Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel melting

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Steel melting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel melting"

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Motlagh, M. "Desulphurization of Steel During Melting." JOM 37, no. 3 (March 1985): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258667.

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Specht, Eckehard, and Rudolf Jeschar. "Kinetics of steel melting in carbon-steel alloys." Steel Research 64, no. 1 (January 1993): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199300978.

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Kalandyk, B., and W. Wojtal. "Effects of Steel – Applied for Large-Dimension Castings for the Power Engineering – Refining in The Ladle-Furnace." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0071.

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Abstract The changes of a sulphur content during refining in melting low-alloy and high-alloy steels (G17CrMoV5-10; GX12CrMoNiVNbN9-1) applied for large-dimension castings for the power engineering are presented in the hereby paper. The investigated steel was melted in the oxygen-recovery melting technology with an application of maximum 70% of the process scrap. In addition, after steel melting in the electric arc furnace (EAF), the secondary metallurgy was performed in the ladle furnace (LF). It was shown that the application of the secondary metallurgy by a synthetic slag in the ladle furnace and argon bubbling of a metal bath leads to obtaining in the final analysis: 0.0043-0.0046% of sulphur (a decrease of S content during refining in LF reached 40%). Current measurements of FeO in the slag and maintaining its content below 0.8%, support obtaining such low sulphur content in steel. So low level of the slag oxidizing is one of the necessary conditions for a deep desulphurisation of the metal bath. Without the secondary metallurgy the sulphur content in low-alloy cast steel was 0.007%, while 0.01% in high-alloy cast steel. Controlling of the gas (oxygen, nitrogen) content during steel melting and correcting the amount of additions (e.g. deoxidants), allowed to obtain the low oxygen content (below 45 ppm for two investigated steel grades) and nitrogen content (88 ppm for low-alloy steel and 330 ppm for high-alloy steel), which warrants a good combination of strength and plastic properties.
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Zhang, Liuyi, and Franz Oeters. "Melting and dissolution of high-melting alloys in steel melts." Steel Research 71, no. 5 (May 2000): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200005704.

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Li, Jianghua, and Nikolas Provatas. "Kinetics of Scrap Melting in Liquid Steel: Multipiece Scrap Melting." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 39, no. 2 (March 20, 2008): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-007-9102-x.

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Lan, Fangjie, Changling Zhuang, Changrong Li, Guangkai Yang, and Hanjie Yao. "Effect of Calcium Treatment on Inclusions in H08A Welding Rod Steel." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081227.

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The effect of calcium treatment on inclusions in H08A welding rod steel was studied by industrial experiment and using thermodynamics theory. The effects of inclusion composition, morphology, quantity, and size in H08A welding rod steel before and after calcium treatment were studied by metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Thermodynamic studies show that the addition of calcium can form various forms of xCaO·yAl2O3, under the condition that the composition of molten steel remains unchanged, the control of calcium content is the key to generate low melting point calcium-aluminate complex non-metallic inclusions and improve the quality of molten steel. The production practice in steel plant shows that for welding rod steels, the calcium content in a suitable range can meet the requirements of calcium treatment. Effective calcium treatment can not only transform the high melting point Al2O3 inclusions into the low melting point complex non-metallic inclusions between 3CaO·Al2O3 and 12CaO·7Al2O3, but also make the original shape-diversified inclusions into the spherical calcium-aluminate complex non-metallic inclusions. Meanwhile, the total number of inclusions and large-scale inclusions in welding rod steel are reduced, and the inclusions tend to disperse in the steel, which is very conducive to the improvement of steel quality. The results show that the modification path of magnesium aluminate spinel in steel is as follows: Al2O3 → MgO-Al2O3 → MgO-CaO-Al2O3. In addition, calcium treatment can modify MgO-Al2O3 spinel in steel into liquid MgO-CaO-Al2O3 complex non-metallic inclusions with low melting point.
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Sufiiarov, Vadim, Evgenii Borisov, and Igor A. Polozov. "Investigation of Functional Graded Steel Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.563.

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The article presents the results of a study on the additive manufacturing of functional graded steel parts. Studies have been carried out on the possibility of growing blanks from two steels simultaneously – tool steel H13 and stainless steel 316L. The study of the microstructure of the transition from one steel to another showed that the transition layer is smooth and is about 200 microns thick. The mechanical properties in the transition layer are distributed over the gradient and smoothly change from one material to another. The structure and properties of the transition layer after heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing are shown.
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Chen, Jun, Xin Teng Liang, Jian Hua Zeng, and Wei He. "Research on Low-Phosphorus Steel Melting by Semi-Steel." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.165.

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In this study, double-slag method is used to melt low-phosphorous steel by semi-steel. The results show that, the average phosphorous content of the aimed molten iron of BOF is 0.0052% and after the first slag pure-out, the dephosphorization rate is 56.2%, while the total dephosphorization rate of BOF melting is 92.46%, rang from 91% to 93.4%. Low phosphorous content alloy and slag-stopping tapping technology is adopted and rephosphorization of molten iron is controlled in 0.002%. Finally the average phosphorous of the finished product is 0.0064%, range form 0.0055% to 0.0071%, which means that Pangang Group can produce the steel with phosphorous content is less than 0.008%.
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Zhang, Song, Xu Bian, Yu Hang Ren, Chao Wang, and Chun Hua Zhang. "Effects of Laser Melting Treatment on Cavitation Erosion of 17-4PH Steel." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.700.

