Academic literature on the topic 'Stavební produkce'

Článek se zabýv. výpočtem statistických ukazatelů a pravděpodobnosti dosažení pl.novaných nákladů z návrhu stavebního díla, při použití obvyklých nástrojů pro ocenění stavební produkce v ČR. Výpočet statistických veličin, je založen na datové základně třiceti bytových domů realizovaný dvanácti stavebními firmami. Sedmdesát procent bytových domů bylo dokončeno v roce 2015 a zbylé v roce 2014. Dále se článek věnuje rizikům, která mají největší vliv na pohyb skutečně dosažených nákladů oproti návrhu. Konkrétní rizika se získala od zástupců předních stavebních firem v ČR, pomocí Delfské metody. Článek tedy přináší re.lný obraz práce s náklady v českém stavebním prostředí, určený primárně stavebním firmám pro jejich cenovou (obchodní) strategii spolu s návrhy na zvýšen. pravděpodobnosti dosažení pl.novaných nákladů z návrhu stavebního díla v samotné výstavbě.

Stavebnictví patří mezi největší odběratele nerostných surovin, s čímž souvisí i následná produkce odpadů. Výroba nejvíce využívaných produktů v tomto odvětví, jako jsou například cihly a betony, je v současné době závislá na neustálé těžbě primárních materiálů z neobnovitelných zdrojů. Značný potenciál pro ušetření primárních zdrojů má ve stavebnictví opětovné využívání recyklátů. Pro využití odpadních materiálů jako náhrady určité složky betonu je důležité, aby byly zachovány jeho mechanické a chemické vlastnosti. Současně je na místě posoudit také míru dopadu na životní prostředí. Jednou z možností je provést výluhové zkoušky a následné testy ekotoxicity s vodními organismy. Cílem této práce bylo posoudit a porovnat fytotoxické účinky výluhů cihelného prachu, tří druhů písků z betonových recyklátů a referenčního materiálu (přírodního písku). Hodnocen byl růst biomasy a množství chlorofylu. Výsledky ukázaly velké rozdíly mezi vzorky. Písek nepůsobil toxicky, účinky výluhu cihelného prachu se téměř nelišily od kontroly. Beton, který byl již jednou ecyklován, působil mírně inhibičně, zatímco výluhy podlahového betonu s obsahem epoxidového lepidla a betonu pocházejícího z dálnice měly výrazné toxické až letální účinky. Abstract (EN) Construction sector is one of the largest consumers of mineral resources, which is also related to the subsequent production of waste. The production of the most widely used products in this sector, such as bricks and concrete, is currently dependent on the constant extraction of primary materials from non-renewable resources. The reuse of recycled materials in the construction industry has considerable potential for saving of the primary resources. For the use of waste materials as a substitute for a certain component of concrete, it is important that its mechanical and chemical features remain unchanged. At the same time, it is appropriate to assess the degree of impact on the environment. One option is to perform leaching tests and subsequent ecotoxicity tests with aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the phytotoxic effects of brick powder extracts, three types of recycled concrete aggregate and reference material (natural aggregate). Biomass growth and chlorophyll levels were evaluated. The results showed large differences among the samples. The sand was not toxic, the effect of brick dust was almost the same as the control. Concrete, which has already been recycled once, had a slightly inhibitory effect, while extracts of floor concrete containing epoxy glue and concrete from the highway had significant toxic to lethal effects.

