Academic literature on the topic 'Steady-state stability limit'

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Journal articles on the topic "Steady-state stability limit"

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Indulkar, C. S. "An Exercise for Teaching Transient Stability." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 31, no. 4 (1994): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099403100412.

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An exercise for teaching transient stability In this paper, the transient stability limits of a synchronous machine for various initial loadings have been determined in terms of its steady-state stability limit.
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Hou, Kaiyuan, Zeyu Li, Lei Chen, Deming Xia, Qun Li, and Yong Xiao. "Steady-State Stability of Sending-End System with Mixed Synchronous Generator and Power-Electronic-Interfaced Renewable Energy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (April 10, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8693245.

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Coupled with the power system through power-electronic interfaces, renewable energies including wind power and photovoltaic can control the power quickly and flexibly. In the steady-state stability analysis, by neglecting the fast dynamics of power-electronic interfaces, the renewable energy power is simplified to a static power injection model and can be described as an algebraic equation in the dynamic process. Based on this simplified model, the steady-state stability of sending-end system with mixed synchronous generator and power-electronic-interfaced renewable energy is studied. By proposing a triangular transformation model based on the classical model of power system, the steady-state stability analysis becomes feasible. The mechanism of steady-state stability is revealed, and the influence of renewable energy on the steady-state stability limit is quantitatively investigated. When the renewable energy power increases, the steady-state stability limit of the sending-end system first increases and then decreases. Reducing the power output of synchronous generator can change for a higher integration limit of renewable energy. Simulation results validate the conclusion.
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Zhang, Wen Chao, Xin Qiao Fan, Yu Long He, Yan Pan, and Yong Lu. "Study on the Steady-State Stability Margin of a Weak Section by Using the Online Data of WAMS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 1289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.1289.

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To realize the on-line quick analysis of the steady-state stability margin for the weak section of a power grid, a method of dividing the important generator groups according to the impact of the system equivalent impedance on the static stability limits of the section is presented. By using the dynamic information provided by the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS), the center of inertia (COI) of the section of the two sides system is determined. Then the steady-state stability limits of the transmission section and the static stability margin can be calculated. The algorithm is verified by taking the out-play cross-section of West Inner Mongolia as an example, the results show that the static stability power limit and the steady-state stability margin of the section can be obtained accurately according to the presented algorithm. This algorithm can provide an effective analytical method for the online static stability security analysis of a power system.
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Arjona L., M. A., and D. C. Macdonald. "Saturation effects on the steady-state stability limit of turbine-generators." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 14, no. 2 (1999): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/60.766957.

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Haque, M. H. "Determination of Steady-State Voltage Stability Limit Using P-Q Curve." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 4 (2002): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4312118.

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Rusilawati, Irrine Budi Sulistiawati, Adi Soeprijanto, and Rony Seto Wibowo. "Determination of Generator Steady State Stability Limit for Multimachine System based on Network Losses Concept." MATEC Web of Conferences 164 (2018): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816401041.

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In the multimachine circumstances, it is difficult to analyze the steady state stability of each generator. In previous research, analysis of the steady state stability limit has been carried out but only look at the stability of the overall system. Therefore, to analyze the stability of each generator, the multimachine system must be changed into a Single Machine to Infinite Bus (SMIB) system by collecting all the loads into one central load in the infinite bus. The method to change from the multimachine system to SMIB system is presented in this paper. The multimachine system is converted into an equivalent impedance (req and xeq) and an equivalent load based on losses concept. After req and xeq is calculated, then by using steady state stability limit concept, the value of the maximum generation of each generator units can be determined. By means of maximum generation is the maximum output power limit that can be generated without causing unstability. ETAP simulation is used to validate the calculation results of the proposed method. The method was applied to units generator in Java Bali system 500 kV.
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Shneer, Seva, and Alexander Stolyar. "Stability and moment bounds under utility-maximising service allocations: Finite and infinite networks." Advances in Applied Probability 52, no. 2 (2020): 463–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2020.8.

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AbstractWe study networks of interacting queues governed by utility-maximising service-rate allocations in both discrete and continuous time. For finite networks we establish stability and some steady-state moment bounds under natural conditions and rather weak assumptions on utility functions. These results are obtained using direct applications of Lyapunov–Foster-type criteria, and apply to a wide class of systems, including those for which fluid-limit-based approaches are not applicable. We then establish stability and some steady-state moment bounds for two classes of infinite networks, with single-hop and multi-hop message routes. These results are proved by considering the infinite systems as limits of their truncated finite versions. The uniform moment bounds for the finite networks play a key role in these limit transitions.
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E. Mubeen, Samina, Baseem Khan, and R. K. Nema. "Application of Unified Power Flow Controller to Improve Steady State Voltage Limit." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 6, no. 4 (2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v6i4.pp277-285.