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Cavitation erosion behavior of 17-4PH steel used for large turbine blades and laser surface melting layer were investigated in simulated seawater 3.5%NaCl solution through an ultrasonic vibration system. The microstructure and the eroded surface and cross-section morphology were observed by SEM and OM, then the results were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the microstructures of 17-4PH stainless steels consist of martensitic matrix, ferrite and residual austenite. Compared with 17-4PH substrate, it found the microstructure of laser surface melting treatment became dense and homogenous, the microhardness increased 80HV. During cavitation test, the cavitation incubation period of laser surface melting sample raised 1 time than 17-4PH steel, and enhanced its cavitation resistance through fine grain strengthening.
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Baba Srinivas, Adhikarla, Santosh Kumar Sar, Shweta Singh, and Santosh Yadav. "Solid Waste management from Steel Melting Shop." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.55.

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- Production of steel in steel Industry is accomplice for the generation of solid waste materials like sludge, slag, dust etc. In recent days most part of wastes are generated from steelmaking process which is a focus point now-a-days. The solid waste generation, presently in Indian steel industry is in the range of 400 - 500 kg/t of crude steel and recycling rate varies between 40 - 70 % which lead to higher production costs, lower productivity and further environmental degradation. It is very essential not only for recycling of the waste valuable metals and mineral resources but also to protect the environment. I Solid waste management in steel industry is broadly classified in “4 R” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restore the materials. The aim of the paper is to explore the various developments for total recycling of solid waste generated from steel industry, so that the vision for making “clean & green steel with zero waste” can be achieved for survival and growth of steel business in future. Keywords—Steel, Reuse, recycle, solid waste, sustainable development.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel melting"

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Lamb, M. "Laser surface melting of stainless steel." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37753.

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Cooper, Daniel. "Reuse of steel and aluminium without melting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245141.

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Carbon dioxide emissions must be dramatically reduced to avoid the potentially dangerous effects of climate change. The steel and aluminium industries produce large amounts of carbon dioxide, accounting for 6% of anthropogenic emissions. Previous studies have shown that in these industries there is limited scope for further improvements in energy efficiency. Material efficiency strategies can, however, further reduce emissions. This thesis focuses on materially efficient reuse without melting. A scoping study of current reuse found three opportunities, an examination of which forms the basis of this thesis: reusing components at end of product life; extending the lifespan of products; and reusing manufacturing scrap. The opportunity to reuse components has received little attention to date and there is no clearly defined set of strategies or barriers to enable assessment of appropriate component reuse; neither is it possible to predict future levels of reuse. This thesis presents a global assessment of the potential for reusing steel and aluminium components. A combination of top-down and bottom-up analyses is used to allocate the final destinations of current global steel and aluminium production to final products. A substantial catalogue has been compiled for these products characterizing key features of steel and aluminium components including design specifications, requirements in use, and current reuse patterns. To estimate the fraction of end-of-life metal components that could be reused for each product, the catalogue formed the basis of a set of semi-structured interviews with industrial experts. The results suggest that approximately 30% of steel and aluminium used in current products could be reused. Barriers against reuse are examined, prompting recommendations for redesign that would facilitate future reuse. In order to understand how product lifespans can be extended it must first be understood why products are replaced. A simple framework with which to analyse failure is applied to the products that dominate steel use, finding that they are often replaced because a component/sub-assembly becomes degraded, inferior, unsuitable or worthless. In light of this, four products, which are representative of high steel content products in general, are analysed at the component level, determining profiles of cumulative steel mass over the lifespan of each product. The results show that the majority of the steel components are underexploited – still functioning when the product is discarded. In particular, the potential lifespan of the steel-rich structure is typically much greater than its actual lifespan. Evidence from twelve case studies, in which product or component life has been increased, is used to tailor life-extension strategies to each reason for product failure, providing practical guidelines for designers. There is currently no commercial method of reusing small manufacturing scrap; however, previous research has demonstrated that extruded profiles can be created from small clean aluminium scrap, the scrap fragments solid-state welding together when extruded. In order to evaluate potential applications for these profiles four case studies are conducted in collaboration with aluminium producers and product manufacturers. It was found that strong and formable profiles could be produced from scrap. However, contaminated scrap sources, unreliable bonding and poor surface quality limited their potential for commercial use. No model exists for solid-state weld strength that is applicable to scrap extrusion. This prevents optimisation of the existing extrusion process and the development of new, potentially better, processes. Subsequently, this thesis presents a new model of weld strength as a function of relevant deformation parameters. The model is evaluated using a new experiment in which the deformation conditions can be varied independently. The experiments establish the basic relationships between deformation parameters and weld strength. The model correctly predicts these trends with predicted weld strengths typically lying within the experimental error range. The technical assessment of reuse presented in this thesis demonstrates the scope of potential change. If implemented, the opportunities presented would greatly increase the reuse of steel and aluminium, reducing the emissions emitted from liquid metal production in conventional recycling.
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Hassani, Farideddin. "Mechanical behaviour of steel near the incipient melting temperature." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69719.

