Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel oxides

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Academic literature on the topic 'Steel oxides'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel oxides"

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Jiang, She Ming, Shi Jie Feng, Zhen Hua Li, and Qi Fu Zhang. "Influence of Oxide Morphologies on the Galvanizability of the Third Generation Automotive Steel." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.233.

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Focusing on improving the galvanizability of the third generation automotive steel, the effect of surface oxides morphologies on the galvanizability was studied. The results show that the surface oxide types of sample steels by XPS analysis after annealing in different conditions are the same, only MnO and Cr2O3 were detected and no complex oxides exist on the surface. Morphologies of surface oxides can greatly influence the galvanizability of the third generation automotive steel, nodule-like oxides surface can contribute to better wettability and inhibition layer than vitreous film-like oxides surface. Galvanizing panels of nodule-like oxides surface steels only show pinhole-sized bare spots, while panels galvanized from vitreous film-like oxide surface steels reveal larger areas of bare spots and uncoated areas. Inhibition layer observed in galvanizing panels of nodule-like oxides surface steels are compact but not homogeneous, some inhibition layer grains are fine, and others are coarse. While the inhibition layer grains of panels galvanized from vitreous film-like oxide surface steels have a non-compact morphology with some particularly fine equiaxed crystals which developed deficiently.
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Du, Hongying, Andrey Karasev, Olle Sundqvist, and Pär Jönsson. "Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Stainless Steel by Addition of CaSi." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010074.

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The focus of this study involved comparative investigations of non-metallic inclusions in 316L stainless steel bars without and with Ca treatments. The inclusions were extracted by using electrolytic extraction (EE). After that, the characteristics of the inclusions, such as morphology, size, number, and composition, were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in combination with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The following four types of inclusions were observed in 316L steels: (1) Elongated MnS (Type I), (2) MnS with hard oxide cores (Type II), (3) Undeformed irregular oxides (Type III), and (4) Elongated oxides with a hard oxide core (Type IV). In the reference sample, only a small amount of the Type III oxides (Al2O3–MgO–MnO–TiOx) existed. However, in Ca-treated 316L steel, about 46% of the observed inclusions were oxide inclusions (Types III and IV) correlated to gehlenite and to a mixture of gehlenite and anorthite, which are favorable for the machinability of steel. Furthermore, untransformed oxide cores (Al2O3–MgO–MnO) were also found in the inclusions of Type IV. The mechanism leading to different morphologies of oxide inclusions is also discussed.
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Maderthaner, Magdalena, Alexander Jarosik, Gerhard Angeli, and Roland Haubner. "Effect of Dew Point on the Selective Oxidation of Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 891 (March 2017): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.891.292.

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The effect of the dew point (and therefore oxygen partial pressure) on the selective oxidation of Advanced High Strength Steels was investigated. Steels with different Si contents, 0.2 wt% Si, 0.8 wt% Si and 1.5 wt% Si were used. The steel samples were annealed at 840 °C for 60 s and various gas atmospheres prior to hot-dip galvanized at 460 °C. The dew point of the 5 % H2-N2 annealing atmosphere was lowered from-30 °C (equivalent to 380 ppm H2O) to-58 °C (equivalent to 14 ppm H2O) in order to investigate surface segregation of alloying elements Si, Mn and Cr. These conditions are reducing for Fe, but oxidizing the oxygen-affine elements. Oxide morphology changed from a complete covering surface at high dew point to separated oxide spots at grain boundaries at low dew point. At the low dew point Cr was not oxidized. Oxides with a low Mn/Si-ratio seems to be amorphous. The Si-oxides are especially located at grain boundaries, Mn-oxides tend to cover the surface. Oxides covering the steel surfaces are detrimental for subsequent procedures as hot dip galvanizing, painting and welding.
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Husák, Roman, Hynek Hadraba, Zdeněk Chlup, Milan Heczko, Tomáš Kruml, and Viktor Puchý. "ODS EUROFER Steel Strengthened by Y-(Ce, Hf, La, Sc, and Zr) Complex Oxides." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111148.

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Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) materials contain homogeneous dispersions of temperature-stable nano-oxides serving as obstacles for dislocations and further pinning of grain boundaries. The strategy for dispersion strengthening based on complex oxides (Y-Hf, -Zr, -Ce, -La) was developed in order to refine oxide dispersion to enhance the dispersion strengthening effect. In this work, the strengthening of EUROFER steel by complex oxides based on Y and elements of the IIIB group (lanthanum, scandium) and IVB group (cerium, hafnium, zirconium) was explored. Interparticle spacing as a dispersoid characteristic appeared to be an important factor in controlling the dispersion strengthening contribution to the yield strength of ODS EUROFER steels. The dispersoid size and average grain size of ODS EUROFER steel were altered in the ranges of 5–13 nm and 0.6–1.7 µm, respectively. Using this strategy, the yield strength of the prepared alloys varied between 550 MPa and 950 MPa depending on the doping element.
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Hilson, Gabrielle, Keith R. Hallam, and Peter E. J. Flewitt. "The Measurement of Stresses within Oxides Produced on Austenitic and Ferritic Steels Using Raman Spectroscopy." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.957.

