Journal articles: 'Steel fasteners'

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Williams, Thomas R., Xuemeng Xia, Thomas E. Darby, and Stephen R. Sharp. "Evaluation of Stainless Steel Fasteners for Bolted Field Splice Connections of ASTM A1010 Corrosion-Resistant Steel Plate Girders." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2630, no. 1 (January 2017): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2630-11.

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The Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond, initiated this study to compare the mechanical properties, availability, and costs of stainless steel fastener materials for use with ASTM A1010 stainless steel plate. The investigation focused on fastener materials included in ASTM A193 and compared them with ASTM A325 bolts. The ASTM A193 bolts tested were the B6, B8, and B8M. Test results indicated that the ASTM A193 B8 fasteners provided the most economic combination of mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and cost. Uniaxial tension tests and Skidmore–Wilhelm rotational capacity tests revealed that the B6 fasteners had high strength but lower ductility, whereas the B8M fasteners had lower strength but higher ductility. The B8 fastener had an ideal combination of strength and ductility. The mechanical performance of the ASTM A193 fasteners was improved further by the use of hardened washers. Because the bolts are hot forged, sensitization, which can reduce corrosion resistance, was of concern. Standard testing indicated that the B8 and B8M as-received bolts were unsensitized. The cost of the B8 fasteners compared favorably with that of other stainless steel fasteners. Further, the B8 fasteners are available from manufacturers that comply with Buy America requirements. The cost of stainless steel fasteners is higher than that of ASTM A325 steel fasteners. As their use increases, however, larger orders may help reduce prices. The initial research indicates that stainless fasteners could be a structurally sound option to use to build reduced maintenance bridges.

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Lin, Hsiu Ting, Meng Ting Tsai, and Anthony Sugiharto Wonodihardjo. "Withdrawal Resistance and Failure Mode of Semi-Circular Wooden Composite with Different Fasteners." Key Engineering Materials 765 (March 2018): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.765.295.

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Wooden Composite is assembled with semi-circular waste wood by fastener, in order to provide local Indonesian affordable construction components potentially. Considering wooden composite, the withdrawal resistance affect the shear resistance ability under short-term lateral load, therefore withdrawal test is carried out in this study. The withdrawal test shows that steel nail and self-tapping screw work properly to attach each specimen when considering the assembly of wood composite. The observation results indicate different types of fasteners affect the test result significantly. For the fasteners connected with hardwood, the test result shows higher withdrawal resistance than softwood, both using self-tapping screw and steel nail. Based on the test results, there are 3 main failure modes that is concluded, which are fastener failure, material failure, and conditional failure. The test result of self–tapping screw also shows that this kind of fastener is able to withstand 3.5 times stronger than steel nail.

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Marshall, R. S., R. G. Kelly, A. Goff, and C. Sprinkle. "Galvanic Corrosion Between Coated Al Alloy Plate and Stainless Steel Fasteners, Part 1: FEM Model Development and Validation." Corrosion 75, no. 12 (October 2, 2019): 1461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3308.

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Aerospace structures often involve dissimilar materials to optimize structural performance and cost. These materials can then lead to the formation of galvanic couples when moisture is present. Specifically, noble metal fasteners (such as SS316) are often used in aluminum alloy load-bearing structures, which can lead to accelerated, localized corrosion attack of the aluminum alloy due to the cathodic current supplied by the SS316 fastener. This localized attack is difficult to predict, and tests are often expensive, so modeling of these galvanic couples could be of great utility. The work reported here focuses on the galvanic coupling between fasteners installed in a panel test assembly, and the resultant corrosion damage down the fastener holes. This arrangement is a common assembly geometry in aerospace applications. A specific sol-gel coating was applied to the fasteners, to determine its effectiveness on mitigating galvanic corrosion; bare fasteners were also tested, to investigate a worst-case scenario. Geometric constraints in the model were made to match those of an experimental test panel, which was exposed to ASTM B117 salt fog for 504 h. The electrochemical boundary conditions were generated in solutions appropriate to the material and environment to which it would be exposed. Anodic charge passed during exposure was calculated from image analyses of the corrosion damage in the experimental test, and the results were compared with the model. The Laplacian-based model provides a very good first approximation for predicting the damage within the fastener hole. Validation was provided by both experimental results generated in this study as well as comparison to results in the literature that used similar, but not identical, conditions.

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Mahar, Akshay Mangal, and S. Arul Jayachandran. "A Computational Study on Buckling Behavior of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Columns Using Compound Spline Finite Strip Method." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 21, no. 05 (February 16, 2021): 2150064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421500644.

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This paper presents a computational methodology to compute the critical buckling stress of built-up cold-formed steel columns joined with discrete fasteners. The fasteners are modeled as three-dimensional beam elements, and their effect is integrated into the spline finite strip framework, evolving the compound strip methodology. Although this technique has been presented in the literature, this paper presents yet another robust framework for the buckling load evaluation of compound cold-formed steel columns with arbitrarily located fasteners. The proposed framework is applied to study the effect of fasteners on the formation of local, distortional, and global buckling modes of built-up section and a comparison is drawn with the buckling behavior of a single section. In this study, the proposed formulations are also used to get insights into the stability behavior of single-span and multi-span compound cold-formed steel columns in the presence of (i) fasteners with varied spacings with respect to span and (ii) the presence of the additional restraining system such as wall panels. For different buckling modes, a significant increment in buckling stress for a built-up section from a single section is observed when the fastener spacing is kept less than the critical buckling half-wavelength of the respective buckling modes. The study on the effect of wall panels shows that in comparison to unsheathed wall studs, the sheathed wall studs that produce additional constraints lead to the elimination of the global buckling deformations. The proposed formulations are simple, yet rigorous and have been validated using finite element-based numerical results.