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A new method of incipient melting temperature (IMT) detection, continuous heating and fracture (CHF) method, has been developed in which a constant strain rate tensile or torsion deformation is applied to a specimen whose temperature is simultaneously increased. The IMT is determined in a single test and any phase transformations before the IMT will also be detected by the effects on the stress vs. strain behavior in the same experiment. This method also provides information about the effect of phase transformation and temperature on the mechanical behaviour of steel near the incipient melting temperature.
By means of such tests, the incipient melting behaviour of a series of steels with carbon levels from 0.031 to 0.45 wt% was examined. For the steels containing 0.08-0.097%C and about 1.5%Mn, it was found that incipient melting occurs in the two phase ($ gamma$+$ delta$) region in the temperature range from 1470-1480$ sp circ$C, and is significantly influenced by microalloying elements. In the ultra-low carbon steel (0.031%C), the IMT is in the single phase $ delta$ region at 1495 $ sp circ$C, and for the medium carbon steels containing 0.3-0.42%C (hyper-peritectic) it is in the $ gamma$ single phase in the temperature range of 1401-1414$ sp circ$C. Comparison between the IMT obtained from CHF testing and the solidus temperature calculated from K-O model showed that these two values are extremely close. Since there is no nucleation barrier for melting, it seems that the CHF testing can delineate the solidus temperature in steel. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Li, Jianghua Provatas Nikolas. "Kinetics of steel scrap melting in liquid steel bath in an electric arc furnace." *McMaster only, 2007.

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Roos, Stefan. "Process Development for Electron Beam Melting of 316LN Stainless Steel." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37840.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology that inverts the procedure of traditional machining. Instead of starting with a billet of material and removing unwanted parts, the AM manufacturing process starts with an empty workspace and proceeds to fill this workspace with material where it is desired, often in a layer-by-layer fashion. Materials available for AM processing include polymers, concrete, metals, ceramics, paper, photopolymers, and resins. This thesis is concerned with electron beam melting (EBM), which is a powder bed fusion technology that uses an electron beam to selectively melt a feedstock of fine powder to form geometries based on a computer-aided design file input. There are significant differences between EBM and conventional machining. Apart from the process differences, the ability to manufacture extremely complex parts almost as easily as a square block of material gives engineers the freedom to disregard complexity as a cost-driving factor. The engineering benefits of AM also include manufacturing geometries which were previously almost impossible, such as curved internal channels and complex lattice structures. Lattices are lightweight structures comprising a network of thin beams built up by multiplication of a three-dimensional template cell, or unit cell. By altering the dimensions and type of the unit cell, one can tailor the properties of the lattice to give it the desired behavior. Lattices can be made stiff or elastic, brittle or ductile, and even anisotropic, with different properties in different directions. This thesis focuses on alleviating one of the problems with EBM and AM, namely the relatively few materials available for processing. The method is to take a closer look at the widely used stainless steel 316LN, and investigate the possibility of processing 316LN powder via the EBM process into both lattices and solid material. The results show that 316LN is suitable for EBM processing, and a processing window is presented. The results also show that some additional work is needed to optimize the process parameters for increased tensile strength if the EBM-processed material is to match the yield strength of additively laser-processed 316L material.

Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 3 (inskickat).

At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 3 (submitted).

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Boegelein, Thomas. "Selective laser melting of a ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened steel." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2010620/.