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Raman spectroscopy has been used by various workers to provide a measure of the stresses within the oxides grown on metal substrates at high temperatures. In this paper, we consider thermally grown oxides produced on a Type 316 austenitic stainless steel and an iron 3% silicon ferritic steel. The oxides were grown in air at temperatures of 950oC and 650oC respectively over a range of times. These oxides have been characterised by producing cross-sections using focused ion beam milling. The variation of the Raman spectra wave number (He, Ne laser; λ = 633nm) for the oxides produced on the polycrystalline austenitic stainless steel and the ferritic steel were measured as a function of oxide thickness. This shift in wave number was a function of stress. For a fixed oxide thickness on the stainless steel substrate the specimen has been subject to a bending force. A back face strain gauge fixed to the metal substrate provided a measure of the applied strain. The peak wave number varied with applied strain. The results are discussed with respect to the potential to characterise the stresses produced in thermally grown oxides and as a tool to monitor applied stress.
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Cheng, Xia Wei, Zheng Yi Jiang, Guang Zheng Luo, Dong Bin Wei, and Liang Hao. "Study on Oxidation Behavior of Stainless Steels in Short Time." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.209.

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The various chemical compositions of stainless steels can result in complication of the formation of oxide scales in hot rolling process. The time for formation of tertiary oxide scale during finishing rolling is short. In the present study, the oxidation tests with short time period were carried out on eight stainless steel grades by Gleeble 3500 thermal mechanical simulator in a simulated water mist environment. Multi-layers of oxide scale have been developed on all the steel grades during short time oxidation. Internal and intergranular oxides were formed in the steel matrix underneath the inner spinel oxide layer. The cross section of the oxide scales were examined and measured by SEM to understand the oxide scale cross section morphology and thickness.
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Lee, Jae Hoon. "Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Al-Added ODS Ferritic Steel." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.49.

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18%Cr-oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels with and without 5%Al have been produced by mechanical alloying and hot-extrusion. The microstructure of the ODS steels has been characterized by means of electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), showing that in the Al-added ODS steel, the semi-coherent and coherent oxide particles are about 75% and 10%, respectively. It was found that the coherency of oxide particles depends on the size of dispersed particles. Tensile tests performed between room temperature and 973 K denote that the ultimate tensile strength of Al-free ODS steel is higher than that of Al-added one. The ductility values of both materials are sufficiently high. Impact tests reveal that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of Al-free ODS steel are higher than that of Al-added ODS steel; however, the upper shelf energy of 18%Cr-ODS steel is substantially smaller in comparison to the Al-added one. It is considered that the difference in mechanical properties between Al-free and Al-added ODS steels is caused by the smaller, stable titania + yttria complex oxides dispersed in the Al-free ODS steel.
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Lee, Jae Hoon. "Oxidation of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels: I. Influence of Alloy Composition." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.86.

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Oxidation tests of 18%Cr-oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels with and without 5%Al were carried out in air at 700900 °C for time period up to 540 h. No minor alloying elements affect the oxidation behavior and the Al concentration between these ODS steels is a main difference. Cr2O3and (Fe,Cr)3O4spinel oxides exist on the surface of 18Cr-ODS steel; however, the surface oxide of 18Cr5Al-ODS steel is comprised of only Al2O3. Oxidation resistance of the ODS steels exposed at 700 °C is much better than Incoloy800 of which the Cr content is larger and their oxidation behavior doesnt follow the aluminum content. These results suggest that oxide particles dispersion and grain refinement play a more critical role than alloy composition in the high-temperature oxidation resistance.
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MOON, SANGWOON, BOKLAE CHO, SUKMIN CHUNG, CHONGDO PARK, KIJEONG KIM, TAIHEE KANG, and BONGSOO KIM. "THE OPTIMAL FORMATION CONDITION OF CHROMIUM OXIDE THIN FILM ON STAINLESS-STEEL SURFACE." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002208.

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We investigated the various oxidation conditions of stainless-steel surface using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. Stainless-steel samples are oxidized at 450–550°C in various oxygen partial pressures. Increasing the annealing temperature from 450°C to 550°C, the trivalent chromium concentration in the surface increased and iron oxides decreased. The PES spectra from stainless steels oxidized at 550°C show that there exists the critical oxygen partial pressure, [Formula: see text] Torr. Below this critical pressure, the oxide formed mainly consists of chromium oxide, while the oxide formed mainly consists of iron oxide above the critical pressure. The oxidation behavior is in good agreement with the Ellingham diagram (a free-energy/temperature diagram).
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Praig, Vera Gertraud, and Michael Stöger-Pollach. "Metallography of Low Alloy Cr-Mn Hot-Rolled Steel and Quantitative Evaluation of Grain Boundary- and Internal Oxides by TEM." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.284.

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Alloy elements undergo complex diffusion and segregation processes during steel production. Oxygen diffuses into the steel matrix and forms oxides at the surface (called scale), at the grain boundaries and within the grains. In our work we present assemblies and composition of various oxides found at the grain boundaries and within the grains of a low alloy Mn-Cr hot-rolled steel sheet. We utilise metallographic means (surface etching) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After etching we observe four zones of different composition: (i) the scale, followed by a decarburised metallic layer with (ii) oxidised grain boundaries, (iii) non-oxidised grain boundaries and last, (iv) the bulk. Via TEM, we analyse alloy element oxides at grain boundaries and within the grains with high spatial resolution. At the grain boundaries and within the grains we find oxides, such as Mn- or Cr oxides, rather than binary oxides (e.g. Fe-Mn- and Fe-Cr oxides) or even more complex oxides, such as Fe-Mn-Cr oxides. The oxide species found lie next to- or embedded amongst one another.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel oxides"

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Kasimagwa, Ismail. "A study of slag corrosion of oxides and oxide-carbon refractories during steel refining." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad processmetallurgi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25221.