Recyklací stavebního a demoličního odpadu jsou produkovány materiály, které mohou být využity jako náhrada primárních surovin. Tyto recyklační procesy ale mohou být energeticky náročné, a proto je nutné posuzovat environmentální dopady takových procesů. Posuzovali jsme environmentální dopady recyklovaného betonového a cihelného kameniva a také environmentální dopady produktů s recyklovaným obsahem. Metoda Posuzování životního cyklu byla použita jako analytický nástroj pro vyhodnocení environmentálních dopadů recyklovaných materiálů (1 t betonového a cihelného kameniva), výrobků (1 m3 betonových směsí s obsahem recyklátu) a konstrukcí (tvarovek a základů budov). Také byly diskutovány vlivy na životní prostředí jako je ekotoxicita betonových výrobků, následky omezení skládkování a karbonatace. Prezentujeme výsledky posuzování environmentálních dopadů s cílem ukázat, jaký dopad má vybraná funkce recyklovaného produktu. Navrhujeme posuzovat environmentální dopady recyklovaného kameniva s ohledem na jeho použití v budoucnu. ------------- Recycling of construction and demolition waste produce materials, which can be used as primary resources replacement. However, these recycling processes can be very energy consuming and therefore environmental impacts of such processes should be considered. We assessed environmental impacts of recycled concrete and brick aggregates and also environmental impacts of products with recycled content. The Life Cycle Assessment method was used as analytical tool for evaluating environmental impacts of recycled materials (1 t of concrete or brick aggregates), products (1 m3 recycled concrete mixtures) and constructions (blocks and building foundations). Also, various effects on environment were discussed such as ecotoxicity of concrete products, the consequence of landfilling limitations and carbonation effect. We present the results of environmental impacts assessments to show, what influence the chosen function of recycled product has. We suggest to assess environmental impacts of recycled aggregates considering their future function.

