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Journal articles on the topic 'Steady-state responser'

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Published: 18 August 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

S, Anusha, Ankarao Mogili, and Edward Clinton. "Improvement of Dynamic Response and Steady State Performance of Induction Motor Using Fuzzy based Predictive Torque Control." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 0009-SPECIAL ISSUE (September 25, 2019): 700–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11/20192624.

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2

Korczak, Peggy, Jennifer Smart, Rafael Delgado, Theresa M. Strobel, and Christina Bradford. "Auditory Steady-State Responses." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 23, no. 03 (March 2012): 146–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.23.3.3.

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Background: The auditory steady state response (ASSR) is an auditory evoked potential (AEP) that can be used to objectively estimate hearing sensitivity in individuals with normal hearing sensitivity and with various degrees and configurations of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). For this reason, many audiologists want to learn more about the stimulus and recording parameters used to successfully acquire this response, as well as information regarding how accurately this response predicts behavioral thresholds across various clinical populations. Purpose: The scientific goal is to create a tutorial on the ASSR for doctor of audiology (Au.D.) students and audiologists with limited (1–5 yr) clinical experience with AEPs. This tutorial is needed because the ASSR is unique when compared to other AEPs with regard to the type of terminology used to describe this response, the types of stimuli used to record this response, how these stimuli are delivered, the methods of objectively analyzing the response, and techniques used to calibrate the stimuli. A second goal is to provide audiologists with an understanding of the accuracy with which the ASSR is able to estimate pure tone thresholds in a variety of adult and pediatric clinical populations. Design: This tutorial has been organized into various sections including the history of the ASSR, unique terminology associated with this response, the types of stimuli used to elicit the response, two common stimulation methods, methods of objectively analyzing the response, technical parameters for recording the ASSR, and the accuracy of ASSR threshold prediction in the adult and pediatric populations. In each section of the manuscript, key terminology/concepts associated with the ASSR are bolded in the text and are also briefly defined in a glossary found in the appendix. The tutorial contains numerous figures that are designed to walk the reader through the key concepts associated with this response. In addition, several summary tables have been included that discuss various topics such as the effects of single versus multifrequency stimulation techniques on the accuracy of estimating behavioral thresholds via the ASSR; differences, if any, in monaural versus binaural ASSR thresholds; the influence of degree and configuration of SNHL on ASSR thresholds; test-retest reliability of the ASSR; the influence of neuro-maturation on ASSR thresholds; and the influence of various technical factors (i.e., oscillator placement, coupling force, and the number of recording channels) that affect bone conducted ASSRs. Conclusion: Most researchers agree that, in the future, ASSR testing will play an important role in clinical audiology. Therefore, it is important for clinical audiologists and Au.D. students to have a good basic understanding of the technical concepts associated with the ASSR, a knowledge of optimal stimulus and recording parameters used to accurately record this response, and an appreciation of the current role and/or limitations of using the ASSR to estimate behavioral thresholds in infants with various degrees and configurations of hearing loss.

3

Kim, Lee-Suk, and Sung-Wook Jeong. "Auditory Steady-State Response." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 19, no. 1 (May 2008): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.2008.19.1.18.

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4

Picton, Terence W., Andrew Dimitrijevic, and M. Sasha John. "Multiple Auditory Steady-State Responses." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 5_suppl (May 2002): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894021110s504.

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Steady-state responses are evoked potentials that maintain a stable frequency content over time. In the frequency domain, responses to rapidly presented stimuli show a spectrum with peaks at the rate of stimulation and its harmonics. Auditory steady-state responses can be reliably evoked by tones that have been amplitude-modulated at rates between 75 and 110 Hz. These responses show great promise for objective audiometry, because they can be readily recorded in infants and are unaffected by sleep. Responses to multiple tones presented simultaneously can be independently assessed if each tone is modulated at a different modulation frequency. This ability makes it possible to estimate thresholds at several audiometric frequencies in both ears at the same time. Because amplitude-modulated tones are not significantly distorted by free-field speakers or microphones, they can also be used to evaluate the performance of hearing aids. Responses to amplitude and frequency modulation may also become helpful in assessing suprathreshold auditory processes, such as those necessary for speech perception.

