Journal articles: 'Stearin'

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Demurin, Ya N., Yu V. Chebanova, T. A. Zemtseva, Т. М. Peretyagina, O. A. Rubanova, and S. S. Frolov. "High stearic sunflower hybrid Stearin." Oil Crops 2, no. 198 (June 30, 2024): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2024-2-198-126-129.

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In 2024, a sunflower hybrid Stearin with altered oil quality – with high contents of oleic and stearic acids – was introduced to the State Commission of the Russia Federation on testing and protection of breeding achievements. The originator of the sunflower hybrid Stearin is V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops.

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Chęć, Magdalena, Krzysztof Olszewski, Piotr Dziechciarz, Patrycja Skowronek, Marek Pietrow, Grzegorz Borsuk, Mirosława Bednarczyk, Grzegorz Jasina, Józef Jasina, and Mariusz Gagoś. "Effect of stearin and paraffin adulteration of beeswax on brood survival." Apidologie 52, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00833-7.

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AbstractThe study examined the effect of stearin and paraffin adulteration of the wax foundation on brood survival. In combs formed on a stearin-adulterated wax foundation (10, 30, and 50% stearin, which means: 3.9, 11.7, and 19.5% of stearic acid, respectively), the survival of brood decreased statistically significantly (p ≤ 0.001) compared to the survival rates noted on a pure beeswax foundation. The brood appearance resembled the so-called scattered brood although the queens oviposited normally. The scattered brood was caused by the death of young larvae, most probably due to changes in the properties of royal jelly. Larvae transferred into stearin-adulterated wax cups died as well. The adulteration of the wax foundation with paraffin (10, 30, and 50%) did not reduce the survival of the brood but lowered the mechanical strength of the combs. Adulteration of wax with even a small amount of stearin/stearic acid makes it useless for apiculture.

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Sauti, Rosliza, Nor‘aini Wahab, Mohd Afian Omar, and I. N. Ahmad. "Effects of Binders System on Sintered Properties of Metal Injection Molding Parts of M2 High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.201.

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This paper reports on the compatibility of waste rubber binder combined with conventional binder, paraffin wax and local binder, palm stearin for M2 High Speed Steel injection molding in order to obtain the better properties. The feedstock was prepared at a powder loading of 65 vol.% using 22um M2 High Speed Steel powder and the binders consisting of 55wt.% paraffin wax/palm stearin, 21wt.% polyethylene, 14wt.% waste rubber and 10wt.% stearic acid. The specimens were then sintered in vacuum atmosphere within a temperature range from 1200°C to 1260°C. The results shown even the best properties is obtain from the conventional binders, paraffin wax, thus the properties of local binders palm stearin is still comparable and good. The maximum density of paraffin wax binder was 8.095g/cm3 achieved at temperature 1250°C and palm stearin binder was 8.111g/cm3 achieved at temperature 1240°C. Therefore, in term the best strength of paraffin wax was 2351Mpa whilst palm stearin was 2210MPa, both recorded at temperature 1230°C.

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Wahab, Noraini Abd, Mohd Afian Omar, Rosliza Sauti, Nor Amalina Nordin, and Ismail Nasiruddin Ahmad. "Rapid Debinding of Injection Moulded M2 High Speed Steel Using Palm Stearin/Waste Rubber Binder." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.112.

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Tendency of injection moulded parts to necessitate a long debinding time which consequently leads to an increase of defects formation has been a major obstacle for the economic process of Metal Injection Moulding (MIM). In the present study, a novel binder system based on waste rubber has been formulated in injection moulding of Molybdenum High Speed Steel (M2 HSS). The feedstock consisted of M2 HSS powder with mean diameter particle size of 16μm and binder which comprised of palm stearin, polyethylene, waste rubber and stearic acid. The moulded part was immersed into n-heptane at 60°C in order to remove the palm stearin and stearic acid, followed by sintering in a controlled vacuum atmosphere. Results showed that solvent extraction debinding technique allowed complete removal of palm stearin and stearic acid from the injection moulded part within 3 hours without swelling or distortion of the debound part. In addition, this study has demonstrated that, the novel binder system has successfully shorten the debinding time through a single stage debinding process whilst the sintered part possessed approximate density of 8.1 g/cm3 and hardness of 76.9 HRC.

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El Agrebi, Noëmie, Lidija Svečnjak, Jelena Horvatinec, Véronique Renault, Agnes Rortais, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, and Claude Saegerman. "Adulteration of beeswax: A first nationwide survey from Belgium." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): e0252806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252806.

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Beeswax is intended for use in the beekeeping sector but also in the agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetics sectors. The adulteration of beeswax is an emerging issue that was reported lately at several occasions in the scientific literature. This issue tends to become more frequent and global, but its exact extent is not accurately defined. The present study aims to assess the current situation in Belgium through a nationwide survey. Randomized beeswax samples originating from Belgian beekeepers (N = 98) and commercial suppliers (N = 9) were analysed with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory (FTIR-ATR spectroscopy) for adulteration. The survey revealed a frequency of 9.2% and 33.3% of adulteration in beekeepers beeswax samples (9 samples out of 98: 2 with paraffin and 7 with stearin/stearic acid) and commercial beeswax samples (3 samples out of 9: all adulterated with stearin/stearic acid), respectively. The analysed samples were adulterated with various percentages of paraffin (12 to 78.8%) and stearin/stearic acid (1.2 to 20.8%). This survey indicates that in the beekeepers samples, beeswax adulteration was more frequent in comb foundation and crude beeswax than in comb wax. With the example of this nationwide survey conducted in Belgium, this study shows the emergence of the issue and the urgent need for action to safeguard the health of both honey bees health and humans, in particular with the setting of a proper regulation legal framework and a specific routine analytical testing of commercial beeswax to ensure beeswax quality.

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Thilakarathna, S. H., M. Rogers, Y. Lan, S. Huynh, A. G. Marangoni, L. E. Robinson, and A. J. Wright. "Investigations of in vitro bioaccessibility from interesterified stearic and oleic acid-rich blends." Food & Function 7, no. 4 (2016): 1932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fo01272d.

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Interesterification was previously found to impact stearic acid absorption in a randomized cross-over study, when human volunteers consumed a 70 : 30 wt% high-oleic sunflower and canola stearin blend (NIE) compared to the same blend which had undergone either chemical (CIE) or enzymatic (EIE) interesterification.

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Sofwan Sinaga, Ahmad Gazali, and Imam Satriadi. "Pembuatan Sabun Mandi Kesehatan dari Stearin Minyak Sawit Merah yang Mengandung Karotenoid dan Vitamin E." Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i1.71.