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Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels contain a fine dispersion of nano-sized, typically Y based, oxide particles which result in the material displaying significantly better creep, irradiation and oxidation resistance when compared to conventional alloys. Thus, such materials are considered as candidate structural materials for a number of applications in the fossil and nuclear energy sectors and in other high-temperature applications. ODS steels are currently produced by powder metallurgy which includes mechanical alloying (MA) of master alloys or elemental powder, hot extrusion or hot isostatic pressing (HIP) followed by a final heat treatment. Recent studies revealed that Y added during MA in the form of yttria (Y2O3) breaks down and the elements go into supersaturated solution in the Fe matrix; and Y based dispersoids form during fabrication of the alloy. In this work, an additive manufacturing method, selective laser melting (SLM), was applied to as-MA ODS-PM2000 (Fe-19.0wt.%Cr-5.5Al-0.5Ti-0.5Y2O3) powder. SLM produces almost fully dense solid freeform components by successively melting thin layers of metal powder. In order to investigate the feasibility of SLM in an ODS alloy environment, a number of builds were fabricated. These included a complex thin walled structure, coatings on Inconel IN939 (Ni-22.5wt.%Cr-19.0Co-3.7Ti-2W-1.9Al-1.0Nb-1.4Ta-0.15C), a nickel based superalloy, and optimised wall and solid builds. A wide range of microstructural and mechanical characterisation techniques were carried out on these builds with the focus to study the fundamentals of SLM in ODS environment. The most important finding of this work was that a fine homogeneous dispersion of globular shaped nanoscopic particulates could be retained in the SLM build configurations investigated. Indications were found that there is a very low number of dispersoids in the deposited layer after it was put down. Repeated heating cycles during SLM deposition of further slices resulted in coarsening and growth of existing precipitates, but probably also in nucleation and growth of new dispersoids in the α-Fe matrix. Such heating cycles and post-build annealing trials resulted in modification of initially multiphased dispersoid compounds including originally a number of elements, such as O, Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Fe and Y, into structures having significantly increased concentrations of Al and Y. After post-build annealing, the particles were most frequently of the compound type yttrium aluminium monoclinic, Y4Al2O9. SLM processing parameters were developed leading to a relative density of >99.5 % for wall builds having different thicknesses and of >98.5 % for solid builds. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was conducted and revealed a strong [001] fibre texture along the growth direction of a wall build. For annealed walls, values of the 0.2% offset yield strength YS0.2 up to those of recrystallized conventional produced PM2000 could be achieved. Fracture behaviour and the individual key parameters determined, YS0.2 and Young's modulus were anisotropic due to this texture. In coatings, Y-rich dispersoids could be retained. When oxidised isothermally in laboratory air at 1100°, the SLM deposit PM2000 formed a mainly α-Al2O3 (alumina) scale, which was similar to conventionally fabricated PM2000. Oxidation at 870°C, however, resulted in different scale morphologies between both variants. Those were Al-rich equiaxed structures and nodules and Ti-rich needles for conventional PM2000. On the other hand, the SLM material exhibited Al-rich platelet structures and Al-rich equiaxed crystals in pores. The observations of this work confirmed the feasibility of SLM in ODS alloy environment, which may motivate further studies in this field.
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Quintino, L. "Fusion characteristics in P-GMAW of mild steel." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.483022.

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Trudel, Alain. "Effects of decarburization on the incipient melting temperature of AISI 4140 steel." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22836.

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The continuous heating to fracture test (CHF) developed at McGill was used to study the effect of decarburization on the incipient melting temperature. In the CHF test, a sample was deformed at a constant true strain rate, while its temperature is increased at a constant rate. This test allows the incipient melting temperature to be determined using a single test, instead of the several required by isothermal tensile testing. An isothermal decarburization step, to create a decarburized layer at the surface of the sample, was added prior to the CHF test.
Analysis of the true stress vs temperature curves obtained by CHF testing allows the incipient melting temperature to be determined. Optical metallography was used to determine the effect of decarburization time on the observed depth of decarburization. The heat transfer characteristics of induction heating were studied, since this heating technique is known to create a significant temperature gradient at the surface of the piece being heated. Since the decarburized layer is in the high temperature zone, and also has a higher melting point due to its lower carbon content, it plays an important role in the melting process.
A phenomenological model was derived to describe the melting process. It allows for both the temperature gradient due to induction heating and the melting point gradient due to decarburization. The hypothesis is advanced that melting takes place at the position, within the sample, where the temperature profile crosses the incipient melting temperature gradient. From this study, it appears that decarburization acts so as to limit the risk of hot shortness on a workpiece being forged at high temperatures. This is because decarburization raises the IMT, and in this way widens the temperature window of optimum workability.
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Salman, Omar. "Selective laser melting of 316L stainless steel and related composites: processing and properties." Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34253.