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The use of ceramic material as refractories in the manufacturing industry is a common practice worldwide. During usage, for example in the production of steel, these materials do experience severe working conditions including high temperatures, low pressures and corrosive environments. This results in lowered service lives and high consumptions of these materials. This, in turn, affects the productivity of the whole steel plant and thereby the cost. In order to investigate how the service life can be improved, studies have been carried out for refractories used in the inner lining of the steel ladles. More specifically, from the slag zone, where the corrosion is most severe. By combining thermodynamic simulations, plant trails and post-mortem studies of the refractories after service, vital information about the behaviour of the slagline refractories during steel refining and the causes of the accelerated wear in this ladle area has been achieved. The results from these studies show that the wear of the slagline refractories of the ladle is initiated at the preheating station, through reduction-oxidation reactions. The degree of the decarburization process is mostly dependent on the preheating fuel or the environment. For refractories without antioxidants, refractory decarburization is slower when coal gas is used in ladle preheating than when a mixture of oil and air is used. In addition, ladle preheating of the refractories without antioxidants leads to direct wear of the slagline refractories. This is due to the total loss of the matrix strength, which results in a sand-like product. Thermal chemical changes that take place in the slagline refractories are due to the MgO-C reaction as well as the formation of liquid phases from impurity oxides. In addition, the decrease in the system pressure during steel refining makes the MgO-C reaction take place at the steel refining temperatures. This reduces the refractory’s resistance to corrosion. This is a serious problem for both the magnesia-carbon and dolomite-carbon refractories. The studies of the reactions between the slagline refractories and the different slag compositions showed that slags rich in iron oxide lead mostly to the oxidation of carbon/graphite in the carbon-containing refractories. This leads to an increased porosity and wettability and therefore an enhanced penetration of slag into the refractory structure. If the slag contains high contents of alumina and or silica (such as the steel refining slag), reactions between the slag components and the dolomite-carbon refractory are promoted. This leads to the formation of low-temperature melting phases such as calcium-aluminates and silicates. The state of these reaction products during steel refining leads to an accelerated wear of the dolomite-carbon refractory. The main products of the reactions between the magnesia-carbon refractory and the steel refining slag are MgAl2O4 spinels, and calcium-aluminates, and silicates. Due to the good refractory properties of MgAl2O4 spinels, the slag corrosion resistance of the magnesiacarbon refractory is promoted.
QC 20101013
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Abuluwefa, Husein. "Characterization of oxides (scale) growth of low carbon steel during reheating." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40307.

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This study involved characterizing the oxidation behaviour of low carbon steel in various gas mixtures of O$ rm sb2, CO sb2, H sb2O$ and N$ sb2,$ at different oxidation temperatures. Rate measurements for the oxidation of the low carbon steel during reheating in a walking-beam steel reheat furnace were also carried out. Scaling rates during reheating were predicted from oxidation rates obtained in the laboratory.
In-situ characterization of the phase compositions of the iron oxides, "scale", that form on low carbon steels during their oxidation at elevated temperatures was carried out using a neutron diffraction technique. Growths in the intensities of the diffraction peaks associated with characteristic crystal planes of the various oxides (Fe$ rm sb{x}$O, Fe$ rm sb3O sb4$ and Fe$ rm sb2O sb3)$ were monitored on-line. The volume fractions of the oxides in the developing scale were calculated on the basis of ideal structure factors and measured relative intensities of diffraction peaks.
Oxidation in binary gas mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen in the temperature range from 1000 to 1250$ sp circ$C was carried out. Sample weight gain versus time data were analyzed, along with measurements and calculations of sample heating rates due to exothermic reactions at the sample surface. It was found that initial rates of oxidation depended on oxygen content in the gas mixture and that these rates were linear up to oxide thicknesses between 0.4 and 0.5 mm. The linear rates of oxidation were found to be controlled by the mass transport of oxygen from the gas phase, to the reaction surface, through a gas boundary layer. Subsequent oxidation rates followed a parabolic oxidation mechanism.
Oxidation experiments were also carried out in binary, ternary and quaternary gas mixtures of O$ rm sb2, CO sb2, H sb2O$ and N$ sb2$ at various temperatures. Reaction rates during oxidation in binary gas mixtures of CO$ sb2$-N$ sb2$ and H$ sb2$O-N$ sb2$ followed a linear rate law and were found to be proportional to the partial pressures of CO$ sb2$ and H$ sb2$O in the gas mixtures. The oxidation rates showed a strong dependency on temperature. Oxidation in oxygen containing atmospheres showed that the main oxidizing agent was free O$ sb2.$ Additions of CO$ sb2$ and H$ sb2$O had little effect on the magnitude of oxidation rates. Oxidation in these atmospheres exhibited an initial linear rate law which gradually transformed to a parabolic rate law.
During reheating in a walking-beam steel reheat furnace, it was observed that scaling rates can be reduced by lowering input air/fuel ratios to the furnace, which resulted in lowering concentrations of free oxygen in the combustion products from about 3% to about 1.5%. The predicted scaling rates during reheating using isothermal oxidation rate constants suggested that rates of oxidation during reheating in the industrial reheat furnace followed a combination of linear and parabolic rate laws, with the components of the linear oxidation rates being predominant. The observed reduction in scaling rates was a result of the decrease in the free oxygen within the furnace atmosphere.
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Hillan, Marguerita Charlotte. "Investigations into steel substrate surface composition and the assessment of Cr. (VI) electrodeposit characteristics." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365054.

