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1
Humphries, Andrea, Sandra DeRidder, and Andreas J. Bäumler. "Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Fimbrial Proteins Serve as Antigens during Infection of Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (September 2005): 5329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.5329-5338.2005.
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ABSTRACT The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium genome contains 13 operons with homology to fimbrial gene sequences. Here we investigated the role of 11 serotype Typhimurium fimbrial proteins, including FimA, AgfA (CsgA), BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA, as antigens during the infection of genetically resistant mice (CBA). Upon the growth of serotype Typhimurium in standard laboratory broth culture, only the expression of FimA could be detected by Western blot analysis. The infection of mice with serotype Typhimurium grown in broth culture, followed by at least one subsequent infection, resulted in seroconversion of animals to FimA, AgfA, BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA positivity. Most animals seroconverted to only a subset of these fimbrial antigens. The immunization of mice with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-FimA, GST-AgfA, GST-BcfA, GST-StbA, GST-SthA, GST-LpfA, GST-PefA, GST-StdA, GST-StcA, GST-StiA, and GST-StfA fusion proteins resulted in reduced fecal shedding of serotype Typhimurium during a challenge compared to that by a control group immunized with purified GST protein. Collectively, these data suggest that the expression of serotype Typhimurium fimbrial antigens is induced during the infection of mice.
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Keller, Nancy P., Coran M. H. Watanabe, Hemant S. Kelkar, Thomas H. Adams, and Craig A. Townsend. "Requirement of Monooxygenase-Mediated Steps for Sterigmatocystin Biosynthesis by Aspergillus nidulans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.359-362.2000.
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ABSTRACT Sterigmatocystin (ST) and aflatoxin B1(AFB1) are two polyketide-derived Aspergillusmycotoxins synthesized by functionally identical sets of enzymes. ST, the compound produced by Aspergillus nidulans, is a late intermediate in the AFB1 pathway of A. parasiticus and A. flavus. Previous biochemical studies predicted that five oxygenase steps are required for the formation of ST. A 60-kb ST gene cluster in A. nidulanscontains five genes, stcB, stcF,stcL, stcS, and stcW, encoding putative monooxygenase activities. Prior research showed thatstcL and stcS mutants accumulated versicolorins B and A, respectively. We now show that strains disrupted atstcF, encoding a P-450 monooxygenase similar to A. parasiticus avnA, accumulate averantin. Disruption of either StcB (a putative P-450 monooxygenase) or StcW (a putative flavin-requiring monooxygenase) led to the accumulation of averufin as determined by radiolabeled feeding and extraction studies.
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Ishibashi, Kenichi, and Masashi Imai. "Prospect of a stanniocalcin endocrine/paracrine system in mammals." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 282, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): F367—F375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00364.2000.
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Stanniocalcin (STC) is a calcium- and phosphate-regulating hormone produced in bony fish by the corpuscles of Stannius, which are located close to the kidney. It is a major antihypercalcemic hormone in fish. As the corpuscles of Stannius are absent, and antihypercalcemic hormones are basically not necessary, in mammals, the discovery of a mammalian homolog, STC1, was surprising and intriguing. STC1 displays a relatively high amino acid sequence identity (∼50%) with fish STC. In contrast to fish STC, STC1 is expressed in many tissues, including kidney. More recently, a human gene encoding the second stanniocalcin-like protein, STC2, was identified. STC2 has a lower identity (∼35%) with STC1 and fish STC. Similar to STC1, STC2 is also expressed in a variety of tissues. Research into the functions of STCs in mammals is still at an early stage, and the ultimate physiological and pathological roles of STCs have not yet been established. A few studies indicate that STC1, similar to fish STC, stimulates phosphate absorption in the kidney and intestine, but the function of STC2 is still unknown. However, several interesting findings have been reported on their cellular localization, gene structure, and expression in different physiological and pathological conditions, which will be clues in elucidating the functions of STCs in mammals. STC1 expression is enhanced by hypertonicity in a kidney cell line or by ischemic injuries and neural differentiation in the brain. STC1 expression in the ovary is also enhanced during pregnancy and lactation. Calcitriol upregulates STC1 and downregulates STC2 expression in the kidney. Interestingly, STC1 and STC2 are expressed in many tumor cell lines, and the expression of STC2 is enhanced by estradiol in breast cancer cells. STC2 is also expressed in pancreatic islets. These results suggest that the biological repertoires of STCs in mammals will be considerably larger than in fish and may not be limited to mineral metabolism. This brief review describes recent progress in mammalian STC research.
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De Bellis, Annamaria, Giuseppe Bellastella, Alberto Falorni, Ernesto Aitella, Mariluce Barrasso, Maria Ida Maiorino, Elio Bizzarro, et al. "Natural history of autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency in patients with Addison’s disease: from normal ovarian function to overt ovarian dysfunction." European Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 4 (October 2017): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-17-0152.
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Context Women with autoimmune Addison’s disease with normal ovulatory cycles but positive for steroid cell antibodies (StCA) have been considered at risk of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Design Thirty-three women younger than 40 years, with subclinical-clinical autoimmune Addison’s disease but with normally ovulatory menses, were followed up for 10 years to evaluate the long-term time-related variations of StCA, ovarian function and follicular reserve. All patients and 27 control women were investigated at the start and every year for the presence and titre of StCA (by indirect immunofluorescence), serum concentrations of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and ovarian function at four consecutive menses every year. Results At the start of the study StCA were present in 16 women (group 1), at low/middle titres (≤1:32) in seven of them (43.8%, group 1A), at high titres (>1:32) in the remaining nine patients (group 1B, 56.2%), while they were absent from 17 patients (group 2). During the follow-up period, all women in group 1A remained StCA-positive at low/middle titres with normal ovulatory menses and normal gonadotrophin and AMH levels, while all patients in group 1B showed a further increase of StCA titres (1:128–1:256) and progressed through three stages of ovarian function. None of the patients in group 2 and controls showed the appearance of StCA or ovarian dysfunction during the follow-up. Conclusions The presence of StCA at high titres can be considered a good predictive marker of subsequent development of autoimmune POI. To single out the stages of autoimmune POI may allow a timely therapeutic choice in the subclinical and early clinical stages.
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Małecki, Krzysztof, and Maciej Gabryś. "The computer simulation of cellular automata traffic model with the consideration of vehicle-to-infrastructure communication technology." SIMULATION 96, no. 11 (September 23, 2020): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549720958482.
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Based on the two-lane, symmetric traffic model (STCA), a modified traffic model, including Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication (STCA V2I model, for short), is presented. The combined full-autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles are able to exchange information as well as the intentions of the driver with the surrounding vehicles through V2I communication. In the analyzed case, the communication between vehicles includes the sending of information to vehicles to the rear about the traffic situation ahead. Numerical simulations present a greater dispersion of vehicles with the same traffic density and fewer lane changes, while maintaining the same average vehicle speed as in the STCA model. Spatial–temporal profiles of traffic flow indicate that vehicles moving in accordance with the STCA V2I model are not subject to unnecessary concentration. Numerical studies have shown the positive and negative effects of transmitting traffic congestion messages.
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Brooker, Peter. "STCA, TCAS, Airproxes and Collision Risk." Journal of Navigation 58, no. 3 (August 19, 2005): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463305003334.
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The focus here is on the performance of and interaction between the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and the controller's short-term conflict alert (STCA) system. The data source used is UK Airprox Board Reports of close encounters between aircraft, and the focus is on commercial air transport aircraft using UK controlled airspace with a radar service. Do the systems work well together? Are controllers surprised when they find out that a pilot has received a TCAS resolution advisory? What do TCAS and STCA events say about collision risk? Generally, the systems seem to work together well. On most occasions, controllers are not surprised by TCAS advisories: either they have detected the problem themselves or STCA has alerted them to it. The statistically expected rate of future mid-air collisions is estimated by extrapolation of Airprox closest encounter distances.
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Iwasaki, Shohei, Yohei Uchiyama, Miwa Tenma, and Masayuki Yamaguchi. "Effect of Neutralizer on Transparency of Nucleating Agent-Containing Polypropylene." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050680.
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The effects of neutralizer species on the transparency of injection-molded plates were studied using isotactic polypropylene (PP) containing a crystal nucleating agent—i.e., 1,3:2,4-bis-o-(4-methylbenzylidene)-d-sorbitol (MDBS). A plate containing lithium stearate (StLi) was more transparent than one containing calcium stearate (StCa) when the MDBS content was 0.1 wt. %. The addition of StLi accelerated the formation of MDBS fibers and the crystallization of PP. However, when the MDBS content was 1.0 wt. %, StCa improved the transparency more effectively than StLi. These results indicate that the combination of an appropriate amount of MDBS and the correct neutralizer species is critical for enhancing the transparency of injection-molded PP plates.
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Reato, G., L. Morlin, S. Chen, J. Furmaniak, B. Rees Smith, S. Masiero, S. Masiero, M. P. Albergoni, R. Zanchetta, and C. Betterle. "Premature Ovarian Failure in Patients with Autoimmune Addison's Disease: Clinical, Genetic, and Immunological Evaluation." Endocrinology 152, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 3279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.152.8.zee3279.
