Journal articles: 'Steel castings'

1

Odilov, Furkat, and Farrukhjon Abdullaev. "Improving The Technology Of Continuous Casting Of Steel Castings." American Journal of Engineering And Techonology 03, no. 04 (April 30, 2021): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajet/volume03issue04-17.

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This article describes the quality and cost-effectiveness of converting steels by melting them in electric arc furnaces. In addition, the technology of continuous casting of cast products in the furnace with the help of ferroalloys, followed by various equipment.

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Yan, Huadong, Hui Jin, and Ruigen Yao. "Prediction of the damage and fracture of cast steel containing pores." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 29, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789519872000.

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For spatial design freedom, steel castings are widely used in bridges, airport terminals, and offshore platforms. However, different from hot-rolling technology, casting process variables, such as the casting temperature and those related to graphite spheroidization and post-heat treatment, may cause casting defects. To improve the safety and effectiveness of steel castings, a study consisting of experiments and numerical calculations is performed to investigate the effect of pores on the damage and fracture of cast steel. The chemical composition, metallography, and tomographic imaging of cast and hot-rolled steels were compared, providing a clear understanding of cast steel at the microstructure level. In addition, a complete Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model is used to predict the ductile fracture of cast steel containing pores. Good agreement is obtained between the measured and predicted tensile curves as well as between the measured and predicted void volume fraction evolution.

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Kondratyuk, S. Ye, V. I. Veis, and Z. V. Parkhomchuk. "Structure formation of steel castings depending on the temperature-time parameters of melting and crystallization." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 103, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2022.03.018.

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The paper highlights modern ideas about the features of the processes of crystallization and structure formation in the volume of steel castings, depending on the temperature and time conditions for cooling the melt and cooling the castings, as well as the technological prehistory of charge materials. The analysis of the influence of modification and thermokinetic conditions of crystallization and cooling of steel castings is carried out, taking into account the chemical composition of steels at each stage of the technological cycle for producing cast products. At the stage of selecting charge materials, the conditions for preserving certain metallogenetic features of the initial charge in the structure of steel castings are considered, the existence of an equilibrium temperature (Te), when overheated above which heredity is lost, is considered. Due to this, the possibility of using secondary metal to improve the casting properties without changing their chemical composition is shown. The influence of temperature and time parameters in the pre-crystallization period, namely, the melt overheating temperature, the duration of isothermal treatment and the rate of its subsequent cooling, on the structure formation and properties of steel castings, including taking into account the metallogenetic features of the initial charge, is analyzed. Regularities of the influence of the temperature-time conditions of crystallization in the temperature range of the solid-liquid state on the nature of nucleation and structure formation during the crystallization of steel castings are shown. The features of structure formation and the formation of properties in steel castings under conditions of temperature-kinetic influence after their hardening are determined. And also considered the prospects for obtaining castings with a gradient structure to improve the special properties of cast products. The considered approaches to improve the quality and properties of steel castings open up the prospect of creating new technological solutions and automating technological processes for producing cast products with a predictable set of properties at or above the level of properties of similar rolled products. Keywords: castings, charge, heredity, equilibrium temperature, modification, crystallization, cooling rate, thermal treatment.

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HOLLIS, IRA N. "STEEL CASTINGS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 1, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1889.tb05750.x.

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Strickland, George D. "STEEL CASTINGS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 5, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1893.tb02248.x.

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Willits, George S. "STEEL CASTINGS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 15, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1903.tb03432.x.

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Potts, Eric. "Steel castings." Pump Industry Analyst 1997, no. 15 (March 1997): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6128(97)82801-7.

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8

Stradomski, Z., S. Stachura, and G. Stradomski. "Fracture Mechanisms in Steel Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0066.

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Abstract The investigations were inspired with the problem of cracking of steel castings during the production process. A single mechanism of decohesion - the intergranular one - occurs in the case of hot cracking, while a variety of structural factors is decisive for hot cracking initiation, depending on chemical composition of the cast steel. The low-carbon and low-alloyed steel castings crack due to the presence of the type II sulphides, the cause of cracking of the high-carbon tool cast steels is the net of secondary cementite and/or ledeburite precipitated along the boundaries of solidified grains. Also the brittle phosphor and carbide eutectics precipitated in the final stage solidification are responsible for cracking of castings made of Hadfield steel. The examination of mechanical properties at 1050°C revealed low or very low strength of high-carbon cast steels.

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Kalyuzhnyy, P. B., S. O. Krotyuk, and M. T. Levchuk. "THE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF STEEL CAST PRODUCTS FOR SHUT-OFF VALVES BY CASTING ON LOST FOAM CASTING." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 6, 2018): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-1-22-27.

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The peculiarities of technological processes of obtaining steel castings of shut-off valves by lost foam casting are described. It is shown that the dimensional accuracy of the casting «Valve Body DN80» exceeds 7-th accuracy class; the surface quality, mechanical properties and chemical composition of the steel completely meet the customer requirements. The test procedure for leakproofness of shut-off valves castings is given.

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Donahue, R., R. Hardin, and C. Beckermann. "Modeling of oxide inclusions in steel casting." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1281, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1281/1/012035.

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Abstract A model is presented that predicts the amount and location of oxide inclusions in steel castings. A number and size distribution of inclusions, defined about a mean diameter, enters the casting system at its inlet during the filling process and are transported to their final locations in the casting. Model parameters for inclusion density, drag and wall friction are used to calculate the motion and locations of the oxide particles. Model results are presented to study the effects of casting shape and surface orientation on the final inclusion locations and distributions within castings. These results are compared with inclusion tracking experiments where the geometry of the gating system and orientation of casting cope surfaces affect the final distribution of inclusions in the castings. Measured and simulated inclusion area percent coverage, inclusion count and mean diameter are compared for a range of modelling parameters and inclusion size distributions. The size and number distribution at the casting system inlet, and other model parameters, are determined which provide the best agreement between measured and simulated inclusion area, count, and size.

