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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel deoxidation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Xu, Longyun, Jian Yang, Joohyun Park, and Hideki Ono. "Mechanism of Improving Heat-Affected Zone Toughness of Steel Plate with Mg Deoxidation after High-Heat-Input Welding." Metals 10, no. 2 (2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020162.

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In the present study, the mechanism of improving HAZ toughness of steel plate with Mg deoxidation after the simulated welding with the heat input of 400 kJ/cm was investigated through in situ observation, characterization with SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS, and thermodynamic calculation. It was found that intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) and polygonal ferrite (PF) contributed to the improvements of HAZ toughness in steels with Mg deoxidation. With the increase of Mg content in steel, the oxide in micron size inclusion was firstly changed to MgO-Ti2O3, then to MgO with the further increase of Mg cont

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2

Gómez, P., F. Reyes, J. Gutiérrez, and G. Plascencia. "Assessment of thermochemical data on steel deoxidation." Revista de Metalurgia 45, no. 4 (2009): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.0847.

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3

Senberger, J., J. Cech, and A. Zadera. "Influence of Compound Deoxidation of Steel with Al, Zr, Rare Earth Metals, and Ti on Properties of Heavy Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 1 (2012): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0019-8.

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Influence of Compound Deoxidation of Steel with Al, Zr, Rare Earth Metals, and Ti on Properties of Heavy Castings Heavy steel castings deoxidized with aluminium are sometimes brittle intercrystalline failed during their service along primary grain boundaries what is initiated by aluminium nitrides and so called conchoidal fractures are formed. The tendency to forming the conchoidal fractures depends in particular on cooling rate (the casting modulus), aluminium and nitrogen contents in steel. During deoxidation, when manufacturing heavy castings, the elements with high affinity to nitrogen, zi

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4

Wang, Xiu Xiu, and Zhou Hua Jiang. "Deoxidation and Inclusion Control in Stainless Steel Refining." Advanced Materials Research 968 (June 2014): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.968.146.

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This paper analyzed the deoxidation principle of new-type compound deoxidizer, Si-Al-Fe alloy during stainless steel refining, summarized related studies on deoxidizer behavior, deoxidation products, alloying treatment by workers in the metallurgical in recent years, analyzed to solve a series of problems caused by deoxidation product with high melting point, and pointed out that it was a trend for large-scale production of "zero" inclusions steel or rendering inclusions harmless and functional.

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5

Tang, Yu. "Effect of [Al]_s, [Mg], [Ca] in Molten Steel on Inclusion Content for High Speed Wheel Steel during LF-VD Process." Advanced Materials Research 898 (February 2014): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.898.60.

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In order to improve fatigue life of wheel steel, LF-VD secondary-refining process is done with Al-deoxidation and slag of high basicity, high Al2O3 content and low oxidizing property. Inclusion content would be influenced by [Al]s, [Mg], [Ca] in molten steel. It is found that Al2O3 inclusions, which are the products of Al-deoxidation, would react with [Mg], [Ca] in molten steel to transform into CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions, which is the key for the enhancement of fatigue performance for wheel steel.

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6

Pereira, Batista, Martins Augusto, and e. Costa. "The effects of deoxidation practice on the quality of thin foil low-carbon steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 3 (2017): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb170730047p.

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In converter steelmaking of AISI 1006 steel for thin foil products, two tapping practices are used with respect to deoxidation: silicon and manganese additions during tapping and aluminum deoxidation after complete tapping (?semikilled practice?) and aluminum deoxidation during tapping, ?fully killed practice?. There is a perception that the semikilled practice may be more economical and result in the same quality as the fully killed practice. In this work, the effects of the tapping practice on steel quality and cost variables were evaluated for thin foils of AISI 1006 steel. Oxygen and alumi

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7

Zhang, Guo-hua, and Kuo-chih Chou. "Deoxidation of Molten Steel by Aluminum." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 22, no. 10 (2015): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(15)30088-1.

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8

Hino, M., and F. Ishii. "Deoxidation Equilibrium of High Alloyed Steel." physica status solidi (a) 167, no. 2 (1998): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-396x(199806)167:2<365::aid-pssa365>3.0.co;2-e.

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9

Nikolaev, O. A., V. F. Korotkikh, V. N. Bobkov, and A. D. Sborshchik. "Deoxidation of vacuum-degassed nonaging steel." Metallurgist 34, no. 1 (1990): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00773042.