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Design The design of the study was to investigate the prevalence of the following: 1) premature ovarian failure (POF) in patients with autoimmune Addison's disease (AD); 2) steroidproducing cells (StCA) and steroidogenic enzymes (17α-hydroxylase autoantibodies and P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme autoantibodies) in patients with or without POF; and 3) the value of these autoantibodies to predict POF. Patients The study included 258 women: 163 with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS-2), 49 with APS-1, 18 with APS-4, and 28 with isolated AD. Methods StCA were measured by an immunofluorescence technique and 17α-hydroxylase autoantibodies and P450 sidechain cleavage enzyme autoantibodies by immunoprecipitation assays. Results Fifty-two of 258 women with AD (20.2%) had POF. POF was diagnosed in 20 of 49 (40.8%) with APS-1, six of 18 (33.3%) with APS-4, 26 of 163 (16%) with APS-2, and none of 28 with isolated AD. In patients with APS-1 and APS-4, POF developed after AD, whereas it preceded AD in patients with APS-2. StCA were detected in 31 of 43 with POF (72%) and 51 of 198 without POF (25.7%). StCA were present in 22 of 38 with APS-1 (57.9%) (11 of 13 with POF); in five of 13 with APS-4 (38.5%) (three of four with POF); in 53 of 162 with APS-2 (32.7%) (17 of 26 with POF), and in one of 28 isolated AD patients (3.6%). Twelve of 13 patients with POF with a duration less than 5 yr (92.3%) and 18 of 25 with duration longer than 5 yr (72%) were StCA positive. Twenty-eight of 31 with POF (90.3%) were positive for at least one steroidogenic antibody. Forty-one women with AD less than 40 yr were followed up for a mean period of 9 yr. Eight of 21 women (38%) positive or seroconverted for steroidogenic autoantibodies developed POF at a mean age of 23 yr (six with APS-1, one with APS-2, and one with APS-4), and none of the 20 patients negative for steroidogenic autoantibodies developed POF. Conclusions This study indicates that AD is frequently associated with POF and that steroidogenic antibodies are markers of patients with POF. Steroidogenic autoantibodies are predictive markers of POF in patients with AD.
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Kang, Rui, and Kai Yang. "Bottleneck Simulation of Two-Lane Traffic CA Model with Turn Signal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.640.
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Based on the STCA model, an improved two-lane traffic CA model in view of turn signals is proposed. The model considers changes in driver behavior before and after the signaling of the leading vehicle, and introduces rules of changing lanes, cutting lanes and yielding the right of way for the flowing vehicle. Through computer numerical simulations, this study has presented time-space diagrams and also analyzed the effects of driver behavior of the rear vehicles on traffic flow. The results reveal that a higher rate of cutting lanes incurs a heavier traffic flow in normal situations while yielding the right of way relieves traffic congestion in a bottleneck situation. Compared with the traditional model, STCA model can depict more complex traffic situations resulted from different driver behaviors and reproduce a more realistic process of traffic flow.
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Kang, Rui, and Kai Yang. "Research on Energy Consumption of Two-Lane Traffic Based on Turn Signal Effect." Advanced Materials Research 827 (October 2013): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.827.412.
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Based on the STCA model, an improved two-lane traffic CA model considering turn signals is proposed. The model designs driver behavior changes because of the effect of turn light of front vehicle,and introduces rules of changing lanes, cutting lanes and yielding the right of way for the rear vehicle. Through computer numerical simulations, this study has presented curve diagrams of relationship between turning rate and energy consumption and also analyzed the effects of driver behavior of the rear vehicles on traffic flow. The results indicate that increased probability of lane change make more turning rate and energy consumption. When probability of lane change is from 0.5 to 1.0, turning rate increases 13.23% and energy consumption increases 22.15% . Compared with the traditional model, STCA model can depict more complex traffic situations and reproduce driver behaviors and more realistic process of traffic.
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Chang, Andy C. M., Jeff Hook, Frances A. Lemckert, Michelle M. McDonald, Mai-Anh T. Nguyen, Edna C. Hardeman, David G. Little, Peter W. Gunning, and Roger R. Reddel. "The Murine Stanniocalcin 2 Gene Is a Negative Regulator of Postnatal Growth." Endocrinology 149, no. 5 (February 7, 2008): 2403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1219.
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Stanniocalcin (STC), a secreted glycoprotein, was first studied in fish as a classical hormone with a role in regulating serum calcium levels. There are two closely related proteins in mammals, STC1 and STC2, with functions that are currently unclear. Both proteins are expressed in numerous mammalian tissues rather than being secreted from a specific endocrine gland. No phenotype has been detected yet in Stc1-null mice, and to investigate whether Stc2 could have compensated for the loss of Stc1, we have now generated Stc2−/− and Stc1−/−Stc2−/− mice. Although Stc1 is expressed in the ovary and lactating mouse mammary glands, like the Stc1−/− mice, the Stc1−/−Stc2−/− mice had no detected decrease in fertility, fecundity, or weight gain up until weaning. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were normal in Stc1−/−Stc2−/− mice, indicating it is unlikely that the mammalian stanniocalcins have a major physiological role in mineral homeostasis. Mice with Stc2 deleted were 10–15% larger and grew at a faster rate than wild-type mice from 4 wk onward, and the Stc1−/−Stc2−/− mice had a similar growth phenotype. This effect was not mediated through the GH/IGF-I axis. The results are consistent with STC2 being a negative regulator of postnatal growth.
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Ariyanto, Tomi, Yoan Dinata, Dwiyanto, Waluyo Sugito, Erwan Turyanto, Sophie Kirklin, and Rajan Amin. "Status of Sumatran Tiger in the Berbak-Sembilang landscape (2020)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6271.13.6.18419-18426.
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Monitoring the status of the Critically Endangered Sumatran Tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae is a key component for assessing the effectiveness of conservation interventions, and thus informing and adapting strategic planning for the remaining 600 Sumatran Tigers on the island. The Berbak-Sembilang National Park is an integral part of the priority Berbak-Sembilang Tiger Conservation Landscape, in a unique habitat of mixed peat and freshwater swamp in eastern Sumatra. Our camera trap survey covered both the Berbak and Sembilang Tiger Core Areas (BTCA, STCA) over a period of 10 years, with surveys undertaken in 2010, 2015, 2018–2019. The most recent population density estimates (BTCA 1.33 adults/100 km2, 95% CI 0.82–1.91 with 19 adults; and STCA 0.56 adults/100 km2, 95% CI 0.45–0.89 with five adults) confirmed a small but stable population. A landscape level management approach is a priority for tiger population recovery, consolidating ground-based protection and establishing a well-maintained fire management system with reforestation of affected areas along with multi-stakeholder engagement and partnerships. The study also recommends extending the BTCA to include the primary swamp forest in the north of the national park, based on evidence from camera trap surveys.
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Zeng, Jun-Wei, Sen-Bin Yu, Yong-Sheng Qian, Xu-Ting Wei, Xiao Feng, and Hui Wang. "Research on traffic flow characteristics at signal intersection." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 26 (September 20, 2017): 1750238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917502384.
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Based on the cautious driving behavior and the principle of the vehicles at left-side having priority to pass in the intersection, a two-dimensional cellular automata model for planar signalized intersection (NS-STCA) is established. The different turning vehicles are regarded as the research objects and the effect of the left-turn probability, signal cycle, vehicle flow density on traffic flow at the intersection is investigated.
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de Cesar Netto, Cesar, Grace C. Kunas, Dylan Soukup, Anca Marinescu, and Scott J. Ellis. "Correlation of Clinical Evaluation and Radiographic Hindfoot Alignment in Stage II Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity." Foot & Ankle International 39, no. 7 (March 28, 2018): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100718762113.
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Background: Previous work has demonstrated that the amount of radiographic hindfoot correction required at the time of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) operative treatment can be predicted by the amount of radiographic deformity present before surgery. Successful outcomes after reconstruction are closely correlated with hindfoot valgus correction. However, it is not clear if differences exist between clinical and radiographic assessment of hindfoot valgus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between radiographic and clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment in patients with stage II AAFD. Methods: Twenty-nine patients (30 feet) with stage II AAFD, 17 men and 12 women, mean age of 51 (range, 20-71) years, were prospectively recruited. In a controlled and standardized fashion, bilateral weightbearing radiographic hindfoot alignment views were taken. Radiographic parameters were measured by 2 blinded and independent readers: hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) and hindfoot moment arm (HMA). Clinical photographs of hindfoot alignment were taken in 3 different vertical camera angulations (0, 20, and 40 degrees). Pictures were assessed by the same readers for standing tibiocalcaneal angle (STCA) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed by Pearson/Spearman’s and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Relationship between clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment was evaluated by a linear regression model. Comparison between the different angles (RCSP, STCA, and HAA) was performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. P values of less than .05 were considered significant. Results: We found overall almost perfect intraobserver (range, 0.91-0.99) and interobserver reliability (range, 0.74-0.98) for all measures. Mean value and confidence interval (CI) for RCSP and STCA were 10.8 degrees (CI, 10.1-11.5) and 12.6 degrees (CI, 11.7-13.4), respectively. The position of the camera did not influence readings of clinical alignment ( P > .05). The mean HMA was 18.7 mm (CI, 16.3-21.1 mm), and the mean HAA was 23.5 degrees (CI, 21.1-26.0). Clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment were found to significantly correlate ( P < .05). However, the radiographic HAA demonstrated increased valgus compared to both clinical alignment measurements, with a mean difference of 12.8 degrees from the RCSP (CI, 11.0-14.5, P < .0001) and 11.0 degrees from the STCA (CI, 9.2-12.8, P < .0001). Conclusion: We found significant correlation between radiographic and clinical hindfoot alignment in patients with stage II AAFD. However, radiographic measurements of HAA demonstrated significantly more pronounced valgus alignment than the clinical evaluation. The results of our study suggest that clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment in patients with AAFD potentially underestimates the bony valgus deformity. One should consider these findings when using clinical evaluation in the treatment algorithm of flatfoot patients. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative study.
