Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel P91

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Steel P91'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel P91"

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Koo, Ja Min, Sung Yong Kim, Kee Sam Shin, Yeon Gil Jung, and Sung Kang Hur. "Embrittlement Behavior of Isothermally Heat-Treated T/P92 Steel at 350°C." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.465.

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P92 steels as well as P91 are widely used as boiler tube materials of ultra super critical (USC) power plants these days. And thus embrittlement is very important for structural integrity of the USC plants. The embrittlement was observed when P92 (Modified 9Cr-1.8W-0.5Mo-V-Nb) steels were quenched to and held at the temperature of 320 to 350°C, which were the temperatures intermediate between Ms and Mf, and then air-cooled. Nearly same kind of the embrittlement had been observed with the T/P91 steels and a theory had been proposed to explain the mechanism of the embrittlement by us. From the theory, the embrittlement might be caused by the brittle martensite which is freshly formed during air-cooling. We tried to apply the theory for the embrittlement of the T/P92 steel. The behaviors of the embrittled T/P92 steel were explained well by the theory.
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Murata, Yoshinori, Yoshihiro Saoto, Yuhki Tsukada, Toshiyuki Koyama, Masahiko Morinaga, Yasutoshi Sasaki, and Yasushi Hasegawa. "Stress Dependence of Microstructural Evolution in Heat Resistant Steels." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.190.

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The state of the microstructure of ferritic heat resistant steels during creep was evaluate by the system free energy, which composes mainly chemical free energy, surface energy and elastic strain energy, and its stress dependence was expressed quantitatively by using a relaxation time. The steels used in this study were P91 (9Cr-1Mo-C-N-V-Nb) steel and P92 (9Cr-Mo-W-C-N-V-Nb-B) steel. The obtained results are as follows: (1) the relaxation time of elastic strain energy was expressed as a function of stress and temperature, (2) surface energy of P92 scarcely decreased during creep due to the formation of the Laves phase, and (3) the relaxation time of the chemical free energy in P92 was larger than that in P91.
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Qadr, Hiwa Mohammad, and Ari Maghdid Hamad. "Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Martenstic Steels: A Review." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 17, no. 16 (May 1, 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsmm-2019-0003.

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Abstract The word-wide demand for energy is constantly increasing, and therefore ideas around future energy-generation are also on the increase with the aim of meeting this demand. This includes designs for the next generation of nuclear power reactors, such as gas-cooled, liquid-metal-cooled and water-cooled reactors; the goal being to create smarter ways to produce more economical, environmentally-friendly energy. The conditions such reactors would need to meet, present significant design challenges for scientist and engineers, not least around the structural materials and components to use. Depending on the operational conditions, use of elevated- temperature ferritic/martensitic materials such as P91 and P92 steel are favoured by several of the designs for use with out-of-core and in-core applications. The main goal behind this review article is to explain mechanical properties of P91 and P92 steel; these are two types of ferritic/martensitic steels. This reviewer, highlight and discuss the development of ferritic/martenisitc steels for nuclear programmes and to explain the effect of irradiation on mechanical properties of P91 and P92.
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Velkavrh, Igor, Joël Voyer, Fevzi Kafexhiu, and Bojan Podgornik. "Creep Rate, Friction, and Wear of Two Heat-Affected Zone Regions of 9–12 wt.% Cr Steels." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040558.

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Coarsening of precipitates can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of martensitic 9–12 wt.% Cr steels, which are typically used in critical parts of fossil-fuel power plants such as turbines, headers, and main steam pipes. In the present study, changes in precipitates’ size and distribution in the simulated heat-affected zone of two different 9–12 wt.% Cr steels (X20 and P91) after different aging conditions were analyzed and correlated with their creep, friction, and wear behaviors. It was shown that prior to aging, the morphology of the steel matrix (prior austenite grain size and microstructure homogeneity) governed the creep rate and the tribological performance of both steels, while after aging their response was additionally determined by the combination of the number and the size of precipitates. For the selected samples (prepared under identical conditions), number of precipitates was found to be within a narrower range for the X20 steel as compared to the P91 steel. For both steels, aging for a shorter time at the higher temperature yielded significantly higher stationary creep rate values as compared to aging for longer time at the lower temperature. The increase was more pronounced in the P91 than in the X20 steel. Both prior to and after aging, the P91 steel typically provided slightly higher creep resistance than the X20 steel, while the latter provided slightly better tribological performance. Furthermore, as a function of the increasing number of precipitates, static coefficient of friction in air atmosphere was approximately linearly decreasing, while the wear rate initially decreased.
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Pandey, Chandan, Manas Mohan Mahapatra, and Pradeep Kumar. "Characterisation of dissimilar P91 and P92 steel welds joint." Materials at High Temperatures 36, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2018.1537168.

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Prunier, V., U. Gampe, K. Nikbin, and I. A. Shibli. "HIDA activity on P91 steel." Materials at High Temperatures 15, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603409.1998.11689595.