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Nedashkovskiy, K. I., A. V. Gulshin, Yu M. Averina, V. A. Naumkina, V. V. Menshikov, and V. S. Boldyrev. "Investigating Corrosion Resistance of Heavy-Duty Steel Fasteners Regarding Assemblies Operating in Maritime Climates under High Pressures Power, Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (130) (February 2020): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2020-1-94-106.

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The paper presents investigation results and a technology for manufacturing fastener workpieces out of the 07Kh16N6-Sh (07Х16Н6-Ш) steel using high-temperature heat treatment. The steel undergoing our testing was additionally doped with molybdenum, as reflected in the 07Kh16N6M-Sh (07Х16Н6М-Ш) designation, which facilitated grain refinement. We implemented accelerated climate testing of bolts in order to assess the corrosion cracking resistance of 07Kh16N6-Sh (07Х16Н6-Ш), 07Kh16N6M-Sh (07Х16Н6М-Ш) and 13Kh15N4AM3-Sh (13Х15Н4АМ3-Ш) steel fasteners in maritime climates.

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Hyie, Koay Mei, Salina Budin, Normariah Che Maideen, and Yudi Rahmawan. "Static Electroplating of Iron Triad on Fastener Washers." Key Engineering Materials 879 (March 2021): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.275.

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Fasteners are commonly used in construction industry for parts joining purpose. There are many types of construction fasteners such as stud, bolt, anchor, nut, screw, and washer. The major problem of the fastener made by carbon steel is the poor resistance to corrosion. Electroplating is a simple yet low-cost tool to give a strong corrosion protection coating layer on the carbon steel. This study was performed to investigate the effect of current and deposition time on the iron triad (cobalt-nickel-iron) electroplating on the fastener washer. The experiment was conducted at 50 °C, pH 1-3 and at different electroplating time (30 minutes to 90 minutes) and current (0.2 A to 0.5 A). Burnt-out surface coating was observed on the fastener washer when the current was more than 0.4 A. A field test was carried out for 60 days to observe the corrosion behavior and performance of the products. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that a thin protection layer with 5.64 µm was formed at 60 minutes of electroplating time and 0.4 A of current. The surface roughness of the fastener washer was increased by increasing the electroplating time and current. The hardness was also improved with higher current and electroplating time if compared to the original fastener washer. The result of this study confirmed that a strong adhesive corrosion resistant layer to the fastener washer was using the current of 0.4 A (77 mA/cm2) and the electroplating time of 60 minutes.

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Moisidis, N. T., and M. D. Ratiu. "Pump and Valve Fastener Serviceability in PWR Nuclear Facilities." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842160.

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The results of several studies conducted on corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels in borated water have shown that impingement of borated steam on ferritic steels or contact with a moist paste of boric acid can lead to high corrosion rates due to high local concentrations of boric acid on the surface. The corrosion process of the flange fasteners of pumps and valves is considered a material compatibility and equipment maintenance problem. Therefore, the nuclear utilities of pressurized water reactor (PWR) power plants can prevent this damage by implementing appropriate fastener steel replacement and extended inspections to detect and correct the cause of leakage. A 3-phase corrosion protection program is presented for implementation based on system operability, outage-related accessibility, and cost of fastener replacement versus maintenance frequency increase. A selection criterion for fastener material is indicated based on service limitation: preloading and metal temperature.

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Nassar, Sayed A., and Ali A. Alkelani. "Clamp Load Loss due to Elastic Interaction and Gasket Creep Relaxation in Bolted Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 3 (July 30, 2005): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2218343.

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An experimental study is presented in order to determine the clamp load loss due to elastic interaction and gasket creep relaxation in bolted joints. Studied parameters include the gasket material and thickness, bolt spacing, tightening sequence, fastener grip length, and level of the fastener preload. The joint is composed of two steel flanges and a gasket made of styrene butadiene rubber or flexible graphite. The flanges are fastened together using M12x1.75 Class 10.9 fasteners. Force washers are used to monitor bolt tensions in real time. Four different gasket thicknesses of styrene butadiene rubber (1/16, 1/8, 3/16, and 1/4 in.) and two thicknesses of flexible graphite (1/16 and 1/8 in.) are considered. For the same bolt circle of the flange, the bolt spacing is varied by using a different number of bolts; spacing that corresponds to using three, five, or seven bolts is considered in this study. The effect of the tightening strategy is studied by using sequential, star, or simultaneous tightening patterns. Bolt tightening is accomplished by using either an electric digital torque wrench with various control options or by using a production-size multiple spindle fastening system that is capable of simultaneous tightening of all fasteners. Experimental data is presented and analyzed, in order to study the effect of the various parameters on the clamp load loss due to the combined effect of elastic interaction and gasket creep relaxation at room temperature.

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Zelinka, Samuel, Leandro Passarini, Frederick Matt, and Grant Kirker. "Corrosiveness of Thermally Modified Wood." Forests 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010050.

