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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel bars'
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1
Gao, Bing, Bo Wang, and Jian Qi Zou. "Anti-Pulls Out Strength Research on Concretes Component of Low-Alloy Coupled Steels and Cold Rolling Belt Rib Steel Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2537.
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Both Low-alloy Coupled Steels and Cold rolling belt rib steel bars are cold finishing steel bars. In project practice, Anchor ability of Low-alloy Coupled Steels Concrete will higher than cold rolling belt rib steel bars. So, more economical steel bars and cement contents. Through comparative trial about on concretes component of Low-alloy coupled steels and cold rolling belt rib steel bars in this article. Summarizes that anchor ability of Low-alloy coupled steels are depending transverse steel, well, steel bars and concretes has the better joint work ability.
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Gao, Bing, and B. Wang. "Two Kinds of Cold Working Steel Performance Contrast Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.316.
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In project practice, Anchor ability of coupled steel bars concrete will higher than cold rolling belt rib steel bars. So, more economical steel bars and cement contents. Through comparative trial about on concretes component of coupled steels bars and cold rolling belt rib steel bars in this article. Summarizes that anchor ability of Low-alloy coupled steels are depending transverse steel, well, steel bars and concretes has the better joint work ability.
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HU, Ju-Yun, and Won-Kee HONG. "Steel beam–column joint with discontinuous vertical reinforcing bars." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 4 (April 21, 2017): 440–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2016.1210217.
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The authors have previously proposed steel beam–column connections for precast concrete frames. The steel–concrete composite frames combined the advantages of the fast assembly of steel and the low cost of concrete structures. However, when not enough space is available at column–beam joints, steel sections from beams cannot be connected with column brackets. To address this issue, this paper explores the strategy of disconnecting some vertical reinforcing bars at the joints by connecting vertical steel reinforcements to steel plates placed above and below column steels, to provide a load transfer path. Loads from re-bars are transferred to steel plates, column steels, and back to steel plates and re-bars below the column steels. This strategy provided space for beam–column joints of composite frames. Extensive experiments were performed to verify load transfer from re-bars to steel plates above joints and from the steel plates to re-bars below the joint. The flexural load-bearing capacity of a column with a total of 24 vertical re-bars was compared to that of columns with discontinuous re-bars at the joints; the number of discontinuous re-bars at the joint used in the column specimens tested was 0 (0.0%), 4 (16.7%), 12 (50.0%), and 20 (83.3%).
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Blikharskyy, Zinoviy, Jacek Selejdak, Yaroslav Blikharskyy, and Roman Khmil. "Corrosion of Reinforce Bars in RC Constructions." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0036.
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AbstractIn this article presented results of researching corrosion of steel bars in aggressive environment in time under loading. For researching were used special equipment. The experience and research works shown that steel bars in the crack cross-section area can be corrode. With increasing width of crack in re-bars and power of aggressive of environment increased the level of corrosion and decreased time of progress. The level of danger of corrosion in the crack in depend of specialty of steel bars. It is geometry parameters of steel bars and characteristic of corrosive behaviour. The general tendency of the influence of various defects on the strength of steels is widely studied experimentally and theoretically only for geometrically correct stress concentrators. For damages that are irregular in shape, such as corrosion ulcers, significantly less researching in each case must experiment to find their effect on the mechanical properties of steels. In this work the influence of simultaneous action of the aggressive environment and loading on strength of steel re-bars has been described.
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Maruya, T. "Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel Bars and Stainless Steel Bars." Concrete Journal 49, no. 5 (2011): 5_78–5_82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.49.5_78.
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Junior, John K. Quarm, Charles K. Kankam, Prosper Tudagbe-Obuor, Vincent K. Akortia, Emmanuel K. Banini, Evans Biney, Peter K. Adzakey, and Christopher Kofi Dzivenu. "Strength and Deformational Characteristics of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Steel Bars Locally Produced from Recycled Metal Scrap in Ghana." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 24, no. 12 (April 18, 2023): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v24i12860.
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This study was conducted to examine the structural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with local steel bars available in Ghana. The concrete was prepared from conventional materials of ordinary Portland-limestone cement, pit sand and granitic stones. Steel bars of sizes 12mm, 10mm, and 8mm from different millers used to reinforce the concrete beams were tested to study the stress-strain relationship of the bars. The main reinforcing steel bars in the concrete beams comprised 12mm high tensile and 12mm mild steel bars produced by four different companies. The four companies from which these steel bars were obtained are Ferro Fabric Limited (FFL), United Steel Company (USC), Sentuo Steel Limited (STS) and Fabrimetal (FAB). The specific objectives of this study were to determine the actual strength and sizes of steel bars used to reinforce concrete (steel bars of nominal sizes 12mm, 10mm and 8mm from different millers), to study the stress- strain relationship of the bars, to study the ultimate limit state characteristics of beams reinforced with different bars and to investigate the deformational behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with different bars (i.e., cracking, deflection).
Data collected were analyzed using theoretical and experimental approaches. The experimental results confirmed theoretical analysis that indicated that governing failure loads of the beams were due to steel yielding first with the exception of one beam in which the governing failure load was by shear. On average the experimental cracking and failure loads in the beams reinforced with high-yield steel bars were slightly higher than the theoretical loads, while they were observed to be slightly lower in the beams reinforced with mild steel bars. With regard to cracking, the beam reinforced with FFL ribbed mild steel developed the highest number of cracks at failure which represent a very good bonding between steel and concrete as compared to the other companies. Beams reinforced with FAB high-yield steel had the highest failure load as compared to the other steels. It is important to ensure standardization of the rebars in the Ghanaian market such as the size of the bar, the rib spacing, and the rib height through the dissemination of information to stakeholders including structural and material engineering manufacturing companies and contractors.
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Islam, M. A. "Essential Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels for Steel Reinforced Buildings in the Earthquake Sensitive Areas." Journal of Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7069.
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During earthquake, the ground along with its various natural and manmade structures experiences shaking of various intensities and frequencies depending on the nature of the earthquake. The loading activities caused by earthquakes on various structures are very much cyclic type, which is popularly known as fatigue loading. On the other hand, for modern high-rise buildings a large volume of steel bar is used to reinforce the concrete because of the pioneer role of steel bars embedded inside the concrete for safety of the buildings. In this study various mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars that are essential to counter balance the earthquake effects have been identified first. At the same time these essential mechanical properties have been defined and studied for most commonly used reinforcing steel bars. For doing this, both the conventional and advanced structural steels were selected. The mechanical properties and fatigue behaviours of these steels have been presented and discussed in this paper. Keywords: Earthquake; High-rise buildings; Reinforcing steel bars; Conventional structural steel; Advanced structural steel.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7069 J. Sci. Res. 4 (1), 51-63 (2012)
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Zhang, Ying Zi, Ying Fang Fan, Hong Nan Li, and Xue Nan Wu. "Study on Evaluation Method of Corroded Reinforcing Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.1184.