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Stearin merah adalah fraksi padat yang dihasilkan melalui proses filtrasi pada proses pembuatan minyak sawit merah. Penggunaan stearin merah dapat dijadikan bahan alternatif pembuatan sabun dengan nilai vitamin E dan pro-vitamin A yang tinggi sehingga dapat menjaga kesehatan pada kulit. Sabun merupakan salah satu produk farmasi yang dibuat melalui proses reaksi kimia antara basa natrium dengan asam lemak nabati yang sering disebut proses saponifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan limbah stearin pada proses pembuatan minyak sawit merah dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi NaOH untuk menghasilkan sabun mandi yang memenuhi kualitas Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) No. 06-3532-1994. Pembuatan sabun mandi padat diawali dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi NaOH yaitu 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, dan 80% dengan suhu 40°C selama 15 menit. Stearin yang digunakan mengandung kadar karotenoid 715-750 ppm dan vitamin E 885-895 ppm. Berdasarkan hasil analisis sesuai SNI No. 06-3532-1994, penggunaan NaOH sebanyak 40% diperoleh sabun terbaik dengan hasil analisis kadar air 9,53%, jumlah asam lemak 72,99%, kadar alkali bebas 0,051%, kadar asam lemak bebas 0,26%, kadar lemak netral 1,18%, dan pH 9. Pada seluruh sampel tidak ditemukan atau kurang dari 0,05% minyak mineral pada sabun padat yang diperoleh. Red stearin is solid fraction produced through filtering process of red palm oil production. Red stearin can be used as an alternative ingredient of soap production with high vitamin E and pro-vitamin A and can maintain the skin health. Soap is one of pharmacy products produced through chemical reaction of sodium base and vegetable fatty acid called saponification. This research aimed to utilize the stearin waste in red palm oil production process using NaOH concentrate variation to produce soap with Indonesia national standard No. 06-3532-1994. Solid soap production started with the use of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of NaOH concentrate variation in 40°C temperature for 15 minutes. Stearing which was used contained carotenoid of 715-750 ppm and vitamin E of 885-895 ppm. Based on the analysis in accordance of Indonesian national standard No. 06-3532-1994, best soap was produced using 40% of NaOH use with the analysis of 9.53% water content, 72.99% fatty acid amount, 0.051% free alkali, 0.26% free fatty acid, 1.18% true fat, and pH of 9. In every sample was found less than 0.05% of mineral in the solid soap.

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Sari, D. A., D. S. Ningsih, B. P. Nusantoro, W. Setyaningsih, and C. Hidayat. "Glycerolysis-interesterification of chicken-palm stearin blend: effect of solvent and chicken stearin to palm stearin ratio." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 260 (June 7, 2019): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/260/1/012094.

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Abdullah, Mohd Fazuri, Abu Bakar Sulong, Norhamidi Muhamad, Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah, and Nor Hamdan Nor Yahya. "Comparison on Rheology Properties of Polypropylene and Polyethylene as Binder System with Stainless Steel 316L for Metal Injection Moding." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.409.

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The comparison of binder system between PP/ palm stearin and PE/ palm stearin both mixed with palm stearin were studied based on the rheological properties to (MIM) process. The microstructure of distribution and dispersion studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the pattern of the attached binder with stainless steel powder. The types of binder system used were palm stearin with Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE). The powder loading for stainless steel 316L with average size of 20µm used was determined at 66 vol %. The palm stearin was the main significant factor for both viscosity and sensitivity of the feedstock behavior. Less content of palm stearin reduce the viscosity of the feedstock in the range of 100-10000 Pa.s and less influence on changing towards temperature and pressure. As the percentage of addition of palm stearin increase, the feedstock becomes less viscous with high sensitivity. PP and PE feedstock shows dilatant and pseudoplastic flow behavior respectively. PE homogenously coated each of stainless during morphology observation. Meanwhile poor distribution of PP can be observed from SEM observation at 1000x magnification.

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Jeyarani, T., Mohd Imtiyaj Khan, and Sakina Khatoon. "Trans-free plastic shortenings from coconut stearin and palm stearin blends." Food Chemistry 114, no. 1 (May 2009): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.052.

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Tavares, T. S., K. T. Magalhães, N. D. Lorenzo, and C. A. Nunes. "Thermal and chemical characterization of fractions from Syagrus romanzoffiana kernel oil." Grasas y Aceites 72, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): e420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0325201.

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The Jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) kernel oil (JKO) has a pleasant coconut-like smell, with about 33% lauric acid and 28% oleic acid. The oil also contains bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, and tocopherols. JKO has a solid consistency at low temperatures, but has a low melting point and low solid content at room temperature. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the thermal properties related to crystallization and fusion, as well as the chemical and oxidative characteristics of JKO fractions, olein and stearin, obtained from dry and solvent fractionation. In general, stearins had higher crystallization and melting temperatures, and higher solid fat content, unlike oleins, which may be associated with the concentration of high melting triglycerides in the stearins. No statistically significant difference was found for fatty acid profile or oxidative stability of the fractions. The type of fractionation influenced the chemical and thermal properties of JKO fractions. The solvent process promoted the most relevant differentiation of fractions. An olein was obtained with 7% less solid fat at 25 °C which remained visually liquid at 2 °C below the oil, as well as a stearin with 17% more solid fat at 25 °C which remained visually solid at 3 °C above the oil.

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Ahmad Bustamam, Farah Khuwailah, Chee Beng Yeoh, Najwa Sulaiman, and Mei Huey Saw. "Evaluation on the quality of Malaysian refined palm stearin." OCL 29 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2022030.

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The quality of Malaysian palm stearin was monitored through a twelve-month survey in 2018, by participation of palm oil refineries and oleochemical plants from Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. Quality parameters requirement as listed in the Palm Oil Refinery Association of Malaysia (PORAM) specification such as moisture, impurities, free fatty acids, slip melting point, peroxide value and iodine value were determined. Other identity characteristics analyses as detailed in the palm stearin specification namely Malaysian Standard MS 815:2007 and Codex Alimentarius CXS 210-1999 documents were also analyzed, which were apparent density, refractive index, fatty acids composition, triacylglycerols, etc. Results obtained from this survey indicated that the quality of Malaysian palm stearin complied with the requirements specified in MS 815:2007 and Codex CXS 210-1999 documents. The iodine value determined was ranged from 28 g I2/100 g oil to 48 g I2/100 g oil, with 60.9% of the palm stearin tested were in the range of 30 g I2/100 g oil to 35 g I2/100 g oil. Meanwhile, some deviations are found in the average of parameter such as refractive index, apparent density, slip melting point, oleic and palmitic acids of the palm stearin produced. These deviations could be due to the improvement in current fractionation technologies causing less olein entrainment in stearin products, which resulted of harder stearin fraction in the sample itself, giving a more representative reading of the parameters.

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Flores Ruedas, Reyna Janin, Elena Dibildox-Alvarado, Jaime David Pérez Martínez, and Nayma Itandehuit Murillo Hernández. "Enzymatically interesterified hybrid palm stearin as an alternative to conventional palm stearin." CyTA - Journal of Food 18, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2019.1699168.

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Kang, Kyoung Kyu, Hyeonjin Jeon, In-Hwan Kim, and Byung Hee Kim. "Cocoa butter equivalents prepared by blending fractionated palm stearin and shea stearin." Food Science and Biotechnology 22, no. 2 (April 2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10068-013-0087-8.

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Mohammad Ridwan, Norazlina, Hasmadi Mamat, and Md Jahurul Haque Akanda. "Physical Blending of Fractionated Bambangan Kernel Fat Stearin and Palm Oil Mid-Fraction to Formulate Cocoa Butter Equivalent." Foods 12, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12091744.