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Tymoshenko, A., V. Lihoshva, O. Shmatko, O. Pelikan, and R. Likhatskyi. "Technological features of the combined foundry-induction method of producing three-layer castings." Casting processes 150, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/plit2022.04.034.

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The technological features of developed casting-induction method for obtaining threelayer «cast iron-steel-cast iron» castings were studied. The specified method consists in the use of induction heating of a steel billet with a high-frequency electromagnetic field in the casting process for obtaining three-layer products. The paper represents mathematical modeling results of temperature fields distribution under the action of electromagnetic fields on a steel workpiece. The main regularities of steel billet temperature changes depending from the current level and heating time have been established. As a result of simulation modeling, the technological parameters of the steel workpiece heating and cooling process were determined, as well as the pouring of the melt during the production of three-layer castings. Obtained dependences between temperature of the poured melt and temperature of the workpiece are necessary to ensure a high-quality connection between the steel inner part and working layer made of cast iron. The results of the experimental testing confirmed the adequacy of the mathematical modeling of the thermal state of the workpiece, as well as the effectiveness of using the developed combined casting-induction method for obtaining three-layer castings. Keywords: induction casting method, induction heating, simulation modeling, three-layer casting, electromagnetic field, melt.

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Holtzer, M., A. Bobrowski, D. Drożyński, and J. Mocek. "Investigations of Protective Coatings for Castings of High-Manganese Cast Steels." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0008.

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Abstract When cast steel castings are made in moulding sands on matrices of high-silica sand, which has a low fire resistance the problem of the so-called chemical penetration is distinctly visible. Whereas this effect appears to a small degree only when moulding sand matrices are of chromite, zircon or olivine sands. Therefore in case of making castings of high-manganese cast steel (e.g. Hadfield steel) sands not containing free silica should be applied (e.g. olivine sand) or in case of a high-silica matrix protective coatings for moulds and cores should be used. Two protective coatings, magnesite alcoholic (marked as coating 1 and coating 2) originated from different producers and intended for moulds for castings of the Hadfield steel, were selected for investigations. Examinations of the basic properties were performed for these coatings: viscosity, thermal analysis, sedimentation properties, wear resistance. In order to estimate the effectiveness of protective coatings the experimental castings were prepared. When applying coating 1, the surface quality of the casting was worse and traces of interaction between the casting material (cast steel) and the coating were seen. When protective coating 2 was used none interactions were seen and the surface quality was better.

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13

Senberger, J., J. Cech, and A. Zadera. "Influence of Compound Deoxidation of Steel with Al, Zr, Rare Earth Metals, and Ti on Properties of Heavy Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0019-8.

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Influence of Compound Deoxidation of Steel with Al, Zr, Rare Earth Metals, and Ti on Properties of Heavy Castings Heavy steel castings deoxidized with aluminium are sometimes brittle intercrystalline failed during their service along primary grain boundaries what is initiated by aluminium nitrides and so called conchoidal fractures are formed. The tendency to forming the conchoidal fractures depends in particular on cooling rate (the casting modulus), aluminium and nitrogen contents in steel. During deoxidation, when manufacturing heavy castings, the elements with high affinity to nitrogen, zirconium or titanium, are added to steel that would decrease nitrogen activity by the bond on stable nitrides. The formation of stable nitrides should reduce the tendency of steel to the formation of conchoidal fractures. Deoxidation was thermodynamically analyzed at presence of the mentioned elements. For particular conditions a probable course of deoxidation was estimated at test castings. The deoxidation course was checked by microanalysis of deoxidation products (inclusions). For service and experimental castings the anticipated composition of inclusions was compared. It has been proved that in heavy castings with high aluminium contents in steel under studied conditions neither the addition of zirconium nor of titanium nor of rare earth metals will prevent the formation of conchoidal fractures.

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Jin, B. S., Y. F. Jiao, and G. Li. "Preparation of TiC/ Fe Surface Composite by a Casting–SHS Process." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.666.

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Steel castings with a ceramic reinforced surface layer have been prepared by a casting process combined with self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Two material systems, Fe-Ti-C-Al and Al-Fe2O3, were selected in this paper to prepare the steel castings with a ceramic reinforced surface layer. During the process, high temperature steel melt was poured into a sand mould in which SHS performs were cast. The performs were ignited by the high temperature steel melt. As a result, an SHS reaction happened and ceramic reinforcements were synthesized inside the mould. After the penetration of the molten steel and the scattering of the ceramic reinforcement, a steel casting with an in-situ ceramic reinforced surface layer was obtained.

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15

Скрябин, М. Л. "Effect of the chemical composition of 35HGSL steel on shrinkage, casting defects and microstructure." Informacionno-technologicheskij vestnik, no. 1(23) (March 11, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2409-1650-2020-23-1-171-179.

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Стальные отливки на сегодняшний день стали неотъемлемой частью современного литейного производства. В процессе получения отливок неизбежно появляются какие-либо дефекты. В данной работе рассмотрены причины образования дефектов при изготовлении отливок из стали 35ХГСЛ при литье по выплавляемым моделям. Также рассмотрены особенности отвода теплоты от отливки при первичной и вторичной кристаллизации. Приведена классификация зон отливок по ориентации кристаллов в отливках. Выявлена закономерность влияния интенсивности охлаждения на характер усадки. Today, steel castings have become an integral part of modern foundry production. In the process of obtaining castings, any defects inevitably appear. In this paper, we consider the production reasons for the formation of defects in the manufacture of castings made of 35XGSL steel when casting on investment models. The features of heat removal from the casting during primary and secondary crystallization are also considered. The classification of casting zones by the orientation of crystals in castings is given. The regularity of the influence of the cooling intensity on the shrinkage character is revealed.