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Corrosion ratio is an important index to study the mechanical deteriorates of the steel bars, which has a significant effect to evaluate the residual bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures. To investigate the mechanical properties of the corroded steel bars, Strain energy loss as corrosion ratio is firstly proposed. Tensile test are conducted on ribbed and plain steels, which are corroded by acceleration corrosion method. Comparing with the weight loss and cross-section loss to describe the effect of corrosion of reinforcing bar, the strain energy loss of reinforcing bars is calculated by Simpson quadrature. Results from this paper and other researchers’ test suggest that the strain energy loss may be a better parameter than weight loss or section loss which to assess the corroded steel bars.
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Chongkai, LI, ZHANG Weiping, GU Xianglin, and HUANG Qinghua. "Probability Distribution of Cross-sectional radius of Corroded Steel Bars in Concrete and Its application." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819904008.
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The impress current method is applied to acquire corroded steel bars embedded in concrete, and three-dimensional(3D) laser scanning techniques are applied on corroded steel bars to obtain the cross-sectional radius of corroded steel bars. Statistical analysis shows that with the increase of corrosion degree, the variation of radius of corroded steel bars increases linearly. For different types of steel bars, plain round steel bars have a larger sensitivity to corrosion than ribbed ones. Original radius of steel bars and mixture proportion of concrete have negligible effect on the variability of radius of corroded steel bars. A normal distribution model is obtained to describe radius data of corroded steel bars. For the convenience of practical application, the indicator, R, which is the ratio of the average to the minimum cross-sectional areas of corroded steel bars, is introduced to quantify the longitudinal variation of the cross-sectional areas. By using Monte-Carlo simulation, the indicator, R, of corroded steel bars are achieved based on the probability distribution of radius. The indicator R can be fitted well by the Gumbel distribution, and the distribution parameters increase linearly with the increases of corrosion degree.
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Gao, Bing, and B. Wang. "Application Research of Coupled Steel Bars Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.97.
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Coupled steel bars is a kind of cold working steels, It was processed by two parallel cold-drawn that’s they are longitudinal reinforcement wedding with short and band cold-drawn that’s low-carbon steel are transverse reinforcement. So, study on its mechanical and technology properties, get suggestion model calculating formulas of crack width and stiffness are presented. The advantages of cooperating between coupled steel bars and concrete have been primarily accepted.
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Long, Yue Ling, and Jian Cai. "Ductility of Concrete-Filled Steel Box Columns with Binding Bars Subjected to Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2584.
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Ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns with binding bars and those without binding bars were discussed based on the experimental study. Two current methods were used to assess the ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns with binding bars and those without binding bars. Results show that binding bars can increase ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns. Ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns with binding bars at closer spacing is considerably better than that of concrete-filled steel box columns without binding bars.
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Liu, Hongbo. "Key Points for Construction Quality Control of Steel Bar Concrete Structure." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v1i3.414.
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In view of the good effect of steel bars in improving the elastic-plastic and flexural properties of concrete structures, combined with the good compressive strength of concrete, steel bars in the traditional reinforced concrete column and shear wall structures can greatly improve the performance of the main stress-bearing structures of super high-rise buildings. In order to clarify the key points of construction quality control of steel bar concrete structure, the control points are analyzed by theoretical analysis method combined with an engineering example. The results show that it is feasible to replace the traditional solid web section steel with the scattered steel bars to solve the difficult problem of the layout of the stirrups and longitudinal bars of the solid web section steel reinforced concrete column, and the ear plate connection of the steel bars is feasible; BIM Technology can realize the accurate positioning of steel bars and greatly improve the construction quality of steel bar concrete structures; During the construction process, it is very important to strictly control the verticality of steel bars, the spacing between steel bars, the spacing between steel bars, the distance from the outside of steel bars to the reinforcement at the column edge, and strictly control the quality of formwork installation and concrete pouring to ensure the quality of steel bar concrete structure.
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Gao, Bing. "About on Low-Alloy Coupled Steel Bars Concretes Rigidity and Crack Opening Model Formula Establishment." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1195.
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Coupled steel bars have already more than 30 year historical development. But, it was made by HPB235, Plasticity and ductility were very poor, so, only use in planking component. Now, we made coupled steel bars by Low-alloy steels. According to tentative data, model building formula that’s rigidity and crack Opening. Provide the basis for the project construction.
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Hameed, Jelan, and Ali Laftah Abbas. "Seismic Performance of Two Story Steel Building Using Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) Bars." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 7 (July 18, 2019): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091345.
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Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) is type of smart materials that have ability to undergo large deformation and return back to their undeformed shape through heating (shape memory effect) or removal of load (superelastic effect). This unique ability is useful to enhance behavior of structure and seismic resistance. In this paper, superelasticity (SE) effect of NiTi alloys is used to improve the structural characteristics of steel building. The finite element analysis of steel building is done using ABAQUS v.2017. In order to compare the structural behavior of the steel building equipped with Shape Memory Alloy bars at beam-column connection, three steel building was modeled with a different combination of high strength steel bars and SMA bars. The steel building was checked for time history analysis by using Vrancea 1977 earthquake data. In order to estimate the recentring ability, residual of roof displacement and energy dissipation. The steel building equipped with SMA bars shows 82.7%, 152.72% recovery in residual roof displacement for steel building equipped with 50% SMA bars and 50% HS steel bars and steel building equipped with 100% SMA bars respectively, and moderate energy dissipation. In general, the frame equipped with 50% superelastic SMA bars and 50% HS steel bars provided better seismic performance.
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Cheng, Hao, Quan Yuan, Ying Cheng, Wei Shi, Xin Huang, Liang Zhao, Liuying Zhao, and Yinhui Zhang. "Research On the Application of Intensive Processing and Distribution Management of Steel Bars Based on Wisdom Technology." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 51 (May 16, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v51i.8239.
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For the site that cannot achieve the scientific processing production management of reinforcing steel bars, and cannot ensure the saturation capacity of steel bars equipment utilization, resulting in large loss of reinforcing steel bars, low processing efficiency and other conditions, Chongqing East Station in the construction process innovation proposed cloud computing, big data, Internet of things, intelligent control as the core technology, steel bars processing "three savings" (save material, save labor, save effort), "two guarantees" (guarantee quality, guarantee progress), and "one excellent" (excellent management) as the principle. It adds intelligent sensors to the traditional steel bars processing equipment, connects the steel bars management platform with the steel bars processing equipment through information technology, and realizes the information management of the whole process from raw material incoming, testing and inspection, steel sample turning, material list uploading, online audit, optimization of material breaking, production scheduling and processing, and distribution to the field. It provides a reference for exploring and realizing the standardization, normalization, intelligence and scale development of construction steel bars processing and distribution management.
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Lv, Yu Kun, Guang Min Sheng, and Hao Fei Xue. "High Strain Low Cycle Fatigue and Anti-Seismic Behavior of HRB400 QST Reinforced Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1128.
