Journal articles: 'Steel melting'

1

Motlagh, M. "Desulphurization of Steel During Melting." JOM 37, no. 3 (March 1985): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258667.

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2

Specht, Eckehard, and Rudolf Jeschar. "Kinetics of steel melting in carbon-steel alloys." Steel Research 64, no. 1 (January 1993): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199300978.

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Kalandyk, B., and W. Wojtal. "Effects of Steel – Applied for Large-Dimension Castings for the Power Engineering – Refining in The Ladle-Furnace." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0071.

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Abstract The changes of a sulphur content during refining in melting low-alloy and high-alloy steels (G17CrMoV5-10; GX12CrMoNiVNbN9-1) applied for large-dimension castings for the power engineering are presented in the hereby paper. The investigated steel was melted in the oxygen-recovery melting technology with an application of maximum 70% of the process scrap. In addition, after steel melting in the electric arc furnace (EAF), the secondary metallurgy was performed in the ladle furnace (LF). It was shown that the application of the secondary metallurgy by a synthetic slag in the ladle furnace and argon bubbling of a metal bath leads to obtaining in the final analysis: 0.0043-0.0046% of sulphur (a decrease of S content during refining in LF reached 40%). Current measurements of FeO in the slag and maintaining its content below 0.8%, support obtaining such low sulphur content in steel. So low level of the slag oxidizing is one of the necessary conditions for a deep desulphurisation of the metal bath. Without the secondary metallurgy the sulphur content in low-alloy cast steel was 0.007%, while 0.01% in high-alloy cast steel. Controlling of the gas (oxygen, nitrogen) content during steel melting and correcting the amount of additions (e.g. deoxidants), allowed to obtain the low oxygen content (below 45 ppm for two investigated steel grades) and nitrogen content (88 ppm for low-alloy steel and 330 ppm for high-alloy steel), which warrants a good combination of strength and plastic properties.

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4

Zhang, Liuyi, and Franz Oeters. "Melting and dissolution of high-melting alloys in steel melts." Steel Research 71, no. 5 (May 2000): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200005704.

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Li, Jianghua, and Nikolas Provatas. "Kinetics of Scrap Melting in Liquid Steel: Multipiece Scrap Melting." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 39, no. 2 (March 20, 2008): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-007-9102-x.

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6

Lan, Fangjie, Changling Zhuang, Changrong Li, Guangkai Yang, and Hanjie Yao. "Effect of Calcium Treatment on Inclusions in H08A Welding Rod Steel." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081227.

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The effect of calcium treatment on inclusions in H08A welding rod steel was studied by industrial experiment and using thermodynamics theory. The effects of inclusion composition, morphology, quantity, and size in H08A welding rod steel before and after calcium treatment were studied by metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Thermodynamic studies show that the addition of calcium can form various forms of xCaO·yAl2O3, under the condition that the composition of molten steel remains unchanged, the control of calcium content is the key to generate low melting point calcium-aluminate complex non-metallic inclusions and improve the quality of molten steel. The production practice in steel plant shows that for welding rod steels, the calcium content in a suitable range can meet the requirements of calcium treatment. Effective calcium treatment can not only transform the high melting point Al2O3 inclusions into the low melting point complex non-metallic inclusions between 3CaO·Al2O3 and 12CaO·7Al2O3, but also make the original shape-diversified inclusions into the spherical calcium-aluminate complex non-metallic inclusions. Meanwhile, the total number of inclusions and large-scale inclusions in welding rod steel are reduced, and the inclusions tend to disperse in the steel, which is very conducive to the improvement of steel quality. The results show that the modification path of magnesium aluminate spinel in steel is as follows: Al2O3 → MgO-Al2O3 → MgO-CaO-Al2O3. In addition, calcium treatment can modify MgO-Al2O3 spinel in steel into liquid MgO-CaO-Al2O3 complex non-metallic inclusions with low melting point.

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7

Sufiiarov, Vadim, Evgenii Borisov, and Igor A. Polozov. "Investigation of Functional Graded Steel Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.563.

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The article presents the results of a study on the additive manufacturing of functional graded steel parts. Studies have been carried out on the possibility of growing blanks from two steels simultaneously – tool steel H13 and stainless steel 316L. The study of the microstructure of the transition from one steel to another showed that the transition layer is smooth and is about 200 microns thick. The mechanical properties in the transition layer are distributed over the gradient and smoothly change from one material to another. The structure and properties of the transition layer after heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing are shown.