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<span>This paper utilizes the voltage source model of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and examines its abilities in mitigating the steady state stability margins of electric power system. It analyzes its behavior for different controls strategies and proposes the most efficient mode of controlling the controller for voltage stability enhancement. A systematic analytical methodology based on the concept of modal analysis of the modified load flow equations is employed to identify the area in a power system which is most prone voltage instability. Also to identify the most effective point of placement for the UPFC, a computer program has been developed using MATLAB. The results of analysis on 14 bus system is presented here as a case study.</span>
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Balasubramaniam, P., M. Prakash, Fathalla A. Rihan, and S. Lakshmanan. "Hopf Bifurcation and Stability of Periodic Solutions for Delay Differential Model of HIV Infection of CD4+T-cells." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/838396.

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This paper deals with stability and Hopf bifurcation analyses of a mathematical model of HIV infection ofCD4+T-cells. The model is based on a system of delay differential equations with logistic growth term and antiretroviral treatment with a discrete time delay, which plays a main role in changing the stability of each steady state. By fixing the time delay as a bifurcation parameter, we get a limit cycle bifurcation about the infected steady state. We study the effect of the time delay on the stability of the endemically infected equilibrium. We derive explicit formulae to determine the stability and direction of the limit cycles by using center manifold theory and normal form method. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.
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Rusilawati. "Menentukan Batas Kestabilan Steady State Sistem Jawa Bali 500 kV menggunakan Pendekatan Model Single Machine to Infinite Bus." ALINIER: Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications 1, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/alinier.v1i1.2517.

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The indicator of the power system operation stability can be seen from the power balance between the load demand and the generator output power. The Single Machine to Infinite Bus (SMIB) system that can actually represent the operation of a single machine system in a multimachine system can be used to analyze each generator unit stability. This paper present a fairly simple method to determine the generator steady state stability limit on the Jawa Bali 500 kV system using an SMIB system approach consider the load configuration changes in the system. The Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is applied to simplify the determination of the generator steady state stability limit that changes every time a load configuration changes. The simulation results carried out on the Java Bali system 500 kV 29 bus 10 generators can be seen that the steady state stability limit of each generator unit tends to decrease with the increasing of loading value and the further of load distance from the generator. 
 Keseimbangan daya antara kebutuhan beban dengan pembangkitan generator merupakan salah satu ukuran kestabilan operasi sistem tenaga listrik., Untuk menganalisis kestabilan setiap unit generator dalam sistem multimachine harus dilakukan pada sistem Single Machine to Infinite Bus (SMIB) yang secara aktual dapat mewakili keadaan sistem single machine tersebut dalam sebuah sistem multimachine. Dalam paper ini digunakan suatu metode sederhana untuk menentukan batas kestabilan steady state setiap unit generator pada sistem multimachine Jawa Bali 500 kV menggunakan pendekatan model sistem SMIB dengan memperhatikan perubahan konfigurasi peletakan beban dalam sistem. Untuk memudahkan penentuan batas kestabilan steady state generator yang selalu berubah setiap saat terjadi perubahan peletakan beban, diaplikasikan salah satu model jaring syaraf tiruan yaitu Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). Dari hasil simulasi yang dilakukan pada sistem Jawa Bali 500 kV 29 bus 10 generator dapat diketahui bahwa batas kestabilan steady state setiap unit generator cenderung menurun dengan semakin meningkatnya nilai pembebanan dan semakin jauhnya jarak beban dari pembangkit.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steady-state stability limit"

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Araki, Yoshikazu. "Stability of Steady States and Steady-State Limit of Elastoplastic Trusses under Quasi-Static Cyclic Loading." Kyoto University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/77862.

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Hakala, Tim. "Settling-Time Improvements in Positioning Machines Subject to Nonlinear Friction Using Adaptive Impulse Control." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1061.

