideration some proposals of scholars and foreign practice related to ac- counting of equity capital, the author develops a generalized structure of equity capital which is based on the sources of capital formation and includes: invested capital, particularly registered capital (statutory and mandatory share capital), corrective capital (unpaid and withdrawn capital), additional capital (capital received from investors for stock that exceeds the par value of the stock, i.e. additional equity capital); acquired capital (assets received for free, capital formed from revaluation of assets, other capital) and reinvested capital (retained profits (uncovered losses) and surplus reserves). The above equity structure can be used to prepare financial statements in order to increase its informational value. Proposals are given on how to improve methods for accounting of equity capital, in particular accounting of additional capital invested by founders in the account entitled “Non-registered investments of owners”.
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Malinas, Mark. "The rise of shareholder activism—what you need to know." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14083.
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The past few years have seen a dramatic rise in shareholder activism in Europe and the US and it is a trend becoming more common in Australia. Companies operating in the oil and gas sector have been subject to particular attention and there are a growing number of examples of this in Australia. The targets of shareholder activism range in size and performance, but are often companies with perceived board weakness, those that are considered to adhere to outdated corporate governance, those whose strategic direction is in question or those that have an under-performing share price, though other factors can also be relevant. Using these issues or concerns as a pretext, activists are increasingly focused on using tactics that allow them to exert control or exercise influence to realise returns or agitate for change in companies that: have significant assets (such as oil and gas reserves) relative to their market value; have high costs, large capital expenditures and long revenue generation lead time (such as exploration projects); or, operate in low growth or fluctuating markets (such as with the price of oil and gas). Unsurprisingly, the oil and gas sector is being increasingly seen by certain funds and investors as fertile ground for shareholder activism. The Australian legal landscape also presents shareholders with a platform from which to exert influence. For instance: shareholders are able to requisition general meetings (and resolutions to be put to those meetings) if they hold sufficient shares and put the entire board up for re-election following the introduction of the two strikes rule; and, directors are required to adhere to statutory and common law duties in responding to shareholders. Shareholder activist campaigns are often played out in public and can be highly disruptive to companies’ operations. Accordingly, directors and senior management of oil and gas companies should be aware of shareholder activism in Australia and, in the broader interests of all shareholders and their company, consider how they should respond or be ready to respond. This may be done through various processes, including testing the company’s perceived weaknesses and addressing them and having a plan to address activism should it arise.
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Hnylytska, L., D. Melnychuk, S. Boguslavska, O. Pidvalna, and T. Chechetova-Terashvili. "SECURITY PRIORITIES IN ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (2021): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230312.
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Abstract. The article establishes a causal relationship between economic security and efficiency of the enterprise and hypothesizes about the need to expand approaches to analytical evaluation of efficiency, taking into account the security priorities of the enterprise. It has been proved that in the present conditions, the effectiveness of the activities of domestic enterprises is characterized not only by achieving a positive value of the financial result (profit), but also by the ability to withstand modern economic challenges to ensure the continuity of statutory activities. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to develop a safe-oriented model for evaluating the effectiveness of the enterprise and forming scientifically based recommendations for use as its methodological basis indicators that characterize the level of economic security. The methodological basis of the safety-oriented model is a system of balanced economic indicators, which ensures the evaluation of the efficiency of the enterprise from the standpoint of systemic integrity and enables multi-vector analysis of efficiency with trend determination and highlighting the most significant factors that influence the change in profitof the enterprise.. Unlike the classic efficiency assessment model based on coefficient analysis, which provides for the calculation of generalizing efficiency coefficients without taking into account external factors of influence on the activities of the enterprise, the safe and indicative model is based on methodological approaches to the consistency of certain groups of financial and economic indicators that characterize the impact of threats to the internal and external environment of the enterprise’s functioning to change the basic level of efficiency. The safety-oriented model of performance assessment was tested in the activities of agro-industrial enterprises . 2) in the emergence of reserves for increasing efficiency by leveling the impact of threats to the internal and externalenvironment; 3) establishing subordination between indicators in determining the general (effective) indicators that characterize the achieved level of efficiency of the enterprise; 4) the implementation of dynamic and factor analysis of the efficiency of the enterprise. Keywords: economic security, efficiency of the enterprise, analytical evaluation of efficiency, balanced indicators system, factor analysis, trend (dynamic) analysis, efficiency coefficients. JEL Classification H55, H56, М40 Formulas: 0; fig.:1; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 34.