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Cerully, Laura B. "The fabrication of thin-walled steel alloys through the gas carburization of reduced metal oxide extrusions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34809.

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Investigations of the production of thin-walled steel alloys through the reduction and subsequent gas carburization of structures made from metal oxide powders were performed. Batch compositions, as well as the heat treatment parameters necessary for the formation of structures were determined through the use of thermogravimetric analysis, dilatometric measurements, and microstructural investigation. Parameters for the high temperature carburization of thin-walled 4140 structures were determined. The research has shown that the amount of carbon in the walls of the structures can be controlled and uniform carbon contents across the cross-sections can be achieved in less than 30 minutes. Heat treatments for carburized samples were performed and subsequent microhardness testing resulted in values similar to conventionally produced 4140 steel. Studies on the decarburization behavior of similar alloys under various conditions were also performed in order to aid in the prediction of the microstructural behavior of samples during carburization and subsequent heat treatment. Low temperature gas carburization of structures with 316 steel composition has also been performed. Hardness variations present through the cross-section of the part after carburization suggest some transfer of carbon, though contents are not as high as anticipated. Suggestions for future work in this area are presented. The results of these investigations yield a novel method for the production of steel parts from metal oxide powders. The speed and low cost of the process, coupled with the proven ability of the process to yield parts with similar microstructural and mechanical characteristics as conventionally made alloys, allows for the techniques presented in this study to be used for the development of alloys which could not be previously done economically.
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Sohi, A. M. "Metal oxide films on glass and steel substrates." Thesis, Teesside University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391529.

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Palm, Martin. "Reliable Carburization of AISI H13 Steel : The Impact of Preoxidation." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279103.

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Case hardened Uddeholm Orvar® Superior (Orvar) has the potential to replace currently used materials in shafts inside transmissions, which would lower the overall weight and thus result in lower fuel consumption while maintaining the necessary mechanical properties. However, previous studies have failed to reliably carburize the steel during the case hardening process. The case contains tempered martensite, which has high wear resistance, hardness, and good fatigue properties, and will be affected by the absence of the additional carbon. The presence of passive oxide layers such as chromia and silica is believed to inhibit the carburization, this by their impact of the adsorption and diffusion. One suggested solution is a preoxidation step before the carburization, to promote the formation of iron oxides which are preferential for carburization due to higher diffusion. To evaluate the impact of preoxidation different times, temperatures, and cooling methods were used and analyzed by LOM, XRD, SEM, and hardness measurements. The results indicate that reliable carburization can be obtained by preoxidation performed at 600 °C for 24 hours followed by immediate case hardening.
Sätthärdat Uddeholm Orvar® Superior (Orvar) har potential att ersätta nuvarande material i drivaxlari växellådor, detta skulle minska vikten och därmed sänka bränslekonsumtionen medan de nödvändiga mekaniska egenskaperna behålls. Tidigare studier har emellertid misslyckats med att tillförlitligt uppkola stålytan under sätthärdningen. Ytan består utav tempererad martensit som har hög slitstyrka, hårdhet, och bra utmattningsegenskaper, och påverkas utav avsaknaden av tillfört kol. Närvaron av passiva oxidskikt som kiseldioxid och kromoxid tros hindra uppkolningen, detta på grund utav deras påverkan på adsorption och diffusion. En föreslagen lösning är ett föroxideringssteg innan sätthärdningen, för att gynna bildandet utav järnoxider vilka är fördelaktiga för uppkolningen på grund utav högre diffusion. För att utvärdera påverkan av föroxideringen användes olika tider, temperaturer, och kylningsmetoder som blev analyserade utav LOM, XRD, SEM, och hårdhetsmätningar. Resultaten indikerar att tillförlitlig uppkolning kan uppnås med föroxideringutförd vid 600 °C i 24 timmar följt utav omedelbar sätthärdning.
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Siafakas, Dimitrios. "On deoxidation practice and grain size of austenitic manganese steel." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH. Forskningsmiljö Material och tillverkning – Gjutning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-37788.