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Thermally modified wood is becoming commercially available in North America for use in outdoor applications. While there have been many studies on how thermal modification affects the dimensional stability, water vapor sorption, and biodeterioration of wood, little is known about whether thermally modified wood is corrosive to metal fasteners and hangers used to hold these members in place. As thermally modified wood is used in outdoor applications, it has the potential to become wet which may lead to corrosion of embedded fasteners. Here, we examine the corrosiveness of thermally modified ash and oak in an exposure test where stainless steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, and carbon steel nails are driven into wood and exposed to a nearly 100% relative humidity environment at 27 °C for one year. The corrosion rates were compared against control specimens of untreated and preservative-treated southern pine. Stainless steel fasteners did not corrode in any specimens regardless of the treatment. The thermal modification increased the corrosiveness of the ash and oak, however, an oil treatment that is commonly applied by the manufacturer to the wood after the heat treatment reduced the corrosiveness. The carbon steel fasteners exhibited higher corrosion rates in the thermally modified hardwoods than in the preservative-treated pine control. Corrosion rates of galvanized fasteners in the hardwoods were much lower than carbon steel fasteners. These data can be used to design for corrosion when building with thermally modified wood, and highlight differences between corrosion of metals embedded in wood products.

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Shchepkin, Viktor, and Yuri Poletaev. "Friction welding of austenitic steel fasteners." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 08012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021008012.

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The purpose of this work is to increase the efficiency of manufacturing non-standard fasteners. In the course of the work, the technology of friction welding bolts, which ensures the formation of high-quality welded joins, from steels of grades 14X17H2 and 12X18H10T was experimentally investigated and developed.

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Brahimi, S. V., S. Yue, and K. R. Sriraman. "Alloy and composition dependence of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility in high-strength steel fasteners." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2098 (June 12, 2017): 20160407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0407.

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High-strength steel fasteners characterized by tensile strengths above 1100 MPa are often used in critical applications where a failure can have catastrophic consequences. Preventing hydrogen embrittlement (HE) failure is a fundamental concern implicating the entire fastener supply chain. Research is typically conducted under idealized conditions that cannot be translated into know-how prescribed in fastener industry standards and practices. Additionally, inconsistencies and even contradictions in fastener industry standards have led to much confusion and many preventable or misdiagnosed fastener failures. HE susceptibility is a function of the material condition, which is comprehensively described by the metallurgical and mechanical properties. Material strength has a first-order effect on HE susceptibility, which increases significantly above 1200 MPa and is characterized by a ductile--brittle transition. For a given concentration of hydrogen and at equal strength, the critical strength above which the ductile–brittle transition begins can vary due to second-order effects of chemistry, tempering temperature and sub-microstructure. Additionally, non-homogeneity of the metallurgical structure resulting from poorly controlled heat treatment, impurities and non-metallic inclusions can increase HE susceptibility of steel in ways that are measurable but unpredictable. Below 1200 MPa, non-conforming quality is often the root cause of real-life failures. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.

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Zheng, Jin, Bo Chen, Hou Jun Xu, and Yun Li Yang. "Numerical Study on Shearing Properties of Profiled Steel Sheets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2887.

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The structural diaphragm effects have been investigated in the past decades with major attention on the properties of diaphragm panels. The research observations made by the oversea researchers cannot be directly utilized to the design construction of Chinese light gauge steel structures due to the different configuration of profiled steel sheets, fasteners, and purlins in China. In this regard, the shearing strength and stiffness of diaphragm steel sheets are investigated in this study through numerical study. The profiled steel sheet and fastener are simulated by the ortho-anisotropic flat plate and three one dimensional nonlinear spring, respectively. The analytical models are developed for examining the shearing strength and stiffness induced by diaphragm effects of a cladding system. The made observations indicate that the diaphragm effects of the steel sheet on the structure are obvious.

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Haretski, H. P., N. F. Solovey, S. L. Shenets, A. V. Tereshchenko, S. V. Avdeev, A. I. Pokrovskii, and O. I. Tolkacheva. "Structure and characteristics of boron-containing steels for fasteners." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-1-25-30.

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According to TU 14-1-4486-88 and TU 14-1-5490-2004, in accordance with international standards DIN EN 10263-4, OJSC «BSW – Management Company of the Holding «BMC» produces hot-rolled products of the following grades of steel: 20Г2Р, 30Г1Р, 20MnB4, 30MnB4 and 32CrB4 microalloyed with boron. They are used for the manufacture of fasteners instead of previously used steels 35X, 38X and 40X. The use of boron-containing steels reduces the surface defects of hardware; to increase the stability of the mechanical properties of bolts, screws, studs, strength class 8.8 and 10.9 by GOST 1759.4-87; to achieve a high level of toughness at negative temperatures. It is shown that steel 20Г2Р provides stable mechanical properties of products up to M27 (in contrast to steel grades 35X, which are designed exclusively for bolts of class M16 8.8). The boron-containing steels in the delivery state with the structure of granular perlite have high technological plasticity – in the cold, the bolt head is formed and the thread is rolled without tearing in the thread hollows, as is the case with chromium steels of type 40X. It was found that their ductility increases due to the low content of carbon and chromium, as well as the formation of dispersed carbonitride-boride phases of a globular form.

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Bokor, Boglárka, Máté Tóth, and Akanshu Sharma. "Fasteners in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Increased Loading Rates." Fibers 6, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040093.