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Cabanas Veiga, Manuel. "TREVIÑO: ENTRE LA RESERVA ESTATUTARIA Y LA LEY ORGÁNICA // TREVIÑO: BETWEEN THE STATUTORY RESERVE AND THE ORGANIC LAW." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 93 (2015): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.93.2015.15143.
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Syamlan, Yaser Taufik, and Nur Istiana. "DOES FRACTIONAL RESERVE BANKING SYSTEM EXIST IN INDONESIAN ISLAMIC BANKING?" Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 4, no. 2 (2019): 369–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i2.1009.
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Fractional Reserve Banking is the banking and financial system that have been applied in most countries around the world. This research aims to look at the impact empirically and at the contributions given from the components of fractional reserve banking against inflation that occurs in Sharia Commercial Banks and Sharia Business Unit. The fractional reserve banking components covered in these studies are statutory reserve requirement, total deposit, total financing, Mismatch Ratio, and Total non-performing financing. This research is using VAR VECM and ECM as analysis tools and also collecting secondary data from OJK that spanned from June 2014 to September 2018. The results of this research have found that Indonesian Islamic bank is doing the fractional reserve banking system (FRBS). Furthermore, the largest contributor of FRBS in Sharia Commercial Bank (BUS) is the Statutory Reserve Requirment while in sharia Business Unit the results showed that Third Party Fund and Mismatch ratio gives the greatest contributions against inflation. Interestingly, the UUS has greater contribution and shock to the inflation if we compare to the BUS. To prevent the effect of it in the future, controlling mismatch and introducing the irrevocable investment account might be the solutions.
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Bankes, Nigel, and L. Douglas Rae. "Recent Cases on the Calculation of Royalties on First Nations' Lands." Alberta Law Review 38, no. 1 (2000): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr520.
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This article examines the statutory and regulatory framework for the calculation of royalties for oil and gas produced from First Nations’ lands. Against this backdrop, the article goes on to explore aspects of royalty calculation for on-reserve resources and attempts to synthesize these divergent decisions.
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Potter, Nicholas F., and Michael McDonnell. "Life Insurance Securitizations: Legal Structures for Statutory Reserve Financings and Embedded Value Monetizations." Journal of Structured Finance 14, no. 3 (2008): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2008.14.3.075.
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Wong, Mei Foong. "The effect of statutory reserve requirement on conventional banks dividend decision in Malaysia." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2021.10039099.
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Moore, R. K., and R. M. Willcocks. "SOME COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND MINING." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84014.