5

Rodriguez, Rosendo, Terence Picton, Dean Linden, Gilles Hamel, and Guy Laframboise. "Human Auditory Steady State Responses." Ear and Hearing 7, no. 5 (October 1986): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-198610000-00003.

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6

Aoyagi, Masaru. "Auditory Steady-State Response Audiometry." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 101, no. 3 (2008): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.101.159.

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7

Aoyagi, Masaru. "Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR)." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 49, no. 2 (2006): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.49.135.

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8

Jerger, James. "The Auditory Steady-State Response." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 13, no. 04 (April 2002): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715960.

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9

Stach, Brad A. "The auditory steady-state response." Hearing Journal 55, no. 9 (September 2002): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000293923.85696.d6.

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10

Zanotelli, Tiago, Quenaz Bezerra Soares, David Martin Simpson, Antonio Mauricio Ferreira Leite Miranda de Sá, Eduardo Mazoni Andrade Marçal Mendes, and Leonardo Bonato Felix. "Choosing multichannel objective response detectors for multichannel auditory steady-state responses." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 68 (July 2021): 102599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102599.

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11

Picton, Terence W., and Sasha M. John. "Avoiding Electromagnetic Artifacts When Recording Auditory Steady-State Responses." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 15, no. 08 (September 2004): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15.8.2.

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Electromagnetic artifacts can occur when recording multiple auditory steady-state responses evoked by sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) stimuli. High-intensity air-conducted stimuli evoked responses even when hearing was prevented by masking. Additionally, high-intensity bone-conducted stimuli evoked responses that were completely different from those evoked by air-conducted stimuli of similar sensory level. These artifacts were caused by aliasing since they did not occur when recordings used high analog-digital (AD) conversion rates or when high frequencies in the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal were attenuated by steep-slope low-pass filtering. Two possible techniques can displace aliased energy away from the response frequencies: (1) using an AD rate that is not an integer submultiple of the carrier frequencies and (2) using stimuli with frequency spectra that do not alias back to the response frequencies, such as beats or "alternating SAM" tones. Alternating SAM tones evoke responses similar to conventional SAM tones, whereas beats produce significantly smaller responses.

12

Naumova, I. V., S. V. Gadaleva, and A. V. Pashkov. "AUDITORY STEADY-STATE RESPONSES. LITERATURE REVIEW." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 94, no. 3 (2018): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2018-3-115-129.

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13

John, M. Sasha, Andrew Dimitrijevic, and Terence W. Picton. "Weighted averaging of steady-state responses." Clinical Neurophysiology 112, no. 3 (March 2001): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00456-4.

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14

Savio, G., M. C. Pérez-Abalo, J. Gaya, O. Hernandez, and E. Mijares. "Auditory steady state responses in screening." Clinical Neurophysiology 119 (October 2008): S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(08)60660-4.

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15

Mühler, R., and T. Rahne. "Hörschwellenbestimmungen mittels Auditory Steady-State Responses." HNO 57, no. 1 (December 19, 2008): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-008-1849-0.

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16

Faussurier, G., and R. M. More. "NLTE steady-state response matrix method." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 65, no. 1-3 (April 2000): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(99)00082-5.

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17

Mohaddes, M., A. M. Gole, and S. Elez. "Steady state frequency response of STATCOM." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 16, no. 1 (2001): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.905574.

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18

Small, Susan A., and David R. Stapells. "Artifactual Responses When Recording Auditory Steady-State Responses." Ear and Hearing 25, no. 6 (December 2004): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-200412000-00009.

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19

Choi, Yeon-Sun, and Sherif T. Noah. "Nonlinear Steady-State Response of a Rotor-Support System." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 109, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269429.

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A numerical method is presented to determine the steady-state nonlinear response of a rotor-support system due to deadband and rubbing using discrete Fourier transformation and inverse discrete Fourier transformation. Damaging subharmonic and superharmonic responses are found to occur in presence of a side force. The calculated results agree with the general trends which have been observed experimentally by other investigators. The effects of selected nondimensionalized parameters on rotor response are studied.

20

Kaf, Wafaa A., Diane L. Sabo, John D. Durrant, and Elaine Rubinstein. "Reliability of electric response audiometry using 80 Hz auditory steady-state responses." International Journal of Audiology 45, no. 8 (January 2006): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020600753197.