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The exceptional wear resistance and work hardenability, place Hadfield steel as one of themost important materials for manufacturing cast components used in the mining, crashing,drilling, and excavation industries. In all metallic alloys used for component casting, themechanical properties are highly influenced by the microstructure of the material. Castcomponents with finer microstructural characteristics are known to present bettermechanical properties and reduced risk of defects when compared with components witha coarser microstructure. A reduced grain size in Hadfield steel can increase the strengthof the material up to 30% and reduce the risk of porosity formation during solidification.The practice of adding selected compounds or alloying elements in a metal melt to modifyand refine the microstructure is called inoculation. It is currently one of the trendingmethods utilized in light-metal alloys and cast-iron components production but has not,yet, gained adequate acceptance in the steel casting industry because researchers have notbeen able to find proper inoculants.The main objective of this work is to investigate the qualitative and quantitativecharacteristics of the by-products of deoxidation of Hadfield steel that remain in thematerial after solidification and their positive or negative effect on the coarseness of thefinal as-cast microstructure. This type of research can help to identify the type of particlesor alloying elements that are most effective for refining the microstructure of austeniticsteels and pave the way for developing new or improving conventional deoxidation andinoculation processes that will, in turn, result in the improvement of the properties of thecomponent.The precipitation of particles and the as-cast grain size are studied in aluminum andtitanium deoxidized Hadfield steel samples acquired under pilot scale experimentalconditions. In the first part of this work, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics ofparticles such as type, morphology, composition amount and size are identified. Thesequence of precipitation is established. A model for predicting particle size and growth isdeveloped. The experimental results are compared against thermodynamic equilibriumcalculations and the precipitation mechanisms for each type of particles are described. Inthe second part, the as-cast grain size of samples with varying deoxidation treatments ismeasured. Then, the grain-size is correlated with certain particle characteristic and theparticles are ranked according to their ability to refine the microstructure. The particledisregistry with austenite is calculated and compared to the experimentally acquiredranking.
Hadfieldstålen exceptionella slitstyrkan och deformationshårdnande har gjort dessa till ettav de viktigaste materialen för tillverkning av gjutna komponenter som används inomgruv-, kross-, borr-och gruvindustrin. I alla metallegeringar som används för tillverkningav gjutna komponenter styrs de mekaniska egenskaperna av materialets mikrostruktur.Gjutna komponenter med fin mikrostruktur presentera bättre mekaniska egenskaper ochminskad risk för defekter jämfört med komponenter med grov mikrostruktur. En minskadkornstorlek i Hadfieldstål kan öka materialets hållfasthet upp till 30% och minska riskenför porositetsbildning vid stelning.Tillsatsning av spårämnen eller legeringselement i en metallsmälta för att modifiera ochförbättra mikrostrukturen kallas ympning. Denna metod används i lättmetaller och vidtillverkning av gjutjärnskomponenter, men har ännu inte fått acceptans i stålindustrineftersom forskningen inte har funnit effektiva kärnbildare att användas som ympmedel.Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att undersöka kvalitativa och kvantitativa egenskaper hosde desoxideringsprodukter som skapas under tillverkningen av Hadfield stål och hur deunder och efter stelning påverkar mikrostrukturens grovlek. Arbetet syftar till att identifierapartikeltyper och legeringselement som är effektiva för att förfina den austenitiskamikrostrukturen och bana väg för utveckling nya och förbättra desoxiderings- ochympningsprocesser som i sin tur kommer att resultera i en förbättring av den gjutnakomponentens egenskaper.Partiklarnas utskiljning och materialet resulterande kornstorlek studerades i aluminiumochtitan-desoxidiserade Hadfieldstål, tillverkade i pilotskala. Den första delen av dettaarbete var att identifiera kvalitativa och kvantitativa egenskaper hosdesoxidationspartiklar, som typ, morfologi, sammansättning och storlek.Utskiljningssekvensen fastställdes. En modell för att förutsäga partikelstorlek och derastillväxt utvecklades. De experimentella resultaten jämfördes med termodynamiskajämviktberäkningar och utskiljningen för varje typ av partikel beskrevs. I den andra delenstuderades kornstorleken och hur denna varierade desoxideringsbehandlingen. Därefterkorrelerades kornstorleken med partikeltyp och dess karaktäristika och rangordnades efterderas förmåga att förfina mikrostrukturen. Partiklarnas kristallografiska missanpassningmot austenitens kristallstruktur beräknades och jämfördes med experimentellt fastställdarangordningen.
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Watkins, Mark Edward. "Calcium modification of surface oxides formed on levitated iron and steel alloy droplets and related surface tension phenomena /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487330761217245.

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JIANG, ZHUOYING. "A Study of the Fate and Effect of Steel Sheet Surface Oxides on Galvanizing Bath Management." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1395924244.

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Harris, Michael D. "Mechanisms of Formation and Effects of Transition Metal Oxides in Silicon Nitride on Steel Dry Sliding Contacts." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404592/.

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Silicon nitride on steel sliding contacts may provide advantageous tribological properties over traditional self-mated pairs, however the friction and wear behavior at high sliding speeds (>1 m/s) is not well understood. Previous studies at low sliding speeds (< 1 m/s) have found that the wear mechanisms change as a function of the operating parameters, e.g. atmosphere, sliding speed, load, and temperature, due to the formation of transition metal oxides such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. This study detected transient effects of the dry silicon nitride on steel contact over a range of sliding speeds to understand their relation to tribochemical reactions and the resulting tribological behavior. Two sets of dry silicon nitride on steel experiments were conducted at 1.45 GPa maximum Hertzian pressure. The first set were low sliding speed reciprocating experiments, conducted at an average of 0.06 m/s, conducted at variable operating temperature, ranging from 23 °C to 1000 °C. In the low sliding speed experiments, transitions of the wear mechanism from adhesive wear, to abrasive wear, then to oxidative wear was observed when the operating temperature increased. The second set were high sliding speed experiments, conducted at variable sliding speeds, ranging from 1 m/s to 16 m/s. In the high sliding speed experiments, a transition from adhesive wear to oxidative wear was observed when the sliding speed surpassed 4.5 m/s. The high sliding speed experiments were accompanied by in-situ instrumentation which detected the presence of a tribofilm which correlated to a reduction in friction, and its formation was linked to tribochemical reactions induced by high flash temperatures. Both sets of experiments had a maximum estimated contact temperature of 1000 °C where oxidative wear was prevalent. Although, the low sliding speed experiments underwent severe bulk oxidation and thermal softening effects, while the high sliding speed experiments experienced localized flash heating events with temperatures sufficient to form a semi-coherent tribofilm that was lubricious and significantly improved wear resistance. Therefore, the effects of transition metal oxides in sliding contacts are determined to be significantly influenced on their mechanisms of formation and interrelated to the operating parameters as found for dry sliding silicon nitride on steel contacts.
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Books on the topic "Steel oxides"

1

Kiessling, Roland. Non-metallic inclusions in steel. London: Institute of Metals, 1989.