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Based on the failure model of building structural steels under earthquake loading, High strain low cycle fatigue properties of HRB400QST (yield strength grade 400MPa, Quenched and Self Tempered) reinforced steel bars with diameters of 20mm and 16mm(unmachined) and HRB400V-N MA(microalloying)with diameters of 16mm (unmachined) were investigated. Based on the tests of total strain controlling, cycle strain response character of three kinds of steel bars and the relationship between cyclic stress and strain were researched. Hollomon and Coffin-Manson formulas were used to induce fatigue life formulas of three kinds of steel bars, and then the values of σa·Δεt were gained when Nf =100, calculated results show that the high strain low cycle fatigue properties of HRB400V-N MA rebars tested are much better than HRB400QST steel bars. Rupture surface scan reveals that surface hardened layer will reduce the cyclic toughness, and is bad for the anti-seismic performance.
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Hemalatha, K., and D. Ravi Prasad. "Numerical analysis on reinforcement ratio of RC beams using FRP and steel rebars." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101210.
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Reinforced Concrete Structures, traditionally using steel rebars, are vulnerable to corrosion under severe exposure conditions. This can result in several drawbacks such as concrete deterioration, reduced serviceability, increased maintenance costs, and reduced structural durability. To counter these issues, Fibre Reinforced Polymer bars have emerged as another possibility material for steel bars. FRP bars are anti-corrosive, have high tensile strength, weigh one-fourth of steel bars, and have a low thermal expansion coefficient similar to concrete. To enhance both load-carrying capacity and ductility, a combining steel bars and FRP bars has been effectively used because FRP bars are having brittle behaviour. This paper studies theoretical investigations of Reinforcement ratio when Fiber Reinforced Polymer bars and steel bars are used as reinforcement in Concrete beams with Af to As as 1 which balance both Flexural capacity and ductility.
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Abbood, Ahlam A., Nazar Oukaili, Abbas A. Allawi, and George Wardeh. "Strength and Deformation of Concrete-Encased Grouting-Filled Steel Tubes Columns Exposed to Monotonic Quasi-Static Loading Conditions." Infrastructures 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9020026.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel concrete-encased column (CE) using small circular steel tubes filled with cementitious grouting material (GFST) as the primary reinforcement instead of traditional steel bars. The research involved three different types of reinforcement: conventional steel bars, concrete-filled steel tubes with 30% of the reinforcement ratio of steel bars, and concrete-filled steel tubes with the same reinforcement ratio as steel bars. Twenty-four circular concrete columns were tested and categorized into six groups based on the type of reinforcement employed. Each group comprised four columns, with one subjected to concentric axial load, two subjected to eccentric axial load (with eccentricities of 25 mm and 50 mm, respectively), and one tested under lateral flexural loads. To validate the experimental results, finite element (FE) analysis was conducted using ABAQUS software version 6.14. The experimental findings for concentric load reveal that columns with the second type of reinforcement, concrete-filled steel tubes with 30% of the reinforcement ratio of steel bars exhibited a failure load 19% lower than those with steel bars, while columns with the third type of reinforcement, concrete-filled steel tubes with the same reinforcement ratio as steel bars achieved a failure load 17% greater than the traditional steel bars. The FE analysis demonstrates good agreement with the experimental outcomes in terms of ultimate strength, deformation, and failure modes.
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Shoeib, Ata El-kareim, Ahmed Noureldean Arafa, Ahmed EL-sayed Sedawy, and Awad M. EL-Hashmy. "The shear strength of concrete beams hybrid-reinforced with GFRP bars and steel bars in main reinforcement without shear reinforcement." Curved and Layered Structures 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cls-2022-0013.
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Abstract The investigation of the structural performance of reinforced concrete members in the construction process has become a critical issue for Hybrid GFRP bars with steel bars. The ultimate concrete shear strength of reinforced concrete beams contains both GFRP bars and Steel bars in main reinforcement are a main task of work. This paper examines the effect of sharing the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars with steel bars for reinforced concrete (RC) structures on the concrete shear strength of RC beams. Fourteen RC beams without shear reinforcement were constructed and tested up to failure. The test beams included two steel-RC beams, one GFRP-RC beam, and eleven steel bars and GFRP bars (hybrid GFRP/steel)-RC beams. The main parameters were the reinforcement ratio, shear span to depth ratio, depth of the beam, concrete compressive strength, and compression reinforcement. The test results are presented in terms of crack patterns, failure modes, load-deflection, and load-strain behavior. The test results showed that hybrid GFRP/steel bars causing significant improvement in the ductility with reduction of the deformation comparing with an only steel bar in main steel in tested beams. The dowel action can play a major role in the process by which shear is carried in a beam. Finally, the initial proposal equation that calculates the shear strength of hybrid reinforced elements can serve as a guideline for the introduction of hybrid bars (GFRP and Steel) at the main reinforcement in RC beams.
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Li, Shi Bin, Wei Ping Zhang, Xiang Lin Gu, and Ci Mian Zhu. "Analysis on Fatigue of Natural Corrosion Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3237.
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To reasonablely assess the residual fatigue life of aged existing reinforced concrete(RC) bridges, axial tensile fatigue tests were conducted on fifteen naturally carbonation-induced corrosion steel bars. The fatigue test results indicate that the existence of corrosion pits reduces the fatigue life of steel bars significantly under the same fagitue stress; with the development of corrosion, the fatigue life of steel bars decays according to negative power exponent law approximately and the attenuation rate increases with stress level augment. The fatigue deterioration law of natural corrosion steel bars is similar to that of accelerated corrosion steel bars, but the attenuation rate is different from that of accelerated corrosion steel bars, and also the influence of stress level on the attenuation rate is just cross to that of accelerated corrosion steel bars. For the complexity of fatigue and corrosion, further pertinent conclusions remain to be confirmed.
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Xing, Guohua, Cheng Zhou, Tao Wu, and Boquan Liu. "Experimental Study on Bond Behavior between Plain Reinforcing Bars and Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/604280.
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To evaluate the bond behavior between the reinforcing bar and surrounding concrete, a total of six-group pullout specimens with plain steel bars and two-group specimens with deformed steel bars, serving as a reference, are experimentally investigated and presented in this study. The main test parameters of this investigation include embedment length, surface type of reinforcing bars, and bar diameter. In particular, the bond mechanism of plain steel reinforcing bars against the surrounding concrete was analyzed by comparing with six-group pullout specimens with aluminium alloy bars. The results indicated that the bond stress experienced by plain bars is quite lower than that of the deformed bars given equal structural characteristics and details. Averagely, plain bars appeared to develop only 18.3% of the bond stress of deformed bars. Differing from the bond strength of plain steel bars, which is based primarily on chemical adhesion and friction force, the bond stress of aluminium alloy bars is mainly experienced by chemical adhesion and about 0.21~0.56 MPa, which is just one-tenth of that of plain steel bars. Based on the test results, a bond-slip model at the interface between concrete and plain bars is put forward.