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Chen, Jun, Xin Teng Liang, Jian Hua Zeng, and Wei He. "Research on Low-Phosphorus Steel Melting by Semi-Steel." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.165.

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In this study, double-slag method is used to melt low-phosphorous steel by semi-steel. The results show that, the average phosphorous content of the aimed molten iron of BOF is 0.0052% and after the first slag pure-out, the dephosphorization rate is 56.2%, while the total dephosphorization rate of BOF melting is 92.46%, rang from 91% to 93.4%. Low phosphorous content alloy and slag-stopping tapping technology is adopted and rephosphorization of molten iron is controlled in 0.002%. Finally the average phosphorous of the finished product is 0.0064%, range form 0.0055% to 0.0071%, which means that Pangang Group can produce the steel with phosphorous content is less than 0.008%.

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9

Zhang, Song, Xu Bian, Yu Hang Ren, Chao Wang, and Chun Hua Zhang. "Effects of Laser Melting Treatment on Cavitation Erosion of 17-4PH Steel." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.700.

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Cavitation erosion behavior of 17-4PH steel used for large turbine blades and laser surface melting layer were investigated in simulated seawater 3.5%NaCl solution through an ultrasonic vibration system. The microstructure and the eroded surface and cross-section morphology were observed by SEM and OM, then the results were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the microstructures of 17-4PH stainless steels consist of martensitic matrix, ferrite and residual austenite. Compared with 17-4PH substrate, it found the microstructure of laser surface melting treatment became dense and homogenous, the microhardness increased 80HV. During cavitation test, the cavitation incubation period of laser surface melting sample raised 1 time than 17-4PH steel, and enhanced its cavitation resistance through fine grain strengthening.

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10

Baba Srinivas, Adhikarla, Santosh Kumar Sar, Shweta Singh, and Santosh Yadav. "Solid Waste management from Steel Melting Shop." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.55.

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- Production of steel in steel Industry is accomplice for the generation of solid waste materials like sludge, slag, dust etc. In recent days most part of wastes are generated from steelmaking process which is a focus point now-a-days. The solid waste generation, presently in Indian steel industry is in the range of 400 - 500 kg/t of crude steel and recycling rate varies between 40 - 70 % which lead to higher production costs, lower productivity and further environmental degradation. It is very essential not only for recycling of the waste valuable metals and mineral resources but also to protect the environment. I Solid waste management in steel industry is broadly classified in “4 R” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restore the materials. The aim of the paper is to explore the various developments for total recycling of solid waste generated from steel industry, so that the vision for making “clean & green steel with zero waste” can be achieved for survival and growth of steel business in future. Keywords—Steel, Reuse, recycle, solid waste, sustainable development.

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11

Ghasemi, B., and M. Molki. "CYCLIC MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION OF STEEL." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 32, no. 8 (December 1997): 877–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407789708913922.

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12

Antonov, G. I., A. S. Kulik, G. N. Shcherbenko, N. I. Shentsov, N. V. Il'chenko, and L. K. Poltavets. "Patching mixtures for steel-melting production." Refractories 34, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01283147.

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13

Shuja, S. Z., and B. S. Yilbas. "Laser melting of alumina-coated steel." AIChE Journal 57, no. 9 (November 29, 2010): 2547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.12467.

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14

Grebnev, Yu V., N. I. Gabelchenko, V. F. Zharkova, and D. Yu Grebnev. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF MELTING CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEELS IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES WITH ACID LINING." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 7(254) (July 22, 2021): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2021-7-254-62-65.

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In the production of castings from medium-carbon steel grades, metal carburization with pig iron additives, as well as carbon oxidation processes require additional consumption of auxiliary materials and electricity and take from 20 to 30% of the total technological time for the steel smelting process. an electric arc furnace with an acidic lining. In the work, studies were carried out on the combination of the processes of carbon oxidation of low-carbon steels and carburization for medium-carbon steels with the process of melting the charge in order to reduce the time of the melting process and reduce the number of labor-intensive operations.

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15

Makarov, A. N. "Change in Arc Efficiency During Melting in Steel-Melting Arc Furnaces." Metallurgist 61, no. 3-4 (July 2017): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0492-y.