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Dobrovský, Ludovít. Desoxidace oceli manganem, křemíkem, hliníkem a titanem. Praha: Academia, 1990.

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Huczkowski, Paweł. Effect of geometry and composition of Cr steels on oxide scale properties relevant for interconnector applications in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, 2007.

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Abraham, Thomas, and Subrata Banerjee. Iron and iron oxide powders: Trends and markets. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 2002.

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Rittner, Mindy N. Iron and iron oxide powders: Trends and markets. Edited by Abraham Thomas and Business Communications Co. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1997.

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Andrews, J. Barry. The behavior of iron oxide as an additive to no-bake sands for the reduction of casting defects. Des Plaines, Ill: Carbon and Low Alloy Technical Research Committee, Steel Founders' Society of America, 1990.

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Segerdahl, Karin. The breakdown of the protective oxide on 11% chromium steel: The influence of water vapour and gaseous KCl. Göteborg: Chalmers University of Technology, 2003.

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ZnO bao mo zhi bei ji qi guang, dian xing neng yan jiu. Shanghai Shi: Shanghai da xue chu ban she, 2010.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Standards Division, ed. Alternative control techniques document: NOx emissions from iron and steel mills. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1994.

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The World Market for Iron and Non-Alloy Steel Flat-Rolled Products Plated or Coated with Chromium Oxides or Chromium and Chromium Oxides and At Least 600 mm Wide: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel oxides"

1

Genchev, Z. D., and H. Y. Stoyanov. "An Experimental Study of Stainless Steel Rough Surface." In Nano-Crystalline and Thin Film Magnetic Oxides, 275–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4493-3_22.

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Watanabe, Masahito, Kenta Onodera, Shoya Ueno, Takao Tsukada, Toshihiro Tanaka, Haruka Tamaru, and Takehiko Ishikawa. "Interfacial Phenomena and Thermophysical Properties of Molten Steel and Oxides." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, 1245–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch134.

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Watanabe, Masahito, Kenta Onodera, Shoya Ueno, Takao Tsukada, Toshihiro Tanaka, Haruka Tamaru, and Takehiko Ishikawa. "Interfacial Phenomena and Thermophysical Properties of Molten Steel and Oxides." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016, 1245–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48769-4_134.

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Wang, Zhi Hao, Yong Xiang Leng, Nan Huang, and Min Hao Zhu. "Adhesion Evaluation of Titanium Oxides Films on 316L Stainless Steel Substrate." In Key Engineering Materials, 2127–30. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.2127.

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Daiga, V. R., and D. A. Horne. "Production of Crude Zinc Oxide from Steel Mill Waste Oxides Using a Rotary Hearth Furnace." In Recycling of Metals and Engineercd Materials, 361–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788073.ch31.

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Chen, Jieyun, Dan Zhao, Huigai Li, and Shaobo Zheng. "Non-Metallic Ti Oxides and MnS/FeS2Complex Precipitation in Ti-Killed Steel." In Advances in the Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification, 145–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093367.ch18.

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Everson, M. P., A. K. Gangopadhyay, R. C. Jaklevic, D. Scholl, and Weidian Shen. "Effects of Boundary Lubricants and Metallic Oxides in Steel-Steel Tribological Junctions Studied with the Atomic Force Microscope." In Forces in Scanning Probe Methods, 425–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0049-6_37.

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Chen, Jieyun, Dan Zhao, Huigai Li, and Shaobo Zheng. "Non-Metallic Ti Oxides and MnS/FeS2 Complex Precipitation in Ti-Killed Steel." In Advances in the Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification, 147–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48117-3_18.

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Ghods, Pouria, O. Burkan Isgor, and H. Burak Gunay. "Nano-scale Investigation of Interactions of Chlorides with Oxides That Form on Carbon Steel in Concrete Pore Solutions." In Nanotechnology in Construction, 479–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17088-6_63.

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Reincke, T., S. Kreling, and K. Dilger. "The Production-Related Influence of Iron Oxides on Steel Surfaces on the Adhesion of Fusion-Bonded Hybrid Structures." In Advanced Structured Materials, 363–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50784-2_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel oxides"

1

Mihalache, Maria, Mihail Mihalache, Iulia Dumitrescu, and Zhangjian Zhou. "Assessment Oxidation Kinetics and Products in SCWR Media of Austenitic ODS Steels With Different Austenite Stabilisers." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30665.

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In order to fulfil requirements for corrosion resistance for new reactor GIV, the austenitic 304L stainless steel and 18Cr-20Mn austenitic steel were improved by oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS), using two nano-oxide types: titanium and yttrium oxides. Two new ODS steels and a reference material, A/SA-270 grade 304L SS as plate, were characterised by different techniques and its behaviour in SCWR environment was considered. Coolant compatibility studies have been performed in demineralised water at supercritical conditions: temperature of about 550°C and 25 MPa pressure. The oxide developed on the 304ODS samples is layered, thicker and more uniform than on 304L SS. Some oxides grown on 18Cr-20MnODS steel are un-adherently and they are lost in the simulated water coolant. The weight gains of ODS samples are positive and higher than 304L SS up to approximately 1320 hours while on 18Cr-20MnODS steel is negative. The oxide films were investigated by SEM and EDS techniques.
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Smith, M. F., R. C. Dykhuizen, and R. A. Neiser. "Oxidation in HVOF-Sprayed Steel." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0885.