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Polyakov, S., O. Kuzyi, A. Korotschenko, V. Korovin, and J. Bast. "Computer-Aided Design of Steel Casting Taking into Account the Feeding Ability." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0002.

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Abstract A new Computer-Aided Design approach is introduced for design of steel castings taking into account the feeding ability in sand moulds. This approach uses the geometrical modeling by a CAD-program, in which the modul “Castdesigner” is implemented, which includes the feeding models of steel castings. Furthermore, the feeding ability is guaranteed immediately during the design by an interactive geometry change of the casting cross section, so that a directional feeding of the solidifying casting from the installed risers is assured.

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Kondratyuk, S. Ye, Z. V. Parkhomchuk, and V. I. Veis. "Gradient structure and fracture characteristics of steel castings." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 101, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2022.01.015.

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The effect of melt overheating over the equilibrium liquidus to temperatures of 1570 ºС, 1620 ºС and 1670 ºС and heat removal conditions (normal and rapid cooling) on the formation of a gradient structure and fracture characteristics over the cross section of castings of 25L and 30HGSL steels was investigated. The differentiated phase-structural state of rectangular castings (60x60x100 mm) was provided by the predominant one-sided heat removal in foundry molds with different heat removal capacity and average cooling rate 2 – 5 ºС/s and 300 – 350 ºС/s. Regular changes in the length of the main macrostructural zones in castings are established depending on the crystallization conditions, in particular, an increase in the zone of near-surface small crystals and the transcrystallization zone during rapid cooling of the melt. It is shown that depending on the temperature conditions of melt preparation and cooling during crystallization, the grain size in the cross section of castings varies by 4-5 numbers (steel 25L) and by 6-8 numbers (steel 30HGSL). The rapid cooling of the melt causes a significant increase in the impact strength of the cross section of the castings in the range of 50-35 J/cm2 (steel 25L) and 40-20 J/cm2 (steel 30HGSL), even under conditions of significant overheating of the melt. Under normal cooling conditions, there is a significant decrease in the values of impact strength in the cross section of the castings from 30 to 15 J/cm2. According to the results of determining the toughness in castings with differentiated structure depending on the crystallization conditions and test temperature (+20 ºС… -60 ºС) the regression equation for changing its values in the range of viscous-brittle transition temperatures and brittleness temperature (Tbrtl50) of steels in the volume of castings. The obtained results create preconditions for the development of technological principles of engineering of cast steel products to ensure the specified properties in accordance with the requirements of their operation. Keywords: steel, crystallization, gradient structure, toughness.

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Abdrakhmanov, Yermaganbet, Petr Bykov, Nurbulat Kulumbaev, and Khamit Temirtas. "Investigation of methods for obtaining large-diameter steel grinding balls." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 22, no. 2 (2024): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-45245.

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The article conducts research on the production of large-diameter steel grinding balls by coquille casting in a garland way, which provides the necessary density of castings. The paper analyzes the material costs for the production of grinding balls ∅ 100 mm by casting and screw rolling, which showed a lower value for the casting method. Also in the work, the calculation of the wall thickness of the coquille was carried out using several methods, on the basis of which the structural elements of the existing coquille installation were selected. The conducted research allowed us to propose a new method of coquille casting balls in a garland way with a central calculated refrigerator, which provides the necessary density of castings.

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Zhang, Xiu Mei, Hui Jun Jia, Di Cui, and He Liang. "Numerical Optimization Design on Coating of EPC Steel Casting." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.707.

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Expandable Pattern Casting (EPC) technology has been more and more extensively applied to the production of steel castings in many countries, which brings outstanding economic and social benefits. Applying the best quality coating is one of the key measures to guarantee casting surface quality. Based upon experiments made for many times, the orthogonal experiments of five factors and four levels are adopted to optimize coating working properties and processing properties. Tested by practice, the coating performance indicators of intensity, permeability, coating property, dropping amount and flowing flat property reach a perfect state, which provided a reliability assurance to product sound castings.

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Yu, Hai Liang, Jin Wu Kang, and Tian You Huang. "Simulation and Control of Distortion of Hydro Turbine Blade Steel Casting in Heat Treatment Process." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1580.

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Blades are key part of hydro turbines, which often distorts during heat treatment process for their special structures. In this paper, thermal fluid finite element simulation of the forced air cooling process of a blade casting was carried out under a variety of distances between fans and blades, air speeds, groups of fans and circumstance temperatures. The temperature fields of blade castings were obtained. A novel parameter, temperature difference between surfaces of castings along thickness direction, was proposed to analyze the distortion of blade castings. The distortion behavior of blade castings with martensitic stainless steel were discussed, which is in good agreement with distortion regularity of the experimental ones. The temperature differences between blade casting surfaces are always greater than zero, resulting in distortion which could be divided into three stages. Finally, we focused on discussing the control methods of distortion behavior of blade castings which could be operated in actual production.

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Georgiev, Georgi Evt, Sasho Popov, Valentin Manolov, Rositsa Dimitrova, and Pavel Kuzmanov. "Heat Transfer Process Computer Simulation and Microstructure Prediction During Crystallization of Metal Alloys." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtam-2013-0007.

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Abstract Processes of crystallization during casting formation from aluminum alloys, steel and cast iron have been studied using 3-D com- puter simulation. Temperature fields of castings have been obtained and the microstructure distribution of these castings has been predicted. A comparison between numerical results and experimental measurement has been performed. It is proved, that the proposed approach is suitable for investigation and analysis of casting technologies.