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de Cesar Netto, Cesar, Lauren Roberts, Grace Kunas, Anca Marinescu, Dylan Soukup, and Scott Ellis. "Hindfoot Alignment in Stage II Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00205.
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Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Previous work has demonstrated that the amount of radiographic hindfoot correction required at the time of adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) surgical treatment can be predicted by the amount of radiographic deformity present before surgery. Successful outcomes after reconstruction are closely correlated with hindfoot valgus correction. However, it is not clear if differences exist between clinical and radiographic assessment of hindfoot valgus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between radiographic and clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment in patients with stage II AAFD. Methods: Twenty-nine patients (30 feet) with stage II AAFD, 17 men and 12 women, mean age of 51 (range, 20 to 71) years, were prospectively recruited. In a controlled and standardized fashion, bilateral weightbearing radiographic hindfoot alignment views were taken. Radiographic parameters were measured by two blinded and independent readers: hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) and hindfoot moment arm (HMA). Clinical photographs of hindfoot alignment were taken, in three different vertical camera angulations (0, 20 and 40 degrees). Pictures were assessed by the same readers for standing tibiocalcaneal angle (STCA) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed by Pearson/Spearman’s and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Relationship between clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment was evaluated by a linear regression model. Comparison between the different angles (RCSP, STCA and HAA) was performed using Wilcoxon rank sum test. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: We found overall almost perfect intra- (range, 0.91-0.99) and interobserver reliability (range, 0.74-0.98) for all measures. Mean value and confidence interval (CI) for RCSP and STCA were 10.78 degrees (CI: 10.09-11.47) and 12.55 degrees (CI: 11.71- 13.40), respectively. The position of the camera did not influence readings of clinical alignment (p>.05). The mean HMA was 18.74 mm (CI: 16.34-21.14 mm) and the mean HAA was 23.54 degrees (CI: 21.08-25.99). Clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment were found to significantly correlate (p<.05). However, the radiographic hindfoot alignment (HAA) demonstrated increased valgus when compared to both clinical alignment measurements, with a mean difference of 12.76 degrees from the RCSP (CI: 10.99-14.53, p<.0001) and 10.98 degrees from the STCA (CI: 9.22-12.76, p<.0001). Conclusion: We found significant correlation between radiographic and clinical hindfoot alignment in patients with stage II AAFD. However, radiographic measurements of hindfoot alignment angle demonstrated significantly more pronounced valgus alignment than the clinical evaluation. The results of our study suggest that clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment in patients with AAFD potentially underestimates the bony valgus deformity. One should consider these findings when using clinical evaluation in the treatment algorithm of flatfoot patients.
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JELLINEK, Derek A., Andy C. CHANG, Martin R. LARSEN, Xin WANG, Phillip J. ROBINSON, and Roger R. REDDEL. "Stanniocalcin 1 and 2 are secreted as phosphoproteins from human fibrosarcoma cells." Biochemical Journal 350, no. 2 (August 23, 2000): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3500453.
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Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) and stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) are two recently identified mammalian peptide hormones. STC1 plays a role in calcium and phosphate homoeostasis, while the role of STC2 is unknown. We examined a human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, that has high steady-state STC1 and STC2 mRNA levels, to determine whether these proteins are secreted. Following incubation of HT1080 cells with 32P, labelled STC1 and STC2 were found to be secreted into the medium. STC1 was phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C (PKC). In vitro and in vivo phosphorylation both occurred exclusively on serine and the phosphopeptide maps were similar, suggesting that PKC might be the in vivo kinase. STC2 was phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase II (CK2), in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation were exclusively on serine and the phosphopeptide maps were indistinguishable. Phosphorylation of STC2 in intact cells resulted from the action of an ecto-protein kinase, since exogenous STC2 was phosphorylated by HT1080 cells and no phosphorylated STC2 was detectable inside the cells. The ectokinase activity was abolished by heparin and GTP could substitute for ATP as the phosphate donor, indicative of an ecto-CK2-like activity. The in vitro CK2 phosphorylation site was shown by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight MS to be a single serine located between Ser-285 and Ser-298 in the C-terminal region of STC2. This is the first report of the secretion of STC1 or STC2 from mammalian cells. We conclude that these human fibrosarcoma cells express both STC1 and STC2 as secreted phosphoproteins in vivo, with STC2 being phosphorylated by an ecto-CK2-like enzyme.
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HUANG, XIN, JIA LEE, RUI-LONG YANG, and QING-SHENG ZHU. "SIMPLE AND FLEXIBLE SELF-REPRODUCING STRUCTURES IN ASYNCHRONOUS CELLULAR AUTOMATA AND THEIR DYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 24, no. 03 (March 2013): 1350015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183113500150.
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Self-reproduction on asynchronous cellular automata (ACAs) has attracted wide attention due to the evident artifacts induced by synchronous updating. Asynchronous updating, which allows cells to undergo transitions independently at random times, might be more compatible with the natural processes occurring at micro-scale, but the dark side of the coin is the increment in the complexity of an ACA in order to accomplish stable self-reproduction. This paper proposes a novel model of self-timed cellular automata (STCAs), a special type of ACAs, where unsheathed loops are able to duplicate themselves reliably in parallel. The removal of sheath cannot only allow various loops with more flexible and compact structures to replicate themselves, but also reduce the number of cell states of the STCA as compared to the previous model adopting sheathed loops [Y. Takada, T. Isokawa, F. Peper and N. Matsui, Physica D227, 26 (2007)]. The lack of sheath, on the other hand, often tends to cause much more complicated interactions among loops, when all of them struggle independently to stretch out their constructing arms at the same time. In particular, such intense collisions may even cause the emergence of a mess of twisted constructing arms in the cellular space. By using a simple and natural method, our self-reproducing loops (SRLs) are able to retract their arms successively, thereby disentangling from the mess successfully.
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Foran, Ian, Nasima Mehraban, Stephen K. Jacobsen, Daniel D. Bohl, Kamran S. Hamid, Johnny L. Lin, and Simon Lee. "Comparison of Change in Hindfoot Alignment with Coleman Block Testing Using Clinical Exam, X-ray, and Weight-bearing CT." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 2473011420S0004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00040.
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Category: Hindfoot; Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: The Coleman block test has traditionally been used to distinguish between forefoot- and hindfoot-driven deformity as well as flexibility of cavovarus deformity. However, there has been no validation of the Coleman block test using x- rays or weightbearing CT scan. The purpose of this study was to compare hindfoot alignment in cavovarus feet with and without the Coleman block using clinical exam, x-ray, and weightbearing CT scan. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 7 feet in 7 patients. The average age was 57, there were 5 males, and the average BMI was 34.7. Average calcaneal pitch was 30 degrees. Clinical measurements were made using standing talocalcaneal angle (STCA) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) with and without a Coleman block using a camera positioned at 0 degrees to the heels. Hindfoot angle (HFA) was measured off of Saltzman-view x-rays and off of weightbearing CT coronal reconstructions with and without the Coleman block. Finally, foot ankle offset (FAO) was measured with and without the Coleman block from weightbearing CT using Cubeview TALAS software. Differences before and after Coleman block were measured using paired t- testing and correlations between different hindfoot alignment measurements were made using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results:: The average change in STCA before and after Coleman block placement was 2.9 degrees (7.14 varus without block, 4.28 degrees of varus with block; p<0.05). The average change in hindfoot angle before and after Coleman block using X-ray was 7.4 degrees (14 degrees varus without block, 6 degrees varus with block; p=0.08), and using CT was 3.9 degrees (14 degrees varus without block, 10 degrees varus with block; p= 0.06). There was no significant change in FAO before and after Coleman block testing. STCA was best-correlated with FAO (R= 0.7, p<0.05). CT HFA was also well-correlated with FAO (R=0.68, p<0.05). There was lesser correlation between X-ray HFA and FAO (R=0.608, p<0.05) and X-ray HFA and SCTA (p=0.63, p<0.05). Conclusion:: Although Coleman block testing resulted in a decrease in varus, no patient had full re-constitution of physiologic hindfoot valgus with any measurement method. This suggests that either the forefoot was a partial (but never a complete) ‘driver’ of hindfoot varus deformity, or that there was some degree of rigidity in all patients tested. FAO did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference with and without Coleman block on this small sample size. FAO was best correlated with both clinical exam and CT HFA measurements. Clinical exam and weightbearing CT may be more reliable than radiographs in measuring cavovarus hindfoot alignment. [Figure: see text]
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Liu, Wen Bin, and Yue Qiang Yang. "The Study of Traffic Rules Based on Cellular Automata Traffic Wave Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.47.