This article concerns an issue that has become increasingly relevant for international coalition forces participating in joint military operations abroad, viz. the duty to collect, document, record and secure evidence of serious violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights committed in armed conflicts. The point, simple as it seems, is that respect for justice and international humanitarian law requires that perpetrators of war crimes etc. be brought to justice. Yet prosecution and trial of these crimes cannot succeed without material proof and information that meet the standards for admission into evidence in criminal trials. However, judicial experience from international criminal trials suggests that much of the evidence produced in Court fails to meet this standard – and is therefore dismissed. The article highlights the need to secure evidence of these crimes and proposes five simple basic recommendations for military personnel who come across evidence of serious violations of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts: (1) be familiar with the elements of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression; (2) know the rules of the game regarding collection of evidence, including the duty to respect local norms and authorities and to follow any international rules or agreements, and the duty to comply with obligations to seek authorization for investigation from domestic authorities; (3) be careful in your registration and handling of evidence material; (4) be careful not to hurt yourself or others when you search for evidence; and (5) stay critical and impartial to all material and information you receive from others. Cet article aborde un problème que les forces armées des coalitions internationales rencontrent de plus en plus souvent lorsqu’elles participent à des opérations militaires conjointes à l’étranger: l’obligation de rassembler, de documenter, d’enregistrer et de garantir des preuves de violations graves du droit international humanitaire et des droits de l’homme lors de conflits armés. Aussi simple qu’il paraisse, le principe est le suivant: le respect de la justice et du droit international humanitaire implique que les auteurs de crimes de guerre et autres soient traduits en justice. Toutefois, les poursuites judiciaires et le procès qui s’ensuit ne peuvent aboutir sans preuves matérielles et informations qui répondent aux normes d’admission de la preuve dans les procès au pénal. L’expérience judiciaire de ces procès internationaux suggère néanmoins que bon nombre des preuves présentées au tribunal ne répondent pas à ces normes et sont dès lors rejetées. L’auteur insiste sur le besoin de fournir des preuves de ces crimes et propose cinq recommandations de base pour le personnel militaire qui aurait des preuves de violations graves du droit international humanitaire dans les conflits armés: (1) informez-vous sur les différents éléments qui composent le génocide, les crimes contre l’humanité, les crimes de guerre et les agressions; (2) connaissez les règles relatives au rassemblement de preuves, y compris le devoir de respecter les normes et autorités locales, de suivre les règles et accords internationaux, et de se conformer à l’obligation d’obtenir une autoris­ation des autorités nationales pour mener une enquête; (3) soyez prudents lorsque vous enregistrez et utilisez des éléments de preuve; (4) veillez à ne pas causer de tort aux autres ni à vous-même lorsque vous cherchez des preuves; et (5) restez critique et impartial lorsque vous recevez des informations d’autres personnes. Dit artikel bespreekt een kwestie die van toenemend belang is voor internationale coalitietroepen die deelnemen aan gezamenlijke militaire operaties in het buitenland, nl. de plicht om bewijs van ernstige schendingen van het internationaal humanitair recht (IHR) en van de mensenrechten in gewapende conflicten te verzamelen, te staven, vast te leggen en veilig te stellen. Het punt, hoe eenvoudig ook, is dat het respect voor de rechtspleging en het internationaal humanitair recht vereist dat de daders van oorlogsmisdaden enz. voor het gerecht worden gebracht. Toch kunnen deze misdaden niet succesvol vervolgd en berecht worden zonder materieel bewijs en informatie die voldoen aan de normen om als bewijs in strafprocessen te worden toegelaten. De ervaring uit internationale strafprocessen leert echter dat veel van het bewijsmateriaal dat in de rechtbank wordt aangedragen, niet aan deze norm voldoet – en daarom wordt verworpen. Het artikel benadrukt de noodzaak om het bewijs van deze misdaden veilig te stellen en stelt vijf eenvoudige basisaanbevelingen voor aan militairen die in gewapende conflicten bewijzen van ernstige schendingen van het internationaal humanitair recht aantreffen: (1) wees op de hoogte van de elementen van genocide, misdaden tegen de menselijkheid, oorlogsmisdaden en agressie; (2) ken de regels van het spel met betrekking tot het verzamelen van bewijs, met inbegrip van de plicht om de lokale normen en autoriteiten te respecteren en om alle internationale regels of overeenkomsten te volgen, evenals de plicht om te voldoen aan de verplichting dat aan binnenlandse autoriteiten toestemming moet worden gevraagd om een onderzoek in te stellen; (3) let op bij het registreren en behandelen van bewijsmateriaal; (4) zorg ervoor dat je jezelf of anderen geen schade berokkent wanneer je naar bewijs zoekt; en (5) blijf kritisch en onpartijdig ten opzichte van al het materiaal en de informatie die je van anderen ontvangt. El artículo aborda un problema que con el tiempo ha adquirido una importancia relevante para las fuerzas en coalición que participan en operaciones conjuntas en el exterior, tal cual es el deber de recoger, documentar, registrar y asegurar las pruebas de crímenes graves