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In this study, the physicochemical properties, composition, thermal properties, and crystal microstructure of fractionated bambangan kernel fat stearin and palm oil mid-fraction blends were investigated with respect to a potential cocoa butter equivalent. The blends were prepared in five ratios, and all of the blends exhibited similar physicochemical properties to cocoa butter. Although all of the blends had similar physicochemical properties, the blend containing 70% bambangan kernel fat stearin and 30% palm oil mid-fraction showed remarkable similarity to cocoa butter. The blend had similar fatty acid and triacylglycerol content to cocoa butter with 18.74% palmitic acids, 38.26% stearic acids, 34.05% oleic acids, 15.20% 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol, and 29.74% 1,3-disteroyl-2-oleoyl glycerol with improved thermostability (high solid fat content at 30 °C but reaching 0% at 40 °C). It also exhibited spherulite crystals with a needle-like crystal structure of 50 µm. This mixture showed good compatibility with cocoa butter at all mixing ratios; hence, it is suggested as a potential cocoa butter equivalent.

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Fauziati, Fauziati, Yuni Adiningsih, and Ageng Priatni. "Pemanfaatan Stearin Kelapa Sawit sebagai Edible Coating Buah Jeruk." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v10i1.1754.

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Edible coatings represent preservation techniques also function as a packaging material that is applied directly to food items including fruits. Its use is intended to extend the shelf life and improve the quality of food products and is biodegradable materials that are more environmentally friendly. Research Stearin use as edible coating on citrus fruits have been done. The use of stearin used was 0%, 0.1% and 0.2% combined with gelatin at a fixed amount that is 2 g. Edible coatings applied to citrus fruit which gained the best results are stearin 0.1% with test results shrinkage lowest weight on day 12 amounted to 5.598% for the treatment of immersion and can retain the vitamin C content of 40.3 mg / 100 g and can maintain antioksioksidan to 12 days with the antioxidant content of 74.7%.ABSTRAKEdible coating merupakan teknik pengawetan sekaligus berfungsi sebagai bahan pengemasan yang diaplikasikan secara langsung pada bahan pangan termasuk buah buahan. Penggunaannya dimaksudkan untuk memperpanjang masa simpan dan memperbaiki kualitas produk pangan serta merupakan bahan yang biodegradable sehingga lebih ramah lingkungan. Penelitian penggunaan Stearin kelapa sawit sebagai edible coating pada buah jeruk telah dilakukan. Penggunaan stearin yang digunakan adalah 0%, 0.1% dan 0.2% yang dikombinasikan dengan gelatin dengan jumlah tetap yaitu 2 g. Edible coating diaplikasikan ke buah jeruk dimana diperoleh hasil terbaik yaitu stearin 0.1% dengan hasil uji susut bobot terendah pada hari ke 12 sebesar 5.598% untuk perlakuan celup dan dapat mempertahankan kandungan vitamin C sebesar 40.3 mg/100 gr serta dapat mempertahankan antioksioksidan sampai 12 hari dengan kandungan antioksidan 74.7%. Kata kunci : Stearin, Edible Coating, buah jeruk

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Agusta, W., D. Anggraeni, H. D. Hermansyah, and A. D. Gebrina. "Application of Palm Stearin Edible Coating on Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012069.

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Abstract Palm stearin has the potential to alter the use of beeswax. This study aimed to assess the effect of palm stearin as an edible coating on the quality changes of Cavendish banana during storage. The samples of Cavendish banana were stored within eight days with treatment combinations of temperature (room temperature: 28 °C and 10 °C) and application of edible coating (control: without coating, and coated with palm stearin). During the storage period, physicochemical properties of the samples were evaluated in terms of weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, respiration rate, and peel colour. The obtained results showed that storage temperature and storing period significantly (p< 0.05) affected the properties of Cavendish banana in terms of weight loss, fruit firmness, CO2 evolution, and O2 consumption. Application of palm stearin edible coating significantly affected (p< 0.05) weight loss and ascorbic acid content. Palm stearin edible coating at room temperature reduced weight loss and maintained ascorbic acid content. On the eighth day of storage, coated samples and controls stored at room temperature lose their weight up to 12.96 % and 23.94 % on average, respectively.

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Norita, Hassan, Sahrim Ahmad, N. Muhamad, Mohd Afian Omar, and Noor Azlina Hassan. "Morphology and Mechanical Properties of MIM Feedstock Using TPNR Backbone Binder." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.279.

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This study has examined the effects of using TPNR backbone polymer on the morphology and mechanical properties of the metal injection moulding feedstock 316L stainless steel with paraffin wax (PW) and palm stearin (PS) respectively as the main binder and stearic acid as a lubricant during mixing and injection moulding process. Tensile behaviour indicates that the green sample of feedstock PW/TPNR/SA system gives higher value compared to PS/TPNR/SA system. Morphology studies showed that green samples of PS/TPNR/SA exhibited brittleness fracture compared to PW/TPNR/SA system.

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Abdi Redha, Saniah, Iwan Rusiardy, Muflihah Ramadhia, Mawardi, D. U. M. Susilo, and Fenny Imelda. "Formulation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier from a Mixture of Red Palm Oil and Palm Stearin." International Journal of Integrative Sciences 2, no. 5 (May 30, 2023): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijis.v2i5.4150.

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Red palm oil can be a source of beneficial ingredients in various foods due to its high total carotene level. This work examined the influence of red palm oil to palm stearin ratio on the Nanostructured Lipid Carrier's turbidity, transmittance, viscosity, β-carotene content, color lightness, and hue. For this purpose, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers were prepared by hot homogenizing red palm oil and palm stearin at several ratios (1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5 (w/w)). According to the present investigation, the ratio of red palm oil to palm stearin primarily affected the turbidity, transmittance, viscosity, β-carotene concentration, color brightness, and hue of NLCs. Furthermore, the study found that adding red palm oil significantly raised the NLC's β-carotene content and turbidity. The ratio of red palm oil to palm stearin that produced the most stable NLC was 5:5 (w/w)

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Abdel-Razek, Adel G., Ghada A. Abo-Elwafa, Eman F. Al-Amrousi, Ahmed N. Badr, Minar Mahmoud M. Hassanein, Ying Qian, Aleksander Siger, Anna Grygier, Elżbieta Radziejewska-Kubzdela, and Magdalena Rudzińska. "Effect of Refining and Fractionation Processes on Minor Components, Fatty Acids, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Shea Butter." Foods 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081626.

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Shea butter is becoming increasingly popular in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. This work aims to study the effect of the refining process on the quality and stability of fractionated and mixed shea butters. Crude shea butter, refined shea stearin, olein and their mixture (1:1 w/w) were analyzed for fatty acids, triacylglycerol composition, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), unsaponifiable matter (USM), tocopherol and phytosterol content. Additionally, the oxidative stability, radical scavenging activity (RSA), antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated. The two main fatty acids in the shea butter samples were stearic and oleic. The refined shea stearin showed lower PV, FFA, USM, TPC, TFC, RSA, tocopherol and sterol content than crude shea butter. A higher EC50 was observed, but antibacterial activity was much lower. The refined olein fraction was characterized by lower PV, FFA and TFC in comparison with crude shea butter, but USM, TPC, RSA, EC50, tocopherol and sterol content was unchanged. The antibacterial activity was higher, but the antifungal activity was lower than those of crude shea butter. When both fractions were mixed, their fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition were similar to those of crude shea butter, but other parameters were different.