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Abstract It is widely held that most of the oxidation in thermally sprayed coatings occurs on the surface of the droplet after it has flattened. The evidence in this paper suggests that, for the conditions studied here, oxidation of the top surface of flattened droplets is not the dominant oxidation mechanism. In this study, a mild steel wire (AISI 1025) was sprayed using a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) torch onto copper and aluminum substrates. Ion milling and Auger spectroscopy were used to examine the distribution of oxides within individual splats. Conventional metallographic analysis was also used to study oxide distributions within coatings that were sprayed under the same conditions. An analytical model for oxidation of the exposed surface of a splat is presented. Based on literature data, the model assumes that diffusion of iron through a solid FeO layer is the rate limiting factor in forming the oxide on the top surface of a splat. An FeO layer only a few thousandths of a micron thick is predicted to form on the splat surface as it cools. However, the experimental evidence shows that the oxide layers are typically 100x thicker than the predicted value. These thick, oxide layers are not always observed on the top surface of a splat. Indeed, in some instances the oxide layer is on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. The observed oxide distributions are more consistently explained if most of the oxide formed before the droplets impact the substrate.
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Spinola, C. G., J. M. Bonelo, J. M. Canero, S. Espejo, S. Morilla, R. M. Luque, M. J. Martin-Vazquez, et al. "Residual oxides detection and measurement in stainless steel production lines." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIMSA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cimsa.2009.5069922.

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Koroleva, L. F. "Abrasive properties of modified oxides for finish polishing of steel." In MECHANICS, RESOURCE AND DIAGNOSTICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES (MRDMS-2017): Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Mechanics, Resource and Diagnostics of Materials and Structures. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5017375.

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Tajiri, T., and Z. Zeng. "Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Arc Sprayed Stainless Steel Coatings." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0697.

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Abstract The microstructure of arc sprayed stainless steel 316L coatings appears mainly in bright white matrix, deteriorated layers (grey), and black pores under optical microscopy. The black pores and the chromium-depleted areas in the deteriorated layers are known as the factors for decreasing the ability of protecting substrate under corrosive environments. Results of experiments in this paper suggests, in the condition of this study besides the factors mentioned above, Fe-Cr oxides should be another factor of dominating the corrosion resistance in the coatings. It also describes that the quantity and the distributions of such oxides are great influence on the corrosion behaviors. In this study, two kinds of coatings were used, one with thick deteriorated layers and another with thin deteriorated layers, which were sprayed on mild steel substrate by air atomization and nitrogen atomization respectively. Salt spray test and salt-water dip test were carried out to investigate corrosion behavior in macro and micro view. An effect of sealing treatment on the performance of the coatings was also examined. Results of metallographic examination and image processing analysis are well supported by a detailed investigation of corrosion behaviors of individual phases.
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Ogbonnaya, Ezenwa A. "Amphoterism in Combating Corrosion on Hulls of Offshore Floating Equipment (A Case Study of FPSOs)." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2013-p19.

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Amphoterism is the phenomenon where some metallic oxides can exist and react in both acidic and basic forms. This work therefore looked at the possibility of using amphoteric oxides for constructing Floating Production Storage Offloading hulls with a view to combating corrosion. The focal point of the work was on the detailed use of experimental model and statistical analyses to obtain results necessary to support the fact enunciated. In the experimentation conducted, it was noticed that the aluminium used in ship building corroded 100 times slower than steel. During the first year of operation, steel alloy corroded at a rate of 120mm/year whereas aluminium deteriorates at a rate of 1mm/year. This implies that use of aluminium oxide for Floating Production Storage Offloading hull would entail less downtime for dry-docking. The fact that the procedure of formulating a statistical model for corrosion of Floating Production Storage Offloading hull has not been much documented in open literatures makes this effort worth-while at this point.
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Liu, Zhuhan, Na Li, Qulan Zhou, and Taisheng Liu. "Study on the Effects of External Stress on Hot Corrosion Behavior of Steel T91 in the Oxidizing Atmosphere Containing SO2." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3241.

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Facing the challenge of needs of abundant, cheap and environmental-friendly supply of electricity, the parameters of utility boiler like the ultra-supercritical boilers should be improved to increase the efficiency of power generation, which may seriously influence the safety of thermal power station reduce the useful life of the boiler materials. With the increasing parameters of steam temperature, high temperature corrosion affected by many factors like temperature, corrosive gas and molten salt of water wall or super-heater near the combustion gas might be more and more serious. In additional with the increasing of the parameters of steam, the stress was induced by the nonuniform temperature distribution in the steel. Thus, the external stress in the steel, which plays an important role in the corrosion process, has been outstanding as the temperature increasing. Therefore, the external stress in the steel has been taken in account in the process of hot corrosion happening in the boilers. The hot corrosion behavior of steel T91 was experimentally studied under different stress in complex environment including high temperature and SO2 corrosive atmosphere. Through observing the corrosion products, morphology and compositional changes in corrosion scales formed in the 168h corrosion process through the XRD, SEM and EDS test, it could be informed that the corrosion behavior was strongly associated with the content of chromium oxides in the corrosion scales. Thus under the experimental environment, the oxides scales were mainly made of two layers in which the outer were formed of Fe oxides and the inner one contained Cr oxides and less Fe oxides. Generally, the Cr2O3 or Ni oxides has the most strong corrosion resistance among Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, so the portion of Cr2O3 in the corrosion scales strongly affect the hot corrosion. Since the corrosion behavior affected by many factors, the effects of external stress might be different in different temperature for example the 60MPa caused most serious corrosion at 700 °C but at 750 °C that is 40MPa. The external stress could accelerate the diffusion of negative ion like S and Cr elements to cause more serious corrosion.
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Terada, Yoshio, Hiroshi Morimoto, Naoki Doi, and Masahiko Murata. "X80 UOE Pipe With Excellent HAZ Toughness." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57578.