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Norouzi, Saeid, and Hassan Farhangi. "Residual Stress; the Effect of Pouring Temperature and Chemical Composition." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.349.

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In this research, the effects of two variables, pouring temperature and chemical composition, on residual stress/strain have been studied. The residual strain was experimentally measured using the cutting technique and compared for several alloys; carbon steel, stainless steel, Ni-base superalloy, and cast iron. The thermo-elasto-plastic model was used to model the thermal stress distribution during casting and to predict the residual stress from point to point in rectangularshaped steel castings. Simulation results show that stress distribution is related to the thermal gradients throughout the castings, and maximum residual stress is developed at location which solidifies at the later freezing stages. In addition, the results of experimental measurements are applied to evaluate the effect of pouring temperature and chemical composition on residual stress and distortions in shaped castings.

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Yang, Da Chun. "Influence of Casting Process for Technological Yield of Thin Wall Steel Castings by Last Solidifying Feeding Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1134.

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For the steel castings which is thin wall, uniform thickness, complex structure, and no special mechanical properties, it is feasible that the foundry technology was designed according to the last solidifying feeding mechanism. Adopting this process for the thin wall steel castings, the pouring temperature must be controlled and the gating system be designed rationally. Using self-feeding shrinkage in solidification, and the casting was poured and congealing at the same time. The shrinkage of finally congealing part was fed by small riser or gating system (no riser). Using this foundry technology, the casting process yield and surface quality of casting may be improved, the production cost is reduced, and the requirements of mechanical properties can be met.

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Chen, Xiang-Ru, Qi-Jie Zhai, Han Dong, Bao-Hua Dai, and Hardy Mohrbacher. "Molybdenum alloying in cast iron and steel." Advances in Manufacturing 8, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40436-019-00282-1.

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AbstractMetal casting is an important manufacturing technology for efficiently producing massive components with complex shape. A large share of industrial castings is made from iron and steel alloys, combining attractive properties and low production cost. Upgrading of properties in cast iron and steel is mainly achieved by alloying and in fewer cases by heat treatment. Molybdenum is an important alloying element in that respect, increasing strength, hardness and toughness. It also facilitates particular heat treatments such as austempering. The paper describes the metallurgical functionality of molybdenum alloying in iron-based castings and demonstrates its effectiveness for applications in the automotive and mining industry.

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Nixon, P. G. "Centrispun High Alloy Steel Castings for Gas Turbine Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240076.

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Extensive use has been made by the gas turbine industry of centrispun castings of certain highly alloyed heat resisting steels. The paper outlines the main features of the centrispinning process and discusses the advantages that one could expect, not only in mechanical properties, but also in cost and the casting to shape in refractory molds. Results of mechanical tests on sections cut from representative castings are given and show the high order of the tensile strength to be expected.

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Chernyshov, E. A., I. V. Baev, and A. D. Romanov. "Mechanical properties and structure of castings at different ladle processing of liquid and crystalizing steel." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 8 (October 8, 2020): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-8-644-650.

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The paper presents studies on the effect of external influences when pouring-in high-strength alloyed steel into thin-walled metalshell molds with external cooling and into the same molds with suspension pouring-in (complex effect on hardened casting). Prerequisites for the selection of these technologies are considered. As control metal, we have investigated the casting received in volume liquid glass form. Macrostructure, cross-sectional view and mechanical properties of the metal at normal (+20 °C) and raised (+350 °C) temperatures were studied. The most dense and uniform structure and cross-sectional view were received in casting at complex influence. It was established that the main advantage of the offered technologies is increase in uniformity of mechanical properties on the section and height of castings, especially of plastic properties and impact strength. The anisotropy of properties on the section and height of pilot castings is much less, than in control casting. As a result of the studies, it was found that the external and complex effect on the forming casting allows one to affect the macrostructure and to improve the mechanical properties of castings at various test temperatures of the samples. In castings obtained in a metal-shell form with forced cooling, there is no noticeable difference in the mechanical properties both in height and in cross section of the casting. Moreover, the strength properties are by an average 100 MPa higher than that of the control casting, while maintaining high values of ductility and toughness.

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Vasková, I., M. Hrubovčáková, J. Malik, and Š. Eperješi. "Influence of Technological Parameters of Furane Mixtures on Shrinkage Creation in Ductile Cast Iron Castings." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0174.

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Abstract Ductile cast iron (GS) has noticed great development in last decades and its boom has no analogue in history humankind. Ductile iron has broaden the use of castings from cast iron into areas, which where exclusively domains for steel castings. Mainly by castings, which weight is very high, is the propensity to shrinkage creation even higher. Shrinkage creation influences mainly material, construction of casting, gating system and mould. Therefore, the main realized experiment was to ascertain the influence of technological parameters of furane mixture on shrinkage creation in castings from ductile iron. Together was poured 12 testing items in 3 moulds forto determine and compare the impact of various technological parameters forms the propensity for shrinkage in the casting of LGG.

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Stradomski, G., M. Nadolski, and Z. Stradomski. "Technological Assessment of the Possibility of Making Light-section Castings of GX2CrNiMoN25-6-3 Cast Steel by the Centrifugal Casting Method." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0060.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of investigation into the technological possibility of making light-section castings of GX2CrNiMoN25-6-3 cast steel. For making castings with a wall thickness in the thinnest place as small as below 1 mm, the centrifugal casting technology was employed. The technology under consideration enables items with high surface quality to be obtained, while providing a reduced consumption of the charge materials and, as a result, a reduction in the costs of unit casting production.

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Kondratyuk, S. Ye, V. I. Veis, and Z. V. Parkhomchuk. "Structure formation and properties of overheated steel depending on thermokinetic parameters of crystallization." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 97 (December 1, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8537.