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Unter den verschiedenen additiven Fertigungsverfahren stellt das selektive Laserschmelzen (SLM) eine optimale Technologie für die Herstellung von metallischen Bauteilen mit komplexen Geometrien und hervorragenden Eigenschaften dar. SLM-Bauteile werden Schicht für Schicht mit hochenergetischen Laserstrahlen hergestellt, was das SLM flexibler als konventionelle Produktionstechnologien wie das Gießen macht. Die beim SLM auftretenden schnellen Aufheiz-/Kühlraten können zu deutlich unterschiedlichen Gefügen im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Herstellungsverfahren führen. Die beim SLM entstehenden Hochtemperaturgradienten können sich weiterhin positiv auf die Gefügeentstehung (Phasenbildung, Morphologie, …) und damit auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften der SLM-Bauteile auswirken. Darüber hinaus können die mit SLM gefertigten Teile mit der Notwendigkeit einer minimalen Nachbearbeitung in den Einsatz genommen werden. Bisher wurden mehrere Studien zu den Parametern: Optimierung oder Verarbeitung von Verbundwerkstoffen mit fehlerfreien Teilen durchgeführt Die Scanstrategie hat dabei einen besonders großen Einfluss bei der Materialbearbeitung durch die additive Fertigung. Die Optimierung der Scanstrategie ist daher von zentraler Bedeutung für die Synthese von Materialien mit verbesserten physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Wirkung von vier verschiedenen Scanning-Strategien auf das Gefüge und das mechanische Verhalten von 316L Edelstahl, synthetisiert durch selektives Laserschmelzen (SLM). Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Scanstrategie einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Phasenbildung und die Art des Gefüges hat, die während der SLM-Verarbeitung entsteht: Austenit ist die einzige Phase, die sich bildet, und alle Proben weisen eine zelluläre Morphologie auf. Die Scanstrategie beeinflusst jedoch erheblich die charakteristische Größe von Zellen und Körnern, die wiederum der Hauptfaktor für die Festigkeit unter Zugbelastung zu sein scheint. Andererseits haben Eigenspannungen offenbar keinen Einfluss auf die quasi-statischen mechanischen Eigenschaften der Proben. Das mit einem Streifenmuster mit Konturstrategie hergestellte Material weist das feinste Gefüge und die beste Kombination mechanischer Eigenschaften auf: Streckgrenze und Bruchdehnung liegen bei 550 MPa und 1010 MPa und die plastische Verformung bei über 50 %. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt für die Anwendung des mittels SLM synthetisierten 316L-Stahls ist seine thermische Stabilität. Daher wurde der Einfluss des Glühens bei verschiedenen Temperaturen (573, 873, 1273, 1373 und 1673 K) auf die Stabilität der Phasen, der Zusammensetzung und des Gefüges des 316L-Edelstahls untersucht, der unter Verwendung des Streifenmuster mit Konturstrategie hergestellt wurde. Darüber hinaus wurden die durch die Wärmebehandlung induzierten Veränderungen genutzt, um die entsprechenden Variationen der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Proben unter Zugbelastung zu verstehen. Das Glühen hat keinen Einfluss auf die Phasenbildung: Bei allen hier untersuchten Proben wird ein einphasiger Austenit beobachtet. Darüber hinaus ändert das Glühen nicht die zufällige kristallographische Orientierung, die im Material nach der Synthese beobachtet wird. Das komplexe zelluläre Gefüge mit feinen Subkornstrukturen, die für die as-SLM-Proben im Ausgangszustand charakteristisch sind, ist bis zu 873 K stabil. Die Zellgröße nimmt mit steigender Glühtemperatur zu, bis das zelluläre Gefüge bei hohen Temperaturen nicht mehr beobachtet werden kann (T ≥ 1273 K). Die Festigkeit der Proben nimmt mit steigender Glühtemperatur durch die mikrostrukturelle Vergröberung ab. Die ausgezeichnete Kombination von Festigkeit und Duktilität des Materials im Ausgangszustand ist auf das komplexe zelluläre Gefüge und die Subkörner sowie die Fehlausrichtung zwischen Körnern, Zellen, Zellwänden und Subkörnern zurückzuführen. Mit dem Ziel, das mechanische Verhalten des 316L-Stahls weiter zu verbessern, wird der Einfluss harter Partikel einer zweiten Phase auf das Gefüge und die damit verbundenen mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Dazu wurde mittels SLM ein Verbund aus einer 316L-Stahlmatrix und 5 Vol.% CeO2-Partikeln hergestellt. Die SLM-Parameter, die zu einer fehlerfreien 316L-Matrix führen, sind für die Herstellung von 316L/CeO2-Verbundproben nicht geeignet. Hochdichte Verbundproben können jedoch durch sorgfältige Einstellung der Laserscangeschwindigkeit unter Beibehaltung der anderen Parameter prozessiert werden. Die Zugabe der CeO2-Verstärkung verändert die Phasenbildung nicht, beeinflusst aber das Gefüge des Verbundwerkstoffs, welches im Vergleich zum partikelfreien 316L-Material deutlich verfeinert ist. Das verfeinerte Gefüge bewirkt eine signifikante Verstärkung im Verbund, ohne die plastische Verformung zu beeinträchtigen. Die Analyse des Einflusses einer zweiten Phase wird fortgesetzt, indem untersucht wird, wie TiB2-Partikel das Gefüge und die mechanischen Eigenschaften eines 316L-Edelstahls beeinflussen, der durch selektives Laserschmelzen hergestellt wird. Das für die unverstärkte 316L-Matrix charakteristische komplexe zelluläre Gefüge mit feinen Subkörnern ist in allen Proben zu finden. Die Zugabe der TiB2-Partikel reduziert die Größe der Körner und Zellen erheblich. Darüber hinaus sind die TiB2-Partikel in der 316L-Matrix homogen dispergiert und bilden kreisförmige Ausscheidungen mit einer Größe von etwa 50-100 nm entlang der Korngrenzen. Diese mikrostrukturellen Merkmale führen zu einer signifikanten Verfestigung im Vergleich zu den unverstärkten 316L-Proben. Diese Ergebnisse belegen, dass SLM erfolgreich zur Synthese von Verbundwerkstoffen aus dem Edelstahl 316L mit herausragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zu einer unverstärkten 316L-Stahlmatrix eingesetzt werden kann. Dies könnte dazu beitragen, den Einsatz von SLM bei der Herstellung von Stahlmatrix-Verbundwerkstoffen für die Automobilindustrie, die Luft- und Raumfahrt und zahlreiche andere Anwendungen zu erweitern.
Among the different additive manufacturing processes, selective laser melting (SLM) represents an optimal choice for the fabrication of metallic components with complex geometries and superior properties. SLM parts are built layer-by-layer using high-energy laser beams, making SLM more flexible than conventional processing techniques, like casting. The fast heating/cooling rates occurring during SLM can result in remarkably different microstructures compared with conventional manufacturing processes. The high-temperature gradients characterising SLM can also have a positive effect on the microstructures and, in turn, on the mechanical properties of the SLM parts. Additionally, the SLM parts can be put into use with the necessity of minimal post-processing treatments. To date, a number of studies have been devoted to the parameters optimization or processing of composite materials with defect-free parts. The scanning strategy is one of the most influential parameters in materials processing by additive manufacturing. Optimization of the scanning strategy is thus of primary importance for the synthesis of materials with enhanced physical and mechanical properties. Accordingly, this thesis examines the effect of four different scanning strategies on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of 316L stainless steel synthesized by selective laser melting (SLM). The results indicate that the scanning strategy has negligible influence on phase formation and the type of microstructure established during SLM processing: austenite is the only phase formed and all specimens display a cellular morphology. The scanning strategy, however, considerably affects the characteristic size of cells and grains that, in turn, appears to be the main factor determining the strength under tensile loading. On the other hand, residual stresses apparently have no influence on the quasi-static mechanical properties of the samples. The material fabricated using a stripe with contour strategy displays the finest microstructure and the best combination of mechanical properties: yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are about 550 and 1010 MPa and plastic deformation exceeds 50 %. Another important aspect for the application of 316L steel synthesized by SLM is its thermal stability. Therefore, the influence of annealing at different temperatures (573, 873, 1273, 1373 and 1673 K) on the stability of phases, composition and microstructure of 316L stainless steel fabricated by using the stripe with contour strategy has been investigated. Moreover, the changes induced by the heat treatment have been used to understand the corresponding variations of the mechanical properties of the specimens under tensile loading. Annealing has no effect on phase formation: a single-phase austenite is observed in all specimens investigated here. In addition, annealing does not change the random crystallographic orientation observed in the as-synthesized material. The complex cellular microstructure with fine subgrain structures characteristic of the as-SLM specimens is stable up to 873 K. The cell size increases with increasing annealing temperature until the cellular microstructure can no longer be observed at high temperatures (T ≥ 1273 K). The strength of the specimens decreases with increasing annealing temperature as a result of the microstructural coarsening. The excellent combination of strength and ductility exhibited by the as-synthesized material can be ascribed to the complex cellular microstructure and subgrains along with the misorientation between grains, cells, cell walls and subgrains. With the aim of further improving the mechanical behaviour of 316L steel, this works examines the effect of hard second-phase particles on microstructure and related mechanical properties. For this, a composite consisting of a 316L steel matrix and 5 vol.% CeO2 particles was fabricated by SLM. The SLM parameters leading to a defect-free 316L matrix are not suitable for the production of 316L/CeO2 composite specimens. However, highly-dense composite samples can be synthesized by carefully adjusting the laser scanning speed, while keeping the other parameters constant. The addition of the CeO2 reinforcement does not alter phase formation, but it affects the microstructure of the composite, which is significantly refined compared with the unreinforced 316L material. The refined microstructure induces significant strengthening in the composite without deteriorating the plastic deformation. The analysis of the effect of a second phase is continued by investigating how TiB2 particles influence the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 316L stainless steel synthesized by selective laser melting. The complex cellular microstructure with fine subgrains characteristic of the unreinforced 316L matrix is found in all samples. The addition of the TiB2 particles reduces significantly the sizes of the grains and cells. Furthermore, the TiB2 particles are homogeneously dispersed in the 316L matrix and they form circular precipitates with sizes around 50-100 nm along the grain boundaries. These microstructural features induce significant strengthening compared with the unreinforced 316L specimens. These findings prove that SLM can be successfully used to synthesize 316L stainless steel matrix composites with overall superior mechanical properties in comparison with the unreinforced 316L steel matrix. This might help to extend the use of SLM to fabricate steel matrix composites for automotive, aerospace and numerous other applications.
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Liu, Bochuan. "Further process understanding and prediction on selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13550.