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The traffic control problem is a hot issue in recent years. We investigate the effectiveness of three traffic rules in assuring safety and improve traffic flow. We utilize a cellular automata method of traffic flow to investigate and simulate the vehicle performance and use a linear weighting approach to weigh safety and traffic flow comprehensively. We establish overtaking models of a two-lane freeway on the basis of the stochastic traffic cellular automaton (STCA) model. Using the cellular automata method, we simulate the relationships between the traffic flows, the average vehicle velocity, and the vehicle density. We propose two new traffic rules, which in the premise of ensuring safety and improve traffic flow.
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Murphy, Donald G., Louise Côté, Micheline Fauvel, Pierre René, and Jean Vincelette. "Multicenter Comparison of Roche COBAS AMPLICOR MONITOR Version 1.5, Organon Teknika NucliSens QT with Extractor, and Bayer Quantiplex Version 3.0 for Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 11 (2000): 4034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.11.4034-4041.2000.
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The performance and characteristics of Roche COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.5 (CA MONITOR 1.5) UltraSensitive (usCA MONITOR 1.5) and Standard (stCA MONITOR 1.5) procedures, Organon Teknika NucliSens HIV-1 RNA QT with Extractor (NucliSens), and Bayer Quantiplex HIV RNA version 3.0 (bDNA 3.0) were compared in a multicenter trial. Samples used in this study included 460 plasma specimens from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons, 100 plasma specimens from HIV antibody (anti-HIV)-negative persons, and culture supernatants of HIV-1 subtype A to E isolates diluted in anti-HIV-negative plasma. Overall, bDNA 3.0 showed the least variation in RNA measures upon repeat testing. For the Roche assays, usCA MONITOR 1.5 displayed less variation in RNA measures than stCA MONITOR 1.5. NucliSens, at an input volume of 2 ml, showed the best sensitivity. Deming regression analysis indicated that the results of all three assays were significantly correlated (P < 0.0001). However, the mean difference in values between CA MONITOR 1.5 and bDNA 3.0 (0.274 log10 RNA copies/ml; 95% confidence interval, 0.192 to 0.356) was significantly different from 0, indicating that CA MONITOR 1.5 values were regularly higher than bDNA 3.0 values. Upon testing of 100 anti-HIV-negative plasma specimens, usCA MONITOR 1.5 and NucliSens displayed 100% specificity, while bDNA 3.0 showed 98% specificity. NucliSens quantified 2 of 10 non-subtype B viral isolates at 1 log10 lower than both CA MONITOR 1.5 and bDNA 3.0. For NucliSens, testing of specimens with greater than 1,000 RNA copies/ml at input volumes of 0.1, 0.2, and 2.0 ml did not affect the quality of results. Additional factors differing between assays included specimen throughput and volume requirements, limit of detection, ease of execution, instrument work space, and costs of disposal. These characteristics, along with assay performance, should be considered when one is selecting a viral load assay.
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Raulic, Sanda, Yudith Ramos-Valdes, and Gabriel E. DiMattia. "Stanniocalcin 2 expression is regulated by hormone signalling and negatively affects breast cancer cell viability in vitro." Journal of Endocrinology 197, no. 3 (March 27, 2008): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-08-0043.
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Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) and STC2 are secreted, homodimeric glycoproteins that share 30% amino acid sequence identity. Breast tumour gene profiling studies have demonstrated significantly upregulated STC2 expression in hormone-responsive positive breast tumours; therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate STC2 hormonal regulation and function in breast cancer cells. Here we report that STC2 is expressed in a number of human breast cancer cell lines, regardless of their oestrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) receptor status, and its expression is readily detectable in human and mouse mammary gland tumours. Besides E2, retinoic acid (RA) and P4 play an important role in the regulation of STC2 expression, not only in MCF-7 but also in other breast cancer and non-breast cell lines. The expression of the related hormone, STC1, is not affected by the above hormones in breast and endometrial cancer cell lines implying a fundamental difference in regulation in cancer cell lines. The induction of STC2 expression by E2 and RA occurs at the transcriptional level but through intermediary transcription factors. The STC2 proximal promoter region is not responsible for hormonal induction, but exhibits a high basal transcriptional activity. Constitutive STC2 expression in human breast cancer cell lines resulted in significant impairment of cell growth, migration and cell viability after serum withdrawal. In conclusion, STC2 is a downstream target of E2, P4 and RA signalling pathways. In hormone receptor negative cell lines it can function in a paracrine/autocrine fashion to reduce cell proliferation.
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Foran, Ian M., Nasima Mehraban, Stephen K. Jacobsen, Daniel D. Bohl, Johnny Lin, Kamran S. Hamid, and Simon Lee. "Impact of Coleman Block Test on Adult Hindfoot Alignment Assessed by Clinical Examination, Radiography, and Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 247301142093326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420933264.
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Background: Cavovarus foot constitutes a complex 3-dimensional deformity. The Coleman block test has traditionally been used to distinguish between forefoot- and hindfoot-driven deformity. However, there has been no objective evaluation of the Coleman block test using radiographs or weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). The purpose of this study was to compare hindfoot alignment in adult cavovarus feet with and without the Coleman block using clinical examination, radiography, and WBCT. Methods: Six feet in 6 patients with a clinical diagnosis of cavovarus foot deformity were prospectively enrolled. All feet underwent clinical photography with the camera positioned at 0 degrees to the heel, hindfoot alignment view radiography with the beam positioned 20 degrees off the ground, and WBCT, both with and without the Coleman block in place. Clinical photos were characterized using the standing talocalcaneal angle (STCA), radiographs were characterized using the hindfoot alignment angle (HAA), and WBCTs were characterized using manual and automated hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) and foot and ankle offset (FAO). Using paired analyses, measurements taken with the Coleman block in place were compared to those taken without the Coleman block. Finally, the different methods of measuring hindfoot alignment were tested for correlation with each other. Mean age was 56 years (range 38-69). Results: On clinical photography, the STCA decreased by 3.8 degrees with addition of the block (from 10.0±6.6 degrees varus without block to 6.2±7.1 degrees varus with block; P = .001). On radiograph, HAA decreased by 9.0 degrees with addition of the block (from 16.8±8.4 degrees varus without block to 7.5±6.3 degrees varus with block; P = .07). On WBCT, hindfoot alignment angle changed an average of 3.2 degrees (33.4 degrees varus without block, 30.2 degrees varus with block; P = .008). On WBCT, FAO decreased by 1.4% (from 11.3% varus without block to 10.1% varus with block; P = .003). Clinical examination and automated WBCT measurements were strongly correlated with each other. Conclusion: Clinical examination, radiograph, and WBCT demonstrated improvements in hindfoot varus using the Coleman block test in adults, but no patient demonstrated complete resolution of deformity regardless of the measurement modality. Clinical examination correlated strongly with automated WBCT measurements. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case review.
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Teixeira Junior, Donizeti, Regis Luis Missio, Mariana Paula Rossi Sforcini, Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira, Viviane Borba Ferrari, and Rafael Ferreira Santos. "Productive performance of dairy cows fed with hydrolyzed sugarcane." Ciência Rural 45, no. 10 (October 2015): 1848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131605.
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This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of dairy cows fed with sugarcane treated with 5g kg-1 of calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Eight Holstein cows with 638.01±12.52kg of body weight and milk yield of 20.32±1.5kg d-1 were randomly assigned into two 4x4 Latin squares, fed with the following diets composed of corn silage (CS), fresh sugarcane (FS), sugarcane treated with calcium oxide (STCO) or calcium hydroxide (STCH) as only forage. Data collection lasted five days, after 15 days of adaptation to diets and facilities. The dry matter intake (% of body weight) was higher in diets with CS (3.08) compared to those with FS (2.67), STCO (2.73) or STCH (2.73), which did not differ. Diets with CS determined milk production adjusted for 4% fat (20.05kg d-1) similar to diets containing STCO and STCH (18.01 and 17.89kg d-1, respectively) and higher than those with FS (17.33kg d-1). The experimental diets did not alter the composition of milk. The use of sugarcane treated with Ca(OH)2 is a viable option for feeding Holstein cows with average genetic potential for milk production because it allows production and composition similar to milk dairy cows fed with corn silage, besides benefiting the logistics of feeding in the rural properties.
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Zhu, Hong Jia, Dan Wang, and Ji Biao Zhou. "A Cellular Automaton Model for Highway: Considering Multi-Lane Traffic Rules." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2213.