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Purpose: The aim of the proposed research is to investigate the mutual influence of the temperature of an overheated melt and its cooling rate during crystallization on the formation of the cast structure and mechanical properties of structural steels. Design/methodology/approach: Two structural medium-carbon steels were melted in induction furnace and poured from temperatures 1520-1670°C into casting moulds with different heat removal ability. This ensured the crystallization and structure formation of the studied steel castings at cooling rates (Vc) of 5°C/sec (sand-clay mould), 45°C/sec (steel mould), 350°C/sec (water cooled copper mould). It was studied a change of structure formation, mechanical characteristics depending on the temperature-kinetic conditions of the processing of the melt. Based on the processing of the array of obtained experimental data using linear regression analysis and a software package, interpolation models and their graphic images obtained allow a quantitative assessment of the established patterns of structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the studied steels depending on melt temperature (T, °C) and its cooling rate (Vc, °C/sec) during crystallization and structure formation. Findings: Among the technological factors that determine the formation of the cast structure and the mechanical properties of steels, the dominant role is played by the intensity of heat removal during the solidification of castings. The high cooling rate of the melt during crystallization determines an increase in the number of crystallization nuclei due to an increase in the degree of supercooling of the melt, eliminates the negative effect of the high overheating temperature of the metal before casting. Research limitations/implications: In the future, the results can be complemented by studies of the influence of the duration of isothermal exposure of the melt at different temperatures of superheating and cooling conditions. Practical implications: The obtained mathematical models (regression equations) that determine the mutual influence of the cooling rate and the temperature of the melt overheating on the structure and mechanical properties of the studied steels make it possible to obtain steel castings with predetermined properties at the level of properties of wrought steel of similar chemical composition. Originality/value: Interpolation models that allow a quantitative assessment of the established patterns of structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the studied steels depending on the melt temperature (T, °C) and its cooling rate (Vc, °C/sec) during crystallization and structure formation are obtained.

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Kalyaskin, A. V., I. V. Bakin, B. A. Kulakov, and A. A. Antip’ev. "To the question of improving the wear resistance of high manganese steel castings." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 79, no. 11 (December 19, 2023): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-11-893-900.

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Nowadays, one of the most significant tasks in production of equipment for mining industry is import substitution. In this regard, investigations aimed at improving the technologies of manufacturing high quality castings from wear resistance manganese austenitic steels seems to be relevant. The results of metallographic research of high manganese steel samples from foundries producing crushing plates and crushing cones, track links, hammers, shovel teeth, tooth caps etc. are given. Analysis of the microstructure of the presented castings showed that they are characterized by a coarse-grained structure with an austenite grain size of 1–2 points. In most cases, a thickened grain boundary, presence of manganese carbides along the grain boundaries and non-metallic inclusions are observed. The revealed mi-crostructure features of castings are one of the main indicators of low wear resistance of high manganese steel parts. The operational and technological factors affecting the wear resistance of castings are listed. Recommendations for improving the quality of steel products made from manganese steels are proposed, and the results of using original complex modifiers developed at NPP Technology Company in real manufacturing conditions are presented.

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Kalandyk, B. "Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Resistance of 18Cr-4Ni-2.5Mo Cast Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0111-0.

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Abstract An influence of a decreased Cr content on the microstructure of the highly alloyed Cr-Ni cast steel, duplex type, melted under laboratory conditions, was characterized in the paper. The microstructure investigations were performed in the initial state and after the heat treatment (solution annealing) at 1060°C as well as the phase transformation kinetics at continuous cooling was measured. The wear resistance of the investigated cast steel was tested and compared with the 24%Cr-5%Ni-2.5%Mo cast steel. The Cr content decrease, in ferritic-austenitic cast steels (duplex), from 24-26%Cr to 18% leads to the changes of the castings microstructure and eliminating of a brittle σ phase. In dependence of the casting cooling rate, apart from ferrite and austenite, also fine martensite precipitates occur in the casting structure. It was shown that the investigated cast steel is characterised by a slightly lower wear resistance than the typical cast steel duplex grades.

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Futas, Peter, Alena Pribulova, Jozef Petrik, Peter Blasko, Andrea Junakova, and Vladimir Sabik. "Metallurgical Quality of Cast Iron Made from Steel Scrap and Possibilities of Its Improvement." Metals 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010027.

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In the field of metallurgy, there are many factors that influence the final quality of cast iron. These are mainly charge materials, chemical composition and metallurgical preparation up to the final casting process. Even small deviations from metallurgical processing lead to fluctuations in melt quality and the occurrence of casting defects. Charge materials have a significant impact on the quality of cast iron, especially steel scrap, which is increasingly used from an economic and ecological point of view, especially when melting cast iron in electric furnaces. Cast iron produced from a higher proportion of steel scrap in the charge has a higher hardness and tensile strength. On the other side, these cast irons have a higher tendency of chillout, brittleness, shrinkage, pearlitic microstructure, stresses and higher purity due to the difference in hardness at different wall thicknesses of the castings. It is the high hardness that is the problem in the final machining of castings. These negative properties are recorded mainly in heavy thick-walled castings with a higher tensile strength and hardness. This negative effect is mainly due to the nitrogen content in the steel scrap. Based on this knowledge, operating melts were realized in the foundry’s operating conditions. The influence of steel scrap in the charge and the possibility of eliminating its negative effects on the properties of cast iron were investigated.

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Anca, Denisa, Iuliana Stan, Mihai Chisamera, Iulian Riposan, and Stelian Stan. "Experimental Study Regarding the Possibility of Blocking the Diffusion of Sulfur at Casting-Mold Interface in Ductile Iron Castings." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060673.