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10

Palyanichka, V. A., A. V. Pan, V. E. Semenkov, M. S. Gordienko, V. V. Matveev, and M. A. Stambul'chik. "Deoxidation and modification of rail steel." Metallurgist 34, no. 1 (1990): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00773043.

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11

Imagumbai, Masana, Hiroyuki Kajioka, and Hiroshi Takechi. "Application of Nb-O Affinity in Clean Steel." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.559.

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This report introduces a new deoxidation process that starts with a vacuum degassing followed by the addition of ferro-niobium in the same vacuum facility. The addition of strong deoxidation substance like aluminum and/or silicon is not adopted. Owing to the degassing in vacuum, which in reality reacts as deoxidation with C in molten steel, the solute oxygen in molten steel (O) is stabilized by niobium, which generates an ample number of fine oxide particles composed of (Nb, Mn)2O3-phase. Provided the carbon-degassing is conducted so as to reach the O prior to the FeNb addition would be around

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12

Wang, Ruizhi, Jian Yang, and Longyun Xu. "Improvement of Heat-Affected Zone Toughness of Steel Plates for High Heat Input Welding by Inclusion Control with Ca Deoxidation." Metals 8, no. 11 (2018): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110946.

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The characteristics of inclusions and microstructure in heat-affected zones (HAZs) of steel plates with Ca deoxidation after high heat input welding of 400 kJ·cm−1 were investigated through simulated welding experiments and inclusions automatic analyzer systems. Typical inclusions in HAZs of steels containing 11 ppm and 27 ppm Ca were recognized as complex inclusions with the size in the range of 1~3 μm. They consisted of central Al2O3 and peripheral CaS + MnS with TiN distributing at the edge (Al2O3 + CaS + MnS + TiN). With increasing Ca content in steel, the average size of inclusions decrea

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13

Danninger, Herbert, Chen Xu, and Björn Lindqvist. "Oxygen Removal during Sintering of Steels Prepared from Cr-Mo and Mo Prealloyed Powders." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.577.

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The removal of oxygen during sintering by carbothermic reduction and the resulting carbon loss were studied for steel compacts prepared with the compositions Fe-3%Cr-0.5%Mo- 0.5%C and Fe-1.5%Mo-0.5%C, respectively, prepared from prealloyed powders. The compacts were prepared by pressing at 600 and 1000 MPa, and sintering was done at 1100 and 1300°C in vacuum. It showed that for the Cr-Mo steel, deoxidation strongly depends on the sintering temperature, in contrast to the plain Mo steel; at 1300°C very low oxygen levels were measured with the standard density compact while after pressing at 100

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14

Shi, Ming Hao, Ji Yuan Liu, and Fu Xian Zhu. "Effect of Ti and Zr Deoxidation Process on the Inclusions in Low Carbon Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.266.

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The35kg ingot was refined with vacuum induction furnace by means of three various deoxidationprocesses in laboratory. From the steel-making point of view, effect of deoxidationprocess on inclusions and was analyzed. The fraction, size and distribution ofinclusions were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM)and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) in three various deoxidation processessteel . The results showed that the volume fraction of inclusions was thelargest in Ti/Zr deoxidation process and the inclusions distributed uniformly. Itwas found that the amount of fine inclusions size

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15

Шульга, Віктор Олегович. "Regarding the efficiency of complex steel deoxidation." Technology audit and production reserves 6, no. 2(8) (2012): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2012.5482.

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16

Шульга, Виктор Олегович. "Regarding the efficiency of complex steel deoxidation." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 4(13) (2013): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2013.18247.

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17

Andreev, B. K., V. Ya Botvinskii, A. A. Grishin, et al. "Improvement in the deoxidation of wheel steel." Metallurgist 34, no. 12 (1990): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00750121.

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18

Chen, Liang, Tian Ming Chen, Yong Chen, Yao Xian Zeng, and Ping Fan Li. "Inclusion Control of Oil Drilling Steel SAE4137." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.861.

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In consideration of inclusion control in smelting drilling steel SAE4137 by convert process, the software FACTSAGE is applied on the deoxidation technology, composition of ladle slag and calcium treatment technology. The tests show that the deoxidation technology is reasonable and the oxygen content of molten steel is not more than 5×10-6 and 3.2×10-6 on average. The inclusion of bar is less and like a ball. The effect of calcium treatment is good. The inclusion is transformed in refining process, the absorbing ability to inclusion of ladle slag is strong. The level of any type of inclusion is

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19

You, Dali, Christian Bernhard, Andreas Viertauer, and Bernd Linzer. "Simulation of the Refining Process of Ultra-Low Carbon (ULC) Steel." Crystals 11, no. 8 (2021): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080893.