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Vehicular flow in highway is inherently complex and development of microscopic models of vehicular flow has been a daunting task for researchers. This paper presents the use of Cellular automata (CA) micro simulation for modeling multi-lane traffic characteristics in highway, as well as considering the average speed difference (ASD) and lane-changing rules (LCR) in the CA model. Firstly, on the base of the Symmetric Two-Lane Cellular Automata (STCA) model, we analyzed the impact on traffic characteristics, through adjusting the maximum speed and lane-changing rules. Secondly, by the micro simulation, the relationships between speed and density in traffic flow were given considering the ASD and the LCR. The simulation results showed that, (a) the more obvious of speed dispersion, the more serious about speed declining, (b) the speed of overall traffic flow slowed down by 163% under extreme conditions, (c) the more reckless of lane-changing rule drivers used, the higher speed of traffic flow can reach.
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Ito, Daisuke, John R. Walker, Charlie S. Thompson, Isabella Moroz, William Lin, Margaret L. Veselits, Antoine M. Hakim, Allen A. Fienberg, and Gopal Thinakaran. "Characterization of Stanniocalcin 2, a Novel Target of the Mammalian Unfolded Protein Response with Cytoprotective Properties." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 9456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.21.9456-9469.2004.
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ABSTRACT Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces a highly conserved homeostatic response in all eukaryotic cells, termed the unfolded-protein response (UPR). Here we describe the characterization of stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), a mammalian homologue of a calcium- and phosphate-regulating hormone first identified in fish, as a novel target of the UPR. Expression of STC2 gene is rapidly upregulated in cultured cells after exposure to tunicamycin and thapsigargin, by ATF4 after activation of the ER-resident kinase PERK. In addition, STC2 expression is also activated in neuronal cells by oxidative stress and hypoxia but not by several cellular stresses unrelated to the UPR. In contrast, expression of another homologue, STC1, is only upregulated by hypoxia independent of PERK or ATF4 expression. In vivo studies revealed that rat cortical neurons rapidly upregulate STC2 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, siRNA-mediated inhibition of STC2 expression renders N2a neuroblastoma cells and HeLa cells significantly more vulnerable to apoptotic cell death after treatment with thapsigargin, and overexpression of STC2 attenuated thapsigargin-induced cell death. Consequently, induced STC2 expression is an essential feature of survival component of the UPR.
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Wang, Jiangfeng, Chang Gao, Zhouyuan Zhu, and Xuedong Yan. "Multi-lane Changing Model with Coupling Driving Intention and Inclination." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i2.2085.
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Considering the impact of drivers’ psychology and behaviour, a multi-lane changing model coupling driving intention and inclination is proposed by introducing two quantitative indices of intention: strength of lane changing and risk factor. According to the psychological and behavioural characteristics of aggressive drivers and conservative drivers, the safety conditions for lane changing are designed respectively. The numerical simulations show that the proposed model is suitable for describing the traffic flow with frequent lane changing, which is more consistent with the driving behaviour of drivers in China. Compared with symmetric two-lane cellular automata (STCA) model, the proposed model can improve the average speed of vehicles by 1.04% under different traffic demands when aggressive drivers are in a higher proportion (the threshold of risk factor is 0.4). When the risk factor increases, the average speed shows the polarization phenomenon with the average speed slowing down in big traffic demand. The proposed model can reflect the relationship among density, flow, and speed, and the risk factor has a significant impact on density and flow.
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Xiang, Zheng-Tao, Zhan Gao, Tao Zhang, Kai Che, and Yu-Feng Chen. "An improved two-lane cellular automaton traffic model based on BL-STCA model considering the dynamic lane-changing probability." Soft Computing 23, no. 19 (January 25, 2019): 9397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-03788-9.
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Mamo, S., A. Al Naib, L. O'Hara, T. Fair, and P. Lonergan. "194 EXPRESSION OF STANNIOCALCIN FAMILY GENES DURING PREIMPLANTATION STAGE BOVINE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab194.
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Stanniocalcins (STC) are a small family of secreted homodimeric glycoprotein hormones consisting of STC1 and STC2. A previous study in Drosophila (Tolias and Stroumbakis 1998 Dev. Genes Evol. 208, 274–282) indicated that maternally derived STC is required during embryogenesis. However, little information is available for mammalian embryos. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of STC and assess their roles during the preimplantation stage of bovine embryo development. Immature cumulus–oocyte complexes were aspirated from follicles of bovine ovaries collected at a local abattoir and matured in vitro for 24 h at 39°C under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air with maximum humidity in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) fetal calf serum and 10 ng mL–1 of epidermal growth factor. Matured cumulus–oocyte complexes were inseminated with fertile bull semen (Day 0). Embryos were cultured in vitro, and subsequently, 4 pools of 10 embryos each at the zygote, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages were collected from 4 different replicate cultures and stored at –80°C until analysis. Total RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Micro Kit and a random primer was used during cDNA synthesis. The expression of STC1, STC2, and reference genes (YWHAZ, PPIA, SDHA) was examined. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to compare transcript abundance, and data were normalized to the geometric averages of the reference genes. The expression levels were analysed using the relative standard curve method, and means were compared using Student’s t-test. Despite being members of the same family and having large sequence similarity, the expression of each gene was unique and stage dependent during embryo development. Expression of STC1 was detected in all the stages examined. Expression was transiently reduced at the 2-cell stage, with no significant change until the 8-cell stage but with a slight increase at the 16-cell stage. In contrast, STC2 was barely detectable before the 8-cell stage. Expression at the 8- and 16-cell stages was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher compared with all other stages, with a peak at the 16-cell stage. This significantly higher expression pattern of STC2 during the critical stages of maternal to zygotic control of development may suggest an important role during this critical period of embryo development. Supported by Science Foundation Ireland (07/SRC/B1156).
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Wagner, Graham F., Ewa M. Jaworski, and Michel Haddad. "Stanniocalcin in the seawater salmon: structure, function, and regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): R1177—R1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.4.r1177.
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Stanniocalcin (STC) is a homodimeric glycoprotein hormone that was first discovered in fish, where it is produced by unique endocrine glands known as the corpuscles of Stannius (CS). In freshwater salmon, STC plays an integral role in Ca2+ and phosphate homeostasis. High levels of extracellular Ca2+promote the synthesis and release of STC, which on entering the bloodstream reduces the levels of gill and gut Ca2+ transport and renal phosphate excretion to restore normocalcemia. In this report, we have examined STC in seawater salmon. We have studied the distribution of STC protein and mRNA in marine Atlantic salmon CS cells, the responsiveness of these cells to Ca2+, and some physical properties of the hormone. Our results demonstrated that all Atlantic salmon CS cells expressed the STC gene. Furthermore, these cells exhibited a Ca2+ sensitivity that was remarkably similar to those in freshwater salmon in terms of its ability to stimulate STC secretion and gene expression. When Atlantic salmon glands were fractionated by concanavalin A (ConA)-Sepharose chromatography, two distinct forms of the hormone were identified, both of which were recognized by sockeye salmon STC antiserum, and designated as STC1 and STC2. STC1 was a glycosylated, 42-kDa disulfide-linked dimer, with a high affinity for ConA. STC2 did not bind to ConA, was 44 kDa in size, and had a different subunit structure. STC2 was also a less effective inhibitor of gill Ca2+ transport in fish. Collectively, the results suggest that there is a second form of STC in salmon.
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Jian, Meiying, Xiaojuan Li, and Jinxin Cao. "Investigating model and impacts of lane-changing execution process based on CA model." International Journal of Modern Physics C 31, no. 12 (November 5, 2020): 2050171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183120501715.
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Lane changing is one of the basic driving behaviors and consists of lane-changing decision-making process and lane-changing execution process. However, most existing traffic simulation models focus on lane-changing decision-making process and assume that drivers complete their lane-changing behaviors instantaneously. Then these models may not reproduce the actual traffic phenomenon. Furthermore, there are several failed lane-changing behaviors, referring to that drivers may go back to the original lane during lane-changing process. And the impacts of these behaviors have not been investigated up to now. In order to characterize the lateral movement process and to investigate its impacts on traffic flow, this study puts forward a symmetric two-lane cellular automaton model with lane-changing execution (STCA-LE model). In this model, the lateral movement rules of lane changing vehicles are formulated and introduced. The results of numerical simulation indicate that there is a positive relationship between the lane-changing duration and traffic density that is consistent with observation data analysis. Based on this model, the lane-changing trajectories and impacts of lane-changing process are investigated by introducing the critical lane-changing duration. The results of this study could be taken as an important reference to the development of traffic measures and the designation of intelligent vehicles.
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Zhao, Han-Tao, Xin Zhao, and Liu-Yan Xin. "Cellular automaton model for three-lane urban road considering Internet of Vehicles lane." International Journal of Modern Physics C 31, no. 12 (October 30, 2020): 2050179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918312050179x.
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Although the technology of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is developing rapidly, it will still take a long time to realize its overall popularization. Aimed at this transition phase, this paper proposes to set up an IoV lane on the urban road, which is specially designed for the connected vehicles, to provide a better driving environment for the connected vehicles. Considering the operation characteristics of traffic flow under traditional and IoV environment, this paper establishes a three-lane cellular automata model for urban road traffic flow considering IoV lane, modified on the basis of the Modified Comfortable Driving (MCD) model and symmetric two-lane cellular automata (STCA) model, and then takes simulation by MATLAB and makes analysis. The result shows that the setting of IoV lane can improve the velocity of networked vehicles to a great extent with no or just a bit decline in the ordinary vehicles’ speed, and it has a great effect on the mixture traffic flow, including the increase in both traffic volume and the average speed. What’s more, when the networking proportion is between 0.2 and 0.76, and the space occupation ranges from 0.18 to 0.56, the traffic benefit of IoV special lane can reach the best.