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The petroleum industry in Australia is at the centre of a web of complex laws. In addition to the legislation under which petroleum exploration and production tenements are granted there is a multiplicity of statutes and regulations, Commonwealth and State, which have a direct bearing on the conduct of those involved in exploring for or exploiting Australia's petroleum reserves. For example, the level of participation by foreigners is governed by the Commonwealth Foreign Investment Guidelines and the Foreign Takeovers Act 1975; the Commonwealth has control over the export of petroleum under the Customs (Prohibited Exports) Regulations and domestic markets are subject to the operation of the Crude Oil Allocation Scheme. The Commonwealth continues to have the right to regulate the transfer of funds to and from Australia under the Banking (Foreign Exchange) Regulations. Certain States such as South Australia and New South Wales have their own foreign investment guidelines.Not only this, there are revenue laws which govern very much the way in which petroleum projects are organised, interests transferred and otherwise dealt with and finance made available, such as State stamp duty legislation, Commonwealth income tax laws, and Commonwealth legislation imposing registration fees on dealings in exploration permits and production licences. A new tax, Resource Rent Tax, is to be introduced.Then there are laws which have an indirect bearing on petroleum activities such as the Companies Code which, in addition to governing the administration and organisation of companies, controls the way funds can be raised.The statutory and regulatory framework is only part of the picture. The rights and obligations of participants in petroleum projects as between themselves are almost always set out in a joint venture or joint operating agreement, the combination between the participants being known as an unincorporated joint venture. This form of business organisation is not a partnership; it is not the creature of legislation. Indeed it has been rarely referred to in Acts of Parliament. Problems arising under the joint venture agreement will be considered against the backdrop of the general law which unfortunately has seldom been called upon to resolve disputes between participants in joint ventures. An illustration of one of these rare instances is Brian Pty Ltd v United Dominions Corporation Ltd (1983), where the New South Wales Court of Appeal considered the fiduciary relationship of joint venturers.Despite this legislative and regulatory' backdrop and the uncertainties as to the true effect of joint venture agreements, the industry up until quite recently has survived with little litigation. This is no longer the case. Recent and pending litigation shows that there is no reluctance on the part of participants to take their disputes to court, often at great expense and with unfortunate results for previously close relationships. It must now be said that money spent to achieve proper and clear agreement on organisational and legal matters at the earliest stage of a project is money just as well spent as that on drilling and other operational activities.
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Kwiatkowski, Wojciech. "INSTYTUCJONALNA I KOMPETENCYJNA EWOLUCJA BANKU CENTRALNEGO STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI W XX WIEKU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 10, no. 2 (2016): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2010.10.2.13.
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Institutional and Competence Evolution of the U.S. Central Bank in the Twentieth CenturySummary The article describes the initial shape of the U.S. central bank, i.e. the Federal Reserve System created under the federal act of 1913 as a “Federal Reserve”, as well as the reasons for its competence and institutional evolution mainly in the thirties of the twentieth century. The paper seeks to identify the consequences of the absence of statutory regulations – in many ways necessary for the proper functioning of the central bank in the United States as a confederation, which has become a major cause of the appropriation of powers by the representatives of the private sector at the central bank. In addition, by analyzing the agreement concluded by the representatives of the bank and the U.S. Treasury Department the article shows the consequences of the absence of constitutional guarantees for the central bank’s operational independence. The article also seeks to name and describe the laws passed in the twentieth century, which have contributed significantly to today’s field of competence of the Federal Reserve System and its present modus vivendi.
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Watson, J. "The Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone corvina on La Digue: population size, habitat requirements and management options." Bird Conservation International 1, no. 2 (1991): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001994.
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SummaryThe conservation of the Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher on La Digue is reviewed and compared with an earlier investigation (1978). The status of the bird and its habitat on the western plateau, which holds nearly 80% of the world population, was investigated, as was the Special Reserve, notably the validity of the present boundary and the need for management initiatives. The population on the western plateau has changed little in 10 years, with one pair less but more individuals, and there has been a small (<5%) decline in preferred breeding habitat. The number of pairs using the reserve was unchanged from 1978. The carrying capacity is small (c.6 pairs). Only one significant trend was isolated in an investigation of 10 habitat variables, suggesting that more birds occurred where trees were larger. The reserve boundary should be redrawn to include a significant part of the main freshwater marsh: earlier study showed that highest densities were found in woodland close to wetland, and conservation of the marsh is vital. The reserve requires a non-interventionist woodland policy, creation of ponds to extend wetland, improved boundary marking, provision of interpretation facilities and development of educational use. Away from the reserve, statutory zonation of land on the plateau for woodland and sustainable timber production is needed as part of an overall land-use policy.
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Pimpertz, Jochen. "Mehr Differenzierung statt Einheitlichkeit." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 67, no. 1 (2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2018-0007.