contra el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) y contra los derechos humanos cometidos en los conflictos armados. El asunto, tan simple como parece, es que el respeto por la justicia y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario exige que en definitiva los perpetradores de crímenes de guerra sean llevados ante la justicia. Sin embargo, la acusación y el enjuiciamiento de estos crímenes no pueden prosperar sin una prueba material e información que reúna los requisitos necesarios para ser admitida como prueba de cargo en juicios penales. Al hilo de esto, la experiencia judicial en procedimientos penales internacionales demuestra que muchas de estas pruebas presentadas ante un tribunal no cumplen con estos estándares y, por consiguiente, son rechazadas. El artículo resalta la necesidad de asegurar la prueba de estos crímenes y propone cinco recomendaciones básicas para el personal militar que deba requisar estas pruebas relativas a crímenes graves contra el Derecho Internacional Humanitario en conflictos armados: (1) Familiarizarse con los elementos constitutivos del crimen de genocidio, crímenes contra la humanidad, crímenes de guerra y crimen de agresión; (2) Conocer las reglas del juego relativas a la recogida de pruebas, incluido el deber de respetar las normas y a las autoridades locales y cualquier otra regla o acuerdo internacional, y el deber de cumplir con la obligación de solicitar autorización a las autoridades locales para llevar a cabo investigaciones; (3) Ser diligente en el registro y manejo de las pruebas materiales; (4) Tener cuidado de no dañarse o dañar a otros en la búsqueda de las pruebas; y (5) tener una actitud crítica e imparcial ante las pruebas e información que se reciba de otros. Questo articolo tratta di una questione che è diventata sempre più rilevante per le forze di coalizione internazionali che partecipano ad operazioni militari congiunte all’estero, vale a dire il dovere di raccogliere, documentare, registrare e mettere al sicuro le prove di gravi violazioni al diritto internazionale umanitario (IHL) e dei diritti umani commesse nei conflitti armati. Il punto, semplice come appare, è che il rispetto della giustizia e del diritto internazionale umanitario richiedono che gli autori di crimini di guerra etc. siano assicurati alla giustizia. Però l’azione penale e il processo per tali crimini non possono avere successo senza prove materiali e informazioni che soddisfino gli standard per l’ammissione come prova nei processi penali. Tuttavia, l’esperienza giudiziaria dei tribunali penali internazionali suggerisce che molte delle prove prodotte nei tribunali non soddisfano questi standard e perciò vengono respinte. Questo articolo evidenzia la necessità di garantire prove di questi crimini e propone cinque semplice raccomandazioni di base per il personale militare che si imbatte in prove di serie violazioni al diritto internazionale umanitario nei conflitti armati: (1) Conoscere gli elementi del genocidio, dei crimini contro l’umanità, dei crimini di guerra e dell’aggressione; (2) Conoscere le regole del gioco riguardo la raccolta delle prove, compreso il dovere di rispettare le norme e autorità locali e di seguire qualsiasi regola o accordo internazionale, e il dovere di rispettare gli obblighi di chiedere l’autorizzazione alle indagini alle autorità nazionali; (3) Fare attenzione nella registrazione e gestione del materiale probatorio; (4) Fare attenzione a non fare del male a se stessi od altri nella ricerca delle prove; e (5) Rimanere critici ed imparziali nei confronti di tutto il materiale e delle informazioni ricevute da altri. Dieser Artikel behandelt eine Angelegenheit, die für die Streitkräfte internationaler Koalitionen, die sich an gemeinsamen Militäreinsätzen im Ausland beteiligen, an Relevanz gewinnt, nämlich die Pflicht, Beweismittel schwerer Verletzungen des internationalen humanitären Rechts und internationaler Menschenrechte in bewaffneten Konflikten zu sammeln, zu dokumentieren, aufzuzeichnen und sicherzustellen. Der Kernpunkt, so einfach dieser scheinen mag, besteht darin, dass Respekt vor der Justiz und dem internationalen humanitären Recht erfordert, dass Täter von Kriegsverbrechen, usw. vor Gericht gebracht werden sollen. Dennoch können die Verfolgung und Ahndung dieser Verbrechen ohne materiellen Beweis und Informationen, die den Standards zur Zulassung als Beweismittel in Strafprozessen gerecht werden, nicht gelingen. Die gerichtliche Erfahrung internationaler Strafprozesse weist allerdings darauf hin, dass manche der dem Gericht unter­breiteten Beweise diesen Standards nicht gerecht werden, und somit abgewiesen werden. Der Autor unterstreicht, dass es notwendig ist, Beweise für diese Verbrechen sicher­zustellen, und schlägt fünf einfache Grundempfehlungen für Militärangehörige vor, die auf Beweise schwerer Verletzungen des internationalen humanitären Rechts in bewaffneten Konflikten stoßen: (1) Sorgen Sie dafür, dass Sie die Elemente des Genozids, der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit, Kriegsverbrechen und Aggressionen kennen; (2) seien Sie mit den Spielregeln hinsichtlich der Sammlung von Beweisen vertraut, und dies einschließlich der Pflicht, örtliche Normen und Autoritäten zu respektieren, irgendwelche internationale Regeln oder Abkommen zu befolgen und die Verpflichtungen zu erfüllen, um die Genehmigung zur Durchführung von Ermittlungen von den Behörden des betreffenden Landes einzuholen; (3) seien Sie vorsichtig bei Ihrer Erfassung von bzw. Ihrem Umgang mit Beweismaterial; (4) sorgen Sie dafür, dass Sie sich selbst oder anderen keinen Schaden zufügen, wenn Sie nach Beweisen suchen; und (5) bleiben Sie kritisch und unvoreingenommen in Bezug auf all das Material und alle Informationen, die Sie von anderen erhalten.