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The standard production route for mild steels for automotive purposes is still based on conventional continuous casting (CC) and hot strip rolling (HSR). The current trend towards the “zero-carbon car” will demand the abating of material emissions in the future. Thin slab casting and direct rolling (e.g., Arvedi endless strip production (ESP)) is an approach to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% compared to CC and HSR. One of the main limitations in applying ESP for the production of ultra-low carbon/interstitial free (ULC/IF) steels is clogging. Clogging is the blockage of the submerged entry nozzle

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20

Záděra, A., M. Dulava, V. Pernica, and V. Kaňa. "Oxygen Activity in Melts of Fe-C-Cr-Ni Based Alloys." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (2016): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0106.

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Abstract Oxygen is an element that is first purposely brought into the steel melt to remove some unwanted elements or to reduce their concentration (oxidation). In the made cast steel there is on the contrary necessary to reduce the oxygen content with the use of deoxidation to such a level in order to avoid a reaction with carbon with the formation of CO bubbles. Concentration of oxygen in steel before casting is given, in particular, by the manner of metallurgical processing and the used deoxidation process. Oxygen is found in molten steels both as chemically bound in the form of oxides and

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21

Khoroshilov, A. D., and K. V. Grigorovich. "Thermodynamic features of the modifi cation of non-metallic inclusions by calcium in low-carbon steels deoxidized by aluminum." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 11 (2019): 860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-11-860-869.

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Low-carbon steels deoxidized by aluminum are the main group of structural steels produced in Russiaand all over the world. These steels work in key sectors of the economy – construction, automotive, mining and transportation of minerals, etc. The deoxidation of steel melt by aluminum leads to the formation of non-metallic inclusions, which can significantly aﬀect quality of rolled products and reduce the manufacturability of production due to overgrowth of submergednozzles during continuous casting. So, ceteris paribus, only due to contamination of steel with non-metallic inclusions, the follo

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22

Herasymenko, Viktor, Lavr Molchanov, Yevhen Synehin, and Roman Andriukhin. "Analysis of the influence of technological parameters of steel smelting in top blowing oxygen converters on metal oxidation." Modern Problems of Metalurgy, no. 23 (March 27, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2020.01.01.

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The article considers the influence of technological steelmaking parameters in an oxygen converter on the oxygen content in steel before tapping. Today, CELOX is an effective, but at the same time expensive method for measuring the oxygen content in steel. The information obtained using this device allows you to accurately determine the ferroalloys consumption for deoxidation of steel. Since the oxygen content in steel before production directly affects the ferroalloys and aluminum consumption, necessary for steel deoxidation, the aim of this work was to create a mathematical model that allows

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23

Wang, Liang Liang, Jing Li, Bo Ning, and Yong Yong Li. "Effects of Magnesium on Inclusions in Consumable Electrode of H13 Die Steel." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.81.

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Consumable electrodes of H13 die steel with different magnesium contents were produced by medium frequency induction furnace. Effects of magnesium on deoxidation rate and inclusions in consumable electrode were studied. Results show that the deoxidization ability of Fe-Al-Mg alloy is better than that of aluminum and the dissolved oxygen content is decreased with the increase of magnesium content in liquid steel. The deoxidation rate is less than 15 % for steel without magnesium and more than 24 % for steel with 20 × 10-4wt% magnesium content. The number of inclusions is decreased with the incr

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24

Zhu, Cheng Yi, Xian Hong Chen, Li Fang Zhang, Xiao Yu Liang, and Feng Zhang. "Effects of RE on Precipitation Behaviors of the Inclusions and Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.38.

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Effects of RE addition on deoxidation and desulphurization efficiency, precipitation behaviors of the inclusions, microstructure and magnetic properties of the finished sheets have been investigated for no-oriented electrical steel produced in industrial scale. The most suitable addition amount of RE alloy added in the electrical steel bearing is proposed for excellent deoxidation and desulphurization efficiency. RE added into the steel can form larger and higher melt point RE oxides, RE sulfides and RE oxysulfides inclusions removing from the bath by floating which decreases the numbers and i

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25

Ji, Yun-qing, Min Jiang, Xiao-xuan Deng, Chun-yang Liu, Fu-xiang Huang, and Xin-hua Wang. "Study on the utilization of supersaturation degree in Al deoxidation to improve cleanliness and control of Al2O3 inclusions in ultra-low carbon steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 3 (2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021007.