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Liu, Qianli, Qian Zhu, Ruiying Zhao, Xuejiao Chen, Jianzhuang Qi, and Tan Yao. "Finite Element Simulation Analysis of Central Pull-out Experiment of Steel Bar and Recycled Concrete." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 24, no. 11 (April 4, 2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v24i11851.
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In order to study the bond performance of steel bars and recycled concrete, the ultimate bond stress distribution between recycled concrete and steel bars is analyzed through central pull-out test, and the influence of steel bars grooving on actual stress distribution is considered. Therefore, in this paper uses the finite element software ABAQUS is used to simulate the central pull-out test of steel bars and recycled concrete, and to discuss the bond force distribution between steel bars and concrete. The results show that the finite element simulation analysis results of the central pull-out experiment of steel bars and recycled concrete are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verifies the accuracy of the finite element model.
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Murgia, M. "Welding steel reinforcing bars." Welding International 20, no. 7 (July 2006): 544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/wint.2006.3602.
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Kida, Katsuyuki, Koretoko Okamoto, Masayuki Ishida, Koshiro Mizobe, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Observation of Corrosion Resistance of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo Stainless Steel Quenched by Induction Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 597 (July 2014): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.140.
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13%-Cr martensitic stainless steels are widely used in the production of many mechanical components that require high hardness and good corrosion resistance. In the present work, 20mm-diameter 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo steel bars were quenched by induction heating (IH) method and after that tempered in a farness. 240 hours corrosion test of the bars was carried out using a salt spray testing method (JIS Z 2371:2000). The results were compared to two stainless steels, SUS304 and SUS440C. Their inner hardness distributions were measured. It was found that the hardness of IH-quenched and farness-tempered 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel is almost the same as that of the SUS440C. The 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo steel has the same corrosion resistance as the SUS304 steel.
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Tang, Fu Jian, Gen Da Chen, and Wei Jian Yi. "Corrosion-Induced Concrete Cracking, Steel-Concrete Bond Loss, and Mechanical Degradation of Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1760–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1760.
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This study experimentally investigated corrosion-induced deterioration in reinforced concrete (RC) structures: concrete cover cracking, steel-concrete bond loss, and mechanical degradation of corroded steel bars. Pullout and RC beam specimens were prepared, subjected to accelerated corrosion in a wet sand bath, and tested under loading. A 3D laser scan was employed to measure the surface profile of corroded steel bars and determine the corrosion effect on the distribution of residual cross section area. The crack width on the concrete surface was sampled randomly and analyzed statistically. Corrosion reduced the bond strength between steel bars and concrete, particularly in the form of corrosion-induced number and width of cracks. Both the yield and ultimate strengths depended upon the critical cross sectional area of steel bars, whereas the elongation changed with the cross section distribution over the length of the steel bars. Corrosion also changed the distribution of the cross sectional area of steel bars. The crack width on the concrete surface can be well represented by a normal distribution regardless of corrosion levels.
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Liu, Tongwei, Xinping Li, and Jialing Che. "Study on Bond Performance between Corroded Deformed Steel Bar and DS-ECC." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249009.
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In order to study the bond performance between desert sands engineered cementitious composites (DS-ECC) and corrosion steel bars, seven groups of specimens were designed and manufactured. Through the center pull-out test, the effects of different types of desert sands, the rate of corrosion (0, 5, 10 and 15%), and the anchorage length of steel bars (5d and 8d) on the bonding properties of DS-ECC and corrosion steel bars were studied. Moreover, a de-rusting agent was used to remove the corrosion, and three groups of specimens were pulled out from the center of the de-rusted steel bars. The results showed that both Tengger DS-ECC and Mu Us DS-ECC have good bond properties with corrosion steel bars. The bond stress slip curves between DS-ECC and corrosion steel bars can be divided into four stages: the micro-slip, slip stage, failure stage and residual stage. The bond stress slip curves between DS-ECC and de-rusted steel bars can be divided into the micro-slip stage, failure stage and residual stage, and splitting and pulling-out failure occurs in DS-ECC specimens. The ultimate bond strength is the highest when the corrosion rate is 5%. The bond toughness index is positively correlated with the anchorage length of steel bars, and negatively correlated with the corrosion rate of steel bars. According to the test results, the bond–slip mathematical relationship is established.
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Fan, Mei Guang, Shuang Ping Lin, Qiao Fei Chen, Shao Kui Deng, Ju Xing Yang, and Ben Rong Sun. "Cracking Analysis of the Upset Head of PC Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2415.
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The PC steel bars were cold-headed and the upset heads were not cracked in the process of the PC steel bars. The upset head of PC steel bars were analysed and tested by means of tensile test and metallographic structure examination. The results showed that the cracking has some relationship with the strength grade of the PC steel bars, and the preventive methods were also proposed to avoid similar events.
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Fang, Liang, and Yingzhuo Liu. "Analysis of Bonding Properties of Corroded Reinforcement Concrete." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 8, no. 3 (June 17, 2024): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v8i3.7163.
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In order to investigate the degradation of bonding properties between corroded steel bars and concrete, this study employs the half-beam method to conduct bond-slip tests between corroded steel bars and concrete after impressed-current accelerated corrosion of the steel bars in concrete. The effects of steel corrosion rate, steel bar diameter, steel bar strength grade, and concrete strength grade on the bonding properties between concrete and corroded steel bars were analyzed. The influence of different corrosion rates on specimens’ bonding strength and bond-slip curves was determined, and a constitutive relationship for bond-slip between corroded steel bars and concrete was proposed. The results indicate that the ultimate bonding strength of corroded reinforced concrete specimens decreases with increasing corrosion rate. Additionally, an increase in corrosive crack width leads to a linear decrease in bonding strength. Evaluating the decline in adhesive properties through rust expansion crack width in engineering applications is feasible. Furthermore, a bond-slip constitutive relationship between corroded steel bars and concrete was established using relative bond stress and relative slip values, which aligned well with the experimental findings.
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Mirdarsoltany, Mohammadamin, Alireza Rahai, Farzad Hatami, Reza Homayoonmehr, and Farid Abed. "Investigating Tensile Behavior of Sustainable Basalt–Carbon, Basalt–Steel, and Basalt–Steel-Wire Hybrid Composite Bars." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 10735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910735.