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Suryanto, Suryanto, Yusrizal Yusrizal, and Noto Wiroto. "Pengendalian Kualitas Free Fatty Acid Bagian Refinery Plant Di PT X Kota Dumai." Jurnal ARTI (Aplikasi Rancangan Teknik Industri) 16, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52072/arti.v16i2.262.

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Kebutuhan akan minyak nabati (kelapa sawit) semakin meningkat, hal ini diisyaratkan dengan terus bertambah dan berkembangkan perusahaan-perusahan yang mengolah minyak kelapa sawit di Indonesia terkhususnya di area kota Dumai. Oleh karena itu kualitas harus benar-benar terjaga agar produk dapat bersaing dengan baik di pasar dagang dunia. Dari uraian diatas penulis melakukan peelitian pada produk turunan dari CPO yang berupa produk RBDPO (Refined Deodorized Palm Oil), Olein dan Stearin, dimana paramameter yang penulis gunakan ialah FFA (Free Fatty Acid) dari ketiga produk turunan kelapa sawit tersebut. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, penulis melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode peta kendali dan R. Dengan menggunakan metode peta kendali dan R maka akan didapat nilai batas kendali atas nilai tengah dan nilai batas kendali bawah. Hal ini untuk mengetahui apakah sampel pada RBDPO (Refined Deodorized Palm Oil, Olein dan Stearin berada dalam batas peta kendali kontrol. Hasil dari penelitian dengan menggunakan metode dan R semua sampel RBDPO, Olein dan Stearin berada dalam batas peta kendali setelah dilakukan peta revisi sebanyak 3 kali untuk RBDPO dan Olein, 2 kali untuk produk Stearin dengan jumlah sampel yang berbeda-beda.

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Liu, Chunhuan, Zong Meng, Xiuhang Chai, Xinyu Liang, Michael Piatko, Shawn Campbell, and Yuanfa Liu. "Comparative analysis of graded blends of palm kernel oil, palm kernel stearin and palm stearin." Food Chemistry 286 (July 2019): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.067.

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Komolov, V. L., A. V. Kulikov, S. G. Przhibel'skii, and V. N. Smirnov. "Laser-induced activation of stearin transparency." Journal of Optical Technology 71, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.71.000353.

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El Agrebi, Noëmie, Lina De Smet, Caroline Douny, Marie-Louise Scippo, Lidija Svečnjak, Dirk C. de Graaf, and Claude Saegerman. "A field realistic model to assess the effects of pesticides residues and adulterants on honey bee gene expression." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 26, 2024): e0302183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302183.

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While studies on the sublethal effects of chemical residues in beeswax on adult honey bees are increasing, the study protocols assessing the impacts on honey bee brood in realistic conditions still need to be investigated. Moreover, little is known about the residue’s effect on gene expression in honey bee brood. This study reports the effects of chlorpyriphos-ethyl, acrinathrin and stearin worker pupae exposure through contaminated or adulterated beeswax on the gene expression of some key health indicators, using a novel in vivo realistic model. Larvae were reared in acrinathrin (12.5, 25, 10 and 100 ppb) and chlorpyriphos-ethyl (5, 10, 500 and 5000 ppb) contaminated or stearin adulterated beeswax (3, 4, 5, 6 and 9%) in newly formed colonies to reduce the influence of external factors. On day 11, mortality rates were assessed. Honey bee pupae were extracted from the comb after 19 days of rearing and were analysed for the gene expression profile of four genes involved in the immune response to pathogens and environmental stress factors (Imd, dorsal, domeless and defensin), and two genes involved in detoxifications mechanisms (CYP6AS14 and CYP9Q3). We found no linear relation between the increase in the pesticide concentrations and the brood mortality rates, unlike stearin where an increase in stearin percentage led to an exponential increase in brood mortality. The immune system of pupae raised in acrinathrin contaminated wax was triggered and the expression of CYP6AS14 was significantly upregulated (exposure to 12.5 and 25 ppb). Almost all expression levels of the tested immune and detoxification genes were down-regulated when pupae were exposed to chlorpyrifos-contaminated wax. The exposure to stearin triggered the immune system and detoxification system of the pupae. The identification of substance-specific response factors might ultimately serve to identify molecules that are safer for bees and the ecosystem’s health.

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Zuddin, Riva Rainiza, Hafizhatul Abadi, and Tetty Noverita Khairani. "Pembuatan dan Uji Hedonik Lilin Aromaterapi dari Minyak Daun Mint (Mentha piperita L.) dan Minyak Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)." Jurnal Dunia Farmasi 3, no. 2 (October 12, 2019): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33085/jdf.v3i2.4479.

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Pendahuluan:Minyak atsiri merupakan zat yang memberikan aroma pada tumbuhan. Minyak atsiri memiliki komponen volatil pada beberapa tumbuhan dengan karakteristik tertentu. Komponen aroma dari minyak atsiri cepat berinteraksi saat dihirup, senyawa tersebut berinteraksi dengan sistem syaraf pusat dan langsung merangsang pada sistem olfactory. Tujuan:Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah kombinasi minyak daun mint (Mentha Piperita L.) dan minyak rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) dapat dibuat sebagai lilin aromaterapidanuntukmengetahuiapakahperbedaankomposisibahan yang berbedaberpengaruhterhadappembuatanlilinaromaterapi. Metode:Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimental pembuatan lilin aromaterapi menggunakan konsentrasi (0% : 0%), (1% : 1%), (2% : 2%), (3% : 3%). dan komposisi bahan stearin dan parafin (10 : 30, 20 : 20, 30 : 10). Selanjutnya dilakukan uji kekerasan, uji titik leleh, uji waktu bakar, dan uji hedonik (kesukaan penampakan lilin, kesukaan aroma, deteksi aroma, dan efek terapi).Hasil:Penelitian nilai kekerasan lilinantara 52 mm – 69 mm, titik leleh antara 50 0C – 56 0C sesuai syarat, waktu bakar lilin paling lama lilin dengan komposisi bahan 30 stearin : 10 parafin. kesukaan terhadap penampakan lilin keseluruhan lilin dengan komposisi bahan 20 stearin : 20 parafin, kesukaan terhadap aroma lilin saat dibakar lilin dengan konsentrasi 2%dan 3%, deteksi aroma pertama kali lilin dengan komposisi bahan 10 stearin : 30 parafin, dan efek terapi yang dirasakan oleh panelis rileks dan segar. Kesimpulan:Kombinasi minyak mint (Mentha Piperita L.) dan minyak rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) dapat dibuat sebagai lilin aromaterapi. Perbedaan komposisi bahan menghasilkan pengaruh perbedaan nyata pada formulasi lilin.