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16

Wilden, J., Jean-Pierre Bergmann, M. Dolles, and Sebastian Reich. "Use of Zinc-Alloys for Low Temperature Soldering of Zinc Coated Steels." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.127.

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Zinc coated steels are nowadays used for different applications as for example for household appliances, automotive or offtakes. Due to the boiling temperature of zinc (907°C), which is lower than the steel melting point, the welding of zinc coated steel sheets presents many difficulties. As a result of the violent evaporation of zinc, pores in the weld seam are present after solidification and the zinc coating near the weld is damaged. Brazing of zinc coated steels with CuSi-alloys offers some advantages, as the joining temperature is about 950-1000°C. Nevertheless the high melting point of these filler materials requires very restricted process strategies and damaging of the zinc coating near the brazing seam can’t be avoided. Although laser-, plasma- and MIG-joining with CuSi and CuAl are performed nowadays. ZnAl-alloys are characterized through low melting temperature, which are comparable to the melting point of zinc, so that the damaging of the zinc coating can be reduced. In this paper investigations carried out with ZnAl-materials for joining zinc coated steel sheets as DC04ZE75/75 and DX56Z (thickness 0,9 mm) are reported. First investigations were performed by resistance spot soldering and show that using low temperature melting materials leads to a lower damaging of the zinc coating. Further the process reliability of laser soldering with ZnAl-alloys and a Nd:YAG as well as a diode laser is reported and confirms the suitability of these alloys for a damaging free joining zinc coated steels. The low surface tension leads to a wide bearing section, so that advantageous properties are expected. The mechanical properties of edge welds are evaluated in this paper through tensile tests as well.

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17

Makarov, A. N., M. K. Galicheva, and A. V. Kuznetsov. "Changing the Arc Efficiency during Melting of a Charge in Arc Steel Melting Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.441.

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The article presents the results stemming from the calculation of the arc efficiency of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets. Furnaces that use metallized pellets are characterized by less arc efficiency and a higher electric energy consumption than similar pellet furnaces. The calculation results are confirmed by experimental investigations of energy balances of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets.

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18

Li, M. Y., Yong Wang, W. M. Zhao, Bin Han, Yi Yuan Cheng, and Chao Wen Li. "Surface Modification of High Chrome Steel by Laser Surface Melting." Materials Science Forum 628-629 (August 2009): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.673.

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Laser surface melting has been performed on high chrome steels by a 5kW CW CO2 laser using different overlapping ratios. The microstructures of laser melted steels were analysed by SEM and the hardness profiles were determined by a Vickers hardness tester. The corrosion characteristics of laser melted steels in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied by electrochemical corrosion equipment. The melted zone of a single laser track exhibits a mixed structure of dendritic, cellular and equiaxed austenite while the overlapped melted zone is only composed of austenitic dendrites. Using a large overlapping ratio (OR) gives a more uniform hardened-depth. The microhardness with an OR of 33.3% is higher compared to 16.7% and 50%. The corrosion resistance of laser melted steel is improved arising from the dissolution of carbides, the increasing of alloying elements in the solid solution and the large amount of austenite. Among all the studied specimens the one, which is laser treated with 33.3% OR presents the better corrosion resistance.

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19

Zhan, Dong Ping, Hui Shu Zhang, Wei Gong, Zhou Hua Jiang, and Ji Cheng He. "Use of Recycled Calcium Slag for Clean Steel Refining." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.635.

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Calcium slag (CS) is a by-product generated during smelting to extract calcium metal from the ore by aluminothermic reduction method. The melting point, melting speed, viscosities, surface tensions and the refining effects of CS and normal premelted refining slag (NPRS) were measured in the laboratory. Then the plant trials were done in a 150 tons Ladle Furnace (LF) in a steelmaking plant during the refining of clean steel. The results show that the properties of CS are similar to those of NPRS, and CS is a good refining agent not only in laboratory experiment but also in industrial production. By using CS, the average final sulfur content in X70 pipeline steel reaches 25×10-6; the total oxygen content in GCr15 bearing steel is 5×10-6~8×10-6; the titanium content in GCr15 bearing steel is less than 20×10-6 and lower than the steels refined by using NPRS.

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20

Liu, Guo Qi, Hong Xia Li, Wen Gang Yan, Guang Zhou Yan, Jian Bin Yu, and Tian Fei Ma. "Corrosion Mechanism of Functional Refractories for Continuous Casting by Free Cutting Steel." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.348.