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Intra, Bungonsiri, Jirayut Euanorasetr, Takuya Nihira, and Watanalai Panbangred. "Characterization of a gamma-butyrolactone synthetase gene homologue (stcA) involved in bafilomycin production and aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces sp. SBI034." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100, no. 6 (November 25, 2015): 2749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7142-8.
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Moreira, Alexandre, Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, Alexandre Hideki Okano, Marcel de Souza, and Miguel de Arruda. "A dinâmica de alteração das medidas de força e o efeito posterior duradouro de treinamento em basquetebolistas submetidos ao sistema de treinamento em bloco." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 10, no. 4 (August 2004): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-86922004000400002.
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O presente estudo objetivou examinar a dinâmica das alterações da força explosiva de salto vertical (SV), força explosiva de salto horizontal (SHP) e da força rápida horizontal para a perna direita (STCD) e para a perna esquerda (STCE) nas distintas etapas da preparação em basquetebolistas adultos submetidos ao sistema de treinamento em bloco. O grupo estudado foi composto por 12 atletas participantes do campeonato paulista da divisão principal (A1). Oito realizaram o programa de forma integral e foram incluídos na análise. Os atletas submeteram-se a uma estrutura bicíclica de preparação (primeiro macrociclo com 23 semanas e o segundo macrociclo com 19 semanas). Na estruturação do modelo, o macrociclo de treinamento foi dividido em etapa básica (cargas concentradas de força), etapa especial e etapa de competição. A etapa básica teve a duração de oito semanas, no primeiro macrociclo de treinamento, e três semanas no segundo macrociclo. Os atletas foram avaliados em oito momentos distintos do ciclo anual, caracterizando uma investigação longitudinal. Os resultados demonstraram: 1) a eficácia do sistema de treinamento em bloco no basquetebol, evidenciada pela expressão pontual do efeito posterior duradouro de treinamento (EPDT), 2) que as cargas de competição exerceram diferentes efeitos para as SV e SHP e, ainda, 3) ocorrências diversas verificadas entre STCD e STCE, demonstrando a necessidade de avaliar e analisar minuciosamente os resultados dos diferentes testes de saltos quando utilizados como parâmetros de controle dos efeitos de treinamento.
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Wu, Wenjing, Renchao Sun, Anning Ni, Zhikang Liang, and Hongfei Jia. "Simulation and evaluation of speed and lane-changing advisory of CAVS at work zones in heterogeneous traffic flow." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 21 (August 20, 2020): 2050201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922050201x.
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Emerging connected autonomous vehicle (CAV) technologies provide an opportunity to the vehicle motion control to improve the traffic performance. This study simulated and evaluated the CAV-based speed and lane-changing (LC) control strategies at the expressway work zone in heterogeneous traffic flow. The control strategies of CAV are optimized by the multi-layer control structure based on model predictive control. The heterogeneous traffic flow composed of human-driven vehicles and CAVs is constructed based on cellular automata by the proposed Expected Distance-based Symmetric Two-lane Cellular Automate (ED-STCA) LC model and CAV car-following model. The six control strategies composed of variable speed limits (VSL), LC and their coordinated control strategies are experimented. The average travel time and throughput are selected to assess the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy under each combination of vehicles’ arrival rates and CAV mixed ratios. The numerical results show that: (i) the effect of the control strategy on the traffic is not obvious under free flow, and the control strategy may worsen the traffic under medium traffic. (ii) Early lane-changing control (ELC) is better than late lane-changing control (LLC) under medium traffic, and LLC is better under heavy traffic. (iii) [Formula: see text] is the best choice under heavy traffic and the mixed rate of CAVs is high. The simulation results obtained in the paper would provide some practical references for transportation agencies to manage the traffic in work zone under networking environment in the future.
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Gagliardi, Anthony D., Evan Y. W. Kuo, Sanda Raulic, Graham F. Wagner, and Gabriel E. DiMattia. "Human stanniocalcin-2 exhibits potent growth-suppressive properties in transgenic mice independently of growth hormone and IGFs." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 288, no. 1 (January 2005): E92—E105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2004.
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Stanniocalcin (STC)-2 was discovered by its primary amino acid sequence identity to the hormone STC-1. The function of STC-2 has not been examined; thus we generated two lines of transgenic mice overexpressing human (h)STC-2 to gain insight into its potential functions through identification of overt phenotypes. Analysis of mouse Stc2 gene expression indicates that, unlike Stc1, it is not highly expressed during development but exhibits overlapping expression with Stc1 in adult mice, with heart and skeletal muscle exhibiting highest steady-state levels of Stc2 mRNA. Constitutive overexpression of hSTC-2 resulted in pre- and postnatal growth restriction as early as embryonic day 12.5, progressing such that mature hSTC-2-transgenic mice are ∼45% smaller than wild-type littermates. hSTC-2 overexpression is sometimes lethal; we observed 26–34% neonatal morbidity without obvious dysmorphology. hSTC-2-induced growth retardation is associated with developmental delay, most notably cranial suture formation. Organ allometry studies show that hSTC-2-induced dwarfism is associated with testicular organomegaly and a significant reduction in skeletal muscle mass likely contributing to the dwarf phenotype. hSTC-2-transgenic mice are also hyperphagic, but this does not result in obesity. Serum Ca2+ and PO4 were unchanged in hSTC-2-transgenic mice, although STC-1 can regulate intra- and extracellular Ca2+ in mammals. Interestingly, severe growth retardation induced by hSTC-2 is not associated with a decrease in GH or IGF expression. Consequently, similar to STC-1, STC-2 can act as a potent growth inhibitor and reduce intramembranous and endochondral bone development and skeletal muscle growth, implying that these tissues are specific physiological targets of stanniocalcins.
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Takei, Yuichiro, Hironori Yamamoto, Masashi Masuda, Tadatoshi Sato, Yutaka Taketani, and Eiji Takeda. "Stanniocalcin 2 is positively and negatively controlled by 1,25(OH)2D3 and PTH in renal proximal tubular cells." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 42, no. 3 (January 8, 2009): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme-08-0161.
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We have previously identified a second mammalian stanniocalcin (STC2) in humans and demonstrated that STC2 inhibits phosphate uptake in an opossum renal proximal tubular cell line (opossum kidney (OK) cells). However, the regulation of Stc2 gene expression in OK cells is not well understood. In this study, we identified the opossum Stc2 cDNA sequence. The opossum STC2 amino acid sequence had 78.8% homology with human STC2, and has a conserved putative N-linked glycosylation site. Next, we investigated the regulation of Stc2 gene expression by the classical calcium and phosphate-regulating factors 1,25(OH)2D3 and PTH in OK cells. In western blot analysis using affinity-purified anti-STC2 antibody, the secretion of STC2 protein was stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, PTH suppressed the induction of STC2 protein secretion by 1,25(OH)2D3. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that Stc2 mRNA expression was increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, actinomycin D, an RNA synthesis inhibitor, prevented the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on Stc2 gene expression. On the other hand, PTH and phorbol 12,13-myristic acetate, a specific PKC activator, but not 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, a specific PKA activator, reduced the mRNA levels of Stc2. In addition, Gö6976, a specific PKC inhibitor, abolished the downregulation of Stc2 mRNA expression by PTH. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the renal Stc2 mRNA expression was increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 and decreased by PTH in vivo. These results suggest that STC2 is positively and negatively controlled by 1,25(OH)2D3 and PTH in renal proximal tubular cells.
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Kröber, Antje, Sandra Etzrodt, Maria Bach, Michel Monod, Olaf Kniemeyer, Peter Staib, and Axel A. Brakhage. "The transcriptional regulators SteA and StuA contribute to keratin degradation and sexual reproduction of the dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae." Current Genetics 63, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-016-0608-0.
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Grys, Thomas E., Laura L. Walters, and Rodney A. Welch. "Characterization of the StcE Protease Activity of Escherichia coli O157:H7." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 4646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01806-05.
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ABSTRACT The StcE zinc metalloprotease is secreted by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and contributes to intimate adherence of this bacterium to host cells, a process essential for mammalian colonization. StcE has also been shown to localize the inflammatory regulator C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) to cell membranes. We tried to more fully characterize StcE activity to better understand its role in EHEC pathogenesis. StcE was active at pH 6.1 to 9.0, in the presence of NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 mM, and at 4°C to 55°C. Interestingly, antisera against StcE or C1-INH did not eliminate StcE cleavage of C1-INH. Treatment of StcE with the proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin, human neutrophil elastase, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase did not eliminate StcE activity against C1-INH. After StcE was kept at 23°C for 65 days, it exhibited full proteolytic activity, and it retained 30% of its original activity after incubation for 8 days at 37°C. Together, these results show the StcE protease is a stable enzyme that is probably active in the environment of the colon. Additionally, k cat/K m data showed that StcE proteolytic activity was 2.5-fold more efficient with the secreted mucin MUC7 than with the complement regulator C1-INH. This evidence supports a model which includes two roles for StcE during infection, in which StcE acts first as a mucinase and then as an anti-inflammatory agent by localizing C1-INH to cell membranes.