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Increased loading rates on fasteners may be caused by high ground accelerations as a consequence of e.g., nuclear explosions, earthquakes or car collisions. It was concluded by Hoehler et al. (2006) that fasteners under rapid loading rates show an increased ultimate resistance in the concrete dominant failure modes or the ultimate resistance is at least as large as under quasi-static loading. Due to the increased demand on using fasteners in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), it is intended to show how the ultimate concrete cone capacity of fasteners changes under higher than quasi-static loading rate in normal plain concrete (PC) and in SFRC. This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental program carried out on single fasteners loaded in tension in normal plain concrete and in SFRC. The test series were conducted using a servo-hydraulic loading cylinder. The tests were performed in displacement control with a programmed ramp speed of 1, 100, 1000, and 3500 mm/min. This corresponded to calculated initial loading rates ranging between 0.4 and 1600 kN/s. The results of the tension tests clearly show that the rate-dependent behavior of fasteners in SFRC with 30 and 50 kg/m3 hooked-end-type fibers fits well to the previously reported rate-dependent concrete cone behavior in normal plain concrete. Additionally, a positive influence of the fibers on the concrete cone capacity is clearly visible.

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Lee, Hyeoung-Deok, Sanghyun Choi, and Jiho Moon. "Lateral Resistance Requirement of Girder-Sleeper Fastener for CWR Track on an Open-Deck Steel Plate Girder Bridge." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 6681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156681.

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For an open-deck steel plate girder railway bridge with rail joints, frequent damage to the bridge members and a high level of noise and vibration occur. By installing continuous welded rail (CWR) to the bridge, it is possible to reduce the noise and impact force of the bridge. However, current girder–sleeper fasteners have low lateral resistance in nature and track buckling can occur when CWR is used on such a bridge. Therefore, a new girder-sleeper fastener with proper lateral resistance to prevent CWR track buckling is needed. In this study, the lateral resistance requirements of a girder-sleeper fastener are investigated through a series of finite element (FE) analyses and parametric study. The effect of peak lateral resistance of the fastener, curve radius, girder length, and lateral displacement of girder are examined. From the analysis results, the peak lateral resistance criterion of the girder–sleeper fastener is proposed for the design of a new fastener for CWR tracks on an open-deck steel plate girder bridge.

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Guan, Z. W., and P. D. Rodd. "A three-dimensional finite element model for locally reinforced timber joints made with hollow dowel fasteners." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-018.

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Brittle premature failure caused by splitting parallel to the timber grain is a common failure mode in glulam joints made with solid dowel type fasteners. It is thought that this problem can be alleviated by using hollow steel dowels as the fasteners and reinforcing the timber locally in the area of the joint. In this way, by varying the wall thickness of the dowels and the thickness of the reinforcing members, a chosen combination of strength and stiffness should be attainable together with a ductile failure mode. In this paper, three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models are developed to simulate (i) the structural performance of a timber joint made with a single hollow steel dowel and (ii) a moment transmitting joint made with a number of the dowels, each type being locally reinforced by densified veneer wood. The models incorporate suitably defined elastoplasticity and orthotropic elasticity and also allow for large deformations of the joints as well as for frictional contact between the timber and the dowel. They are calibrated against physical test data from joints loaded to failure.Key words: glulam, densified veneer wood, resin injected, hollow dowel fastener, moment transmitting, ductile failure, finite element.

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Gao, Hong, Wu Gao, Chun Xiao Li, and Xiao Xia Huo. "Influence of the Structural Performance of Steel Tubular Scaffold Based on Measured Imperfection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.754.

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In order to study the impact of the measured defects on the structure and properties of steel tubular scaffold, the stochastic finite element theory is used to study the different effects of different defect structure.To accord to the random sampling method, Nine five projects under construction fasteners scaffolding works pipe is measured.In the the live 6m and 3m φ48 × 3.5 specifications 748 pipe wall thickness, diameter, initial bending raw data is random sampling tests. Article establish a structure commonly used rod defects random distribution of pipe wall thickness, diameter and initial bending deviation and the parametric statistical information,through the use of the probability statistical theory and methods,excluding abnormal data. The article explores and studies fasteners scaffolding structure in different fastener tightening torque (30N • m, 40N • m, 50N • m), ideal initial geometric imperfections 3L/1000, and the measured rod defects and defectof the structure carrying capacity and impact analysis, by means of analysis software, the use of the consistent defects modal method and random defects modal method. The results of the analysis show that the pole bending defects affect the carrying capacity of steel scaffolding structure defects . Measured defects affect the steel scaffolding structure, leading to serious security risks. It is necessary to strengthen the control rod defects. The results provide reliable information for the design and construction units.

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Al Sumait, A., C. Delgado, F. Aldhabib, X. Sun, F. Alzubi, K. Tovalin, A. Cheng, et al. "Evaluation of 4330M Steel for Fasteners Applications." Defect and Diffusion Forum 380 (November 2017): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.380.198.

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The objective of the study was to optimize the strength and ductility values of the 4330M steel. Optimization was conducted through different types of heat treatments. Tensile testing, hardness testing, optical microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of the as-received and the heat treated samples. The alloy was provided from two vendors; vendor H and vendor S. Results showed that by increasing the tempering temperatures, strength values decreases, while ductility values remain unchanged. Vendor H samples had higher strength values and much finer grain structure which was revealed only at 5000x magnification.

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Tamirisakandala, Sesh A., and Manish Kamal. "Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐2Zr‐2Mo‐2Cr Alloy for High Strength Aerospace Fasteners." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111041.