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21

Genter, Pauline, Nancy Berman, Mary Jacob, and Eli Ipp. "Counterregulatory hormones oscillate during steady-state hypoglycemia." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 275, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): E821—E829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.5.e821.

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During hypoglycemia, the magnitude of the counterregulatory response depends on the extent of plasma glucose reduction. However, our clinical observations during steady-state hypoglycemia indicate that symptom severity can change independently of plasma glucose concentrations, i.e., symptoms appeared to fluctuate despite stable glucose levels. This study was therefore designed to test the hypothesis that hormonal and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia are pulsatile. Seven healthy subjects had serial blood sampling at 3-min intervals during 90 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Mean ± SE plasma glucose levels plateaued at 62 ± 3 mg/dl. Counterregulatory hormones were significantly elevated ( P < 0.05–0.01, except norepinephrine) and strikingly pulsatile. Cluster analysis revealed pulses of large magnitude in plasma glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine concentrations. Amplitudes were, respectively, 72 ± 4, 64 ± 8, and 48 ± 3% of the mean. Interpeak intervals were 27 ± 7, 19 ± 4, and 25 ± 5 min, respectively. Symptom score and cardiovascular responses were also pulsatile; their peaks were found to coincide with epinephrine peaks. We conclude that hormonal and symptomatic counterregulation in hypoglycemia, while critically driven by plasma glucose levels, is also influenced by an endogenous pulsatility that exists despite steady-state glucose concentrations.

22

Gill, Richard T., Kevin M. Kenner, and Andrew M. Junker. "Steady State Eeg as a Measure of Peripheral Light Loss." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 13 (September 1986): 1249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603001302.

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The objective of this research was to assess the feasability of using ElectroEncephaloGrams (EEG) to measure the extent of acceleration induced Peripheral Light Loss (PLL). Two pilot studies were conducted to determine if an EEG response to peripherally localized stimuli could be detected and to establish the stimulus parameters that would yield a strong response. Results revealed: (1) identifiable EEG responses to stimuli located as far as ± 60 degrees from the foveal line-of-sight; (2) higher stimulus intensity and, in particular, higher depth of modulation yielded stronger EEG responses; and (3) coherence was found to be a more sensitive measure than RMS Power or Gain. These findings were used to establish the experimental conditions that were used in a study whose objective was to estimate the minimum time necessary to detect the presence, or absence, of an EEG response to peripherally localized stimuli. Results revealed a reliabe determination for stimuli located at ± 45 degrees could be made in 20 seconds or less.

23

Kim, Y. B., and S. T. Noah. "Steady-State Analysis of a Nonlinear Rotor-Housing System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906276.

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The periodic steady-state response of a high-pressure oxygen turbopump (HPOTP) of a space shuttle main engine (SSME), involving a clearance between the bearing and housing carrier, is sought. A harmonic balance method utilizing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is developed for the analysis. An impedance method is used to reduce the number of degrees of freedom to the displacements at the bearing clearance. Harmonic and subharmonic responses to imbalance for various system parameters are studied. The results show that the computational technique developed in this study is an effective and flexible method for determining the stable and unstable periodic response of complex rotor-housing systems with clearance-type nonlinearity.

24

Peinado, Pedro J. B., Valter Di Salvo, Fabio Pigozzi, Ana I. P. Berm??dez, Ana B. Peinado Lozano, Francisco J. Calder??n Montero, and Nicola Maffulli. "Steady-State Acid-Base Response at Exercise Levels Close to Maximum Lactate Steady State." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 16, no. 3 (May 2006): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200605000-00010.

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25

Ottaviani, F., G. Paludetti, S. Grassi, F. Draicchio, R. M. Santarelli, G. Serafini, and V. E. Pettorossi. "Auditory Steady-State Responses in the Rabbit." International Journal of Audiology 29, no. 4 (January 1990): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00206099009072852.

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26

KATOH, Hisao, and Katsuhiko FUWA. "Optimization of Steady State Responses in Servosystems." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 39, no. 5 (2003): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.39.479.

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27

Moran, R. J., K. E. Stephan, T. Seidenbecher, H. C. Pape, R. J. Dolan, and K. J. Friston. "Dynamic causal models of steady-state responses." NeuroImage 44, no. 3 (February 2009): 796–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.048.