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Smith, Kevin W., Fred W. Cain, and Geoff Talbot. "Nature and Composition of Fat Bloom from Palm Kernel Stearin and Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Stearin Compound Chocolates." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 17 (August 2004): 5539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049401e.

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Gruczynska-Sekowska, E., F. Aladedunye, F. Anwar, P. Koczon, D. Kowalska, M. Kozlowska, E. Majewska, and K. Tarnowska. "Development of zero-trans shortenings with high thermo-oxidative stability by enzymatic transesterification." Grasas y Aceites 71, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0564191.

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Novel zero-trans frying shortenings were formed by enzymatic transesterification by exploring a palm stearin and canola oil mixture and stearic acid as substrates. Both immobilized (Novozym 435, Lipase PS “Amano” IM) and non-immobilized (Lipomod TM 34P) enzymes were applied as biocatalysts. Palmitic acid, the fatty acid which defines the proper type of crystal formation, was present at the 15% level in the reaction mixtures. The novel structured lipids had comparable physical properties and offered similar frying performance to those of commercial shortening. Needle-shaped crystals were predominant both in the transesterification products and the commercial frying shortening. Furthermore, solid fat content profiles of the zero-trans structured lipids produced by Novozym 435 and Lipase PS “Amano” IM were close to those of the commercial shortening.

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Sapawe, N., Samion Syahrullail, and M. F. Idris. "Evaluation of Palm Stearin as Shaft Lubricant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.699.

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The shaft is very important which have been used to transmit the power. Over a longer period, shaft may be worn. Hence to reduce the worn effect, the shaft must be lubricated. Nowadays, Malaysia is being one of the biggest producers and exporters of palm oil product. Thus, by using this advantage, Palm Stearin which is solid fraction obtained by the fractionation of palm oil after crystallization is being used as a shaft lubricant. This research has been conducted to determine the frictional force of rotational shaft and to observe the wear and surface roughness. The experiment is conducted within 20 mins for each speed which are variance from 200 rpm to 1200 rpm with increment by 200 rpm by using modified pin on disc machine. Based on the result, Palm Stearin show the good performance which is has the lower frictional force compare with two others industrial lubricants. Besides that, surface roughness and wear of shaft did show any significance difference for before and after the experiments. It can be conclude that the Palm Stearin has the lower frictional force which is in the range from 2 N to 4.1 N.

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Ismail, Muhammad Hussain, Norhamidi Muhamad, Aidah Jumahat, Istikamah Subuki, and Mohd Afian Omar. "Study on Stability of a Novel Binder System Based on Palm Stearin in Metal Injection Moulding Application." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.5655.

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Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a wellestablished technology for manufacturing a variety of complex and small precision parts. In this paper, fundamental rheological characteristics of MIM feedstock using palm stearin are theoretically analyzed and presented. The feedstock consisted of gas atomized 316L stainless steel powder at three different particle size distributions and the binder system of palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE). The powder loading used was 60vol % for all samples (monosize 16 µm, monosize 45 µm, and bimodal 16 µm + 45 µm) and the binder system of 40vol %(PS/PE = 40/60). The viscosity of MIM feedstock at different temperatures and shear rates was measured and evaluated. Results showed that, the feedstock containing palm stearin exhibited suitable rheological properties by increasing the fluidity of feedstock in MIM process. The rheological results also showed a pseudoplastic flow characteristics, which poses higher value of shear sensitivity (n) and lower value of flow activation energy (E), that are both favourable for injection molding process. The green parts were successfully injected and exhibited adequate strength for handling by optimizing the injection pressure and temperature.

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Ismail, Muhammad Hussain, Norhamidi Muhamad, Aidah Jumahat, Istikamah Subuki, and Mohd Afian Omar. "Study on Stability of a Novel Binder System Based on Palm Stearin in Metal Injection Moulding Application." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.9340.

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Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a wellestablished technology for manufacturing a variety of complex and small precision parts. In this paper, fundamental rheological characteristics of MIM feedstock using palm stearin are theoretically analyzed and presented. The feedstock consisted of gas atomized 316L stainless steel powder at three different particle size distributions and the binder system of palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE). The powder loading used was 60vol % for all samples (monosize 16 µm, monosize 45 µm, and bimodal 16 µm + 45 µm) and the binder system of 40vol %(PS/PE = 40/60). The viscosity of MIM feedstock at different temperatures and shear rates was measured and evaluated. Results showed that, the feedstock containing palm stearin exhibited suitable rheological properties by increasing the fluidity of feedstock in MIM process. The rheological results also showed a pseudoplastic flow characteristics, which poses higher value of shear sensitivity (n) and lower value of flow activation energy (E), that are both favourable for injection molding process. The green parts were successfully injected and exhibited adequate strength for handling by optimizing the injection pressure and temperature.

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Talbat, Geoff, Kevin W. Smith, Krish Bhaggan, Joydeep Ray, Zoltan Nagy, and Andrew Stapley. "Physical characterisation of silica-treated shea stearin." Lipid Technology 26, no. 4 (April 2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.201400020.

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Abu Bakar, Mimi Azlina, Siti Norazlini Abd Aziz, and Muhammad Hussain Ismail. "Tribology study of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold blended single based binder via rheology and mechanical properties." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-09-2016-0228.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the vital characteristic of an innovative ceramic injection molding (CIM) process for orthopedic application with controlled porosity and improved tribological and mechanical properties which were affected by complex tribological interactions, whether lubricated like hip implants and other artificial prostheses. The main objective is to maximize the usage of palm stearin as a single based binder as the function of flow properties during injection molding process. Design/methodology/approach The binder used in this present study consists of 100 per cent palm stearin manufactured by Kempas Oil Sdn Bhd and supplied by Vistec Technology Sdn Bhd. The feedstock was prepared by using a Z-blade mixer (Thermo Haake Rheomix OS) and Brabender mixer model R2400. The feedstock prepared was injection molded using a manually operated vertical benchtop machine with an average pressure of about 5-7 bars. The firing step included the temporary holds at intermediate temperatures to burn out organic binders. At this stage, the green molded specimen was de-bound using a single-step wick-debinding method. Findings The maximum content of ceramic material is applied to investigate the efficiencies of net formulation that can be achieved by ceramic materials. The longer the viscosity will change with shear rate, the higher the value of n obtained instead. From the slope of the curves obtained in Figure 3, the value of n for the feedstock was determined to be less than 1, which indicates a pseudoplastic behavior and suitability for the molding process. Moreover, high shear sensitivity is important in producing complex and intrinsic specimens which are leading products in the CIM industry. Originality/value The feedstock containing HAp powder and palm stearin binder was successfully prepared at very low temperature of 70°C, which promoting a required pseudo-plastic behavior during rheological test. The single binder palm stearin should be optimized in other research works carried out, as palm stearin is most preferred compared to other polymeric materials that provided high energy consumption when subjected to the sintering process. Besides the binder is widely available in Malaysia, low cost and harmless effect during debinding process.

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Siswanti, P. Hastuti, Supriyanto, and R. B. K. Anandito. "Synthesis of margarine fat from sesame oil and palm stearin by chemical interesterification." Food Research 5, S2 (July 4, 2021): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(s2).015.