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Abstract: Neither extending the German mandatory health insurance scheme to the entire population nor aligning the remuneration for privately and statutorily insured patients will slow down the disproportionate growth of health care expenditure in the mandatory health insurance. However, competition between different types of medical care may help to leverage efficiency reserves provided that cost differences lead to different payments which in turn incentivise the cost awareness of all players in the health care system.
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Elfrida, Fira, and Dian Oktaviani. "PENGARUH INDEKS PERSEPSI KORUPSI, KEBIJAKAN MONETER DAN FISKAL TERHADAP FUNDAMENTAL EKONOMI MAKRO DI INDONESIA." Media Ekonomi 23, no. 2 (2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v23i2.3324.
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<em>The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), monetary and fiscal policies on macroeconomic fundamentals in Indonesia with the period 2005 - 2013. The variables used in this study include economic growth and inflation as dependent variables, Corruption Perception Index (GPA), BI Rate, statutory reserve requirements, tax revenues, subsidies, capital expenditure and goods expenditure as unbounded (free) variables. The analysis method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM) approach by estimating the static and dynamic models to determine the long-term balance and short-term balance. The results of this study indicate that in the short-term economic growth is significantly influenced by tax and subsidy revenues which are part of the fiscal policy component, while in the long run are significantly influenced by the BI Rate and minimum statutory demand deposits which are monetary policy instruments. And in the short run inflation is significantly influenced by the BI Rate, while in the long term the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), monetary and fiscal policies do not significantly affect inflation</em>
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Bhati, Shyam, Anura De Zoysa, and Wisuttorn Jitaree. "Factors affecting the liquidity of commercial banks in India: a longitudinal analysis." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 4 (2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(4).2019.08.
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This paper examines the long-term effect of various regulatory, bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on the determination of liquidity in Indian banks. For this purpose, the study uses a random effect panel data regression model and tests it with data on Indian banks for 21 years, covering the period from 1996 to 2016. The model considers the effect of regulatory factors, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity, and incorporates four different liquidity ratios specific to the Indian banking scenario. The results of the analysis show contrasting relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variables measured by four liquidity ratios.It is interesting to note that Indian banks rely more on asset-based liquidity and less on liability-based liquidity. More specifically, the most important liquidity ratio of L1 (liquid assets to total assets ratio) showed a significant relationship with macroeconomic variables of discount rates, call rates, foreign exchange reserve, exchange rate with US dollar, consumer price index and gross domestic product. L1 also showed a significant relationship with bank-specific variables of capital to total assets and bank size. However, the regulatory factors of cash reserve ratio and profitability determined by return on equity (ROE) and non-performing assets were not found to have any effect on liquidity of Indian banks.
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Gaver, Jennifer J., Jeffrey S. Paterson, and Carl J. Pacini. "The Influence of Auditor State-Level Legal Liability on Conservative Financial Reporting in the Property-Casualty Insurance Industry." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 31, no. 3 (2012): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-10292.
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SUMMARY This paper provides the first evidence that state-level liability standards affect auditor behavior. We hypothesize that auditors demand more conservative reporting when their insurance clients are domiciled in states with more stringent standards for third-party claims against the auditor for negligence. To test this hypothesis, we analyze a sample of 3,107 loss reserve observations from 1993 through 2004. Our sample is restricted to private insurers that operate in a single state to control for auditor liability under statutory law and to reduce the possibility of forum shopping by plaintiffs. Consistent with Petroni (1992), we find that financially struggling insurers tend to under-reserve. This behavior is attenuated when the insurer is domiciled in a state that uses either the Restatement of Torts or the reasonable foreseeability standard to determine the auditor's liability to third parties. Compared to the case where the auditor's liability is defined by the legal concept of privity, these standards impose greater legal costs on auditors for ordinary negligence. JEL Classifications: M41; M42; G22; K13.
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Devi, Poonam, and Arati Pant. "An Empirical Study on Liquidity and Solvency Performance in ICICI Bank." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 11 (2020): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.372.