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Lin, Chen, Lina Sun, Shenglei Huang, Xiangqun Weng, and Zhixian Wu. "STC2 Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer and Promotes Migration and Invasion by Inducing Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition." BioMed Research International 2019 (July 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8042489.
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Aberrant expression of stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) is implicated in cancer development. STC2 acts as a tumor promoter to drive some cancers. However, its contribution to the development of pancreatic cancer remains unclear. This study showed that the expression of STC2 was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues. Moreover, its expression was positively correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis and negatively correlated with 5-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients. Additionally, the expression levels of STC2 were a novel biomarker for predicting overall survival rate after surgery. Furthermore, overexpression of STC2 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cell lines, while knocking down of STC2 led to antiproliferation and antimetastasis activities. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that the expression of STC2 could significantly promote the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer cells. These data indicated that the overexpression of STC2 in pancreatic cancer contributes to the metastasis through the promotion of EMT, suggesting that STC2 is a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Gu, J., A. Y. S. Law, B. H. Y. Yeung, and Chris K. C. Wong. "Characterization of stanniocalcin 1 binding and signaling in gill cells of Japanese eels." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 54, no. 3 (June 2015): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-14-0320.
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Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a hypocalcemic hormone that is known to play an important role in calcium metabolism in teleost fish. An increase in blood Ca2+ levels stimulates its synthesis and release. The biological action of STC1 inhibits gill Ca2+ transport (GCAT), but we as yet have no clear understanding of how STC1 inhibits GCAT. In the present study, we characterized the binding, signaling, and action of STC1 on gill cells. Treatment of gill cell cultures with the extracts of corpuscles of Stannius or recombinant STC1 proteins (STC1–V5) led to an increase in cytosolic cAMP levels. Using in situ ligand-binding assays, we demonstrated that STC1–V5 binds to both lamellar and inter-lamellar regions of gill sections. The binding sites were significantly increased in gill sections obtained from fish adapted to high-Ca2+ (2 mM) freshwater (FW) as compared with those from fish adapted to low-Ca2+ (0.2 mM) FW. Receptor-binding assays illustrated specific binding of STC1-alkaline phosphatase to plasma membrane (Kd of 0.36 nM), mitochondria (Kd of 0.41 nM), and nuclear (Kd of 0.71 nM) preparations from gill cells. STC1 binding capacity was significantly greater in the plasma membrane preparations of gills obtained from fish adapted to high-Ca2+ FW. Using isolated pavement cells and mitochondria-rich cells in cAMP assays, we obtained results indicating that both cell types responded to STC1. To illustrate the biological action of STC1, we conducted Ca2+ imaging experiments to demonstrate the effects of STC1 on thapsigargin-induced elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. Our results indicated that STC1 exerted its inhibitory action via a cAMP pathway to lower intracellular Ca2+ levels. Intriguingly, we were able to block the action of STC1 using an inhibitor, NS-398, of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is known to stimulate the activity of sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). A follow-up experiment in which gill cells were incubated with STC1 revealed a downregulation of the epithelial Ca2+ channel (ecacl) but an upregulation of cox-2 expression. The ECaCl is a gatekeeper for Ca2+ entry, whereas COX-2 mediates an activation of SERCA. Taking these results together, the present study is, to our knowledge, the first to provide evidence of STC1 binding and signaling as well as the first to decipher the mechanism of the effect of STC1 on fish gills.
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Aghajani Nargesi, Arash, Xiang-Yang Zhu, Yuanhang Liu, Hui Tang, Kyra L. Jordan, Lilach O. Lerman, and Alfonso Eirin. "Renal Artery Stenosis Alters Gene Expression in Swine Scattered Tubular-Like Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 5069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205069.
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Background: Scattered tubular-like cells (STCs) proliferate and differentiate to support neighboring injured renal tubular cells during recovery from insults. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) induces renal ischemia and hypertension and leads to loss of kidney function, but whether RAS alters renal endogenous repair mechanisms, such as STCs, remains unknown. We hypothesize that RAS in swine modifies the messenger RNA (mRNA) profile of STCs, blunting their in vitro reparative capacity. Methods: CD24+/CD133+ STCs were isolated from pig kidneys after 10-weeks of RAS or sham (n = 3 each) and their gene cargo analyzed using high-throughput mRNAseq. Expression profiles for upregulated and downregulated mRNAs in RAS-STCs were functionally interpreted by gene ontology analysis. STC activation was assessed by counting the total number of STCs in pig kidney sections using flow cytometry, whereas cell proliferation was assessed in vitro. Results: Of all expressed genes, 1430 genes were upregulated and 315 downregulated in RAS- versus Normal-STCs. Expression of selected candidate genes followed the same fold change directions as the mRNAseq findings. Genes upregulated in RAS-STCs were involved in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and kidney development, whereas those downregulated in RAS-STCs are related to cell cycle and cytoskeleton. The percentage of STCs from dissociated kidney cells was higher in RAS versus Normal pigs, but their proliferation rate was blunted. Conclusions: Renal ischemia and hypertension in swine induce changes in the mRNA profile of STCs, associated with increased STC activation and impaired proliferation. These observations suggest that RAS may alter the reparative capacity of STCs.
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Jiang, WQ, AC Chang, M. Satoh, Y. Furuichi, PP Tam, and RR Reddel. "The distribution of stanniocalcin 1 protein in fetal mouse tissues suggests a role in bone and muscle development." Journal of Endocrinology 165, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1650457.
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We previously isolated a mammalian gene STC1 that encodes a glycoprotein related to stanniocalcin (STC), a fish hormone that plays a major role in calcium homeostasis. However, the mammalian STC1 gene is expressed in a variety of adult tissues in contrast to fish where STC is expressed only in one unique gland, the corpuscles of Stannius. This suggested that STC1 may have wider autocrine/paracrine functions in mammals. In the present study, using immunocytochemistry, we showed that STC1 protein is localized in the developing bone and muscle of the mouse fetus. During endochondral bone formation, STC1 is found principally in prechondrocytes and prehypertrophic chondrocytes. During intramembranous bone formation STC1 is present in the mesenchyme that is about to undergo ossification. STC1 is also found in the myocardiocytes of the developing heart and at all stages of differentiation from myoblasts to myotube formation in developing skeletal muscle. The specific localization of STC1 to chondrocytes and muscle cells suggests a role for this protein in chondrogenic and myogenic differentiation.
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Chang, Andy C. M., Jeon Cha, Frank Koentgen, and Roger R. Reddel. "The Murine Stanniocalcin 1 Gene Is Not Essential for Growth and Development." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 23 (December 1, 2005): 10604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.23.10604-10610.2005.
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ABSTRACT The stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) gene is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including the kidney, prostate, thyroid, bone, and ovary. STC1 protein is considered to have roles in many physiological processes, including bone development, reproduction, wound healing, angiogenesis, and modulation of inflammatory response. In fish, STC1 is a hormone that is secreted by the corpuscles of Stannius and is involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. To determine the role of STC1 in mammals, we generated Stc1-null mice by gene targeting. The number of Stc1 − / − mice obtained was in accordance with Mendelian ratios, and both males and females produced offspring normally. No anatomical or histological abnormalities were detected in any tissues. Our results demonstrated that Stc1 function is not essential for growth or reproduction in the mouse.
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Alpdogan, Onder, Deborah Ornstein, Tony Subtil, Stuart Seropian, Dennis L. Cooper, and Francine Foss. "Outcomes in Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma (STCL)." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3750.3750.
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Abstract Subcutanous panniculitis–like T cell lymphoma (STCL) is a rare clinical entity which simulates panniculitis and can present with an aggressive clinical course. STCL is divided two major subgroups (αβ-STCL and γδ-STCL), according the T cell receptor expression on the malignant T cells. γδ-STCL is often associated with a more aggressive course and poor prognosis with an 11% 5-yr survival in a retrospective study of 20 cases, only 6 of which were confirmed by TCRδ -1 staining.1 We report our results from 10 patients with STCL, 2 BetaF1+ (αβ-STCL), 8 γδ-STCL. The median age at presentation was 43 (25–63); 7 of 10 were female. Immunohistochemical studies and TCR gene rearrangements (TCRR) were performed on all patients. Cytotoxic T-cell markers were expressed in all pts (TIA-1 in 8 of 10 and Granzyme B in 5). Six were CD8+ and 3 were CD3+CD4−CD8−. CD56 expression was detected in 3. All demonstrated clonal TCRR. All pts presented with skin nodules or ulcerations, and 3 had visceral involvement (blood/bone marrow in 2, liver in 1). Three patients (2αβ-STCL and γδ-STCL) were treated initially with denileukin diftitox; one each with αβ- and γδ- disease had PR on therapy and have been maintained without PD. Seven patients were treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. Four of 7 achieved a remission after EPOCH (2), denileukin diftitox-CHOP (1) or pentostatin/cyclophosphamide followed by alemtuzumab (1). Four pts (1 with refractory ab-STCL, 2 with refractory gd-STCL, and 1 with γδ-STCL in first CR after denileukin diftitox-CHOP) underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSCT) from matched-related donors. Two patients are alive 6 and 13 months after HSCT with no evidence of disease; 1 patient died in CR from infectious complications of HSCT, and 1 relapsed 6 mo after HSCT and died from PD. At a median follow up of 3 yrs from diagnosis, 8 pts (80%) are alive, including the 2 pts with αβ-STCL and 6 of 8 pts with γδ-STCL. In summary, while γδ-STCL is reported in retrospective studies to have a poor prognosis, we demonstrate that aggressive therapies along with the incorporation of novel T-cell directed agents such as denileukin diftitox and alemtuzumab into treatment regimens and the use of allogeneic HSCT as a potentially curative therapy are promising approaches for these patients.