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Free cutting steel is energy save material gradually extensive applied in the development of the engineering industry, but it is one of the three steels hard to continuous casting. At high temperatures, the corrosion of refractories by free cutting steels is one of the reasons for free cutting steels hard to continuous cast with a long time. Through the observation of the used refractories microstructure and detail discussions, it is concluded that Al2O3 in alumina carbon materials for the continuous casting is easy to react with FeO or MnO in the steel to form the low-melting point material, which is the main reason for the corrosion of the refractories when used to cast free cutting steels. After decarburized layer is formed on the hot surface of the spinel-carbon material, low-melting point materials will infiltrate into the decarburized layer and separate the particles into an isolated state, which will result in the corrosion of the materials by the scour of the molten steel. Through the formation of composite bond in the spinel-carbon materials, the corrosion resistance to the free cutting steels can be further improved. Based on the corrosion mechanism, the suggestions for the functional refractories with high corrosion resistance to free cutting steels are also provided.

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21

Kamran, J., M. Sarwar, and M. Feroz. "Effect of Vacuum Arc Melting/Casting Parameters on Shrinkage Cavity/Piping of Austenitic Stainless Steel Ingot." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.59.

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Shrinkage cavity/piping at the end of the solidified ingot of steels is one of the most common casting problem in 316L austenitic stainless steel ingot, when consumable electrode is melted and cast in a water-cooled copper mould by vacuum arc re-melting furnace. In present study an effort has been made to reduce the size of shrinkage cavity/ piping by establishing the optimum value of hot topping process parameters at the end of the melting process. It is concluded that the shrinkage cavity/piping at the top of the solidified ingot can be reduced to minimum by adjusting the process parameters particularly the melting current density.

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22

Cui, Chengsong, Volker Uhlenwinkel, Alwin Schulz, and Hans-Werner Zoch. "Austenitic Stainless Steel Powders with Increased Nitrogen Content for Laser Additive Manufacturing." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010061.

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Nitrogen is used as an alloying element, substituting the expensive and allergenic element nickel, in austenitic stainless steels to improve their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The development of austenitic stainless steel powders with increased nitrogen content for laser additive manufacturing has recently received great interest. To increase nitrogen content in the austenitic steel powders (for example AISI 316L), two measures are taken in this study: (1) melting the steel under a nitrogen atmosphere, and (2) adding manganese to increase the solubility of nitrogen in the steel. The steel melt is then atomized by means of gas atomization (with either nitrogen or argon). The resulting powders are examined and characterized with regard to nitrogen content, particle size distribution, particle shape, microstructure, and flowability. It shows that about 0.2–0.3 mass % nitrogen can be added to the austenitic stainless steel 316L by adding manganese and melting the steel under nitrogen atmosphere. The particles are spherical in shape and very few satellite particles are observed. The steel powders show good flowability and packing density, therefore they can be successfully processed by means of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF).

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23

Warzecha, M., S. Garncarek, T. Merder, and Z. Skuza. "Identification of Relevant Work Parameters of Ladle Furnace While Melting the High Ductility Steel and High-Carbon Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0052.

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In the present paper, secondary metallurgical treatment in ladle furnace during smelting the high carbon steel and steel with improved ductility for cold-deforming, under industrial conditions were analyzed. Common features of these steels are high requirements/strict standards imposed for their metallurgical purity; however they are especially exorbitant for improved ductility steels. In addition, it is widely used to specify alloying additives having significant weights- such as carbon and manganese - and explicitly restricted content of nitrogen requiring metal bath cover prior nitriding.

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24

Fastow, M., M. Bamberger, N. Nir, and M. Landkof. "Laser surface melting of AISI 4340 steel." Materials Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (September 1990): 900–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1990.6.9.900.

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25

Semin, A. E., A. G. Chizhikov, G. I. Kotel’nikov, and A. S. Cherepnev. "Secondary metals and electric melting of steel." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2007, no. 8 (December 2007): 756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602950708023x.

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26

Campbell, John. "Melting, Remelting, and Casting for Clean Steel." steel research international 88, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 1600093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201600093.

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27

Ratkevich, G. V., A. V. Zhdanov, L. V. Belyaev, V. I. Yugov, and L. E. Afanas’eva. "Selective Laser Melting of Corrosion-Resistant Steel." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2019, no. 13 (December 2019): 1433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029519130305.