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One of the main disadvantages of steel bars is rebar corrosion, especially when they are exposed to aggressive environmental conditions such as marine environments. One of the suggested ways to solve this problem is to use composite bars. However, the use of these bars is ambiguous due to some weaknesses, such as low modulus of elasticity and linear behavior in the tensile tests. In this research, the effect of the hybridization process on mechanical behavior, including tensile strength, elastic modulus, and energy absorbed of composite bars, was evaluated. In addition, using basalt fibers because of their appropriate mechanical behavior, such as elastic modulus, tensile strength, durability, and high-temperature resistance, compared to glass fibers, as the main fibers in all types of composite hybrid bars, was investigated. A total of 12 hybrid composite bars were made in four different groups. Basalt and carbon T300 composite fibers, steel bars with a diameter of 6 mm, and steel wires with a diameter of 1.5 mm were used to fabricate hybrid composite bars, and vinyl ester 901 was used as the resin. The results show that, depending on composite fibers used for fabrication of hybrid composite bars, the modulus of elasticity and the tensile strength increased compared to glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) bars by 83% to 120% and 6% to 26%, respectively. Moreover, hybrid composite bars with basalt and steel wires witnessed higher absorbed energy compared to other types of hybrid composite bars.
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Chen, Meng Yang, Bo Ming Hwuang, and Jer Ren Yang. "Microstructural Characterizations of Ultra-High Strength Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.796.
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Steel bars used in high-rising building were developed by the addition of V and Nb in medium carbon steels. In this study, two steel bars with different diameters (16 mm and 36 mm) were analyzed via optical and transmission electron microscopy (OM and TEM)., the microstructures of the steels studuied consist of ferrite and pearlite the same as those of the conventional steel bars, but they possess higher yield strengths (over 685 MPa) in combination of considerable elongations (above 10%). The results of transmission electron microscopy reveals that the copious nano-sized (about 20 nm) carbides were interphase-precipitated in ferrite and that the inter-lamellar spacings of pearlite were extra fine, about with a scale of 100 nm. It has been estimated that the small carbides and fine pearlite provide yield strengths, approximately 300 MPa and 800 MPa, respectively. In addition, the volume fraction of ferrite was up to 40%, which offered sufficient soft phase to experience external stress. The results of tensile tests for the steels studied demonstrat that the amount of strain can be up to 1.4% as a yield stress is reached, and the apparent yield point and plateau are present in the stress-strain curves.
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Mohamed, Ramy Nasr Abdelmonem, A. M. El Sebai, and Ahmed Shaban Abdel-Hay Gabr. "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Innovative Hybrid Reinforcement of Geogrids and Steel Bars." Buildings 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10090161.
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This paper aims to innovate a hybrid reinforcement system for concrete slabs, consisting of geogrids and steel bars, by conducting an experimental comparative study between using different types, tensile strengths, and layers of geogrids as additional reinforcement to steel bars in comparison to conventional steel-reinforced concrete control slab. These concrete slabs were tested under a four-point loading system until they failed due to bending. As an addition, strain gauges were attached to the concrete slabs bottom reinforcement (geogrids and steel bars) to provide a close examination of geogrids and steel bars as a hybrid reinforcement system. Results show that the innovated hybrid reinforcement system of uniaxial geogrids and steel bars more preferred as concrete slabs reinforcement as it provided more benefits values (including, but not limited to, initial-peak load, steel-yield load, post-peak load, displacement ductility index, and energy absorption capacity) and more efficient utilization (including, but not limited to, higher benefits to cost values and better flexural performance) than the case of using conventional reinforcement of steel bars and the cases of using triaxial geogrids as additional reinforcement to the steel bars; however, triaxial geogrids provide lower deflection values and higher first-crack load values.
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Yoo, Joh Yeong, Han Seung Lee, and Young Jin Kim. "Experimental Study on the Water Penetration into Mortar under Water Pressure Condition." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.681.
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Concrete is a type of porous materials and is physically and chemically damaged due to exposure to various environments from the placing to the service life. These reactions affect the corrosion of steel bars applied in concrete and that decreases the durability life and strength of such steel bars. Thus, it is very important to insert rust inhibitors into steel bars in the case of a deterioration element that exceeds the critical amount of corrosion in the location of steel bars. However, it is very difficult to guarantee corrosion resistance at the location of steel bars using conventional technology that applies corrosion inhibitors only on the surface of concrete. This study attempts to develop a method that penetrates corrosion inhibitors up to the location of steel bars and investigate the penetration depth of corrosion inhibitors by verifying moisture migration in concrete under an applied pressure.
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Elsadany, Rasha, Sherif H. Al-Tersawy, and Hossam El-Din M. Sallam. "Effect of reinforcement type on structural behavior of RC beams containing recycled aggregate." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 61 (June 19, 2022): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.61.20.
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Concrete containing wastes from the demolition of old deteriorated buildings are produced enormously. Concrete is a brittle matrix that is usually reinforced by ductile reinforcement such as steel bars. However, due to the susceptibility of steel to corrosion, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) bars are used as an alternative reinforcement. The main drawback of FRP bars is their brittleness. These two types of reinforcements, i.e. steel and glass FRP (GFRP) bars, have been used in the present work. The flexural behavior of twelve RC beams reinforced with different ratios of GFRP or steel areas containing recycled aggregate has been experimentally studied and compared with beams without recycled aggregate. The present results show that beams reinforced with GFRP and containing recycled aggregate exhibit a lower load-carrying capacity, lower first crack, and higher deflection than all beams. All GFRP RC beams exhibited brittle failure, i.e., concrete crushing in the compression zone, except one beam, with 2f16 bars and concrete without recycled aggregate, which showed catastrophic failure, i.e., the rupture in GFRP bars. However, the ductile failure mode is observed for all beams reinforced with steel bars, i.e., yielding in steel bars followed by concrete crushing
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Kawano, Akihiko, Qiyun Qiao, Shintaro Matsuo, and Toshihiko Ninakawa. "A Study on Connections of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes by Using Built-in Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1704–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1704.
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From 2006, authors started a series of experimental and analytical studies to establish a design method for a new connection system of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) by using built-in reinforcing steel bars (CFTR). Among the series, a pullout test of the built-in steel bars from the CFTRs has been early performed, which is orientated as a fundamental study for the connections of CFTR [1]. In the pullout test study, it is clarified that the influence of tube shapes (square and circular), the stress transfer capacities of bond by steel bars, ring bands in steel tubes and anchor plates of steel bars. The new connection system of CFTR may apply to an exposed-type CFT column base, where the built-in high strength steel bars contribute to transfer the axial force, bending moment and shear force from a CFT column to the foundation [2, 3]. The column base strength is much increased by the built-in steel bars. In other words, the built-in steel bars make the base plate and anchor bolts compact without any strength reduction in the column base. A stable elastic-plastic behavior is observed in the CFTR column base, and an evaluation method of the ultimate strengths is proposed for that. A further improved CFTR column base is the base without any base plate (non-base-plate CFTR column base), so that all of the stresses can be transferred through the built-in high strength steel bars [4]. A stable hysteretic behavior is observed in the column base, and the evaluation method of the ultimate strength is also proposed. It is noteworthy that the non-base-plate CFTR column base is applicable to the super high strength steel, because the base system does not require any full penetration welding, which sometimes causes brittle fracture in super high strength steel.