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The production of margarine fat is not only intended to be free from Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) but is also expected to have a higher quality from a nutritional aspect. In this research, margarine fat from sesame oil (SO) and palm stearin (PS) by a chemical interesterification was synthesized. Chemical interesterification is one of the processes used to modify the physico-chemical characteristics of oils and fats. An attempt to chemical-restructure palm stearin and sesame oil to form margarine fat which is suitable for margarine was investigated using sodium methoxide as a catalyst. The effect ratio of PS/SO in color, slip melting point, solid fat index, texture and triacylglycerols (TAGS) profile of margarine fat were studied in research. This research was conducted by three major stages; characterization of sesame oil and palm stearin, synthesis of margarine fat by physical blending and chemical interesterification, and characterization of margarine fat. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the ratio of sesame oil and palm stearin. Margarine fat produced with different variations of the raw material concentration (% w/w SO:PS = 30:70; 40: 60; 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30). Chemical interesterification caused: rearrangement of triacylglycerols, reduction of S3 and U3 and increase in S2U and U2S type TAGs content of all blend, resulting in lowering of melting point, solid fat index and increase texture. Margarine fat in the % ratio of SO:PS = 60:40, has a similar characteristic (texture, slip melting point, solid fat index, and TAGS profiles) which margarine commercial, so has the potential to be developed in the manufacture margarine industry

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Mohamad Nor, N. H., H. Husain, M. H. Ismail, J. B. Saedon, and M. Newishy. "Sintered Strength of Ti-6Al-4V by Metal Injection Molding (MIM) using Palm Stearin Binder." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v16i1.6044.

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Metal injection molding (MIM) is a metal working process used to compact Titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and the binder through injection moulding process. In this work, Titanium Ti-6Al-4V was mixed with palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE) which act as a binder. Palm stearin (PS) is a potential binder system that can be used because it is inexpensive and highly available in Malaysia. Besides that, the application of MIM can reduce time and energy compared to the conventional process which high cost in production and difficulty of producing complex shape of materials. The green parts were then gone through of debinding process and sintering process. This project is to study the effect of the sintered Ti-Al-4V using palm stearin as a binder system. The properties of sintered specimen were investigated by physical properties such as its shrinkage and density. The average shrinkage of the sintered specimen was about 10.35% in length and 10.96% of width body of the specimen. Density of the sintered specimen was about 4.0343 g/cm3 and the tensile strength of the specimen was about 805.7 MPa.

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Spinkte, Diona, Maria R. Srah Darmanijati, and Agus Suyanto. "Pemanfaatan Kunyit dan Minyak Atsiri untuk memperbaiki Kualitas Minyak Bekas dalam Pembuatan Lilin Aromaterapi Pengusir Nyamuk." Jurnal Kesmas Untika Luwuk : Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51888/phj.v14i1.174.

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Minyak jelantah dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan pembuatan lilin aromaterapi dengan proses adsorbsi menggunakan adsorben serbuk kunyit yang dapat menyerap bau yang tidak dikehendaki dan mengurangi jumlah kadar asam lemak bebas sehingga dapat memperbaiki kualitas minyak. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui berat terbaik adsorben bubuk kunyit yang dapat menjernihkan minyak goreng bekas dan untuk mengetahui perbandingan terbaik campuran minyak goreng bekas dengan minyak atsiri sereh serta bermanfaat untuk mengusir nyamuk. Terdapat dua variabel penelitian yaitu variable bebas adsorben untuk penjernihan minyak goreng bekas dengan berat 3 gr, 5 gr, dan 7 gr sedangkan untuk komposisi lilin yaitu 70 ml minyak : 30 gr stearin : 3 tetes minyak atsiri sereh, 70 ml minyak : 30 gr stearin : 5 tetes minyak atsiri sereh dan 70 ml minyak : 30 gr stearin : 7 tetes minyak atsiri sereh. Untuk variabel terikat penjernihan minyak yaitu bau dan warna pada minyak sedangkan untuk pembuatan lilin aromaterapi yaitu efektifitas lilin aromaterapi sereh dalam mengusir nyamuk. Analisis data pada penilitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil tahap pertama menunjukkan proses adsorbsi penjernihan minyak goreng bekas diamati berdasarkan karakteristik fisik bewarna kuning jernih dan tidak berbau tengik dengan adsorben terbaik bubuk kunyit 7gr. Hasil tahap kedua yaitu perbandingan terbaik campuran minyak goreng bekas dengan minyak atasiri sereh dengan komposisi 70 ml minyak : 30 gr stearin : 7 tetes minyak atsiri sereh yang menghasilkan lilin kualitas baik, yang ketiga yaitu efektifitas lilin aromaterapi dalam mengusir nyamuk. Perbandingan terbaik campuran minyak goreng bekas dengan minyak atsiri sereh dalam pembuatan lilin aromaterapi pengusir nyamuk yaitu 7 tetes dan dapat membunuh nyamuk dalam waktu 14,3 menit. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diterapkan di masyarakat sehingga dampak negatif minyak jelantah terhadap kesehatan dapat dikurangi. Used cooking oil can be used as an ingredient for making aromatherapy candles with an adsorption process using turmeric powder adsorbent which can absorb unwanted odors and reduce the amount of free fatty acids so as to improve the quality of the oil. The purpose of this study was to find out the best weight of turmeric powder adsorbent which can clarify used cooking oil and to find out the best ratio between used cooking oil and citronella essential oil and to be useful for repelling mosquitoes. There are two research variables, namely the adsorbent independent variable for clarification of used cooking oil weighing 3 grams, 5 grams, and 7 grams while for the wax composition, namely 70 ml of oil: 30 grams of stearin: 3 drops of lemongrass essential oil, 70 ml of oil: 30 grams of stearin: 5 drops of lemongrass essential oil and 70 ml of essential oil: 30 gr of stearin: 7 drops of lemongrass essential oil. The dependent variable for oil clarification is the smell and color of the oil while for the manufacture of aromatherapy candles, namely the effectiveness of citronella aromatherapy candles in repelling mosquitoes. Data analysis in this research was carried out using descriptive methods. The results of the first stage showed that the adsorption process for clarification of used cooking oil was observed based on the physical characteristics of a clear yellow color and no rancid odor with the best adsorbent of 7gr turmeric powder. The results of the second step were the best comparison between a mixture of used cooking oil and citronella essential oil with a composition of 70 ml of oil: 30 g of stearin: 7 drops of citronella essential oil which produced good quality candles. The third is the effectiveness of aromatherapy candles in repelling mosquitoes. The best comparison of the mixture of used cooking oil with lemongrass essential oil in making mosquito repellent aromatherapy candles is 7 drops and can kill mosquitoes for 14.3 minutes. The results of this study can be applied in the community so that the negative impact of used cooking oil on health can be reduced.