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Next generation demanding aerospace systems requirements are pushing the titanium alloy performance needs beyond the upper limits of the workhorse alloy Ti 6Al-4V (Ti 6-4), necessitating the use of advanced solutions. This paper provides an overview of Arconic’s lightweight solution to address the needs of future aerospace fastening systems. The key attributes for aerospace fasteners are strength (tensile, double shear, and fatigue) and manufacturability (ability to forge heads and roll threads while meeting metallurgical and dimensional requirements) at an affordable cost. In particular, increasing double shear strength (DSS) while meeting other requirements is very challenging. Typically, DSS is about 60% of the tensile strength for Ti 6-4, restricting Ti applications to moderate strength levels. Limited deep hardenability of Ti 6-4 (≤0.5”) also restricts the usage to smaller diameter fasteners. Beta Ti alloys (e.g. Beta C) capable of achieving high tensile strengths suffer from shortfalls in DSS and producibility. There is a need for an affordable high strength Ti alloy that can extend titanium fastener usage to higher strength levels and larger size (up to 1”), which will enable reduction in number of joints and weight reductions by replacing higher density nickel/steel fasteners. Ti 6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo (Ti 6-22-22), a judiciously balanced α + β Ti alloy, designed and developed by RMI Titanium Company in the early 1970s for thick-section aerospace structural applications with a need for higher strengths than Ti 6-4, is capable of meeting demanding fastener requirements of next generation aerospace systems. Superior producibility and ability to tailor processing-microstructure-property relationships in Ti 6-22-22 for achieving performance improvements will be discussed in this paper.

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Korcz, Natalia, and Elżbieta Urbańska-Galewska. "Influence of fasteners and connections flexibility on deflections of steel building including the stressed skin effect." Technical Sciences 2, no. 21 (March 14, 2018): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ts.2722.

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The paper presents the analysis of the influence of fasteners and connections flexibility on displacements of symmetrical single-bay pitched-roof steel building, including trapezoidal cladding acting as a diaphragm. The purpose of the article was to compare numerical models with and without taking into consideration fasteners and connections flexibility in order to observe the differences in transverse stiffness of the building during modifying model from the simple one to more complex and precise. The analyses were carried out for the 3D structure. Fasteners and connections were substituted by equivalent beam finite elements. Corrugated sheets were replaced by three types of equivalent orthotropic shell models and the influence of the choice of the model on the stiffness of the building was observed. The results showed that in the analysed structure the flexibility of fasteners and connections has negligible effect on transverse displacements of the building in the case of four sides fastening of the sheeting, however in the case of two sides fastening the influence significantly increases.

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Scott, Jeremy G., and Janice J. Trautner. "Behavior of stainless steel fasteners under cyclic load." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 46, no. 1-3 (April 1998): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(98)80086-2.

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Pepi, M. "Caution is advised when specifying stainless steel fasteners." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 5, no. 1 (February 2005): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/15477020522113.

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Carlson, Geoffrey. "European Communities – Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by China (EC–Fasteners (China) (Article 21.5–China), DS397)." World Trade Review 15, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000331.

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This compliance proceeding under Article 21.5 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) concerned measures taken by the European Union to implement the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in EC–Fasteners (China). In EC–Fasteners (China), the DSB found, inter alia, that a European Communities measure imposing definitive antidumping duties on imports of certain iron or steel fasteners from China was inconsistent with certain aspects of the Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA). The European Union's measures taken to comply with the recommendations and rulings of the DSB consisted, inter alia, of an anti-dumping review investigation regarding fasteners from China (the Review Investigation) conducted by the Commission of the European Union (the Commission). The conduct of the Commission in the Review Investigation was the focus of this compliance proceeding.

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Аudzeyey, S. V. "The development of production technology of wire rod from chromium-nickel-molibdenum steel grades with subsequent annealing spheroidization." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-78-82.

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The peculiarity of the rod of chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel grades, used in the production of fasteners and automotive components by cold forming, are the high requirements for the quality of the surface, microstructure and physical and mechanical properties.In the process of development of production technology were developed and implemented measures to minimize the identified design features of heat treatment furnaces, and developed methods for obtaining the most optimal primary hot-rolled metal microstructure for further spheroidizing annealingIn industrial conditions OJSC «BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC» was mastered the most optimal regimes of heat treatment of wire rod from chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel grades, which required the consumer a full range of physical and mechanical properties of wire rod from steel grades 38ХНГМ, 40XH2MA and 41Х1 used further in the manufacture of fasteners and automotive components by cold forging.

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Studziński, Robert, Tomasz Gajewski, Michał Malendowski, Wojciech Sumelka, Hasan Al-Rifaie, Piotr Peksa, and Piotr W. Sielicki. "Blast Test and Failure Mechanisms of Soft-Core Sandwich Panels for Storage Halls Applications." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010070.

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In this paper, an experimental investigation is presented for sandwich panels with various core layer materials (polyisocyanurate foam, mineral wool, and expanded polystyrene) when subjected to a justified blast load. The field tests simulated the case for when 5 kg of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is localized outside a building’s facade with a 5150 mm stand-off distance. The size and distance of the blast load from the obstacle can be understood as the case of both accidental action and a real terroristic threat. The sandwich panels have a nominal thickness, with the core layer equal 100 mm and total exterior dimensions of 1180 mm × 3430 mm. Each sandwich panel was connected with two steel columns made of I140 PE section using three self-drilling fasteners per panel width, which is a standard number of fasteners suggested by the producers. The steel columns were attached to massive reinforced concrete blocks via wedge anchors. The conducted tests revealed that the weakest links of a single sandwich panel, subjected to a blast load, were both the fasteners and the strength of the core. Due to the shear failure of the fasteners, the integrity between the sandwich panel and the main structure is not provided. A comparison between the failure mechanisms for continuous (polyisocyanurate foam and expanded polystyrene) and non-continuous (mineral wool) core layer materials were conducted.