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A new method of adaptive impulse control is developed to precisely and quickly control the position of machine components subject to friction. Friction dominates the forces affecting fine positioning dynamics. Friction can depend on payload, velocity, step size, path, initial position, temperature, and other variables. Control problems such as steady-state error and limit cycles often arise when applying conventional control techniques to the position control problem. Studies in the last few decades have shown that impulsive control can produce repeatable displacements as small as ten nanometers without limit cycles or steady-state error in machines subject to dry sliding friction. These displacements are achieved through the application of short duration, high intensity pulses. The relationship between pulse duration and displacement is seldom a simple function. The most dependable practical methods for control are self-tuning; they learn from online experience by adapting an internal control parameter until precise position control is achieved. To date, the best known adaptive pulse control methods adapt a single control parameter. While effective, the single parameter methods suffer from sub-optimal settling times and poor parameter convergence. To improve performance while maintaining the capacity for ultimate precision, a new control method referred to as Adaptive Impulse Control (AIC) has been developed. To better fit the nonlinear relationship between pulses and displacements, AIC adaptively tunes a set of parameters. Each parameter affects a different range of displacements. Online updates depend on the residual control error following each pulse, an estimate of pulse sensitivity, and a learning gain. After an update is calculated, it is distributed among the parameters that were used to calculate the most recent pulse. As the stored relationship converges to the actual relationship of the machine, pulses become more accurate and fewer pulses are needed to reach each desired destination. When fewer pulses are needed, settling time improves and efficiency increases. AIC is experimentally compared to conventional PID control and other adaptive pulse control methods on a rotary system with a position measurement resolution of 16000 encoder counts per revolution of the load wheel. The friction in the test system is nonlinear and irregular with a position dependent break-away torque that varies by a factor of more than 1.8 to 1. AIC is shown to improve settling times by as much as a factor of two when compared to other adaptive pulse control methods while maintaining precise control tolerances.
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Jeng, Jyh-Cheng, and 鄭至成. "Analysis of Steady-State Voltage Stability Limit of Radial Distribution Systems Considering Load Characteristics." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92724972776797425270.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>83<br>Analysis of voltage stability limit is an important topic in the study of a distribution system. In this thesis, the effects of different types of static loads is investigated on the steady-state voltage stability limit for a radial distribution system. The loads adopted in the investigation include constant power loads, constant impedance loads and constant current loads. Furthermore, the uniqueness and existence of the voltage solution are discussed. In solving the load flow problems of the radial power network, the DistFlow technique has been proposed as the most suitable method. In this method, an equivalent two-bus network will be obtained simultaneously. Based on that, the analysis in this thesis is mainly concentrated on the two-bus system. The detailed simulated results are presented to justify the opinions proposed.The result reveal that when a larger part of constant current or constant impedance load is added to the total load, the voltage stability limit will move far into the lower branch of the P-V curve and multiple load flow solutions may exist.
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Le, Ha Thu. "Increasing wind power penetration and voltage stability limits using energy storage systems." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-864.

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The research is motivated by the need to address two major challenges in wind power integration: how to mitigate wind power fluctuation and how to ensure stability of the farm and host grid. It is envisaged that wind farm power output fluctuation can be reduced by using a specific type of buffer, such as an energy storage system (ESS), to absorb its negative impact. The proposed solution, therefore, employs ESS to solve the problems. The key research findings include a new technique for calculating the desired power output profile, an ESS charge-discharge scheme, a novel direct-calculation (optimization-based) method for determining ESS optimal rating, and an ESS operation scheme for improving wind farm transient stability. Analysis with 14 wind farms and a compressed-air energy storage system (CAES) shows that the charge-discharge scheme and the desired output calculation technique are appropriate for ESS operation. The optimal ESSs for the 14 wind farms perform four or less switching operations daily (73.2%-85.5% of the 365 days) while regulating the farms output variation. On average, the ESSs carry out 2.5 to 3.1 switching operations per day. By using the direct-calculation method, an optimal ESS rating can be found for any wind farm with a high degree of accuracy. The method has a considerable advantage over traditional differential-based methods because it does not require knowledge of the analytical form of the objective function. For ESSs optimal rating, the improvement in wind energy integration is between 1.7% and 8%. In addition, a net increase in grid steady-state voltage stability of 8.3%-18.3% is achieved by 13 of the 14 evaluated ESSs. For improving wind farm transient stability, the proposed ESS operation scheme is effective. It exploits the use of a synchronous-machine-based ESS as a synchronous condenser to dynamically supply a wind farm with reactive power during faults. Analysis with an ESS and a 60-MW wind farm consisting of stall-regulated wind turbines shows that the ESS increases the farm critical clearing time (CCT) by 1 cycle for worst-case bolted three-phase-to-ground faults. For bolted single-phase-to-ground faults, the CCT is improved by 23.1%-52.2%.<br>text
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Book chapters on the topic "Steady-state stability limit"

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Savulescu, Savu C. "Fast Computation of the Steady-State Stability Limit." In Power Electronics and Power Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06680-6_2.