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Aryani, Titin, Dwi Ernawati, and Henny Parida Hutapea. "Kandungan Asam Palmitat Pada Bahan Baku dan Produk Hasil Sintesis Asam Lemak Analog Pada ASI: Literature Review." Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32583/pskm.v11i3.1370.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kandungan asam palmitat pada bahan baku dan produk hasil sintesis asam lemak analog pada ASI atau Analogue Fatty Acid in Breast Milk (AFABM). Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan. Metode penelusuran menggunakan kata kunci metode PICO (Population, Intervention Comparison, Outcome). Dibandingkan minyak nabati yang lain, stearin sawit merupakan bahan sintesis AFABM yang memiliki kandungan asam palmitat relatif tinggi. Kandungan asam palmitat teresterifikasi pada posisi sn-2 tertinggi pada bahan baku sintesis AFABM adalah stearin sawit, sedangkan pada produk hasil sintesis adalah pada bahan baku minyak kedelei diperkaya palmitat dan Stearidonic Acid (SDA).

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Lakum, Ruttiya, and Sopark Sonwai. "Production of trans-free margarine fat by enzymatic interesterification of soy bean oil, palm stearin and coconut stearin blend." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 53, no. 12 (August 3, 2018): 2761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13888.

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Ciurko, Dominika, Alif Chebbi, Mateusz Kruszelnicki, Hanna Czapor-Irzabek, Aneta K. Urbanek, Izabela Polowczyk, Andrea Franzetti, and Tomasz Janek. "Production and characterization of lipopeptide biosurfactant from a new strain of Pseudomonas antarctica 28E using crude glycerol as a carbon source." RSC Advances 13, no. 34 (2023): 24129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra03408a.

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Pangestu, Fiqih Azis, Tri Yuni Hendrawati, and Wiwik Handayani. "PENGARUH SUHU, RASIO BAHAN BAKU TERHADAP PELARUT DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN PADA PROSES FRAKSINASI TRIPALMITIN DARI FRAKSI PADAT MINYAK SAWIT." JURNAL KONVERSI 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/konversi.6.2.95-103.

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ABSTRAKMinyak sawit merupakan minyak yang paling banyak diproduksi di Indonesia. Minyak sawit mempunyai dua jenis produk yaitu fraksi padat (Stearin) dan fraksi cair (Olein). Asam lemak pada minyak sawit dibedakan menjadi dua golongan yaitu asam lemak jenuh dan asam lemak tak jenuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memisahkan Tripalmitin dari fraksi padat minyak sawit melalui metode fraksinasi dengan pelarut organik. Variabel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan variasi rasio bahan baku / pelarut organik 1:10 (w/v) dan 1:12 (w/v) dengan suhu 2oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC dan kecepatan pengadukan 300 rpm dan 500 rpm. Setelah itu sampel dianalisa dengan GC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan asam palmitatnya dan didapatkan kandungan asam palmitat paling tinggi jika dimasukkan dalam rumus regresi sebagai berikut y = -0,0333x2 + 1,4518x + 67,617 dengan R² = 0,8431 dengan kandungan asam palmitat 84,91%. Kata kunci: Asam Palmitat, Fraksinasi, Pelarut Organik, Stearin ABSTRACTPalm oil is the most oil in Indonesia. Palm oil contains two types of products: solid fraction (Stearin) and liquid fraction (Olein). Fatty acids in palm oil are divided into two groups, namely saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. This study aims to separate Tripalmitin from the hardness fraction of palm oil by fractionation method with organic solvent. The variables in this study used variation of organic / organic solvent ratio 1:10 (w / v) and 1:12 (w / v) with temperature 2oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC and stirring speed 300 rpm and 500 rpm. After that the sample was analyzed with GC-MS to determine the content of palmitic acid and get the highest palmitic acid content if in the regression formula as follows y = -0.0333x2 + 1.4518x + 67,617 with R² = 0.8431 with the content of palmitic acid 84 , 91%. Keywords: Fractination, Organic Solvent, Palmitic Acid, Stearin

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Haw, Pei Li, Norhamidi Muhamad, and Hadi Murthadha. "The Characterization and Flow Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Feedstock for Micro Metal Injection Molding (μMIM)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2872.

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The rheological behaviors of the Micro Metal Injection Molding feedstock are important for the stability of the feedstock during micro injection molding process and quality of the final micro-components. Homogeneous feedstocks are preferable for MIM process to ensure the dimensional consistency of molded components and prevent the defects of powder-binder separation or particle segregation. In this work, feedstocks with various formulations of 316L stainless steel and binder system were prepared by using Brabender Plastograph EC Plus mixer. The binder system comprises of palm stearin, polyethelene (PE) and stearic acid. In order to obtain the viscosity, activation energy, flow behavior and mold ability index, the rheological characterization of the feedstocks were investigated in numerous conditions by using Shimadzu 500-D capillary rheometer The study showed that all of the 316L stainless steel feedstocks are homogenous with pseudo-plastic behaviors.

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Tarmizi, Azmil Haizam Ahmad, Siew Wai Lin, and Ainie Kuntom. "Palm-Based Standard Reference Materials for Iodine Value and Slip Melting Point." Analytical Chemistry Insights 3 (January 2008): ACI.S1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aci.s1052.

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This work described study protocols on the production of Palm-Based Standard Reference Materials for iodine value and slip melting point. Thirty-three laboratories collaborated in the inter-laboratory proficiency tests for characterization of iodine value, while thirty-two laboratories for characterization of slip melting point. The iodine value and slip melting point of palm oil, palm olein and palm stearin were determined in accordance to MPOB Test Methods p3.2:2004 and p4.2:2004, respectively. The consensus values and their uncertainties were based on the acceptability of statistical agreement of results obtained from collaborating laboratories. The consensus values and uncertainties for iodine values were 52.63 ± 0.14 Wijs in palm oil, 56.77 ± 0.12 Wijs in palm olein and 33.76 ± 0.18 Wijs in palm stearin. For the slip melting points, the consensus values and uncertainties were 35.6 ± 0.3 °C in palm oil, 22.7 ± 0.4 °C in palm olein and 53.4 ± 0.2 °C in palm stearin. Repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviations were found to be good and acceptable, with values much lower than that of 10%. Stability of Palm-Based Standard Reference Materials remained stable at temperatures of -20 °C, 0 °C, 6 °C and 24 °C upon storage for one year.

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Beysen, Carine, Abigail K. Belcher, Fredrik Karpe, Barbara A. Fielding, Emilio Herrera, and Keith N. Frayn. "Novel experimental protocol to increase specific plasma nonesterified fatty acids in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): E18—E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00113.2002.

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This study reports a novel protocol to increase plasma monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in eight healthy volunteers (age 29–54 yr, body mass index 23–26 kg/m2). This was achieved by feeding small boluses of fat at different time points (35 g at 0 min and 8 g at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 min) in combination with a continuous low-dose heparin infusion. Olive oil, safflower oil, or palm stearin were used to increase monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, or saturated NEFAs, respectively. Plasma NEFA concentrations were increased for 2 h, when fat and heparin were given (olive oil: 745 ± 35 μmol/l; safflower oil: 609 ± 37 μmol/l, and palm stearin: 773 ± 38 μmol/l) compared with the control test (no fat and no heparin: 445 ± 41 μmol/l). During the heparin infusion, 18:1 n-9 was the most abundant fatty acid for the olive oil test compared with 18:2 n-6 for the safflower oil test and 16:0 for the palm stearin test ( P < 0.01). The method described here successfully increases several types of plasma NEFA concentrations and could be used to investigate differential effects of elevated individual NEFAs on metabolic processes.