The diploma thesis Impact of the economic crisis on the construction market and the current trends in the construction sector focuses mainly on the development of the Czech construction market in relation to the economic crisis of 2008-2009, while looking for conjunctions with macroeconomic indicators. It also describes the following period of development of the construction sector with an emphasis on current trends. Exemplifying how this is implemented into practice, the diploma thesis includes a description of the activities of a group of companies called EBM Group.

Thesis deals with the development of risk management in the construction industry in Czech republic in time of the economic crisis since 2007. There is in detail described the present and paste state of the construction industry in this thesis, thanks to construction output index, the volume of construction output, etc. There is overview of accidents and deaths in costuction industry, history of risk management in the construction industry and the main reasones of injuries and deaths in the construction industry described in this thesis. The aim of this thesis is to inform about development and efectiveness of risk management and evaluate work injuries in construction industry with the assumption further development.

In the teoretical part of the thesis, i would like to explain the recontructions of historical building problém, the issues of valuation and calculation formulas. I will briefly outline the general provision of law no 134/2016. The public procurement act and the selection procedure of the tenderer In the practical part i will compar the differences between the two valution products, the general part and the valution part. At the selected tender, i will show how the selection proces is taking place in our company. In the end, the there will be a comparison between the variant reconstruction solution and selection of a suitable solution for the recontruction.

This diploma thesis is describing the theme of price development of construction work on the railway superstructure. The result is meant as determination of technical-economic indicator which can be used in view of pricing mainly for public tenders as well as in the way of orientation at cost prices. The work is also engaged in production index for construction. The main meaning of this part is formed by comparing the dates of the Czech Statistical Office in the production of building and civil engineering in the Czech Republic between years of 2009 and 2015 with the production of railways constructions. As the railroad tracks are in corporate governance SŽDC state organization – whole planned construction works are controlled by conditions and rules of public tenders. After joining the Czech Republic into the European Union the requirements for optimal state of international transportation networks in their technical and social part had to be guaranteed. The thesis „The Development of the Price Level in Railway Deliveries“ includes topic of progressing of Czech economy, development of Czech and foreign markets and its influence on material deliveries and price fluctuations, pricing and costing. Because of main topic contains railway economy production there are given basic technical and technological information with application for Brno subregion.

The aim of the thesis, whose title is "Analysis of selected building societies and their products and terms of building savings loan", is to enable the general public in particular (clients or potential clients) to obtain comprehensive information about building savings, its functioning and important features, and subsequently to gain knowledge of products offered by the selected building societies operating on the Czech market. Special attention of the application part of the thesis is paid to the conditions fulfilling of which is demanded by the building companies before a loan agreement is signed. Thus the text of the thesis should give its readers knowledge of which obligations the particular building companies demand to be fulfilled before signing a loan agreement, and how these conditions differ in various building companies.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is evaluation of development of price on selected objects of civil engineering. Part of comparison is creation a database of internal prices, prices from software program and data from Statistical Office. At the end of the thesis comparison and comments on selected objects public works on railway line are shown.

The diploma thesis creates a marketing strategy proposal for a synergistic construction product for a selected company. Through theoretical knowledge, research is conducted that defines the main direction and target segments of the marketing strategy. Based on these attributes, market analyzes are conducted that lead to the mapping of potential opportunities and risks by which the process of launching the new Timbex building system is proposed

This diploma thesis deals with comparison of regions of the Czech Republic between national economy in terms of construction production and selection of region with the greatest potential for development of construction production. In the theoretical part is defined the term region, which is followed by regional economics and politics. Another topic addressed is regional development territorial development strategies and indicators that capture the differences between regions. The practical part deals with the characteristics of the national economy and construction in individual regions, which is folloved by a draft strategy dealing with problems in the field of construction. The last part of the thesis, regions are compared according to the given indicators and the regions with the greatest potential for the development of construction production are indentified.

The largest post-war economic crisis, which began spreading to the world in the second half of 2008, hit all sectors negatively. An important lesson from the analysis of the crisis is not its causes, but rather the reference to the drawbacks of globalization, in the form of dismantling the consequences of this crisis. Building industry is a specific branch of the Czech economy, which has responded to the outbreak, the course and the retreat of crisis, in a unique way. Both pre-investment and investment phases of a construction project are time-consuming, resulting in a delayed response - inertia, to changes in the state of the economy that are reflected in aggregate demand from which demand for construction output is derived. The thesis focuses mainly on the development market, where it focuses in detail on evolution of housing construction in the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis period. The set of incorrect steps, decisions and inactivity of residential developers caused a unique phenomenon - the house-offer crisis. Therefore, the result of the work is methodological recommendations - a set of steps whose observation should reduce the negative effects of the crisis on the construction industry and avoid the re-emergence of the house-offer crisis. Economic cycles give us two assurances: each growth is followed by fall and vice versa. Nowadays it is not possible to predict the causes of the future crisis or its length, but it is important to prepare for it.

The nature of that problem is to determine the value of the property in comparison to the value of construction supplies for the same property. The value is determined on the supply of building production and also by using the usual methods for the valuation of real estate.