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Effects of supersaturation degree (S) in Al deoxidation on cleanliness and alumina inclusions in steel were studied. If enough Al was added to steel, higher initial dissolve oxygen before Al deoxidation resulted in higher steel cleanliness. In the experiments, with the rise of [mass% O] from 102 ppm to 340 ppm and 931 ppm, logS in steel melts were increased from 4.8, to 7.0 and 8.8, respectively. As a result, total oxygen (T.O) was decreased to 25 ppm, 22 ppm and 21 ppm, respectively. Based on the results, important influence of supersaturation degree on the formation of Al2O3 was revealed. At

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26

Li, Hui Gai, Fei Fei Sun, Dan Zhao, Shao Bo Zheng, and Qi Jie Zhai. "Influence of Deoxidation Methods on Inclusions in Sub-Rapid Solidified Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.282.

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The size, distribution, content and type of inclusions under Al, Si-Mn, Ti deoxidized conditions in sub-rapid solidified low carbon steel were investigated using VLM, SEM and TEM. Results indicated that after deoxidizing by Al, Si-Mn and Ti, the largest size of inclusions was 7.5μm, 5.6μm and 6.5μm respectively. Large amount of inclusions were tiny and dispersed in the sub-rapid solidification condition. The number of inclusions was 5423 per mm2 and the size was mainly smaller than 4μm in Al deoxidized condition. After deoxidized by Si-Mn and Ti, the number of inclusions was much less than bef

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27

Okayama, Atsushi, and Takayuki Nishi. "Titanium Deoxidation Reaction of High Sulfur Molten Steel." Tetsu-to-Hagane 95, no. 7 (2009): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.95.541.

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28

Kirilenko, V. P., P. I. Yugov, V. M. Zhuravlev, M. A. Pozhivanov, and S. G. Mel'nik. "Deoxidation and modification of converter steel with barium." Metallurgist 33, no. 10 (1989): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748237.

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29

Jung, In-Ho, Sergei A. Decterov, and Arthur D. Pelton. "A thermodynamic model for deoxidation equilibria in steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 35, no. 3 (2004): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0050-4.

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30

Volkov, I. G., N. A. Fomin, M. S. Gordienko, V. Ya Monastyrskii, V. P. But, and V. M. D'yakonov. "Deoxidation of rail steel with ferromanganese-silicon-aluminum." Metallurgist 30, no. 4 (1986): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00749431.

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31

Sarychev, A. F., P. A. �pp, A. M. Dobraya, I. P. Galibuzov, and V. S. Klimov. "Change in deoxidation-alloying practice for steel Sv08G2S." Metallurgist 32, no. 10 (1988): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01160532.

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32

Li, Anna, and Dongqing Xu. "Research on Optimization of "Deoxidation Alloying" of Molten Steel Based on Linear Programming." Insight - Material Science 3, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ims.v3i1.310.

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<p>Aiming at the optimization of the supporting solution for molten steel "deoxidation alloying", the cost of "deoxidation alloying" is minimized from an economic perspective. Using Excel, Eviews and spss software programming, through factor analysis, clustering dimension reduction, principal component analysis Multiple linear regression analysis and linear programming optimization analysis, the author found out the main factors that affected the yield of alloy elements. This paper establishes a multiple linear regression mathematical model that affects the main factors of alloy elements

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33

Krobath, Roman, Christian Bernhard, Sergiu Ilie, Jakob Six, Susanne Hahn, and Paul Pennerstorfer. "The Role of Grain Boundary Oxidation on Surface Crack Formation under Continuous Casting Conditions." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 164, no. 11 (2019): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-019-00902-0.

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Abstract This paper represents an extended abstract of a study presented at the ESTAD 2019 conference. In this contribution, the influence of different cooling strategies on the formation of intergranular surface cracks is observed with in-situ bending experiments under continuous casting conditions. The steel composition is equal to a 0.17 wt.% C construction steel. It is investigated with and without Al deoxidation at bending temperatures of 1100 °C to 700 °C. The results show the most critical situation prevailed for each testing condition at 900 °C. A holding temperature of 1200 °C leads t

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34

Makrovets, L. A., O. V. Samoilova, G. G. Mikhailov, and I. V. Bakin. "Phase equilibrium occurring during low-carbon iron-based melt deoxidation with silicostrontium." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 6 (2021): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-6-413-419.