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28

Rosanvallon, S., J. L. Courouau, G. Marbach, and W. Gulden. "Steel Detritiation by Melting with Gas Bubbling." Fusion Science and Technology 41, no. 3P2 (May 2002): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst41-695.

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29

Krupennikov, S. A., and Yu P. Filimonov. "Melting of steel scrap in hot metal." Steel in Translation 37, no. 3 (March 2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207030102.

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30

Karamis, M. B., and B. S. Yilbas. "Laser melting of plasma-nitrided steel samples." Surface and Coatings Technology 45, no. 1-3 (May 1991): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90248-u.

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31

Li, Jianghua, Nikolas Provatas, and Geoff Brooks. "Kinetics of scrap melting in liquid steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 36, no. 2 (April 2005): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-005-0031-2.

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32

Bas'yas, I. P., M. M. Belozerov, V. I. Sizov, and G. A. Farafonov. "Hearths of electric arc steel melting furnaces." Refractories 31, no. 9-10 (September 1990): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282801.

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33

Wang, Rui, Hui Shu Zhang, Lei Tang, Dong Ping Zhan, Zhou Hua Jiang, Yang Peng Zhang, and Wei Ji Zhou. "Deep Denitrogenization Technology of 23Co-Ni Steel in Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.227.

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23Co-Ni is an ultra-high strength steel and it needs ultra low nitrogen content in the steel. The removal of nitrogen for 23Co-Ni steel in a 6t/12t Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace (VIM) with different melting processes was studied. The results show that, the longer of the melting time and the higher of the vacuum level, the lower of the final nitrogen contents is. The denitrogenization rate can reach 70% when the melting time is more than 8 hours. The electromagnetic stirring can increase the denitrogenization speed. When the VIM is vacuumed to 1-3 Pa, it can make the nitrogen content reaches 0.0005%-0.0008%.

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34

Rozhkov, A. I., A. I. Rozhkov, V. V. Logvin, A. V. Kozlov, O. M. Grudnitsky, and A. V. Feklistov. "EFFECTIVENESS OF STATIC THYRISTOR COMPENSATORS SYSTEMS ON THE EXAMPLE OF OJSC «BSW»." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2017-1-80-85.

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The issues of technical and cost efficiency of system of statistical thyristor compensators on the example of the Belarusian steel works are considered. Information on researches of system of power supply of arc-furnace melting shops is provided. The data of the highest harmonicas of the arc steel-melting furnace and ladle furnace are specified. The diagrams of current, voltage, capacities during the operation of the arc steel-melting furnace both with system of thyristor compensators, and without it are provided.

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35

Kovaleva, I. A., and N. A. Khodosovskaya. "Defect “steel-melting captivity and swelling” on the inner surface of seamless hot-rolled pipes. Characteristic genetic features, the causes of formation and measures of prevention." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-4-58-62.

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In a market economy, increasing the competitiveness of steel products is an urgent trend in science and practice. Development of production of new pipe steels in terms of pipe-rolling plant open joint-stock company «BSW – management company of holding «Belarusian metallurgical company» casted on continuous casting machine, was complicated by the emergence of low-alloy pipe steel grades of internal defects, which negatively affects the quality of the pipes. Visual evaluation of samples on the inner surface revealed rolled defects significant clusters, close to each other, having a longitudinal orientation. The edges of the defects are tortuous, torn. Defects found on the inner surface of the pipes are characterized as steel melting captivity and swelling. The reason for the formation of internal defects of hot rolled pipes «steel-melting captivity and swelling» was the rolling of defects in the macrostructure of the central zone (central porosity and axial liquation) of a continuously cast workpiece with a diameter of 200 mm.

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36

Rigon, Daniele, Giovanni Meneghetti, Michael Görtler, Daniele Cozzi, Wolfgang Waldhauser, and Manuele Dabalà. "Influence of defects on axial fatigue strength of maraging steel specimens produced by additive manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816502005.