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Xiong, Cheng, Chaoqun Zeng, Yanru Li, Ly Li, Ping Li, and Dawang Li. "The Constitutive Relationship for Corroded Steel Bars: Model and Analysis." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 4058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244058.
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Combining the theoretical derivation and numerical calculations, the characteristic changes of the tensile constitutive relation of corroded steel bars and their underlying mechanisms are studied. Corroded steel bars are regarded as a combination of three parts, which include uncorroded part, corroded part with variable cross section, and uniform corroded part. It is assumed that in all three parts the steel material follows a simplified trilinear constitutive relation of a mild steel material (elasticity, yielding, and hardening), from which an analytical model describing the overall tensile constitutive relation of the corroded steel bar is developed. Based on the experimental data of slotted steel bars, the validation of the present analytical model is provided. The results show that the trilinear model can give relatively accurate prediction of the characteristic parameters of corroded steel bars. The influences of corrosion rate on the mechanical properties of corroded steel bars are examined using the proposed model.
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Chandra, S. K. Sai, K. Hemalatha, V. Mallikarjuna Reddy, and Vandanapu Swamy Nadh. "Experimental studies on flexural action of RC beams made with hybrid rebars - A brief review." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101194.
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Reinforced Steel bars used in concrete constructions are particularly susceptible to corrosion since they don't have enough corrosion resistance, which decreases durability and long-term performance. The main cause of steel bar corrosion is moisture interaction, which results in rust, which causes cracks and spalling, which affects durability and long-term performance. FRP bars, which have several benefits over steel bars such as strong resistance to corrosion, higher tensile strength than steel bars, and a 1/4th of the weight of steel bars, which decreases shipping and labor costs, are now entering the market as a solution to the aforementioned issues. Polypropylene fibers in concrete have high mechanical strength, stiffness, and durability. This paper tells about the type of FRP bar and Fiber that has been chosen in order to enhance the studies on the performance of flexure of RC beams made with a combination of FRP and Steel bars. From previous studies, it has been concluded that 0.25% of fibers are used as optimum dosage in terms of volume fraction in order to improve the behavior of flexure and ductility of beams made with a combination of Steel and FRP bars.
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Liu, Zhi Yong, Lei Yu, Da Ji Li, and Kun Rong Wang. "Effect of Polymer Modified Cement-Based Coatings on Steel Bars Anticorrosion and Bond Properties between Coated Bars and Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1066.
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In this paper the anticorrosion properties of steel bars coated with polymer modified cement-based coatings in chloride solution were evaluated. Then the pullout tests were conducted using coated and uncoated steel bars embedded in concrete specimens and the bond properties between concrete and bars were tested. The results show the steel bars coated with epoxy emulsion modified cement-based coating (HY) and elastic copolymer emulsion modified cement-based coating (GT) have satisfactory anticorrosion properties in 3.5% NaCl solution for 96h. But the pullout tests display that the bond strength between the concrete and the steel bars coated with GT coating is much lower than that of the bars coated with HY coating and the uncoated specimens. The bond stress between the concrete and the bars coated with pure acrylate emulsion modified cement-based (CB) coating is the highest among the three coatings, but the resistance to chloride permeability of CB coating is poor. The results indicate the special epoxy-cement-based coating (HY) is more suitable for applying to the anticorrosion coating for steel bars in chloride condition.
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Bamigboye, Gideon O., Oluwole A. Olaniyi, David O. Olukanni, Anthony N. Ede, and Isaac I. Akinwumi. "Diameter Inconsistency, Strength and Corrosion Characteristics of Locally-Produced and Imported Steel Reinforcing Bars in Ilorin, Nigeria." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 29 (March 2017): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.29.90.
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There has been increasing incidents of collapse of reinforced concrete buildings in Nigeria. Many research works, suspecting the quality of concrete produced in Nigeria, have focused on concrete with few attention on steel, perhaps because its production is usually in a more controlled environment. Over the years, many clients of building construction projects or their representatives have shown preference for imported steel bars over the locally-produced steel bars. This research work sets out to investigate the quality of steel reinforcement produced locally and compare them with imported steel bars. The diameter of the two classes of bars available in the open market at Ilorin, Nigeria were measured and their deviations from their manufacturer’s designated diameter were determined. Also, their response to the application of load and deterioration in different environments, simulated by their immersion in water, hydrochloric acid (HCL) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), were studied. Locally-produced bars deviated more from their designated diameter than the imported bars. The imported steel bars have higher strength and experienced lower strain compared to the locally produced steel. They also showed better corrosion resistance, when immersed in distilled water and HCL, than the locally-produced steel bars. The preference for imported steel by clients of building projects is justified.There is a need for regulatory bodies, such as the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON), to strictly monitor and penalize local steel manufacturers that engage in corrupt practices leading to significant dimensional and strength deviations from specification. This has the potential of minimizing the incidence of building collapse in Nigeria.
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Umashankar, Yaligar, Koti Arun, and H. Sanni Shankar. "Experimental investigations on bond performance of GFRP bars." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 13, no. 3 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.13.3.20117.
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Corrosion of steel is one of the major problems concerning construction field which becomes more severe when the structures are subjected to harsh environment which is harmful to structure as well as costs high for repair. Hence, deviating to alternate building materials is essential in upcoming years. One of the latest findings among them is replacement of steel with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. Experimental and numerical studies on various strength parameters of these bars are being undertaken to examine their replacement to steel. This work contains experimental investigations on bond performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. In the present study the bond behavior GFRP bars with and without wrapping of binding wire embedded in polypropylene fibers reinforced concrete and conventional steel rebar embedded in plain concrete was tested. The grade of concrete used for investigation was M40 and for bond testing 10, 12 mm diameter steel and GFRP bars were used in this experimental work. Pull-out test was conducted in Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It was observed that bond behavior of GFRP bar and concrete were lesser than steel bar by 41.06 % for 10 mm diameter bars and by 31.63 % for 12 mm diameter bars. Although it was observed that GFRP bar wrapped with binding wire possessed lesser bond stress than steel bars, it has improved bond stress compared to GFRP without wrapping by 16.06 % for 10 mm diameter bar and by 14.22 % for 12 mm diameter bars. Also maximum slippage was observed for GFRP than steel bar and GFRP with binding wire wrapping. GFRP bar slippage of 10 mm and 12 mm diameter is 130.88 % and 63.64 % and respectively higher than steel bars. The bond strength and maximum slippage of GFRP bar is found to be decreased with increase in diameter.
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K, Ramani, and Dr S. Sidhardhan. "Review on Flexural Behavior of Slabs Reinforced with FRP Bars Subjected to Static and Cyclic Loads." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem25933.