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28

Stroebel, Deidré, Dewet Swanepoel, and Emily Groenewald. "Aided auditory steady-state responses in infants." International Journal of Audiology 46, no. 6 (January 2007): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020701212630.

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29

O'Hare, Louise. "Steady-state VEP responses to uncomfortable stimuli." European Journal of Neuroscience 45, no. 3 (November 28, 2016): 410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13479.

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30

Hari, Riitta, Matti Hämäläinen, and Sirkka‐Liisa Joutsiniemi. "Neuromagnetic steady‐state responses to auditory stimuli." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 3 (September 1989): 1033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398093.

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31

Mahajan, Yatin, Chris Davis, and Jeesun Kim. "Attentional Modulation of Auditory Steady-State Responses." PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2014): e110902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110902.

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32

Lins, Otavio G., Terence W. Picton, Brigitte L. Boucher, Andreé Durieux-Smith, Sandra C. Champagne, Linda M. Moran, Maria C. Perez-Abalo, Vivian Martin, and Guillermo Savio. "Frequency-Specific Audiometry Using Steady-State Responses." Ear and Hearing 17, no. 2 (April 1996): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-199604000-00001.

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33

Canale, Andrea, Michelangelo Lacilla, Andrea Luigi Cavalot, and Roberto Albera. "Auditory steady-state responses and clinical applications." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 263, no. 6 (March 24, 2006): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-006-0017-y.

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34

Savio, G., M. C. Perez Abalo, J. A. Gaya, O. Hernandez, and E. Mijares. "39. Auditory steady state responses in screening." Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 9 (September 2008): e109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.04.055.

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35

Batterink, Laura J., and Dawoon Choi. "Optimizing steady-state responses to index statistical learning: Response to Benjamin and colleagues." Cortex 142 (September 2021): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2021.06.008.

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36

Hernández-Pérez, H., and A. Torres-Fortuny. "Auditory steady state response in sound field." International Journal of Audiology 52, no. 2 (November 23, 2012): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2012.727103.

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37

Shibata, Yasuko, Mayuko Kishimoto, Taku Hattori, Hiroyuki Nakayama, Tosie Katou, Takao Morikawa, Katsumi Asami, and Harumi Arao. "Evaluation of Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR)." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 48, no. 4 (2005): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.48.245.

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38

Sule, V. R. "Steady-state frequency response for periodic systems." Journal of the Franklin Institute 338, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-0032(00)00067-3.

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39

Emara, A. A., and T. A. Gabr. "Auditory steady state response in auditory neuropathy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 124, no. 9 (April 14, 2010): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215110000630.

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AbstractReview:Auditory neuropathy is a disorder characterised by preservation of outer hair cell function, with normal otoacoustic emissions and/or cochlear microphonics, but an absent or distorted auditory brainstem response.Purpose:This study aimed to objectively assess hearing thresholds in patients with auditory neuropathy, using the auditory steady state response.Materials and methods:Thirteen patients with auditory neuropathy and 15 normal hearing subjects were examined. Audiological evaluation included basic audiological tests, otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem response and auditory steady state response.Results:In the auditory neuropathy patients, the auditory brainstem response was absent in 11 patients, while the auditory steady state response was absent in only three.Conclusion:The auditory steady state response may serve as a valuable objective measure for assessing the hearing threshold across different frequencies in patients with auditory neuropathy. We recommend that auditory steady state response be used to complete the evaluation of patients with auditory neuropathy.

40

McCreery, R., and J. Simmons. "Auditory steady state response in auditory neuropathy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 125, no. 3 (November 4, 2010): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221511000232x.

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41

Ohta, Takao, and Takahiro Ohkuma. "Fluctuations and Response in Nonequilibrium Steady State." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 77, no. 7 (July 15, 2008): 074004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.77.074004.

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42

Doughty, S. "Steady-State Torsional Response With Viscous Damping." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3274702.

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43

Huang, Gan, Xiaoqi Liang, Shaohui Hou, Zhen Liang, Linling Li, Li Zhang, and Zhiguo Zhang. "Cognitive Response in Steady State Evoked Potential." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.337.