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Behera, Santi, and Manish Tripathy. "Optimal Reactive Power Compensation for Improvement of Steady State Voltage Stability Limit under Stressed System Condition Using BF Algorithm." In Swarm, Evolutionary, and Memetic Computing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35380-2_46.

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Uetani, K., and Y. Araki. "Steady-State Limit Analysis of Framed Structures Using Incremental Perturbation Method." In Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures (SDSS'97). Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043320-2/50008-3.

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Selvam, A. George Maria, and R. Dhineshbabu. "Bifurcation and Chaos in a Discrete Fractional Order Prey-Predator System Involving Infection in Prey." In Mathematical Models of Infectious Diseases and Social Issues. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3741-1.ch005.

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This chapter considers the dynamical behavior of a new form of fractional order three-dimensional continuous time prey-predator system and its discretized counterpart. Existence and uniqueness of solutions is obtained. The dynamic nature of the model is discussed through local stability analysis of the steady states. Qualitative behavior of the model reveals rich and complex dynamics as exhibited by the discrete-time fractional order model. Moreover, the bifurcation theory is applied to investigate the presence of Neimark-Sacker and period-doubling bifurcations at the coexistence steady state taking h as a bifurcation parameter for the discrete fractional order system. Also, the trajectories, phase diagrams, limit cycles, bifurcation diagrams, and chaotic attractors are obtained for biologically meaningful sets of parameter values for the discretized system. Finally, the analytical results are strengthened with appropriate numerical examples and they demonstrate the chaotic behavior over a range of parameters. Chaos control is achieved by the hybrid control method.
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Spencer, Hamish G. "The Equilibrium." In Beyond Equilibria. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858993.003.0002.

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Abstract The concept of the equilibrium is central to the analysis of dynamical models, which describe the behavior of the variables of interest over time. At equilibrium, the variables do not change, and some models have multiple equilibria. In a steady state, elements of the system may be changing while some of the variables are at equilibrium. Not all models have equilibria, however: limit cycles, as well as chaotic and stochastic behavior, are possible. Equilibria may be stable or unstable; the former class can be divided into equilibria that are globally and locally stable, as well as metastable. “Solving” a model often means finding and characterizing equilibria; I outline some methods of doing so. Structural stability refers to how robust the model’s behavior is to changes in parameters and the form of the equations in the model. Many models are deterministic, giving exactly the same output when presented with the same input; others are stochastic, incorporating a degree of randomness, and hence give different outputs in repeated runs of the model.
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"Dynamic and Steady State Stability Limits." In Power Engineering (Willis). CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420030488.axc.

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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Heresh Seyedia, Sajad Najafi Ravadanegh, and Behnam Mohammadi Ivatloo. "Stochastic Contingency Analysis Based on Voltage Stability Assessment in Islanded Power System Considering Load Uncertainty Using MCS and k-PEM." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9911-3.ch002.

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Increased electricity demands and economic operation of large power systems in a deregulated environment with a limited investment in transmission expansion planning causes interconnected power grids to be operated closer to their stability limits. Meanwhile, the loads uncertainty will affect the static and dynamic stabilities. Therefore, if there is no emergency corrective control in time, occurrence of wide area contingency may lead to the catastrophic cascading outages. Studies show that many wide area blackouts which led to massive economic losses may have been prevented by a fast feasible controlled islanding decision making. This chapter introduces a novel computationally efficient approach for separating of bulk power system into several stable sections following a severe disturbance. The splitting strategy reduces the large initial search space to an interface boundary network considering coherency of synchronous generators and network graph simplification. Then, a novel islanding scenario generator algorithm denoted as BEM (Backward Elimination Method) based on PMEAs (Primary Maximum Expansion Areas) has been applied to generate all proper islanding solutions in the simplified network graph. The PPF (Probabilistic Power Flow) based on Newton-Raphson method and Q-V modal analysis has been used to evaluate the steady-state stability of created islands in each generated scenario. BICA (Binary Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm) has then been applied to minimize total load-generation mismatch considering integrity, voltage permitted range and steady-state voltage stability constraints. The best solution has then been applied to split the entire power network. A novel stochastic contingency analysis of islands based on PSVI (Probability of Static Voltage Instability) using MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) and k-PEM (k-Point Estimate Method) have been proposed to identify the critical PQ buses and severe contingencies. In these approaches, the ITM (Inverse Transform Method) has been used to model uncertain loads with normal probability distribution function in optimal islanded power system. The robustness, effectiveness and capability of the proposed approaches have been validated on the New England 39-bus standard power system.
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Conference papers on the topic "Steady-state stability limit"

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Tse, C. T. "Refinement of concept on steady state stability limit." In 3rd International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 95). IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19951285.