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At the moment, to improve quality of metal (especially low-alloyed), out-of-furnace steel processing technologies are used with complex alloys utilization, which include alkaline earth metals (ALM) in addition to silicon. Study of strontium additives effect on deoxidation and liquid steel modification processes is one of the promising areas of research in field of metallurgical technologies. Thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria in Fe – Sr – Si –C– O system melt was carried out using method of constructing surface of components solubility in metal. Solubility surface determines stability

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35

Yu, Tang. "Effect of Slag Composition on [Mg], [Ca] Content in Molten Steel for High Speed Wheel Steel." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.501.

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In order to improve fatigue life of wheel steel, secondary-refining process is done with Al-deoxidation and slag of high basicity, high Al2O3 content and low oxidizing property. [M, [C content in molten steel would be influenced by slag composition. It is found that high basicity, high Al2O3 content and low oxidizing property is positive factor for proper [M, [C content in molten steel which is the key of inclusion transformation from Al2O3 to CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusion, contributing to the enhancement of fatigue performance for wheel steel.

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36

Šenberger, J., and V. Pernica. "Contribution to Deoxidation of Austenitic Steels in a Vacuum Induction Furnace with Carbon." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 2 (2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0048.

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Abstract Deoxidation of steel with carbon under reduced pressure is often used for increasing the steel purity. Suitable units for this purpose in foundries are vacuum induction furnaces. Possibilities of increasing the steel purity by deoxidation with carbon in the vacuum induction furnace were studied for the steel for the petrochemistry of specific composition 25Cr/35Ni. The charge composed of the return material only was melted in the air. During melting the charge oxidized and the oxidizing slag formed. Chemical composition of steel, morphology, chemical composition of inclusions in the s

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37

Mikhailov, G. G., and L. A. Chernova. "Thermodynamic analysis of steel deoxidation with calcium and aluminum." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2008, no. 8 (2008): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602950808017x.

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38

Grigorovich, K. V., and A. K. Garber. "Analysis of the complex deoxidation of carbon steel melts." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2011, no. 9 (2011): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029511090151.

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39

Shao, Shuai, Yun Fu Shen, Ya Hui Zhou, et al. "Microstructure Refinement of Medium Carbon Steel through Ti Deoxidation." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3075.

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The medium carbon steel (C: 0.26%, mass percentage) was deoxidized by Ti alloys, and its features of inclusion and microstructure were systemically studied through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The results show that the element of titanium in inclusions coexists with manganese, and no single-phase oxides of titanium are observed. Through the statistical analysis, it can be seen that the average size of Ti-contained inclusions is similar to the inclusions without the Ti, and the percentage of large inclusions (>5μm) is smaller in Ti-containe

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40

Choudhary, S. K., S. Chandra, and A. Ghosh. "Prediction of deoxidation and inclusion precipitation in semikilled steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 36, no. 1 (2005): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-005-0006-3.

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41

Ghosh, Ahindra. "Calcium treatment of liquid steel — Assessment of deoxidation constant." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 61, no. 6 (2008): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-008-0053-y.

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42

Xiao, Yuanyou, Hong Lei, Bin Yang, Guocheng Wang, Qi Wang, and Wei Jin. "Thermodynamic Modelling on Nanoscale Growth of Magnesia Inclusion in Fe-O-Mg Melt." Metals 9, no. 2 (2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020174.

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Nano-magnesia is the intermediate product during the growth of magnesia inclusion in Mg-deoxidized steel. Understanding the thermodynamics on nano-magnesia is important to explore the relationship between magnesia product size and deoxidation reaction in molten steel. In this work, a thermodynamic modeling is developed to study the Mg-deoxidation reaction between nano-magnesia inclusions and liquid iron. The thermodynamic results based on the first principle method show that the Gibbs free energy change for the forming magnesia product decrease gradually with the increasing nano-magnesia size

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43

Mikhailov, G. G., L. A. Makrovets, and L. A. Smirnov. "THERMODYNAMICS OF THE PROCESSES OF INTERACTION OF LIQUID METAL COMPONENTS IN Fe – Mg – Al – La – O SYSTEM." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 6 (2018): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-6-460-465.