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The main objective of this work is to investigate the mechanism of sulfur diffusion from the mold (sand resin P-toluol sulfonic acid mold, sulfur-containing acid) in liquid cast iron in order to limit the graphite degeneration in the surface layer of iron castings. A pyramid trunk with square section samples was cast. On the opposite side of the feed canal of the samples, steel sheets with different thicknesses (0.5, 1, and 3 mm) were inserted with the intention of blocking the diffusion of sulfur from the mold into the cast sample during solidification. The structure evaluation (graphite and matrix) in the surface layer and the casting body was recorded. The experimental results revealed that by blocking the direct diffusion of sulfur at the mold-casting interface, a decrease of the demodified layer thickness (for 0.5 mm steel sheet thickness) is obtained until its disappearance (for steel sheet thicknesses of more than 1 mm). The paper contains data that may be useful in elucidating the mechanism of graphite degeneration in the superficial layer of ductile iron castings. Based on the obtained results, we recommend using such barriers on the metal-mold interface, which are able to limit sulfur diffusion from the mold/core materials into the iron castings, in order to limit or even cease graphite degeneration in the Mg-treated surface iron casting layer. The paper presents additional data related to the interaction of sulfur at the ductile iron casting-mold interface previously analyzed.

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Yang, Da Chun, Sen Lin Li, and Feng He. "Twin Gating System Design for Typical Thin Wall Stainless Steel Castings Based on Fast Pouring Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 1657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1657.

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The thin wall stainless steel castings is difference to ordinary steel castings in foundry technology. This paper discussed the problems of thin wall stainless steel castings which appearing in the flow controlling board for warm-air pipe, and put forward the foundry technology of this stainless steel castings based on the principle of directional solidification and fast pouring mechanism. According to the theory, twin gating system has been designed for the controlling board castings, and two ladles are pouring into the open twin gating system at the same time. The shrinkage of finally congealing part was fed by two risers. The practice has shown that the design is feasible, there is not cold shut, misrun, scab, and oxidizing for the castings, and the requirements of mechanical properties can be met.

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Alrobei, Hussein, Rizwan Ahmed Malik, Farhan Amjad, and Ibrahim AlBaijan. "Investigation of Structure and Mechanical Characteristics of a High Manganese Steel via SolidCast Simulation Method." Metals 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2023): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030572.

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Casting is a fabrication method used to create various industrial parts with different shapes. Flaws such as shrinkage, porosity, and short metal filling can result in casting rejection. These flaws are heavily reliant on casting parameter design (gating and riser system design) and can be reduced by optimizing the casting parameter design. The development of materials with new or improved properties has long been the primary objective of materials scientists. The designing of metallic alloys for structural purposes must take strength, toughness, and formability into account to achieve the desired performance. The unique convergence of these essential characteristics that characterize high manganese steels fascinate scientists worldwide. The current work systematically investigated a gating system and riser design effect for high Manganese steel samples (bushes) to develop an understanding of the structure–property relationship. The first conventional manual calculation was performed to design the gating and riser system. Subsequently, a sophisticated simulation software called SolidCast was used to design, validate, and improve the casting parameters of the specimen. To back up the findings, confirmatory experiments were carried out. Both designs were used to make castings in order to check for flaws. The microstructural and mechanical characteristics of these materials were investigated. Visual inspection of the manually-designed castings revealed considerable shrinkage, whereas software-designed castings seemed in good shape, without the shrinkage, macroporosity, and microporosity. The microstructure of the specimens was also studied by applying optical microscopy and SEM analysis. By improving the gating and riser system with the SolidCast software, sound casting was achieved. This improved the quality of casting results with a considerable enhancement of yield strength (~32 percent), hardness (~34 percent), and tensile strength (~27 percent), which may lead to significant cost savings.

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Vdovin, K. N., N. A. Feoktistov, and D. A. Gorlenko. "The Effect of the Cast High-Manganese Steel Primary Structure on its Properties." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.339.

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The article deals with the effect of the wear coefficient of high-manganese steel on service durability indicators of castings, which are produced from this steel and operate under conditions of intensive wear. The article introduces the results of computer simulation of crystallization and cooling processes in high-manganese steel castings in the mould. The effect of the casting cooling rate in the mould on the cast steel primary structure, as well as on the value of its wear coefficient has been studied. The effect of primary crystallization on austenite grain size and its microhardness has been examined and the crystallization rate resulting in the formation of a uniform structure of the alloy has been determined. The effect of cooling rate of high-manganese steel in the temperature range of the precipitation of proeutectoid constituents on their quantitative characteristics and morphology, as well as the hardness of the alloy as a whole has been examined.

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Lupinca, Cinca Ionel, Constantin Marta, Cristian Fanica, and Ana Maria Budai. "The Study of Nonmetallic Inclusions Formation for Kaplan Blades during the Solidification Process." Materials Science Forum 891 (March 2017): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.891.113.

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The exploitation durability of Kaplan hydraulic turbines blades is first of all determined by their structure, by the steel elaboration technology, respectively by the content of non-metallic inclusions and later by the physical-chemical parameters of the exploitation environment.This paper presents a study regarding the situations in which the elaboration-casting technology of Kaplan blades using alloyed austenitic stainless steel, X5CrNiMo17-13-3 which has an important role in the quality of castings. Thus, the authors verify the formation of sulfides and of oxi-sufides during the steel elaboration process, treatment during a liquid state and their influence in the castings behavior to wearing. It is a well known fact that the presence of sulfides and oxi-sufides in the cast blades structure accelerates the corrosion process in contact with river waters.

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Doroshenko, V. S., and P. B. Kaliuzhnyi. "Isothermal hardening of iron-carbon alloys combined with their casting." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 30, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2024.01.047.