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26

Whittaker, J. T., and D. P. Hess. "Ductility of Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel Aerospace Fasteners." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 15, no. 5 (August 27, 2015): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-015-0007-8.

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Baehre, R. "Mechanical fasteners for use in steel sheeting and sections." Thin-Walled Structures 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(86)90014-5.

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28

Brahimi, SV, KR Sriraman, and S. Yue. "Hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of two tempered martensitic steel alloys for high-strength bolting." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 17 (April 6, 2016): 3214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216642476.

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Hydrogen embrittlement threshold curves were derived for two quenched and tempered steel grades, AISI 4135 and AISI 4340, at varying hardness ranging from 33 to 54 HRC. For each material, hydrogen was introduced (i) by zinc electroplating as a worst case condition for internal hydrogen embrittlement and (ii) by imposing cathodic potential of −1.2 V as a worst case condition for environmental hydrogen embrittlement. Overall, AISI 4135 exhibited lower thresholds than AISI 4340, making it the more susceptible of the two alloys. The findings demonstrate although hardness and/or strength have a first-order effect on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility, difference in chemistry leading to differences microstructural characteristics must also be considered. Below hardness of 39 HRC, both alloys were not susceptible to internal hydrogen embrittlement, a finding that is consistent with common industry practice and fastener electroplating standards that do not mandate baking of electroplated fasteners with specified hardness below 39 HRC.

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29

Stojic, Dragoslav, and Radovan Cvetkovic. "Design of connections in composite timber-concrete structures." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 4, no. 2 (2006): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0602127s.

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This work deals with composite timber concrete structures. By combining timber and concrete in new type of composite material and using the best properties both materials, the high tensile strength of a timber and the high compressive strength of a concrete, depending of different building conditions we can find a lot o reasons for decision to apply this type of the structure in comparison to concrete or steel structure. Here, design methods and procedures for determination of load bearing capacity bar shaped connectors (fasteners) very often used as element connecting timber and concrete in composite structures will be given. The procedure will be exposed and explained according to the new fashioned methods collected as set of Euro-norms in Eurocode 5. The design equations in Eurocode 5 derived from Johansen's work are based on a rigid plastic behavior of the fastener under bending moments and the timber under embedding stresses and take into account the plastic moment capacity of the fastener.

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30

Hazra, Mrityunjoy, and Satyapal Singh. "Failure Analysis of Diode Components of Electronic Relay Packages Via Thorough Microstructural Characterization." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.03.2019.05.

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Diode components used in the electronic relay packages of avionics of a weapon system had been found corroded. Two sets of the complete assembly of the damaged diode parts consisting of diode body, plain washer, spring washer and mounting nuts were analysed for finding out the root causes of failures. Detailed metallographic characterization of the failed materials was carried out using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis within SEM and microhardness study. Inadequate electroless nickel (EN) plating along with significant amount of porosity and presence of MnS type of stringers affected the corrosion resistance of the diode body tremendously for both the sets. Inadequate electroplated Zn layer was observed on spring washer, plain washer and nut, wherein both uniform and pitting corrosion were detected. Important recommendations included: (i) thicker (more than 25 µm) EN coating with as-specified porosity level for diode body, (ii) replacement of electroplated zinc layers with galvanized zinc (of higher thickness) layer on all the fasteners, (iii) precaution in minimizing formation of galvanic couplings observed in the present system, like that between EN-coated diode body and zinc coated fasteners, between mild steel and stainless steel fasteners etc.

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31

Manwatkar, Sushant K., S. V. S. Narayana Murty, and P. Ramesh Narayanan. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of High Strength 18Ni-8Co-5Mo Maraging Steel Fasteners." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.717.

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Maraging steels have attractive combination of strength and toughness making them ideal choice for a number of structural applications. In one such application, this steel was used to fabricate shear bolts in an interstage of a satellite launch vehicle. Four numbers of these shear bolts were found to fail exactly at the head-shank interface under assembly condition. The failure has occurred when the structure was assembled with bolts to the specified torque of 43N-m. Detailed investigations revealed that the fasteners were under assembly loads and exposed to marine environment. The cracks initiated at the corrosion pits located at the head-shank interface propagated inwards in a transgranular mode. Fractography revealed brittle transgranular features with cleavage facets and corrosion products on the fracture surface. The EDS analysis at the corrosion pits near the fracture edge indicated the presence of chlorine. Based on detailed metallurgical analysis, it was concluded that the shear bolts failed due to the “Stress Corrosion Cracking”.

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32

Goss, David C. "High strength fasteners cold forged out of work hardening steel." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 98, no. 2 (January 2000): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(99)00189-2.

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Beck, Hermann, and Michael D. Engelhardt. "Net Section Efficiency of Steel Coupons with Power Actuated Fasteners." Journal of Structural Engineering 128, no. 1 (January 2002): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2002)128:1(12).

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Saliby, F., S. Brahimi, S. Rajagopalan, and S. Yue. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Bainite for High Strength Steel Fasteners." Materials Performance and Characterization 6, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 20170060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20170060.