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At the present time, rare-earth elements in metallurgy are used in the form of mischmetal – a rare-earth elements natural mixture (with atomic numbers from 57 to 71). It contains about 50 wt. % of cerium. The remaining elements are mainly lanthanum and niobium. The specific composition is determined by the ore deposit. Inconstant composition of the modifier containing rare-earth metals (REM) can significantly reduce its efficiency. Experimentally, for every branded steels composition the ratio of various REMs can’t be selected because of the high costs of obtaining technically pure rare-earth

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Wu, Guo Sheng, Zhi Yun Fu, and Zhong Wang. "Effects of Rare Earths on Inclusions Distribution and Modality of 8Cr4MoV Cold Work Roll Cast Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.171.

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A study of rare earth effects on inclusion modality of 8Cr4MoV cold work roll steels was carried out in the laboratory, the steels smelting by a 50kg vacuum induction furnace, atmospheric casting, processing sample after annealing, then inspecting the steels’microstructure, inclusion modality and composition; The results showed that the steels’ microstructure fine, micro-hardness increased with increasing rare earth content, while the average size of inclusions decreased significantly, also the morphology and composition of inclusions significantly changed from the angular black manganese sulf

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Wu, Cheng Chuan, Xiao Hong Yang, and Guo Guang Cheng. "Formation Conditions for Ce₂O₂S and CeAlO₃ in Cerium Treated Al-Killed Steels." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1032.

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An investigation has been carried out to determine the formation conditions of Ce2O2S and CeAlO3in cerium treated Al-killed steel. Argon protection melts have been manufactured of appropriate base steel compositions with varying additions of cerium (0.006-0.04%). The work has shown that 0.0015-0.02% may be retained in steels after Al deoxidation and cerium treatment while oxygen and sulphur content be 14-17 ppm and 60-70 ppm respectively. With 0.0099-0.02% retained cerium, resulting inclusions are largely spheroidal in shape and consist of several crystalline compounds, notably Ce2O2S and CeAl

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Zhao, Yang, Guocheng Wang, Qianren Tian, Qi Wang, and Yulai Song. "A two-step mechanism in nucleation of solid silica from Fe-O-Si melt." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, no. 04 (2018): 1850026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633618500268.

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In order to control the structure and size distribution of silica inclusions in high purity steel, it is necessary to understand the nucleation mechanism of solid silica in molten steel. In high temperature reactions, crystallization begins with nucleation, which plays a crucial role in determining the structure and size of solid products. Nucleation originates in the formation of product intermediates. The structure and thermodynamic properties of silica clusters as the intermediate of solid silica products during nucleation were calculated by density functional theory. Comparison of thermody

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Gu, Zhi Min, Qing Jun Zhang, Li Guang Zhu, Cai Jun Zhang, and Shuo Ming Wang. "Effect of Vanadium on the Separate Out of Intragranular Ferrite." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.151.

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From the viewpoint of oxide metallurgy and the impact of V on Steel organization, the morphology, size, distribution and composition of the inclusions in Steel after V deoxidation were studied by using optical microscopy and SEM, and organization changes of steel after adding V were investigated. The results of the experiment were showed that acicular ferrite was radially appeared at the core of small inclusions after adding V. Carbon, nitrides (VN, V3C4) of V can become nucleation of intragranular ferrite, which were small and dispersed. V could also refine the organization of steel.

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Piva, Stephano P. T., and Petrus Christiaan Pistorius. "Aluminum-Free Steelmaking: Desulfurization and Nonmetallic Inclusion Evolution of Si-Killed Steel in Contact with CaO-SiO2-CaF2-MgO Slag." Processes 9, no. 8 (2021): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081258.

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In some applications, deep desulfurization and deoxidation of steels without the use of aluminum are required, using Si as a deoxidant instead, with double-saturated slags in the CaO-SiO2-CaF2-MgO system. This work studied the desulfurization and nonmetallic inclusion evolution for the system using an induction furnace and compared the results with FactSage kinetic simulations. Steel samples were taken from the steel melt and analyzed with ICP-MS and combustion analysis for chemistry, and SEM/EDS for nonmetallic inclusion quantity, size, and composition. The results indicate that the steel was

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Zhang, Lifeng, and W. Pluschkell. "Nucleation and growth kinetics of inclusions during liquid steel deoxidation." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 30, no. 2 (2003): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192303225001766.

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Deng, Zhiyin, and Miaoyong Zhu. "Deoxidation Mechanism of Al-Killed Steel during Industrial Refining Process." ISIJ International 54, no. 7 (2014): 1498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.1498.

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