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Isothermal hardening (Austempering) of iron-based alloys with medium and high carbon content, which creates a metallic structure called bainite, is used to increase the strength and impact toughness of the metal. The parts are heated to a temperature approximately 200-300 °C below the solidification temperature of the metal, then cooled (hardened) fairly quickly to the temperature of the beginning of the bainite transformation, avoiding the martensitic transformation, and kept for a time sufficient to obtain the given bainite microstructure. IG is particularly advantageous for castings from high-strength cast iron (HC), adding to the high foundry performance of the growth of the mechanical characteristics of this alloy to the level of steel strength at a lower cost, density and energy consumption of HC casting compared to steel. The article examines methods of heat treatment of castings removed in a hot austenitic state from a sand mold, as a type of heat treatment of iron-carbon alloys combined with their casting. For this, casting according to gasification models was used, in which, due to the high fluidity of the dry sand of the casting mold, it is not difficult to remove hot castings from the mold for tempering. A number of IG methods previously patented by the FTIMS Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences have been supplemented by a new method of such hardening in a dosed amount of water, taking into account the effect of its film boiling. The new method includes the calculation of the optimal mass of quenching liquid - water with the aim of heating this mass of water to its boiling point at the time of cooling of the casting to the given temperature of the bainite transformation of the metal. The method saves the quenching liquid, simplifies the control of the duration of cooling, during which it allows the transportation of castings between the foundry and heat-treatment sections, which, in general, saves time, energy resources and the area of the workshop for obtaining heat-treated castings. Keywords: isothermal hardening, heat treatment, castings, austenite, lost foam casting.

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Midson, Stephen, and David J. Browne. "Casting Wear-Resistant Functionally Gradient Ferrous Alloys via Partial Solidification Processing." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.506.

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The CDC (Cast-Decant-Cast) Process is novel semi-solid processing method for joining two alloys, allowing the production of components from two or more alloys. The process produces a functionally gradient material (FGM) which, instead of having a sharp interface between the two alloys, features a transition region exhibiting a smooth gradient in concentration, microstructure and properties. Functionally gradient materials provide engineers with the flexibility to design components with different material properties at different locations. The details of the CDC Process are described. This paper, for the first time, provides information regarding the fabrication of functionally gradient castings from steels, cast irons and cobalt alloys. The first example involves the production of functionally gradient castings from a Ni-Hard cast iron + mild steel. The second example describes the production of functionally gradient castings from Stellite + mild steel. Processing parameters are documented and microstructures of the castings described.

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Sołek, K., and L. Trębacz. "Thermo-Mechanical Model of Steel Continuous Casting Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0034-3.

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Thermo-Mechanical Model of Steel Continuous Casting Process In the paper a numerical model of heat and mass transfer in the mould zone in the steel continuous casting technology was presented. The model has been developed using ProCAST software designed for simulation of casting processes. It allows to determine temperature and stress distribution in continuous castings in order to optimize the most important process parameters. In this work calculations were executed for low carbon steel grades casted in the industry. In the simulations the real rheological properties measured in the experimental work and the boundary conditions determined on the basis of the industrial data were used.

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Leontiev, Mikhail Georgievich. "Compositions Based on Nanosized Powders Carbides of Tungsten and Titanium, Obtained by the Method Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis for the Modification of Gray Cast Iron and Steel 110g13L." Key Engineering Materials 802 (May 2019): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.802.43.

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Iron-based alloys (steel and cast iron) are currently the main structural materials that provide a high level of mechanical and technological properties along with a relatively low cost. Increasing the performance characteristics (tensile strength, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and, ultimately, service life) of cast irons and steels is an urgent task. The quality of castings made of cast iron and steel depends on many technological parameters that affect the processes of crystallization of the melt (casting temperature, molding mixture, chemical composition, volume of casting, overheating of the metal during smelting, etc.). It is possible to improve the quality of castings without changing the technology of smelting and pouring metal into molds, if you learn how to manage the crystallization process. The laboratories have grown defect – free iron crystals with a tensile strength of more than 1000 kg/m2 (strength of carbon steel-40 kg/m2). Attempts to improve the mechanical properties by creating a single crystal are not justified, so you have to go the opposite way-to influence the crystallization process to get a lot of small crystals (grains), which also allows you to achieve high mechanical properties. The dependence of the strength characteristics on the grain size is well described by the law of Hall-Petch, according to which when the average grain size is reduced by 3...5 times there is an increase in the hardness of the material, with a further decrease in the average grain size by more than 10 times – an increase in plasticity. Influence on the processes of crystallization of iron and steel melts (change the size of metal grains, change the shape, size and distribution of graphite inclusions) can be the introduction of small additives substances (modifiers), not chemically interacting with the matrix. The use of modifiers to increase the rate of crystallization, reduce the structural heterogeneity of castings has good prospects. In addition, unlike doping, modification does not require a large number of expensive additives and, accordingly, slightly increases the final cost of production.

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Kuo, Chin-Guo, Lih-Ren Hwang, and Yen-Tien Kang. "A study of microstructure and tensile property with casting S45C welding." MATEC Web of Conferences 185 (2018): 00032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818500032.

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For energy saving and longer life time of a large casting iron may use of weld repairs or make up to more save manufacture time and energy than re-casting. Such as breakage, crack and wear in large casting iron castings used weld to repair casting for eco-energy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dissimilar joint property of S45C carbon steel with the multi-layer method and the multi-pass welding method. Four weld rods, experimentally examined the influence on microstructures, which were marked as A, B, C and D, respectively. The microstructures of joint bead were observed by the optical microscope. The specimens of tensile test were made according to ASTM E8M. The experimental results were shown as following: 1. The pearlite structures and the bainite structures were formed in welded zone by the weld rod of middle carbon steels. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the specimens were 360MPa and 460MPa. 2. The feature of welded specimen was close to stainless steel due to the stainless steel rod included some Cr and Ni. In addition, a ferritic-austenitic two-phase stainless steel was observed in optical microscope.