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a group of manufacturing technologies which are capable to produce 3D solid parts by adding successive layers of material. Parts are fabricated in an additive manner, layer by layer; and the geometric data can be taken from a CAD model directly. The main revolutionary aspect of AM is the ability of quickly producing complex geometries without the need of tooling, allowing for greater design freedom. As one of AM methods, Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a process for producing metal parts with minimal subtractive post-processing required. It relies on the generation and distribution of laser generated heat to raise the temperature of a region of a powder bed to above the melting point. Due to high energy input to enable full melting of the powder bed materials, SLM is able to build fully dense metal parts without post heat treatment and other processing. Successful fabrications of parts by SLM require a comprehensive understanding of the main process controlling parameters such as energy input, powder bed properties and build conditions, as well as the microstructure formation procedure as it can strongly affect the final mechanical properties. It is valuable to control the parts' microstructure through controlling the process parameters to obtain acceptable mechanical properties for end-users. In the SLM process, microstructure characterisation strongly depends on the thermal history of the process. The temperature distribution in the building area can significantly influence the melting pool behaviour, solidification process and thermal mechanical properties of the parts. Therefore, it is important to have an accurate prediction of the temperature distribution history during the process. The aim of this research is to gain a better understanding of process control parameters in SLM process, and to develop a modelling methodology for the prediction of microstructure forming procedure. The research is comprised of an experiment and a finite element modelling part. Experimentation was carried out to understand the effect of each processing control parameters on the final part quality, and characterise the model inputs. Laser energy input, build conditions and powder bed properties were investigated. Samples were built and tested to gain the knowledge of the relationship between samples' density and mechanical properties and each process control factor. Heat transfer model inputs characterisation, such as defining and measuring the material properties, input loads and boundary conditions were also carried out via experiment. For the predictive modelling of microstructure, a methodology for predicting the temperature distribution history and temperature gradient history during the SLM process has been developed. Moving heat source and states variable material properties were studied and applied to the heat transfer model for reliable prediction. Multi-layers model were established to simulate the layer by layer process principles. Microstructure was predicted by simulated melting pool behaviour and the history of three dimensional temperature distribution and temperature gradient distribution. They were validated by relevant experiment examination and measurement.
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Books on the topic "Steel melting"