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Liquidity and solvency is the life-belt of every business. In Banking business’ liquidity and solvency is prepare for conflict during the economic crisis. Banking Sector-liquidity and solvency is the epicenter in economic crisis. Globally, the liquidity and solvency played a vital role in managing liquidity and solvency issues of commercial banks. This research paper explores the concepts, analysis of liquidity and solvency in the ICICI Bank. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the liquidity aspects of ICICI Banks towards analyzing whether the ownership has any influence on the liquidity and solvency aspects of the banking structure. Besides, it looks into the unpredictability of RBI’s policies on liquidity like Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio etc.
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Banaszak, Bogusław. "Czy Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wymusza na ustawodawcy ustawową regulację struktury organizacyjnej i właściwości sądów powszechnych?" Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 3 (31) (October 15, 2020): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2020.3.31.6.
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The Constitution of the Republic of Poland does not define in a comprehensive manner the matter to be standardized in laws and grants the legislator considerable freedom in determining their content. In view of the subject matter of this opinion, based on views founded on the doctrine of Polish constitutional law and on the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Court, it can be concluded that the legislator should regulate by law, among other matters, the following matters reserved for statutory regulation (the principle of exclusivity of the act): regulations concerning citizenship and the rights, freedoms and duties of the individual, as well as the basic competences, principles of how public authorities are organised and function. On the basis of this assumption, it was examined whether there is any indication to the legislator from the constitutional norms relevant to the judicial authority. The following were taken into account: the right to a fair trial (Article 45), the principle of the separateness and independence of the judiciary (Article 173), the principle of bi-instantiality of court proceedings and the principle of statutory determination of the system and jurisdiction of courts (Article 176), the principle of the presumption of competence being assigned to common courts (Article 177), and the principle of the non-removability and non-transferability of judges (Article 180). On the basis of an analysis of these constitutional norms, it was concluded that the Constitution of the Republic of Poland enforces statutory regulation of the organisational structure and the material, local and appeal jurisdiction of common courts, and only allows for entrusting specific matters to be regulated by executive bodies by means of a regulation. In the event of any doubts as to whether a given case should be classified into the category of specific matters, the principle of exclusivity of the Act applies.
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Kubas, Sabina. "Inne niż członkowskie statusy uczestnictwa w organizacji międzynarodowej – studium prawnomiędzynarodowe." Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 6 (2020): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.20.017.12911.
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Other than Membership Statuses of Participation in International Organisations Today, the status of international organisations no longer raises much controversy and is so deeply rooted that their activities are often the subject of separate analyses, included in the framework of the law of international organisations as an independent scientific discipline. With their tasks they even enter areas previously reserved only for states. Common tasks for a given international organisation are implemented once membership status is obtained. This status may be full, and therefore based on the full rights and obligations of a given entity. It may also be incomplete, and thus somewhat limited, where these rights are not vested in that entity as a whole but still give the opportunity to cooperate with an international organization and implement its statutory objectives.
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Kubas, Sabina. "Inne niż członkowskie statusy uczestnictwa w organizacji międzynarodowej – studium prawnomiędzynarodowe." Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 6 (2020): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.20.017.12911.
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Other than Membership Statuses of Participation in International Organisations Today, the status of international organisations no longer raises much controversy and is so deeply rooted that their activities are often the subject of separate analyses, included in the framework of the law of international organisations as an independent scientific discipline. With their tasks they even enter areas previously reserved only for states. Common tasks for a given international organisation are implemented once membership status is obtained. This status may be full, and therefore based on the full rights and obligations of a given entity. It may also be incomplete, and thus somewhat limited, where these rights are not vested in that entity as a whole but still give the opportunity to cooperate with an international organization and implement its statutory objectives.
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Bernard, Anne, and Nancy Gélinas. "A Step Prior to REDD+ Implementation: A Socioeconomic Study." International Journal of Forestry Research 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/563021.