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Lanzagorta-Aresti, Aitor, Marta Perez-Lopez, Juan Maria Davo-Cabrera, and Elena Palacios-Pozo. "Prospective pilot study comparing deep sclerectomy outcomes with a long-term and intense corticosteroid treatment versus a standard one." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 3, no. 1 (October 2018): e000165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000165.
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ObjectiveTo compare prospectively intraocular pressure (IOP) results after deep sclerectomy (DS) using a topical short-term corticosteroid treatment (STCT, 1 month) versus a topical long-term and intense corticosteroid treatment (LTCT, 6 months) in a two2 year-follow-up.MethodsPatients with medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma were prospectively recruited and underwent a DS.ResultsWe operated 45 eyes of 45 patients, 22 in STCT group and 23 in LTCT group. Median preoperative IOP was 27 (22–36.75) mm Hg for STCT and for 25 (22–28) mm Hg for LTCT group without significant difference (p=0.195). Median postoperative IOP was 4 (3–6.25) mm Hg in STCT group versus 2 (0–5) mm Hg in LTCT at day 1 (p=0.003); 8.5 (5.75–11.25) mm Hg (STCT) vs 6 (4–9) mm Hg (LTCT) at week 1 (p=0.079); 17.5 (14.75–22.25) mm Hg (STCT) vs 13 (10–14) mm Hg (LTCT) at month 1 (p=0.001); 16 (12–20) mm Hg (STCT) vs 12 (10–15) mm Hg (LTCT) at month 3 (p=0.008); 17 (14–20) mm Hg (STCT) vs 12 (10–14) mm Hg (LTCT) at month 6 (p=0.000); 16 (14–20) mm Hg (STCT) vs 14 (10–16) mm Hg (LTCT) at year 1 (p=0.002) and 17.5 (15–19) mm Hg (STCT) vs 14 (12–16) mm Hg (LTCT) at year 2 (p=0.001). The complete success rate was 54.5 % in STCT and 87 % in LTCT (p=0.018).ConclusionsA long-term and intensive postoperative treatment enhances success rate in DS compared with a standard protocol.
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Sheikh-Hamad, David. "Mammalian stanniocalcin-1 activates mitochondrial antioxidant pathways: new paradigms for regulation of macrophages and endothelium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 298, no. 2 (February 2010): F248—F254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00260.2009.
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The mammalian homolog of the fish calcium regulatory hormone stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is ubiquitously expressed and likely functions in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Mammalian STC1 does not appear to exert significant effects on serum calcium, and its physiological role remains to be determined. In macrophages, STC1 decreases intracellular calcium and cell mobility; attenuates the response to chemoattractants; and diminishes superoxide generation through induction of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2). In cytokine-treated endothelial cells, STC1 attenuates superoxide generation and the activation of inflammatory pathways [c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB]; maintains the expression of tight junction proteins, preserving the endothelial monolayer seal; and decreases transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Combined, the effects of STC1 on endothelial cells and macrophages predict potent anti-inflammatory action. Indeed, application of the anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis model to STC1 transgenic mice that display increased expression of STC1 transgene in endothelial cells and macrophages yields renal protection. Our data suggest that STC1 activates antioxidant pathways in endothelial cells and macrophages and displays cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Liu, Yuchao, and Shihua Yin. "A Novel Prognostic Index Based on the Analysis of Glycolysis-Related Genes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas." Journal of Oncology 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7353874.
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Aims. The preferential dependence on glycolysis as a pathway of energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells. However, the prognostic significance of glycolysis-related genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains obscure. The purpose of this study was to identify glycolysis-related genes of prognostic value in HNSCC. Results. Transcriptional and clinical data of 544 HNSCC samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. By gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and by employing a univariate and subsequently a stepwise multivariate Cox proportional regression model, eight glycolysis-related genes of prognostic significance in HNSCC (KIF2A, JMJD8, HMMR, STC2, HK1, EXT2, GPR8, and STC1) were identified. The patients were clustered into two groups (high and low risk) based on the expression of these genes. High-risk patients had significantly a shorter overall survival than low-risk patients. Furthermore, a new prognostic indicator based on selected glycolysis-related genes was developed by multivariate Cox analysis that proved to be a better predictor of patient outcome compared to other clinical factors. Conclusion. Our findings provide new insights into the role of glycolysis in HNSCC. The identified genes predict the patient prognosis and might substantially contribute to the development of individualized treatments.
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Zhang, Yufei, Jing Shi, and Shuying Liu. "Establishment and Characterization of a Telomerase-Immortalized Sheep Trophoblast Cell Line." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5808575.
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The primary sheep trophoblast cells (STCs) have a finite lifespan in culture. This feature limits the scope for long-termin vitrostudies with STCs. This study was an attempt to establish and characterize a telomerase-immortalized sheep trophoblast cell line. STCs were isolated and purified by using Percoll and specific immunoaffinity purification, respectively. The purified STCs were transfected with a plasmid carrying sequences of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to create immortalized sheep trophoblast cell line (hTERT-STCs). hTERT-STCs showed a stable expression of hTERT gene, serially passaged for a year, and showed active proliferation without signs of senescence. Cytokeratin 7 (CK-7), secreted human chorionic gonadotrophin subunitβ(CG-β), placental lactogen (PL), and endogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (enJSRV) envelope genes were expressed in hTERT-STCs. Transwell cell invasion assay indicated that hTERT-STCs still possessed the same invasive characteristics as normal primary sheep trophoblast cells. hTERT-STCs could not grow in soft agar and did not develop into tumors in nude mice. In this study, we established a strain of immortalized sheep trophoblast cell line which could be gainfully employed in the future as an experimental model to study trophoblast cells with secretory function, invasive features, and probable biological function of enJSRV envelope genes.
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Zhao, Fei, Li-Xin Feng, Qian Liu, Hong-Shen Wang, Cheng-Yuan Tang, Wei Cheng, Yin-Hao Deng, et al. "Stanniocalcin-1 Alleviates Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Regulating Mitochondrial Quality Control via the Nrf2 Pathway." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (March 31, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1898213.
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Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), which is associated with poor short- and long-term outcomes. Currently, effective therapy strategy for CI-AKI remains lacking. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a conserved glycoprotein with antiapoptosis and anti-inflammatory functions, but the role of STC1 in controlling CI-AKI is unknown. Here, we demonstrated a protective role of STC1 in contrast-induced injury in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells and CI-AKI rat models. Recombinant human STC1 (rhSTC1) regulated mitochondrial quality control, thus suppressing contrast-induced mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptotic injury. Mechanistically, activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway contributes critically to the renoprotective effect of STC1. Together, this study demonstrates a novel role of STC1 in preventing CI-AKI and reveals Nrf2 as a molecular target of STC1. Therefore, this study provides a promising preventive target for the treatment of CI-AKI.
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Lathem, Wyndham W., Tessa Bergsbaken, and Rodney A. Welch. "Potentiation of C1 Esterase Inhibitor by StcE, a Metalloprotease Secreted by Escherichia coli O157:H7." Journal of Experimental Medicine 199, no. 8 (April 19, 2004): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20030255.
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The complement system is an essential component of host defense against pathogens. Previous research in our laboratory identified StcE, a metalloprotease secreted by Escherichia coli O157:H7 that cleaves the serpin C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), a major regulator of the classical complement cascade. Analyses of StcE-treated C1-INH activity revealed that surprisingly, StcE enhanced the ability of C1-INH to inhibit the classical complement-mediated lysis of sheep erythrocytes. StcE directly interacts with both cells and C1-INH, thereby binding C1-INH to the cell surface. This suggests that the augmented activity of StcE-treated C1-INH is due to the increased concentration of C1-INH at the sites of potential lytic complex formation. Indeed, removal of StcE abolishes the ability of C1-INH to bind erythrocyte surfaces, whereas the proteolysis of C1-INH is unnecessary to potentiate its inhibitory activity. Physical analyses showed that StcE interacts with C1-INH within its aminoterminal domain, allowing the unaffected serpin domain to interact with its targets. In addition, StcE-treated C1-INH provides significantly increased serum resistance to E. coli K-12 over native C1-INH. These data suggest that by recruiting C1-INH to cell surfaces, StcE may protect both E. coli O157:H7 and the host cells to which the bacterium adheres from complement-mediated lysis and potentially damaging inflammatory events.