1

Blunden, Simon. Melting down the steel town: Corby community and culture in the process of recovery 1980-1990. Sheffield: Sheffield City Polytechnic, Department of Historical and Critical Studies, 1990.

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Practical design of steel structures: Based on Eurocode 3 (with case studies) : a multibay melting shop and finishing mill building. Dunbeath: Whittles Publishing, 2010.

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George, Harry, ed. Scrap preheating and melting in steelmaking. Warrendale, PA: Iron and Steel Society, 1986.

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Melting and Mixing of Alloying Agents in Steel Melts. Woodhead Publishing, 1999.

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Bearing and gear steels for aerospace applications. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Harvey, D. S. Research into the Melting/refining of Contaminated Steel Scrap Arising in the Dismantling of Nuclear Installations. European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1990.

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Gomer, C. R., and J. T. Lambley. Melting of Contaminated Steel Scrap Arising in the Dismantling of Nuclear Power Plants (Nuclear Science and Technology). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1985.

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Schuster, E., and E. W. Haas. Behaviour of Actinides and Other Radionuclides That Are Difficult to Measure in the Melting of Contaminated Steel. European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel melting"

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Toulouevski, Yuri N., and Ilyaz Y. Zinurov. "EAF in Global Steel Production; Energy and Productivity Problems." In Fuel Arc Furnace (FAF) for Effective Scrap Melting, 1–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5885-1_1.

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Mirring, Patrick, Andreas Rottmann, and Carsten Merklein. "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of M50NiL—Enabling Increased Degrees of Freedom in New Design Concepts." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 12th Volume, Progress in Bearing Steel Metallurgical Testing and Quality Assurance, 261–76. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162320190071.

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Deng, Junxian, Xin Li, and Feng Deng. "The Melting Treatment of Radioactive Steel Scrap from Decommissioning Nuclear Facility." In Proceedings of The 20th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference, 589–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2314-9_53.

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Rodriguez, J., E. Hoyos, F. Conde, A. L. Jardini, J. P. Oliveira, and J. Avila. "Microstructural Characterization of Maraging 300 Steel Fabricated by Select Laser Melting." In TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 189–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65261-6_17.

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Ara, Ismat, X. W. Tangpong, and Fardad Azarmi. "Microstructural Characteristics of Stainless Steel 316L Processed by Selective Laser Melting Technology." In TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 405–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_38.

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Roberts, I. A., C. J. Wang, K. A. Kibble, M. Stanford, and D. J. Mynors. "Numerical and Experimental Studies on the Laser Melting of Steel Plate Surfaces." In Proceedings of the 36th International MATADOR Conference, 535–38. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-432-6_118.

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Zheng, Mingyue, Shaoming Zhang, Jun Xu, Jinhui Zhang, Qiang Hu, Huijun He, and Xinming Zhao. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 1.2709 Die Steel by Selective Laser Melting." In High Performance Structural Materials, 35–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0104-9_5.

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Almangour, B., Dariusz Grzesiak, and J. M. Yang. "Selective Laser Melting of TiB2/H13 Steel Bulk Nanocomposites: Influence of Nanoscale Reinforcment." In TMS 2016: 145thAnnual Meeting & Exhibition: Supplemental Proceedings, 167–76. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274896.ch21.

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Chen, Yu Hua, Xiao Chun Wu, and Yongan Min. "Comparison of Property of Dynamic Melting-Loss H13 Steel by Different Surface Treatment." In Key Engineering Materials, 2155–58. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.2155.