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Nowadays many materials such as steels, aluminium and titanium alloys can be realised by powder bed solutions melting subsequently powder layers by means of a laser or electron beam (Laser Beam Melting – LBM and Electron Beam Melting – EBM). The microstructure realised by layer-by-layer solidification having high cooling rate cannot be considered isotropic. Therefore, the mechanical properties could be influenced by the building direction. Regarding maraging steel, the study of the influence of the building direction and the heat treatment on the static and axial fatigue strength has been investigated in a previous contribution. A large scatter of the fatigue test results was found because of the presence of detrimental surface and subsurface defects. The aim of this contribution is to present additional axial fatigue test results of maraging steel characterized by different build orientation and providing an analysis of the defects observed at the crack initiation area of the fracture surface.

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37

Wei, Guangsheng, Rong Zhu, Tianping Tang, and Kai Dong. "Study on the melting characteristics of steel scrap in molten steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 46, no. 7 (May 17, 2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2019.1609738.

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38

Yang, Fa, Kehong Li, Rui Xiong, Bowen Guan, and Hua Zhao. "Investigation on Deicing Property of Steel Wool Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Mixture by Induction Heating." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5250628.

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In order to effectively solve the traffic safety problem caused by snow and ice covering the pavement in winter, steel wool fibers with different length and content were adopted in asphalt mixture to investigate its deicing performance. The deicing principle of steel wool fiber asphalt mixture by induction heating was expounded. Effects of different ice thicknesses, output currents, and ambient temperatures for asphalt mixture deicing performance were studied using an indoor-simulated induction heating deicing test. The deicing mechanism of steel wool fiber asphalt mixture by induction heating was analyzed. Grey relation entropy analysis between the average melting ice rate and the influencing factors was determined. The results show that the average ice melting rate of the asphalt mixture increases with the increase in steel wool fiber length and content. The steel wool fiber asphalt mixture heated by electromagnetic induction obtains satisfactory result. The average melting ice rate of asphalt mixture containing 6% steel wool fiber with a length of 3 mm can reach 0.50°C·s−1 at an ambient temperature of −5°C. The thinner the ice and the higher the ambient temperature, the higher the average melting ice rate. The output current is positively correlated with the average melting ice rate. The degree of influence of the five influence factors on the average melting ice rate is ranked in order as follows: fiber content, fiber length, output current, ambient temperature, and ice layer thickness.

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Karasev, Valentin Petrovich, Sergey Vladimirovich Ryaboshuk, Pavel Valer'evich Kovalev, and Vitaliy Kulikov. "Phosphorus Removal Options at Induction Melting of Steel." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.30.

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The main aspects of effective dephosphorization of steel under conditions of induction melting are presented. Regularities of scale growth on the surface of iron, as well as the conditions of its catastrophic oxidation, are considered. An industrial experiment was conducted to remove phosphorus from steel intended for brake discs.

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Chattopadhyay, Kinnor, Rodolfo Morales-Davila, Alfonso Nájera-Bastida, Jafeth Rodríguez-Ávila, and Carlos Rodrigo Muñiz-Valdés. "Numerical Simulation of Melting Kinetics of Metal Particles during Tapping with Argon-Bottom Stirring." Crystals 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100901.

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Molten steel is alloyed during tapping from the melting furnace to the argon-bottom stirred ladle. The metallic additions thrown to the ladle during the ladle filling time are at room temperature. The melting rates or kinetics of sinking-metals, like nickel, are simulated through a multiphase Euler–Lagrangian mathematical model during this operation. The melting rate of a metallic particle depends on its trajectory within regions of the melt with high or low turbulence levels, delaying or speeding up their melting process. At low steel levels in the ladle, the melting rates are higher on the opposite side of the plume zone induced by the bottom gas stirring. This effect is due to its deviation after the impact of the impinging jet on the ladle bottom. The higher melting kinetics are located on both sides at high steel levels due to the more extensive recirculation flows formed in taller baths. Making the additions above the eye of the argon plume spout increases the melting rate of nickel particles. The increase of the superheat makes the heat flux more significant from the melt to the particle, increasing its melting rate. At higher superheats, the melting kinetics become less dependent on the fluid dynamics of the melt.

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Kruskopf, Ari, and Lauri Holappa. "Scrap melting model for steel converter founded on interfacial solid/liquid phenomena." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017091.