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Liu, Qiang, Yong-gang Li, and Hai-bo Li. "Steady-State Stability Limit of Turbine-Generators in consideration of AVR." In 2007 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icems12746.2007.4411963.

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Sarnari, Alberto Jose, and Rastko Zivanovic. "Reliable steady state voltage stability limit estimation using Newton-Raphson-based method." In 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aupec.2017.8282450.

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Ramalingam, K., and C. S. Indulkar. "Determination of Steady State Voltage Stability limit using PQ curves for voltage sensitive loads." In 2008 Joint International Conference on Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference (POWERCON). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpst.2008.4745152.

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Liu, Ya-dong, Zeng-ping Wang, Tao Zheng, Li-ming Tu, Yi Su, and Zhao-qiang Wu. "A novel adaptive loss of excitation protection criterion based on steady-state stability limit." In 2013 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2013.6837140.

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Altukhova, Marina K., Ekaterina V. Nikolaeva, Maria A. Lyulina, Irina E. Ryndina, Vladimir S. Chudny, and Elena A. Ivanova. "Efficiency and Reliability Improvement of Solving Power Systems Steady-State Stability Limit Operation Equations." In 2022 Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ElConRus). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elconrus54750.2022.9755555.

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Li, Yong-Gang, Jun-Jie Fu, Yan-Jun Zhao, and Qiang Liu. "The Parameter of Automatic Voltage Regulator's Effect on Steady State Stability Limit of Turbine Generator." In 2008 Workshop on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System (PEITS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peits.2008.25.

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Daraei, Ako, and Dlshad Ahmed. "Slope Stability Analyses of Zoned Dam Under Steady State Condition/Case Study." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.293.

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Earth and rock are the principal materials from which dams are constructed, these kinds of dams are called embankment dams. The conventional limit equilibrium method has dominated use over any other method for analyzing slope stability. In this paper, Spence, Morgenstern-price, the Ordinary method of slices, and Janbu simplified methods are used in order to find out how near, far Aquban dam from the verge failure which is located in Erbil-Kurdistan/Iraq. In present study, the focus is mainly drawn on analyses of steady-state condition. To compute the factor of safety, the study utilized SLOPE/W software. The results show that there is no major difference in a safety factor and a critical slip surface position between all the methods which are used in the study. In addition, all used methods offered a more than the minimum required safety factory which is given by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers so this ensures that the dam against slope instability is on the safe side. According to the results obtained from this study, Janbu simplified method which considers only force equilibrium condition produced the lowest factor of safety, while the highest and almost identical factor of safety generated from the methods that satisfy all the static equilibrium condition (Spencer and Morgenstern-Price methods) give. Therefore, a reasonably reliable and higher value of safety factor is given by the methods which satisfy all static equilibrium conditions.
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Barua, Pollen, and Muhammad Quamruzzaman. "Steady State Voltage Vulnerability and Stability Limit Analysis of Bangladesh Power System Using STATCOM as a Shunt Compensator." In 2018 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology (iCEEiCT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceeict.2018.8628122.

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Yuan-suo, Zhang, Tao Jin-wei, and Mai Xin-chen. "Design and Analysis of a Sliding Mode Parameter Limit Regulating System for Turbo Fan Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64510.

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In this paper, a sliding mode (SM) parameter limit regulating system is designed to regulate the fuel flow rate to the turbofan engine. Firstly, a linear engine model is identified using a general engine dynamic nonlinear model. Then based on the one Lyapunov function, one SM parameter limit regulating system is designed mainly including regulators design, selector design and integrator design. After that the feedback gains and coefficient sets (switching gain and boundary thickness for every regulator) of the SM regulators are optimized and chosen. Finally, the global asymptotical stability of the regulating system is demonstrated. The simulation results also show that SM parameter limit regulator functions all the time during engine transient state control process, and the design SM parameter limit regulating system ensures that the target steady speed state or limit steady state can be attained in finite time interval without exceeding critical parameter limits.
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