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Almangour, B., Dariusz Grzesiak, and J. M. Yang. "Selective Laser Melting of TiB2/H13 Steel Bulk Nanocomposites: Influence of Nanoscale Reinforcment." In TMS 2016 145th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 171–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48254-5_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel melting"

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Vilar, R., and R. Colaço. "Laser surface melting of 440C tool steel." In ICALEO® ‘91: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Symposium. Laser Institute of America, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058470.

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Quade, Ulrich. "Radiological Characterization of Steel Scrap Recycling by Melting." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1139.

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Abstract Recycling of slightly radioactively contaminated steel scrap from nuclear installations to waste containers, shieldings or any other components for the nuclear cycle is practice in Germany since the early 90ies. To qualify the process, characterization of the radiological inventories in metal, slag and filter dust as well as metallurgical analysis is necessary. Therefore samples from the melt, slag and filter dust are taken to be analyzed by gammaspectroscopy. Alpha and beta emitting radionuclide inventories are calculated based on the typical nuclide ratio of the nuclear facility where the scrap results from. Activity distribution factors for each radio element are empirical values based on the melting of about 10,000 t of steel scrap with various nuclide ratios. High decontamination of the metal can be achieved for uranium, thorium, plutonium, cesium and strontium, which allows free release of the metal in most cases. For Co60 — the main radionuclide in reactor scrap — the decontamination by melting is limited and in most cases the strong criteria for free release can not be yielded. Such metal can be used for manufacturing cast iron components like containers or shieldings. To manage the expected large amount of metallic waste resulting from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities recycling is well developed and accepted in Germany. By the high cost of intermediate and final storage of nuclear waste recycling is a very economical alternative (3, 4).
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Patuzzi, Alexander A. "Metallurgical Recycling of Old Cars - A Steel Melting Process." In 1995 Total Life Cycle Conference and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/951838.

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Magee, K. H., and V. E. Merchant. "Laser surface melting and subsequent treatment of 440C stainless steel." In ICALEO® ‘96: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058999.

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Vilar, R., R. Sabino, and M. A. Almeida. "Laser surface melting of sintered AISI T15 high-speed steel." In ICALEO® ‘91: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Symposium. Laser Institute of America, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058469.

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Cheng, Zhichao, Chi Tat Kwok, and Kin Ho Lo. "Laser surface melting of 17-4 PH precipitation-hardenable stainless steel." In PICALO 2010: 4th Pacific International Conference on Laser Materials Processing, Micro, Nano and Ultrafast Fabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5057183.

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Li, Chaowen, Yong Wang, Bin Han, Tao Han, and Huanxiao Zhan. "Numerical simulation of multi-track laser surface melting of 42CrMo steel." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccda.2010.5541083.

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Gao Feiyan and Tang Yaogeng. "The digital isotopic level gauge for the mould of melting steel." In 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2008.4604987.

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Murray, P. T., S. B. Fairchild, T. C. Back, D. Gortat, M. Sparkes, G. J. Gruen, and N. P. Lockwood. "Laser surface melting of stainless steel anodes for reduced hydrogen outgassing." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2016.7534065.

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Fateri, Miranda, Andreas Gebhardt, and Maziar Khosravi. "Numerical Investigation of Selective Laser Melting Process for 904L Stainless Steel." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86964.

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Selective Laser Melting process (SLM) is an important manufacturing method for producing complex geometries which allows for creation of full density parts with similar properties as the bulk material without extensive post processing. In SLM process, laser power, beam focus diameter, and scanning velocity must be precisely set based on the material properties in order to produce dense parts. In this study, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method is employed in order to simulate and analyze a single layer of 904L Stainless Steel. A three-dimensional transient thermal model of the SLM process based on phase change enthalpy, irradiation scattering, and heat conductivity of powder is developed. The laser beam is modeled as a moving heat flux on the surface of the layer using a fine mesh which allows for a variation of the shape and distribution of the beam. In this manner, various Gaussian distributions are investigated and compared against single and multi-element heat flux sources. The melt pool and temperature distribution in the part are numerically investigated in order to determine the effects of varying laser intensity, scanning velocity as well as preheating temperature. The results of the simulation are verified by comparing the melt pool width as a function of power and velocity against the experimentally obtained results. Lastly, 3D objects are fabricated with a SLM 50 Desktop machine using the acquired optimized process parameters.
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Reports on the topic "Steel melting"

1

Troncosa, Kenneth P., Brandon M. Smith, and Tina Joan Tanaka. Ferritic steel melt and FLiBe/steel experiment : melting ferritic steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/975251.

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Dr. Von L. Richards. Energy Saving Melting and Revert Reduction (E-SMARRT): Precision Casting of Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1028211.

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Kuyucak, Selcuk, and Delin Li. Energy Saving Melting and Revert Reduction Technology (Energy-SMARRT): Clean Steel Casting Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1126492.

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DuPont, John N., Jeffrey D. Farren, Andrew W. Stockdale, and Brett M. Leister. Energy Saving Melting and Revert Reduction (E-SMARRT): Optimization of Heat Treatments on Stainless Steel Castings for Improved Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1045448.

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Engineering study for a melting, casting, rolling and fabrication facility for recycled contaminated stainless steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/142501.

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