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The primary goal in steel converter operation is the removal of carbon from the hot metal. This is achieved by blowing oxygen into the melt. The oxidation of carbon produces a lot of heat. To avoid too high temperatures in the melt cold scrap (recycled steel) is charged into the converter. The melting rate is affected by heat and carbon mass transfer. A process model for steel converter is in development. This model is divided into several modules, which are fluid dynamics, heat- and mass-transfer, scrap melting and chemical reactions. This article focuses on the development of the scrap melting module. A numerical model for calculating temperature and carbon concentration in the melt is presented. The melt model is connected with the solid scrap model via solid/liquid interface. The interface model can take into account solidification of iron melt, melting of solidified layer, a situation without such phase changes, and scrap melting. The aim is to predict the melting rate of the scrap including the properties of the hot metal. The model is tested by calculating the melting rates for different scrap thicknesses. All of the stages in the interface model were taking place in the test calculations.

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Li, Hua Bing, Zhou Hua Jiang, Qi Feng Ma, and Wan Ming Li. "Manufacturing High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels by Pressurized Induction Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1687.

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A 25kg pressurized induction furnace with maximum nitrogen pressure 6MPa was invented to manufacture high nitrogen stainless steels. The suitable process was explored, and the analysis of radiography and macrosegregation of nitrogen of high nitrogen steel ingot was performed. The mechanical properties and inclusions of the forging ingot were also investigated. The suitable solidification nitrogen pressure can effectively prevent the formation of nitrogen porosity and macrosegregation of nitrogen. It is very important to control the purity of the nitrogen gas to a higher level for avoiding the manganese loss and decreasing oxygen content in the steel during the nitrogen gas pressurized melting process. The sound and compact macrostructure high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel with nitrogen content above 1.0 wt % has been manufactured by the pressurized induction melting method. There are mainly nonmetallic inclusions with the size less than 5μm in the HNS-A ingot. The HNS-A exhibits excellent mechanical properties.

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Makhneva, T. M., V. B. Dementiev, and S. S. Makarov. "About Impact Strength and Thermal Properties of Steel Melts." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.430.

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The comparable study of the structure and structure-sensitive properties of the melt of steel 08H15N5D2T and two melts prepared by electro-slag re-melting (ESR) and vacuum-arc re-melting (VAR) of the steel has been carried out. The temperature dependences have been obtained for the kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, electrical resistance, and magnetic susceptibility. The short-range structural order of the ESR and VAR melts has been studied by direct diffraction methods. The connection between the method of re-melting and the level of impact strength (KCU) has been established. The reasons for the appearance of the difference in the structure and properties of ESR and VAR steel are discussed.

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Gudim, Yu A., I. Yu Zinurov, A. D. Kiselev, and A. M. Shumakov. "Rational methods for the intensification of melting in modern arc steel-melting furnaces." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2008, no. 8 (December 2008): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029508080016.

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Anil Kumar, V., R. K. Gupta, M. K. Karthikeyan, F. Gino Prakash, and P. Ramkumar. "Development of High Nitrogen Stainless Steel for Cryogenic Applications." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.23.

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Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used as structural materials for various aerospace systems. Nitrogen containing stainless steels have special role due to their austenite stabilization tendency down to subzero temperatures, improved strength and resistance to sensitization. Primary processing of nitrogen containing cryogenic grade stainless steel 202 has been carried out through two different melting routes viz. (1). conventional melt route of electric arc furnace (EAF) melting followed by vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) & vacuum degassing (VD) and other one through (2). vacuum induction melting (VIM) followed by ESR. Chemical analysis and macrostructure analysis was carried out on the samples drawn from these billets. Homogenization and thermomechanical processing parameters were selected and the same were followed for the ingots made through both the melt routes. Mechanical properties evaluation (including tensile properties at subzero temperature of 77K) and micro structure characterization of the products realised from all the two melt routes were carried out. It is observed that, both the melt routes could result in achieving the required aerospace quality of alloy with respect to the chemical composition, metallurgical and mechanical properties. This paper confirms that any of the melt routes studied herein can be adopted according to availability of the facilities. The process development and characterization of the steels processed by conventional EAF+ VD & VOD and VIM+ESR melt routes is presented in this paper.

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G, Sibete, and Eyitemi T. "Optimization and Prediction of Melting Efficiency of Mild Steel Weldment, Using Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210615.