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One of the main issues that reduces the lifetime serviceability of concrete buildings is the corrosion of steel reinforcing. The degradation of concrete buildings caused by the corrosion of steel reinforcing can be prevented, delayed, or repaired using a variety of currently available techniques. Fiber reinforced polymer bars are an effective and affordable solution to the corrosion issues that steel rebars in severe settings are prone to. Steel alternatives that are robust and extremely corrosion resistant include fiber reinforced polymers. The fiber reinforced polymer bars have a high strength, a low center of gravity, are simple to handle, and require little maintenance. Glass fiber reinforced polymer bars are among the most widely used composite rebars, mostly because of their reasonable price and high performance. The Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic's mechanical characteristics Steel bars were inferior to polymer bars in a number of respects. This study examines how glass fiber reinforced polymer slabs behave under flexure under static and cyclic loads. Keywords: GFRP bars, Steel.
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Liu, Junzhe, Jundi Geng, Hui Wang, Mingfang Ba, and Zhiming He. "Influence of nitrite on chemical composition of passivation film of steel bars under the coupling effects of carbonization and chloride." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-09-2018-1999.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the influence of NaNO2 on the chemical composition of passivation film. Design/methodology/approach X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were selected to determine the composition of passivation film of steel bars in mortar. The specimens were exposed to the chloride solution, carbonation environment and the coupling effects of chloride solution and carbonation. The chemical composition and micro structures at 0 and 5 nm from the outer surface of the passivation film of steel bars were analyzed. Findings Results showed that the nitrite inhibitor improved the forming rate of the passivation film and increased the mass ratio of Fe3O4 to FeOOH on the surface of steel bars. The component of Fe3O4 at 5 nm of the steel passivation film was more than that at 0 nm. Sodium ferrite in the pore solution was easily hydrolyzed and then FeOOH was formed. Therefore, due to the nitrite inhibitor, a “double layer structure” of the passivation film was formed to prevent steels bars from corrosion. Originality/value This is original work and may help the researchers further understand the mechanism of rust resistance by nitrite inhibitor.
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Benmokrane, Brahim, Burong Zhang, Kader Laoubi, Brahim Tighiouart, and Isabelle Lord. "Mechanical and bond properties of new generation of carbon fibre reinforced polymer reinforcing bars for concrete structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-013.
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This paper presents laboratory test results on the mechanical properties and bond strength of new generation of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcing bars used as nonprestressed reinforcement for concrete structures. Two types of CFRP reinforcing bars, namely, 9-mm-diameter CFRP ribbed bars and 9.5-mm-diameter CFRP sand-coated bars, were investigated. Tensile tests and pullout bond tests were conducted to evaluate the tensile properties and bond strength of the CFRP bars in comparison with that of the steel bar. Experimental results showed that the tensile stress-strain curves of the CFRP bars were linear up to failure. The ultimate tensile strength of the two types of CFRP bars was at least 1500 MPa, three times that of steel bars. The modulus of elasticity of two types of the CFRP bars was 128145 GPa, about 6575% that of steel. Furthermore, both types of the CFRP bars exhibited almost the same bond strength to concrete similar to steel bars. The minimum bond development length for the two types of CFRP bars seemed to be equal to about 20db for the sand-coated bars and 30db for the ribbed bars.Key words: fibre reinforced polymer (FRP), carbon FRP (CFRP), bar, mechanical properties, tensile strength, embedded length, pullout, bond strength, concrete structures.
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Zhou, Chun Li, and Qian Zhang. "Study on Bend Performence of Binding Bars Prestressed Steel Box Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.990.
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Put forward binding bars prestressed concrete filled steel box girder and analyses it’s advantage, Study on the bending moment by the fiber model method to analyze the beam-Curvature and load-Relation curves of deflection theory.Through the finite element software analysis of prestressed concrete steel box beam prestressed concrete filled steel tubes and four ways to set binding bars the ultimate bearing capacity of the beam,Analysis of the influence of the thickness of the steel plate and rod diameter, constraint, constraint rod axial spacing on various beam flexural capacity.The results show that,Binding bar has more advantages for prestressed concrete steel box using a thin plate bending ability improvement,Diameter, spacing of the binding bars binding bars as long as not bending capacity of prestressed concrete with binding bars of steel box beam structure under the condition of impact.
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Otieno, Mike, and Ze Zakka. "Strength and ductility performance of corroded steel bars in concrete exposed to 2D chloride ingress." MRS Advances 5, no. 54-55 (2020): 2817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.328.
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AbstractThis paper presents the residual tensile strength test results of corroded high yield steel bars. Single steel bars were embedded at a cover depth of 20 mm in 150 × 150 × 625 mm long cracked concrete beam specimens made with 70/30 PC/FA and 50/50 PC/SL binders with a constant w/b ratio of 0.40. The steel bars were placed in the cross-section centre and near the orthogonal edge of the beams, and selected beam faces epoxy-coated in order to simulate, respectively, 1D and 2D chloride ingress. The beams were subjected to 2-week wetting (with 5% NaCl) and 2-week air-drying cycles in the laboratory for 110 weeks after which the corroded steel bars were extracted, assessed for corrosion morphology, and tested in tension for ultimate strength, fracture strength and ductility performance. The steel bars in concretes exposed to 1D chloride ingress had isolated corrosion pits while both general and isolated corrosion pits were observed in specimens exposed to 2D chloride ingress. The residual ultimate and fracture tensile strengths, and ductility of corroded steel reinforcing bars in concretes exposed to 2D chloride ingress are lower than those for steel bars in concretes exposed to 1D chloride ingress.
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Biney, Evans, Charles K. Kankam, Vincent K. Akortia, Peter Adzakey, John K. Quarm Junior, and Enock Tongyem. "Examining the Geometrical Properties, Chemical Composition, and Mechanical Properties of Local Reinforcing Bars in Ghana." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 6 (May 22, 2024): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i61176.
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Steel is used extensively as a concrete reinforcing material in the construction industry in Ghana. Aside from its use as a reinforcing member, many steel-framed structures are also springing up, particularly in the industrial areas of the country. To address the high-demand for reinforcement, several steel manufacturing companies manufacture mild steel bars locally from recycled scrap metals to supplement the tonnage that is imported. However, the quality standards of these reinforcing bars produced in Ghana have been extensively criticized in recent times by the general public, professional bodies, and practitioners in the construction industry. In this research, mild reinforcing bars from three local milling companies randomly classified as STSL, B5PL, and FBML were examined to determine their physical properties (size and surface geometry), chemical composition, and mechanical properties. Similar tests were also conducted on imported bars from a foreign company classified herein as AM. It was observed that the locally manufactured reinforcing bars had actual bar diameters smaller than their nominal sizes with a significant reduction in diameters. These significant reductions in bar diameters have a great impact on the strength and capability of a structure to withstand all anticipated loading. The imported bars however had actual sizes almost equal to their nominal sizes. Also, the rib height and rib spacing of the locally manufactured bars were found to be inconsistent. This observation could significantly affect the bond strength of structural elements constructed with these bars. Additionally, the locally manufactured mild steel bars had higher percentages of carbon above the recommended 0.25% in the British and Ghana standards. This increased carbon content increases the yield and maximum tensile strength of the steel or its ability to support more weight but renders the steel bar brittle and unweldable. Furthermore, the locally manufactured mild steel bars had yield and maximum tensile strength higher than the recommended limits of 250 N/ mm2 and 485 N/mm2, respectively, as in the British and Ghana standards. The imported high- tensile bars recorded a minimum tensile strength of 609.88N/mm2 satisfying the minimum requirement. As the Government of Ghana takes steps to ban the importation of reinforcement bars into the country, the Ghana Standards Authority must ensure that locally manufactured bars satisfy the approved criteria to avoid structural failures caused by the use of sub- standard steel bars.