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Susilawati, Y., F. Hamzah, N. Harun, A. Pramana, and AR N Hasnah. "Aromatherapy Candles Made From Sweet Orange Fruit Essential Oil With A Different Ratio Of Stearin And Paraffin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1364, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1364/1/012071.

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Abstract Today’s sweet orange peels can be a valuable waste if used properly. It is known that there is a chemical compound of essential oil that has high economic value in orange peel called limonene, which has a distinctive fresh aroma. Aromatherapy candles are a diversification of candle products that contain essential oils. This study aims to get the best comparison of the quality of stearin and paraffin wax based on SNI 06-0386-1989. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with five treatment variations and three replications. The treatment used was a ratio of stearin and paraffin with a ratio of stearin:paraffin of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. Data analysis used ANOVA with Duncan’s new multiple range test (DNMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that the ratio of stearin and paraffin had a significant effect on the melting point test, burn time test, air bubbles, and overall acceptance. The best treatment was a ratio of 50:50 with a melting point test value of 57.90°C, a burn time test of 4.40 hours, a slightly concave normal air bubble test, and overall acceptance of like criteria with a score of 4.2.

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Kunitsa, Ekaterina, Aleksey Udovenko, Elena Litvinenko, Fedor Gladkiy, and Irina Levchuk. "Technology of specialty fats based on palm stearin." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 11(81) (June 16, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.71011.

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45

Khatoon, Sakina, Mohammad I. Khan, and Thangaraj Jeyarani. "Enzymatic interesterification of palm and coconut stearin blends." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 47, no. 11 (July 26, 2012): 2259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03096.x.

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46

Gan, Seng‐Neon, and Kim‐Teck Teo. "Curing and film properties of palm stearin alkyds." Pigment & Resin Technology 28, no. 5 (October 1999): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910294337.

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Suleman, Nita, Abas, and Mardjan Paputungan. "Esterifikasi dan Transesterifikasi Stearin Sawit untuk Pembuatan Biodiesel." Jurnal Teknik 17, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37031/jt.v17i1.54.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan mellihat kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari Stearin sawit. Proses pembuatan biodiesel dilakukan dengan dua tahap yakni esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi. Pada tahap esterifikasi digunakan katalis asam H2SO4 dan pelarut metanol. Kemudian pada tahap transesterifikasi digunakan katalis KOH dan pelarut metanol dengan variasi katalis 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5% (b/v). Hasil menunjukkan pada tahap esterifikasi kandungan asam lemak bebas (FFA) berkurang dari 2,85% menjadi 0,56% pada suhu 600C. Pada tahap transesterifikasi dihasilkan % yield tertinggi pada variasi persen katalis 1% (b/v) sebesar 75,74% Berasarkan hasil uji kualias biodiesel yang terdiri dari uji densitas, viskositas, bilangan iod, bilangan penyabunan, angka setana, titik kabut, dan bilangan asam telah memenuhi standar mutu biodiesel yang telah ditetapkan pada SNI-04-7182-2006.

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Rincón-Cardona, Jaime A., Lina M. Agudelo-Laverde, María L. Herrera, and Silvana Martini. "Effect of High-Intensity Ultrasound on the Crystallization Behavior of High-Stearic High-Oleic Sunflower Oil Soft Stearin." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 92, no. 4 (March 5, 2015): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-015-2620-9.

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Anggraini, Ineke Febrina, and Aldri Yongki Hijriah. "P PENGARUH VARIASI JUMLAH METANOL DALAM REAKSI PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI FRAKSI STEARIN MINYAK SAWIT." Jurnal Teknik Patra Akademika 10, no. 01 (September 18, 2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52506/jtpa.v10i01.85.

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Transesterifikasi adalah tahap konversi dari stearin menjadi metil ester, melalui reaksi dengan metanol dan menghasilkan produk samping gliserol dengan kondisi operasi temperatur 65–70 °C. Biodiesel yang terbentuk dari variasi penambahan metanol, terdapat kenaikan dari standar mutu biodiesel seperti densitas (854,1 – 857,2 kg/m3), viskositas (4,3 – 5,1 cSt), air dan sedimen (0,00 – 0,15 % vol), temperatur distilasi (351,8 – 422,5 °C), angka iodium (37,17 – 61,93 % massa) dan residu karbon (0,2 – 2,2 % massa). Perolehan biodiesel yang memenuhi parameter uji adalah dengan menggunakan variasi rasio molar metanol/stearin 5 yang sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI 04-7182 : 2006). Sertifikat produk diperlukan untuk memberikan jaminan mutu kepada pelanggan. Sertifikat produk menyatakan kesesuain suatu produk yang dihasilkan secara berulang oleh suatu unit produksi terhadap standar produk atau regulasi teknis tertentu.

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Trautwein, Elke A., Angelika Kunath-Rau, Juliane Dietrich, Stephan Drusch, and Helmut F. Erbersdobler. "Effect of dietary fats rich in lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic or linoleic acid on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids in cholesterol-fed hamsters." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 4 (April 1997): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970060.

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Effects of different dietary fats on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids were determined in male golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) fed on purified diets for 7 weeks. Diets were made by blending different fats containing characteristic fatty acids: butter (14:0 + 16:0), palm stearin (16:0), coconut oil (12:0 + 14:0), rapeseed oil (18:1), olive oil (18:l) and sunflowerseed oil (18:2). In all diets except the sunflowerseed oil diet dietary 18:2 was held constant at 2% energy. Total fat supplied 12% of energy and cholesterol was added at 4 g/kg diet. Plasma cholesterol and triacyglycerol concentrations were increased by dietary cholesterol. After 7 weeks, plasma cholesterol concentrations were highest with the palm Stearin, coconut oil and olive oil diets (8·9, 8·9 and 9·2 mmol/l) and lowest with the rapeseed oil and sdowerseed oil diets (6·7 and 5·5 mmol/l) while the butter diet was intermediate (8·5 mmol/l). Hepatic cholesterol concentration was highest in hamsters fed on the olive oil diet and lowest with the palm stearin diet (228v. 144 µmol/g liver). Biliary lipids, lithogenic index and bile acid profile of the gall-bladder bile did not differ significantly among the six diets. Although the gallstone incidence was generally low in this study, three out of 10 hamsters fed on the palm stearin diet developed cholesterol gallstones. In contrast, no cholesterol gallstones were found with the other diets. Rapeseed and dowerseed oils caused the lowest plasma cholesterol and triacyglycerol concentrations whereas olive oil failed to demonstrate a cholesterol-lowering effect compared with diets rich in saturated fatty acids. Since 18:2 was kept constant at 2% of energy in all diets, the different responses to rapeseed and olive oils could possibly be attributed to their different contents of 16:0 (5·6 %v. 12·8% respectively). Other possible explanations are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stearin'

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