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Melting efficiency which indicates how much of the heat deposited by the welding operation is used to produce melting is one of the most important parameters considered in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding when assessing the performance of welds. In the field of welding, a good melting efficiency results in the development of a dense weld pool. This study is conducted to optimize and predict the melting efficiency of mild steel weldment, using Genetic Algorithm. Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is an optimization method that mimics the evolution process and operates on the basis of the theory of natural selection and evolution was used to analyse the results. The result shows that a combination of current 239.03A, voltage 29.87V, welding speed 56.59mm/s, welding time 79.15 sec, feed rate 130mm/s, will produce optimal melting efficiency of 44.72. Keywords: Melting Efficiency, Mild Steel Weldment, Genetic Algorithm, Optimization and Prediction.

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Kukartsev, Viktor A., Vladislav V. Kukartsev, and Vadim S. Tynchenko. "Cast Iron and Steel Smelting in Induction Crucible Furnaces of Industrial Frequency." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.530.

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A brief analysis of the cast iron and steel smelting in induction furnaces of industrial and medium frequency has been carried out. The analysis of the used metal scrap for the smelting of synthetic iron in induction melting furnaces with a padded lining of a lining mixture, based on quartzite, is carried out. The requirements for temperature melting modes, which are regulated by this type of melting furnaces developers, are reflected. The advantages and disadvantages of using induction crucible furnaces of industrial and medium frequency are considered. The features of smelting synthetic pig iron in Russia are noted, the main of which are the following: the absence of cast iron scrap, which makes it necessary to use a metal scrap from a single steel scrap, and use temperature melting conditions above 1450 ° C; use a lining based on quartzite, as the cheapest, but sharply reducing its resistance to the operation of the furnace at such melting temperatures (from 300-350 to 200-250 smelts). The actuality of the possibility of steel smelting in induction crucible furnaces of industrial frequency with the use of acid lining, based on the Pervouralsk quartzite, is substantiated. It is explained by the fact that existing foundries are equipped mainly with induction melting furnaces of industrial frequency, and the use of induction melting furnaces of medium frequency requires considerable material costs.

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Santos, Luis, Joel de Jesus, José Ferreira, José Costa, and Carlos Capela. "Fracture Toughness of Hybrid Components with Selective Laser Melting 18Ni300 Steel Parts." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101879.

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Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is currently one of the more advanced manufacturing and prototyping processes, allowing the 3D-printing of complex parts through the layer-by-layer deposition of powder materials melted by laser. This work concerns the study of the fracture toughness of maraging AISI 18Ni300 steel implants by SLM built over two different conventional steels, AISI H13 and AISI 420, ranging the scan rate between 200 mm/s and 400 mm/s. The SLM process creates an interface zone between the conventional steel and the laser melted implant in the final form of compact tension (CT) samples, where the hardness is higher than the 3D-printed material but lower than the conventional steel. Both fully 3D-printed series and 3D-printed implants series produced at 200 mm/s of scan rate showed higher fracture toughness than the other series built at 400 mm/s of scan rate due to a lower level of internal defects. An inexpressive variation of fracture toughness was observed between the implanted series with the same parameters. The crack growth path for all samples occurred in the limit of interface/3D-printed material zone and occurred between laser melted layers.

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Li, Da Dong, Tao Zhang, Jin Yan Liu, and Jun Li. "Vanadium & Titanium’s Effects on High Strength Weathering Steel’s Impact Toughness in CGHAZ." Advanced Materials Research 910 (March 2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.910.118.

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The influence of impact toughness in vanadium-bearing high strength weathering steels CGHAZ was researched by welding thermal simulation in this paper. The melting and precipitation situation of V, Ti and N in the high strength weathering steel was analyzed in the process of welding thermal simulation according to relative papers. According to the research, TiN in the steel plays a decisive role in CGHAZ on its impact toughness, and give a suggestion about the content of Ti in order to promote the tested steels impact toughness in CGHAZ.

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Qiu, Xing Wu. "Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of 40Cr Steel by Laser Melting." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3717.

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Laser melting was carryed out by HL-1500 CO2lase rmachine on 40 Cr steel. The phase composition, microstructure, microhardness and corrosion resistance of the melting coating were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, electrochemical test system, salt spray tester etc. The result showed that, melt zone、transformation hardened zone and the heat affected zone as mainly region in melting coating. Laser melting coating constitute by Fe3O4, Fe3C and martensite etc. The microstructure are mixed martensite and undissolved carbides, acicular martensite and retained austenite. The microhardness increased nearly twice as that of the 40Cr when scanning speed is 2.0 m/min. With the increase of the scanning speed, the corrosion resistance increased first and then decreased.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel melting'

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