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35

Bursi, O. S. "Elastic-plastic modeling of structural fasteners for steel bracing connections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 30, no. 1 (January 1994): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(94)90075-2.

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36

Filippov, A. A., G. V. Pachurin, N. А. Kuz’min, Yu I. Mat¬veev, and V. B. Deev. "EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF ROLLED STEEL FOR COLD VOLUME FORGING." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-7-551-556.

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Metal products obtained by cold heading from rolled metal are used in all branches of mechanical engineering. Its quality is estimated by the required chemical composition and plasticity, the absence of a dispersion of mechanical characteristics along the entire length, the absence of internal and surface defects. The competitive advantage of metalware is the result of optimization during all technological processes: from rolled metal smelting to heading of finished metalware. At the same time, to reduce costs and to achieve the required quality of metalware, an important condition is to ensure safety and to reduce the energy intensity and labor input of its manufacturing process. An important controlling role in this technological chain is the preparation of the material for its cold volume forging. High-strength fasteners, obtained in conditions of cold heading, are most often obtained from chromium steels. Recently, alternative boron-containing steels have been actively introduced. However, because of the possible formation of boron oxides and nitrides, which lead to a decrease in hardenability, they exhibit instability of thermal hardening during thermohardening of metal products. In addition, the rolled metal of chromium steels, as a rule, is cheaper by 12 – 16 %. And as the fact that foreign deliveries of such steels are associated with additional costs, the fasteners produced from boron-containing steel are obtained with even higher increase in value, which again shows the favor of chromium steels. The standard mechanical characteristics were obtained as well as the destruction criteria of 40Kh rolled steel, subjected to patenting in a nylon bath with different temperatures and subsequent drawing with different degrees of deformation during cobbing. The optimum mode of preparation of structure parameters and mechanical characteristics of rolled products before the operation of metalware cold volume forging was identified: patenting (temperature of salt bath of 400 °С) and drawing (deformation degree in the range of 5 – 10 %). It was established that treatment under this mode ensures the obtaining of the required quality of rolled products and is more preferable than the one that operates in production.

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37

Velickovic, Dragan. "Contribution to the design of bolted angle connection in the steel structures." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 3, no. 1 (2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0401001v.

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The paper presents the equations for the determination of the neutral axis position, when it is on the face, that is, on the bearing plate, and for the highest normal tensile stress in the fastener, as well as for the determination of highest and lowest normal compressive stress occurring on the face, that is bearing plate when the neutral axis is outside the face that is, the bearing plate. Which of these three possible cases will occur depends solely on the force field occurring in the given cross-section for the dimensioning of the joint. The connection is effected by the face or bearing plate, depending on the task being solved and the bolt fasteners. The expressions for the calculation of the said connections are derived for the general case when all three forces intersecting, M, T and N, in the cross section given for their dimensioning, are other than zero or any one of them is other than zero. The paper also presents a tabular presentation of the results for all of the three possible cases of the force fields, that is, the stress fields most frequently occurring in the civil engineering building practice at these joints.

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38

Xie, Haoran, Bin Yan, and Jie Huang. "Vertical Dynamic Analysis of Ballastless Tracks on Train-Track- Bridge System." MATEC Web of Conferences 306 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030602003.

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In order to investigate the vertical dynamic response characteristics of train-track-bridge system on CWR (Continunously Welded Rail) under dynamic load of train on HSR (High-Speed Railway) bridge. Based on the principle of vehicle train-track-bridge coupling dynamics, taking the 32m simply supported bridge of a section of Zhengzhou-Xuzhou Passenger Dedicated Line as an example, the finite element software ANSYS and the dynamic analysis software SIMPACK are used for co-simulation, and bridge model of the steel spring floating slab track and the CRTSIII ballastless track (China Railway Track System) considering the shock absorbing steel spring, the limit barricade and the contact characteristics of track structure layers are established. On this basis, in order to study the dynamic response laws of the design of ballastless track structure parameters to the system when the train crosses the bridge and provide the basis for the design and construction, by studying the influence of the speed of train on the bridge, the damage of fasteners and the parameters of track structure on the train-track-bridge system, the displacement of rail, vertical vibration acceleration and wheel-rail force response performance are analyzed. Studies have shown that: At the train speed of 40 km/h, the displacement and acceleration of the rail and track slab in the CRTSIII ballastless track are smaller than the floating slab track structure, but the floating slab track structure has better vibration reduction performance for bridges. The acceleration of rail, track slab and bridge increases obviously with the increase of train speed, the rail structure has the largest increasement. Reducing the stiffness of fasteners could decrease the vertical acceleration response of the steel spring floating slab track system, the ability to absorb shock can be enhanceed by reducing the stiffness of the fastener appropriately. Increasing the density of the floating slab can increase the vertical acceleration of the floating slab and the bridge, thereby decreasing the vibration amplitude of the system.

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KISHIKI, Shoichi, Anisa Jasmine APRIYADI, Nobuhiko TATSUMI, Eiichi WATANABE, Yukichi OKADA, Masaru HASEBE, and Takayuki IIJIMA. "APPLICATION OF POWER ACTUATED FASTENERS TO FRAMING COMPONENTS (PART 1): JOINT STRENGTH OF STEEL DECK WITH POWER ACTUATED FASTENERS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 86, no. 779 (2021): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.86.135.