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Phase 2 of the United Nations’ REDD+ climate change mitigation initiative is underway in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Meanwhile, activities are being implemented to assess the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. REDD+ projects need to include a social dimension; thus, the aim of this research was to understand how land-use relationships vary across communities in an area where a REDD+ project is planned. Specifically, we aimed to identify the primary income-generating activities, the variation in access to land, the potential for the development of community projects, and the implementation of alternative income-generating activities. In the summer of 2013, we assessed a REDD+ pilot project in and around the Luki Biosphere Reserve, Bas-Congo Province. We used participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods in four communities located both inside and outside the reserve. We found that current subsistence income activities led to the destruction of forest habitat due to population pressure and a lack of alternative income-generating activities. Customary land tenures overlay statutory rights, which can often mean that community rights are threatened. To achieve their targets, REDD+ projects should consider the actual land-use patterns of local communities in order to generate sustainable income from the land.
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Pushkala, N., J. Mahamayi, and K. A. Venkatesh. "Liquidity and Off-Balance Sheet Items: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Banks in India." SDMIMD Journal of Management 8, no. 1 (2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/sdmimd/2017/15721.
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Liquidity is the life-line of every business. Banking business’ liquidity was the bone of contention during the economic crisis of Greece and the downfall of Finance Behemoth like Lehman Brothers. Banking Sector-Illiquidity was the epicentre of such crisis. Globally, the Off-Balance Sheet Exposure played a vital role in managing liquidity and solvency issues of commercial banks. This research paper explores the concepts, aspects, analysis of liquidity and the impact of Off-Balance Sheet Items on Liquidity and Solvency. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the liquidity aspects of Public and Private Sector banks towards scrutinizing whether the ownership has any influence on the liquidity and solvency aspects of the banking structure, under the backdrop of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure. Besides, it looks into the unpredictability of RBI’s policies on liquidity like Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio etc.
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Björgvinsson, David Thor. "The Effect of the Judgments of the ECtHR before the National Courts – A Nordic Approach?" Nordic Journal of International Law 85, no. 4 (2016): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08504004.
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The article examines the status of the principle of res interpretata in Denmark, Norway and Iceland and whether a common approach can be identified. Common to these countries is the dualist approach under which a binding erga omnes effect of the judgments is rejected. The right to autonomous interpretation of the echr is reserved, as well as autonomous interpretation of human rights provisions of the national constitutions, regardless of ECtHR case law. The echr has been incorporated in all countries as statutory law and does not take primacy over national constitutions. Moreover, in order to override a national law, the reservation is made that the Convention and the case law of the ECtHR must be clear and consistent. Despite these reservations, national courts in all three countries regularly (although inconsistently) consult ECtHR case law, not as binding per se, but within the framework of res interpretata and the rule of presumption.
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N, Elly Soraya, and Rika Safitri. "PENGARUH GIRO WAJIB MINIMUM, BI RATE DAN INFLASI TERHADAP LOAN TO DEPOSIT RATIO." Kinerja 1, no. 02 (2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34005/kinerja.v2i01.475.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of Minimum statutory reserve, BIRate, and Inflation towards Loan to Deposit Ratio. Population in this research used JointVenture Bank in Indonesian Banking Directory during period 2013 through 2017.Purposive sampling method were used as samples determining method and 14 bankselected as the sample of the research. This type of research is descriptive quantitative.Presentation and analysis of research data using descriptive statistical analysis, paneldata regression models, data estimation methods namely Chow Test, classicalassumption analysis using normality test, multicollinearity test and hypothesis test. Thisresult of research show that variable GWM have positive and not significant influence toLDR. Variable BI Rate have negative significant influence to LDR. And variable inflationhave positive significant influence to LDR. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 89%compared to the independent variable on the variable Loan to Deposit Ratio in 2013-2017. While 4% is contributed by other factors.
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Gazali, Nadhirah, Nurfadhlina Abdul Halim, Mohd Asrul Affendi Abdullah, et al. "The Alternative Profit on Shariah-Compliant by using Compounding Theory." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.14 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.14.11151.