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Selivyorstov, Vadim, Tatjana Selivyorstova, and Anton Guda. "SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF POROSITY FORMATION PROCESSES IN STEEL CASTINGS AND THEIR MATHEMATICAL MODELS." System technologies 6, no. 125 (December 27, 2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-6-125-2019-09.

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The analysis of scientific and technical information about the hardening features of steel castings, which lead to the formation of shrinkage defects is presented. The mechanisms of the relationship of the casting properties of alloys are shown. The analysis of factors that determine fluidity is carried out. The technological parameters of casting are determined, which lead to the formation of pores in steel castings. The mechanisms of porosity formation of endogenous and exogenous nature are considered. Siverts law is given, that describes the dependence of gas concentration on pressure. Graphs of changes in the concentration of nitrogen and hydrogen in the pressure range 1 - 4 atm are given for medium alloyed steel, open-hearth steel, cast iron. The mechanism of the influence of temperature and gas pressure on the process of gas evolution in the melt is analyzed. Technological methods for influencing the solubility of gases during the solidification of the casting are described. The microporosity model of Advanced Porosity Module, the Niyama criterion are analyzed. The need for further studies to develop a general model for the formation of shrinkage defects, which will take into account, inter alia, the dependence of the concentration of gases dissolved in the metal on pressure temperature, is noted.

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Kayralapov, Daniyar, Yang Zhong, Andrei Batranin, and Sergei Chakhlov. "Betatron radiography and tomography of steel castings with large thickness." MATEC Web of Conferences 158 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815801016.

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Steel castings with large thickness are widely used in different areas of industry and the control of steel castings with large thickness is becoming more and more important in order to detect defects and ensure the reliability. In this paper, we carry out betatron radiography and tomography to control the steel castings with large thickness and check the potential ability of Inspection and Examination System (IES) for a high-energy betatron tomography. The results of betatron radiography and tomography of steel castings with large thickness are presented and compared with precedent work, which shows that the IES is considered a promising high-energy tomography system.

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Holtzer, M., A. Bobrowski, D. Drożyński, and J. Mocek. "Selection of Protective Coatings of Moulds for Castings of High-Manganese Cast Steel in Dependence of the Applied Moulding Sand Kind." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0086.

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Abstract High-manganese cast steels are characterised by a high abrasion resistance under friction conditions with a simultaneous influence of pressure and impacts. This cast steel is especially suitable for castings of excavator’s scoops, track links, streetcars crossovers, parts of crushers and mills for braking up of hard materials [1-4]. In order to obtain high quality castings of high-manganese cast steels in moulds on the high-silica sand matrices it is necessary to apply protective coatings, which prevent a direct contact between metal and matrix (SiO2). Manganese after being poured into a mould can undergo a partial oxidation forming MnO, which reacts with silica. As a result low-melting manganese silicates are formed, which in a form of a tight layer adhere to the casting surface, significantly increasing a labour input related to cleaning. Three kinds of protective coatings were tested: zirconium, corundum and magnesite. As a base moulding sands on high-silica sand matrices with three kinds of resol resins were applied. The quality of the obtained casting surface was assessed in dependence of the protective coating and resin kind and also in dependence of the metallostatic pressure value.

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Ten, E. B., O. A. Kol’, I. B. Badmazhapova, and M. P. Klyuev. "Surface carburization of steel castings." Steel in Translation 41, no. 1 (January 2011): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091211010153.

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BRIGGS, C. W., and R. A. GEZELIUS. "THE PICKLING OF STEEL CASTINGS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 46, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 316–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1934.tb05141.x.

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Hiemke., Hugo W. "THE REPAIR OF STEEL CASTINGS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 48, no. 4 (March 18, 2009): 484–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1936.tb03829.x.

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Zhan, Zhonghua, Weifeng Zhang, Yanling Zhang, Ruxing Shi, and Guoguang Cheng. "Formation and Evolution of DS-Type Inclusions in 15-5PH Stainless Steel." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071129.

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15-5PH stainless steel castings are key components in fracturing trucks. However, DS-type inclusions can lead to fatigue failure of the material. To elucidate the formation mechanism of large-size DS-type inclusions, the evolution, growth, and aggregation of inclusions during vacuum oxygen decarburization, ladle refining, and vacuum casting were studied. The results show that the DS-type inclusions with sizes larger than 20 μm were CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO–CaS composite inclusions. After Si–Al additions in vacuum degassing, typical inclusions were spinel or Al2O3. After Ca–Si additions during ladle treatment, typical inclusions were liquid or dual-phase Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–MgO. During the solidification process, due to the segregation of S and the decrease in solubility, the typical inclusions in the final casting became Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–MgO–CaS. For optimal fatigue performance of stainless steel castings, slag and refractory composition control were also necessary because the [Mg] contents mainly come from the slag and lining.

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Zhang, Cheng, Yi Chen, and Zhao Hui Wang. "Effect of Modification Powders on Low Alloy Cast Steel." Advanced Materials Research 412 (November 2011): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.227.

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Effects of V-Ti-Zr-Re containing modification powders on the mechanical properties and microstructure of low alloy steel castings by conventional normalizing, hardening and tempering processes and normalizing-free heat treatment were investigated. The results showed that for the as-modified casting, martensite and carbides were the main phases after direct quenching and low-temperature tempering but skipping normalizing. The mechanical properties were almost the same or even higher in impact toughness than the same material but bearing also normalizing treatment. Both samples modified by alloy powders, whether normalizing treated or not, possessed superior mechanical properties to those castings without being modified. The modification technique can be applied in low alloy steel production to eliminate the time and energy consuming normalization process, so that the cheap, energy saving and environment friendly materials are thus expected.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel castings'

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