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40

Ng, Adeline Ling Ying, and Zhi Yong Law. "Experimental Study of Cold-Formed Steel Moment Connections with Screw Fasteners." Materials Science Forum 950 (April 2019): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.950.85.

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A series of connection with screw fasteners were tested to study the behavior of cold-formed steel moment connection. The test specimens included hot-rolled parallel flange channels, cold-formed lipped C-Channels, and self-drilling self-fastening screws. Two different lipped C-Channels and a various number of screws per connection were used in this study. The moment-rotation behavior, rotational rigidity, and the connection capacity differed with the number of screws. The connection behaved as a pinned connection when 4 screws were used. However, local buckling was observed in the cold-formed steel sections near the connection when 8, 10 and 14 screws were used. The connection test results were compared with theoretical results calculated in accordance to the Australian Standards. None of the connection tested could achieve the moment capacity of the section connected.

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41

Zhang, Xue, Zhimin Wu, and Ye Cheng. "An approach of steel plate hybrid bonding technique to externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening system." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 155014771878645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718786455.

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The strengthening efficiency of externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer to concrete structure is usually limited owing to the unexpected debonding of fibre-reinforced polymer laminates. In this study, a new steel plate hybrid bonding technique was developed to supply additional anchorage for traditional externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening system. With this approach, the fibre-reinforced polymer debonding can be effectively prevented. Moreover, the stress concentration, which probably results in a premature fracture of fibre-reinforced polymer laminates as that performed for available hybrid bonding anchorage techniques, can be eliminated by introducing a steel plate between the mechanical fasteners and fibre-reinforced polymer strips. To verify the effect of this new method, 21 carbon fibre–reinforced polymer–strengthened beams were studied on the flexural behaviours. Test results showed that, compared to available hybrid bonding anchorage techniques, steel plate hybrid bonding is more capable of making the full use of fibre-reinforced polymer laminates and further enhance the ultimate capacity and ductility of externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer–strengthened beams. Based on the experimental results, the effect of interfacial treatment, ply of carbon fibre–reinforced polymer and mechanical fastener spacing on the failure mode and ultimate load ratio were discussed. Eventually, a simplified analytical procedure was proposed and verified to estimate the flexural resistance of steel plate hybrid bonding – fibre-reinforced polymer–strengthened beam.

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42

Bao, Wei, Li Tao Xing, and Jian Hui Qiu. "The Use of Cast Steel in Steel Structure." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1918.

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With the improvement of casting and material technology, cast steel is continuously used in practical engineering projects. Domestic and foreign scholars studied the performance of cast steel joints by experiment or the other methods and extended them to beam-column connections in steel frames. This paper mainly introduced the development of beam-column connection forms, the main problems in joint design, advantages and disadvantages of the joints with various forms, material properties and manufacturing process characteristics of cast steel, advantages of cast steel joints and fasteners, research status and achievements at home and abroad. The results show that compared with traditional connection forms, designers have full freedom to choose the shapes and the sizes, and joints made of cast steel have the best adaptability and changeability in different engineering practice, what’s more, they have no problems with welding residual stress and stress concentration. Compared with other materials, cast steel has more advantages such as flexible application, convenience of connections, small volume, low cost. In a word, cast steel has great research value and application potential in connections of steel structure.

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Djeumen, E., S. Chataigner, R. Créac'hcadec, Q. Sourisseau, M. O. Quéméré, J. P. Court, and F. Sayed. "Creep investigations on adhesively bonded fasteners developed for offshore steel structures." Marine Structures 69 (January 2020): 102660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102660.

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44

Fransplass, H., M. Langseth, and O. S. Hopperstad. "Tensile behaviour of threaded steel fasteners at elevated rates of strain." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2011): 946–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2011.07.006.

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45

Rogers, Colin A., and Robert Tremblay. "Inelastic Seismic Response of Frame Fasteners for Steel Roof Deck Diaphragms." Journal of Structural Engineering 129, no. 12 (December 2003): 1647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1647).

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46

Jha, Abhay K., K. Sreekumar, and P. P. Sinha. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of High Strength Steel Fasteners for Space Applications." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 10, no. 4 (May 19, 2010): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-010-9357-4.

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47

Chung, Ping Ping, James Wang, and Yvonne Durandet. "Deposition processes and properties of coatings on steel fasteners — A review." Friction 7, no. 5 (July 16, 2019): 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0304-4.

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48

Sorokin, A. A., Yu M. Palagin, V. V. Semenov, and T. P. Moskvina. "Experience of JSC “BelZAN” during Production of Boron-Containing Steel Fasteners." Steel in Translation 50, no. 10 (October 2020): 726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091220100101.

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Quan, Guan, Jun Ye, and Wenchao Li. "Computational modelling of Cold-formed steel lap joints with screw fasteners." Structures 33 (October 2021): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.04.062.

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50

Martin Charles, M., A. Gnanavelbabu, and K. Rajkumar. "Evaluation of Mechanical Property of Friction Welded EN24 Steel Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.108.

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EN24 steel is widely used in many engineering applications such as shaft, axle and fasteners due to high tensile strength and low cost. Friction welding is generally used to join the similar and dissimilar materials. The present work investigates on the mechanical properties of friction welded EN 24 steel joints. The effects of the four main parameters: friction duration, forging time, friction pressure and forging pressure on the mechanical properties of the weld such as hardness and axial shortening are studied experimentally and analyzed using ANOVA statistics.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel fasteners'

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