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Szczech, D., and R. Kotynia. "Beam Bond Tests of GFRP and Steel Reinforcement to Concrete." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0072.
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AbstractThe paper presents research program of bond between glass fiber reinforced polymer bars and concrete in reference to the steel bars. Bond between the reinforcement and concrete is a crucial parameter governing a behaviour of reinforced concrete members and transferring of the internal forces from concrete to the reinforcement. The use of FRP bars as an equivalent reinforcement to steel in concrete structures has increased in recent years. The FRP bars are very different from steel, mainly due to much lower elasticity modulus and their anisotropic structure. Good performance of FRP reinforced concrete requires sufficient interfacial bond between bars and concrete. However, there are no specific standards referring to the surface preparation of these bars, that leads to variable bond behaviour of the composite reinforcement to the concrete. The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of variable parameters on the bond behaviour to concrete. The experimental program consisted of eighteen beam bond specimens varying in: bar diameter (12mm, 16mm, 18mm) and type of reinforcement (GFRP sand – coated and steel bars). Although the GFRP bars indicated good bond behaviour to concrete, the average bond strength was slightly lower than that of steel reinforcement of 16mm and 18 mm, while it was higher for the GFRP bars of 12mm diameter.
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El-Kady, Hany, Osama Amer, Ahmed H. Ali, and Hesham Haggag. "Experimental Investigation on the Cyclic In-Plane Behavior of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111948.
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The current study presents an experimental investigation performed on slender reinforced concrete shear walls, representing a common lateral-load resisting system of mid-rise buildings. The walls were reinforced with steel and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and tested up to failure under reversed quasi-static cyclic loading to investigate the capability of GFRP bars in reinforcing RC shear walls under seismic loads. Moreover, the effect of the GFRP reinforcement ratio on the structural response, deformation performance, and failure mode resulting in RC walls, compared with its behavior when reinforced with steel bars, is also investigated. Six full-scale shear walls with an aspect ratio of 3.25 were constructed. The reference wall was entirely reinforced with steel bars. Two specimens were reinforced by hybrid scheme of GFRP–steel bars. The remaining three shear walls were entirely reinforced with GFRP bars. The overall performance of each wall was characterized by investigating the lateral load capacity, hysteretic response, cracks propagation, ductility, and the behavior of energy dissipation. The experimental results showed that GFRP-reinforced concrete walls had an elastic behavior characterized by a stable hysteretic response with recoverable deformation of more than 80% of the ultimate load. However, sudden and brittle failure was attained for the wall with a high GFRP reinforcement ratio. GFRP decreases the displacement ductility of the shear walls by an average of 32.9%, depending on the reinforcement ratio, compared to that reinforced by steel bars. Moreover, lower energy dissipation through inelastic deformation was obtained for the walls reinforced with GFRP bars. Nonetheless, when GFRP bars are combined with steel bars, acceptable levels of dissipated energy are attained compared to the steel-reinforced wall.
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Salleh, Norhafizah, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam, Jamaludin Mohd Yatim, and Mohd Firdaus bin Osman. "Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bar Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Plate." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.748.
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The use of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar to replace steel reinforcement in concrete structures is a relatively a new technique. The GFRP bars possess mechanical properties different from steel bars, including high tensile strength combined with low elastic modulus and linear stress–strain relationship up to failure. Therefore, design procedures and process should account for these properties. This paper presents the experimental work on the flexural behavior of concrete beam reinforced with GFRP bars and strengthen with CFRP plate. A total of ten reinforced concrete beams reinforced with either steel and GFRP bars were cast and tested under four point loads. Eight concrete beams (200x250x2800mm) were reinforced with 13mm diameter GFRP bars together with strengthening using CFRP plate and two control beams reinforced with 12mm diameter steel bars were tested. The experimental results show that although the stiffness of the beams reduced but the ultimate load of the GFRP reinforced concrete beam is bigger than steel reinforced beam. It was also found that strengthening using CFRP plate will further enhanced the flexural performance of the beams with GFRP bars.
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Mirdarsoltany, Mohammadamin, Alireza Rahai, and Farzad Hatami. "Experimental Investigation on the Ductility of Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with Basalt-Carbon and Basalt-Steel Wire Hybrid Composite Bars." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 22, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6866993.
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Using steel bars in corrosive conditions imposes a high cost on concrete elements. This is due to corrosion of steel bars. In order to eliminate this issue, the use of composite materials in civil engineering practices has become an area of focus because of their acceptable mechanical behavior, such as high strength, suitable durability in corrosive environmental conditions, and low weight. However, composite bars show low ductility and brittle fracture in tensile tests. These weaknesses act as a stumbling block to the widespread use of such bars in concrete elements. Therefore, a new generation of hybrid composite bars, fabricated by a combination of two or more composite fibers, has been proposed to eliminate these downsides. In this research project, six reinforced concrete beams in three groups, including beams reinforced with basalt-wire hybrid composite bars, carbon-basalt hybrid composite bars, and steel bars, have been evaluated in statistical 4-point flexural tests. The test results showed that the energy absorption rate for beams reinforced with basalt-wire hybrid bars compared to beams reinforced with steel bars was up to 93% in the statistical 4-point flexural test.
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Alkjk, Saeed, Rafee Jabra, and Salem Alkhater. "Preparation and characterization of glass fibers – polymers (epoxy) bars (GFRP) reinforced concrete for structural applications." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2016-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper presents some of the results from a large experimental program undertaken at the Department of Civil Engineering of Damascus University. The project aims to study the ability to reinforce and strengthen the concrete by bars from Epoxy polymer reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP) and compared with reinforce concrete by steel bars in terms of mechanical properties. Five diameters of GFRP bars, and steel bars (4mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm) tested on tensile strength tests. The test shown that GFRP bars need tensile strength more than steel bars. The concrete beams measuring (15cm wide × 15cm deep × and 70cm long) reinforced by GFRP with 0.5 vol.% ratio, then the concrete beams reinforced by steel with 0.89 vol.% ratio. The concrete beams tested on deflection test. The test shown that beams which reinforced by GFRP has higher deflection resistance, than beams which reinforced by steel. Which give more advantage to reinforced concrete by GFRP.