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Islamic banking and conventional banking has same aim in the financial activity which is to gain profit. Profit of Islamic finance/banking in Malaysia is based on the profit rate, while for conventional banking based on interest rate. However, both profit rate and interest rate are determined based on the same reference rate, namely base rate (BR). The determination of the components contained in the BR such as benchmark cost of funds and the statutory reserve requirement (SRR) found that there is non-compliance with the Shariah perspective because this components directly proportional to the overnight policy rate (OPR). Therefore, an alternative formula for the profit rate was built which is known as the base profit rate (BPR). Form BPR model, determination of the profit based on compounding theory. Thus, construction of BPR formula is based on the principles that are much more Shariah compliant.
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Levy, Yuval. "Who is to Accomplish Criminal Law Reform: The Interrelationship between Parliament and the Judiciary." Israel Law Review 22, no. 4 (1988): 424–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700009420.
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Who ought to bring about the essential reform in criminal law? At first glance, the answer appears obvious and unequivocal. In all modern Western democracies, the norm is for the function of lawmaking to be in the hands of the legislative branch of government, to the exclusion of the judiciary or any other organ inside or outside government.The question posed above, however, is meant to explore a different issue, namely, the interrelationship between parliament and the judiciary in the province of criminal law reform, and their respective functions in effecting new policies. Assuming the task of legislation to be reserved to parliament, is there no room for judges to read into parliamentary enactments trend-making reformative content which would allow the implementation of what judges conceive to be the policies of the legislature in the field of penal law reform? Or is it, rather, incumbent upon the legislature itself to shape the character of the necessary reform with the statutory tools available to it?
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Gâștescu, P. "The Ecosystems of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve state-of the-art." Risks and Catastrophes Journal 28, no. 1 (2021): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/rcj2021_1.
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Taking into account the morphologic-hydrographic configuration of natural ecosystems or ecosystems partly modified by man the area, its flora and fauna communities and the long-term human impact, the two main categories of Danube Delta ecosystems associated with Razim-Sinoie lake complex, coastal marine waters and the Danube flood plain between Isaccea and Tulcea, as part of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, have been delimited: natural ecosystems or ecosystems partly modified by man; anthropic ecosystems. To identify and characterize ecosystems, there have been analysed the data on hydrography, morphology, biodiversity, human settlements, types of land use, spatial changes through the construction of agricultural, fisheries, forestry polders, modification of the network of channels and canals with consequences on the water circulation system inside the delta. The first category, of natural and partly modified by man ecosystems comprises 23 types (water bodies: running waters-Danube and its main branches, channels and canals; standing freshwater-lakes; standing brackish and salt waters-coastal lagoons, coastal, marine zones; wetlands: water fringe vegetation-flooded reed beds, floating reed beds , riparian willow formations, frequently flooded river levees; forests, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation: temperate riverine forests-mixed oak woods, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, steppe meadows, meadows on low marine levees; dunes, beaches).The second category, of anthropic ecosystems includes 7 types (agricultural lands, forest areas-plantation on the river banks, fish farms, settlements-villages, towns). With the establishment of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in 1990, with the statutory provisions on the protection and conservation of biodiversity, the deltaic landscape, some of the previous pressures were reduced, but the pollution of the Danube waters less consolidated beaches (Sulina, Sfântu Gheorghe, Chituc) and related with touristic activities, on ecosystems as a whole. The tourism activities also must represent not only a positive and dynamic development factor but also a practical solution to keeping the environment unaltered. These aspects were mentioned in the characterization of the ecosystems presented in this article.
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Cai, Xiuyun. "Choice of the Path of Fiscal and Monetary Policy Coordination in China." Journal of Global Economy 5, no. 3 (2009): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i3.82.