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New X80 UOE pipe manufacturing technology has been developed to attain excellent CTOD properties in HAZ. In the new steel pipe, the HAZ microstructure near the weld fusion line is refined by utilizing the strong suppression of austenite grain growth as well as the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF). The IGF grows radially from oxides in the same way as in Ti-O steel. The suppression of austenite grain growth is due to the pinning effect by fine particles including ultra fine oxides. As these oxides dispersed in the steels are chemically stable even near the fusion line, the microstructure can be refined. In addition, it is also necessary to suppress the formation of coarse grain boundary ferrite (GBF) near the weld fusion line in order to obtain excellent CTOD properties. So, it was found that the increase of boron addition in weld metal is effective to suppress the formation of coarse GBF near the weld fusion line because boron atoms diffuse into prior austenite grain boundaries near the fusion line from the molten pool during welding. This paper describes new technology for improving CTOD properties in HAZ. The X80 UOE pipe manufactured on a large scale and exhibited excellent CTOD properties at −30°.
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Huh, Yoon. "Microstructure of Surface Oxides Formed during Annealing for the Secondary Recrystallization in Highly-Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.118.

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Kai, Akira, Michael P. Short, Yuichiro Terayama, Tadashi Tatsuki, Takeshi Watanabe, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Characterization of Oxide Film on the Surface of SCC in PLR Pipe by Micro Raman Spectroscopy and Its Implication to Crack Growth Characteristics at Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49400.

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Micro Raman Spectroscopy (MRS) is known as one of the most convenient techniques for surface analysis. In this study, a MRS system was applied to analyze oxides on a stress corrosion cracking (SCC) fracture surface at the site of a nuclear power plant in Onagawa, Japan. The sample was cut from a cracked component of the Primary Loop Recirculation (PLR) Pipe of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant in operation for 14.6 EFPY. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) were also applied for observation and elemental analysis of the fracture surface. The oxide film on the fracture surface and the oxide particles on the film were observed with SEM. These oxides were identified as one or more of the following spinel oxides: NiFe2O4, Fe3O4, and FeCr2O4. These were present over the whole crack surface. It is worthwhile to note that α-Fe2O3 was detected near the crack mouth and Cr enrichment in the oxides was detected at the crack tip. Although α-Fe2O3 formed on the surface of austenitic stainless steel exposed to oxygenated water, since conditions in the shallow crack maintained a low pH and a low electrochemical potential, Cr enrichment and a lack of α-Fe2O3 would be expected at the crack tip. On the other hand, when the crack opening became large α-Fe2O3 was observed. Since oxides formed appeared to correspond to the size of the crack opening, oxide analyses were performed on the fracture surfaces of two different size specimens. SCC was generated in these specimens with different crack growth rates in a simulated BWR environment in the laboratory. α-Fe2O3 was observed near the crack tip in the small specimen with a slow crack growth rate. A correlation between the distribution of oxides and the size of the crack opening was extrapolated. It is likely that the existence of α-Fe2O3 near the crack tip in the plant sample is associated with either blunting or a large crack opening caused by crack growth retardation. Finally, it is assumed that the crack in the plant sample grew in the circumferential direction rather than the radial direction since α-Fe2O3 was observed closer to the tip of the central part of the crack rather than to the side edge.
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Reports on the topic "Steel oxides"

1

Clarke, Kester D., Jeffrey E. Scott, Daniel A. Aragon, Andrew N. Duffield, Richard W. Hudson, and Stuart A. Maloy. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel (14YWT) Tube Fabrication and Processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1084519.

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Mukhopadhyay, D. K., F. H. Froes, and D. S. Gelles. Development oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels for fusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543285.

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PIERCE, RA. Carbon Steel and Magnesium Oxide Dissolution for H-Canyon Process Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822944.

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Chou, Y. S., Elizabeth V. Stephens, Zhijie Xu, Wei Xu, Brian J. Koeppel, and Jeffry W. Stevenson. Mitigation and Prediction of Spallation of Oxide Scales on Ferritic Stainless Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177302.

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Rieken, Joel. Gas atomized precursor alloy powder for oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic stainless steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048516.

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Mukhopadhyay, D. K., F. H. Froes, and D. S. Gelles. Development of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels for fusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/335389.

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Mukhopadhyay, D. K., C. Suryanarayana, F. H. Froes, and D. S. Gelles. Development of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels for fusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/270442.

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McKimpson, M. G., A. N. Niemi, and D. S. Gelles. Processing of two iron-chromium oxide dispersion strengthened steels by mechanical alloying. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6428230.

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Indacochea, J. E., V. K. Gattu, X. Chen, and T. Rahman. Performance of a Steel/Oxide Composite Waste Form for Combined Waste Steams from Advanced Electrochemical Processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1364135.

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Yang, Shizhong. Novel Nano-Size Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels Development through Computational and Experimental Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1351065.

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