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44

Takeda, Makiko, Fumiko Hata, Kensaku Hasegawa, Takema Sakoda, and Hiroya Kitano. "Evaluation of the Audiometric Usefulness of the Auditory Steady-state Response Using the Multiple Auditory Steady-state Response." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 99, no. 3 (2006): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.99.181.

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45

Stojanović, Željko, and Denis Pelin. "Limitations of Bifurcation Diagrams in Boost Converter Steady-State Response Identification." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 8, no. 2 (2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.8.2.3.

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Steady-state responses of the boost converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode of operation are identified by using bifurcation diagrams as a typical simulation tool for identification of steady-state responses. The structure of simulated bifurcation diagrams is dependent on the initial period of sampling and the initial instant of sampling. The influence of these parameters on calculation of bifurcation diagrams was studied. Some possible issues, pitfalls and misinterpretations are commented as well as some recommendations about steady-state response identification are given

46

Kurevija, Tomislav, Marija Macenić, and Kristina Strpić. "STEADY-STATE HEAT REJECTION RATES FOR A COAXIAL BOREHOLE HEAT EXCHANGER DURING PASSIVE AND ACTIVE COOLING DETERMINED WITH THE NOVEL STEP THERMAL RESPONSE TEST METHOD." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 33, no. 2 (2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2018.2.6.

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47

Webber, Roxanna M., and Garrett B. Stanley. "Transient and Steady-State Dynamics of Cortical Adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 2923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01188.2005.

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Adaptation is a ubiquitous property of all sensory pathways of the brain and thus likely critical in the encoding of behaviorally relevant sensory information. Despite evidence identifying specific biophysical mechanisms contributing to sensory adaptation, its functional role in sensory encoding is not well understood, particularly in the natural environment where transient rather than steady-state activity could dominate the neuronal representation. Here, we show that the heterogeneous transient and steady-state adaptation dynamics of single cortical neurons in the rat vibrissa system were well characterized by an underlying state variable. The state was directly predictable from temporal response properties that capture the time course of postexcitatory suppression following an isolated vibrissa deflection. Altering the initial state, by preceding the periodic stimulus with an additional vibrissa deflection, strongly influenced single-cell transient cortical adaptation responses. Despite the different transient activity, neurons reached the same steady-state adapted response with a time to steady state that was independent of the initial state. However, the differences in transient activity observed on small time scales were not present when activity was integrated over the longer time scale of a stimulus cycle. Taken together, the results here demonstrate that although adaptation can have significant effects on transient neuronal activity and direction selectivity, a simple measure of the time course of suppression following an isolated stimulus predicted a large portion of the observed adaptation dynamics.

48

Bureau, M. A., A. Cote, P. W. Blanchard, S. Hobbs, P. Foulon, and D. Dalle. "Exponential and diphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in conscious lambs." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.836.

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This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that in the neonate the hypoxic chemoreflex drive adapts to steady-state hypoxia but not to progressive hypoxia. First we have compared the ventilatory (VE) response of 2-day-old conscious lambs to steady-state hypoxia with their response to progressive hypoxia. Second, we have quantified the chemoreceptor excitatory function operating at the end of each period of hypoxia by studying the immediate VE response to the withdrawal of the hypoxic stimulus. Lambs responded to steady-state hypoxia [fractional concentration of inspired O2 (FIO2) = 0.08] by a diphasic VE response but responded to progressive hypoxia (FIO2 0.21–0.08) by an exponential VE increase. Hyperventilation in steady-state hypoxia was transient; VE increased immediately from 532 to a mean peak response of 712 ml X kg-1 X min-1 and decreased to 595 ml X kg-1. min-1 within 10 min. With progressive hypoxia, VE increased within 13 min from 514 to 705 ml X kg-1 X min-1. At the end of steady-state and progressive hypoxia the abrupt withdrawal of the hypoxic drive caused an instantaneous VE decrease to 390 and 399 ml X kg-1 X min-1, respectively; the VE decrease was respectively 306 and 205 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (P less than 0.05). This demonstrates that during steady-state hypoxia the lambs had suffered a loss of one third of the chemoreceptor excitatory function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

49

Skorupski, P. "Octopamine induces steady-state reflex reversal in crayfish thoracic ganglia." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.93.