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he role of monetary policies regulating social the aggregate demand is highlighted, while the role in restructuring the supply and demand are greater limitations. The Central Bank indirectly affects the currency in circulation and the total size of credit by adjusting the statutory deposit reserve rate, the rediscount rate, open market operations; The Central Bank increases or decreases in money supply by limiting the loan quota and the currency issuance. Thus the role of the monetary policies in alleviating serious problems in the field of circulation area is more rapid, clear and effective. However, the central bank can not loan directly to a large number of economic development in lagging industries especially public goods industries as a result of the restrict of the credit funds movement, and therefore the role of monetary policies in improving the social structure and the rate relationship of national economy is relatively limited. The structural imbalance between domestic demand and external demand makes the Chinese economy affected seriously in the circumstances of the U.S. financial crisis and a sudden decline in global demand.
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Billington, C. J., and H. M. Bolt. "Current Issues and Technologies for the Reassessment of Existing Offshore Installations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 210, no. 1 (1996): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_291_02.
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The statutory requirement to prepare safety cases for United Kingdom offshore platforms following the Piper Alpha disaster, the extensive damage to offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico caused by Hurricane Andrew and the desire to extend the operational life of hydrocarbon production platforms throughout the world has led to several important industry initiatives concerning requalification and reassessment of offshore platforms. This paper describes the development of a new industry reassessment guideline document, the philosophy within the guidelines and the technologies available for reassessment. In particular, the availability of validated non-linear system ultimate strength collapse analysis computer software is revolutionizing the reassessment process by being able to take advantage of the system reserve and residual strength above the individual component design capacity level. However, there are problems in the application of these advanced techniques and there are several generic issues concerning acceptable levels of risk, the scope and methodology of reassessment and the development of international standards for reassessment. The paper draws out these issues and describes industry initiatives that are working towards their resolution.
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Miller, Robert D., Jonathan Olin, David Johnson, John Doidge, David Iverson, and Emmanuel Fantone. "Forcing the Insanity Defense on Unwilling Defendants: Best Interests and the Dignity of the Law." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 24, no. 4 (1996): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539602400402.
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Although the choice of which plea to enter is reserved, under common law and most statutory law, to a criminal defendant, 17 of the 48 jurisdictions that retained the insanity defense at the time of this study permit that defense to be imposed over the objections of defendants. The authors present the results of a survey of the literature, statutes, and case law that deal with forced insanity defenses, as well as a national survey of attorneys general and state forensic mental health forensic program directors, which indicate that over a third of jurisdictions permit the imposition of the insanity defense on unwilling defendants. They also present the results of a detailed survey of 50 consecutive defendants evaluated for sanity in Colorado. While respondents from the jurisdictions (including Colorado) that permit forced insanity defenses estimate that such imposition is very rare, the results from the Colorado survey indicate that, at least in that state, it represents 32% of insanity defenses initially entered. The major reason for permitting such imposed defenses is a policy preference for preserving the dignity of the law over the rights of individual competent defendants. The authors discuss the implications of that position for forensic evaluators.
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Hirsch, Oliver, Norbert Donner-Banzhoff, Maike Schulz, and Michael Erhart. "Detecting and Visualizing Outliers in Provider Profiling Using Funnel Plots and Mixed Effects Models—An Example from Prescription Claims Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (2018): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092015.
Full textAbstract:
When prescribing a drug for a patient, a physician also has to consider economic aspects. We were interested in the feasibility and validity of profiling based on funnel plots and mixed effect models for the surveillance of German ambulatory care physicians’ prescribing. We analyzed prescriptions issued to patients with a health insurance card attending neurologists’ and psychiatrists’ ambulatory practices in the German federal state of Saarland. The German National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians developed a prescribing assessment scheme (PAS) which contains a systematic appraisal of the benefit of drugs for so far 12 different indications. The drugs have been classified on the basis of their clinical evidence as “standard”, “reserve” or “third level” medication. We had 152.583 prescriptions in 56 practices available for analysis. A total of 38.796 patients received these prescriptions. The funnel plot approach with additive correction for overdispersion was almost equivalent to a mixed effects model which directly took the multilevel structure of the data into account. In the first case three practices were labeled as outliers, the mixed effects model resulted in two outliers. We suggest that both techniques should be routinely applied within a surveillance system of prescription claims data.