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Abstract:

1. This paper investigates the effect of octopamine on spontaneous and reflex motor output of crayfish leg motor neurons. Octopamine modulated spontaneous activity, both rhythmic and tonic, and dramatically modulated the pattern of reflex motor output elicited by stimulating identified proprioceptors of the basal limb. 2. Spontaneous reciprocal motor patterns, involving alternating bursts of promotor and remotor motor neuron activity, were reversibly abolished by octopamine. The threshold concentration for this effect was approximately 1 microM. 3. At concentrations greater than approximately 10 microM octopamine inhibited spontaneous promotor nerve activity in both bursting and nonbursting preparations. In some experiments promotor inhibition was correlated with the induction of tonic remotor nerve activity. The EC50 for complete inhibition of promotor nerve activity by octopamine was 20-30 microM. 4. Reflexes mediated by two basal limb proprioceptors, the thoracocoxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO; which signals leg promotion) and the thoracocoxal chordotonal organ (TCCO; which signals leg remotion) were analyzed in a number of promotor and remotor motor neurons. In both cases assistance reflexes (excitation of promotors by the TCCO and remotors by the TCMRO) were restricted to subgroups of the motor pool. Among remotor motor neurons, the first two units recruited during bursts of spontaneous activity were members of the assistance reflex group (group 1). A third unit, sometimes recruited during more intense spontaneous bursts, was excited by TCCO stimulation and was therefore a member of the resistance reflex group (group 2). Other resistance group remotors were also excited by the TCCO, but this input normally remained subthreshold. 5. Stimulation of the TCCO afferent nerve elicited excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in group 2 (resistance group) remotor motor neurons at a latency compatible with a monosynaptic connection. The same stimulation excited group 1 (assistance group) promotor motor neurons, but at a greater and more variable latency. Thus the remotor resistance reflex from the TCCO is probably monosynaptic, but the promotor assistance reflex, also elicited by TCCO stimulation, is likely to be di- or polysynaptic. Assistance group (group 1) remotor motor neurons are inhibited by mechanical stimulation of the TCCO, or electrical stimulation of its nerve. 6. Octopamine had selective effects on individual remotor units. First, assistance group remotor motor neurons were affected in two ways. One unit was inhibited, so that reflex spiking in response to TCMRO stimulation was abolished. A second unit was not inhibited, but its reflex response mode changed, so that instead of responding to TCMRO input with an assistance reflex, it responded to TCCO input with a resistance reflex. Second, among motor neurons that normally respond to TCCO input with resistance reflexes, these responses were enhanced by octopamine. 7. Promotor motor neurons were inhibited by octopamine and reflex responses were also affected selectively. Responses to TCCO input (assistance reflexes) were abolished; whereas, responses to TCMRO input (resistance reflexes) were relatively less affected. 8. Intracellular recordings revealed that the majority of remotor motor neurons depolarized in the presence of octopamine. In preparations where these could be classified on the basis of TCMRO/ TCCO inputs, all were identified as group 2 (resistance group). A minority of remotor motor neurons were hyperpolarized by octopamine. All of these were identified as group 1 (assistance group), with strong TCMRO input. 9. The majority of promotor motor neurons were depolarized by octopamine. This depolarization was nevertheless inhibitory since it reversed slightly positive to rest and was associated with a substantial fall in inp

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Kravitz, Ben, Douglas G. MacMartin, Philip J. Rasch, and Hailong Wang. "Technical note: Simultaneous fully dynamic characterization of multiple input–output relationships in climate models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 4 (February 17, 2017): 2525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2525-2017.

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Abstract. We introduce system identification techniques to climate science wherein multiple dynamic input–output relationships can be simultaneously characterized in a single simulation. This method, involving multiple small perturbations (in space and time) of an input field while monitoring output fields to quantify responses, allows for identification of different timescales of climate response to forcing without substantially pushing the climate far away from a steady state. We use this technique to determine the steady-state responses of low cloud fraction and latent heat flux to heating perturbations over 22 regions spanning Earth's oceans. We show that the response characteristics are similar to those of step-change simulations, but in this new method the responses for 22 regions can be characterized simultaneously. Furthermore, we can estimate the timescale over which the steady-state response emerges. The proposed methodology could be useful for a wide variety of purposes in climate science, including characterization of teleconnections and uncertainty quantification to identify the effects of climate model tuning parameters.