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Ducháček, Petr, and Jiří Janovec. "Heterogeneous Welded Joints (T23-T92; 15CH1M1F-P91)." Key Engineering Materials 647 (May 2015): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.647.147.

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The use of new construction materials is increasingly on demand for the construction of new power plants, and for the modernization of existing plants that are at the end of their service life span. Steels such as type P/T92 (modified martensitic 9-12% Cr), and low-alloy steels derived from modified steel 2.5Cr1Mo (ASTM marked P/T23) are considered promising alternatives. In the construction of power units, the so-called heterogeneous joints, which most often consist of a combination of low-alloyed materials and highly-alloyed ones, preferably need to be avoided. These welded joints are often the weak links in the overall construction. Knowledge of the behaviour of creep-resistant steel welded joints is very important for the subsequent evaluation of the life span of the units. This study deals with the degradation of heterogeneous welded joints of steel T23 - T92 and 15CH1M1F - P91, using the commercially available welding materials Thermanit MTS 616 (highly-alloyed), Union I P23; ThermanitP23, Böhler P23-IG and Thermanit (FOX) P23 (low-alloyed). In the heterogeneous welds examined, slight loss of strength of the base material was observed during isothermal heat exposure and extension of the diffusion active zones (i.e., Carbon Depleted Zone (CDZ) and Carbon Enriched Zone (CEZ)). These degradation processes caused structural instability of heterogeneous welds. It was found that the use of low-alloyed welding materials showed superior structural stability than highly-alloyed welds. Additional laboratory analyses are warranted due to the extreme service conditions and the high temperature loads in power units.
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Milička, Karel, and Ferdinand Dobeš. "Small punch testing of P91 steel." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 83, no. 9 (September 2006): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.07.009.

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Zieliński, A., M. Miczka, and G. Golański. "Forecasting the distribution of precipitate diameters in the presence of changes in the structure of the material." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0041.

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AbstractThe results of investigations on the microstructure of T23 and T24 low-alloy steels as well as P91 and P92 high-chromium steels in the as-received condition and after 70.000 h annealing at 550-650°C are presented. The quantitative analysis of the existing precipitates was performed for representative images of microstructure. The statistical analysis of collected data allowed the parameters of a selected theoretical statistical distribution to be estimated. A forecast of average precipitate diameter and standard deviation of such a distribution for the time of 100,000 hours at 550 and 600°C for T23 and T24 steels and at 600 and 650°C for P91 and P92 steels was calculated. The obtained results of investigations have made it possible to compare changes in the microstructure of various steel grades due to long-term impact of elevated temperature. They have also confirmed the possibility of using, in evaluating the degradation degree of materials in use, the forecasting methods that derive from mathematical statistics, in particular the theory of stochastic processes and forecast by analogy methods. The presented approach allows the development of a forecast of precipitate diameter probability density under the microstructure instability conditions for selected steel grades. The assessment of material condition that takes into consideration, but is not limited to, the precipitate diameter measurement is useful as an assessment component in estimating the time of safe service of power unit elements working under creep conditions.
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Rhode, Michael, Tim Richter, Tobias Mente, Peter Mayr, and Alexander Nitsche. "Thickness and microstructure effect on hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9% Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal." Welding in the World 66, no. 2 (December 9, 2021): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01218-9.

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Abstract Martensitic 9% Cr steels like P91 and P92 show susceptibility to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking depending on their microstructure. In that connection, effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients are used to assess the possible time-delay. Limited data on room temperature diffusion coefficients reported in literature vary widely by several orders of magnitude (mostly attributed to variation in microstructure). Especially P91 weld metal diffusion coefficients are rare so far. For that reason, electrochemical permeation experiments had been conducted using P92 base metal and P91 weld metal (in as-welded and heat-treated condition) with different thicknesses. From the results obtained, diffusion coefficients were calculated using to different methods, time-lag, and inflection point. Results show that, despite microstructural effects, the sample thickness must be considered as it influences the calculated diffusion coefficients. Finally, the comparison of calculated and measured hydrogen concentrations (determined by carrier gas hot extraction) enables the identification of realistic diffusion coefficients.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel P91"

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Davies, Michael I. "High temperature nanoindentation characterisation of P91 and P92 steel." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13233/.

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Modern demands in power generation call for higher efficiencies from every area of the power plant. One aspect of this is a drive to increase plant operating temperatures placing higher demand on structural materials. P91 and P92 are two steels commonly used in steam pipes. In order to accurately predict the service lifetime of components, mechanical properties at operating temperatures are critical. In particular properties of material around weld fusion joints are of interest as it is in these regions where failures occur. Conventional techniques such as Vicker’s hardness testing and uniaxial tensile testing are used to characterise the mechanical properties and creep behaviour of bulk materials. These techniques are often used to determine the properties of P91 and P92 parent and weld materials, the limitation of these techniques is that they require large volumes of material. They are therefore unable to determine differences in properties through the heat affected zone of the parent material which is typically only a few millimetres across. Nanoindentation is a technique which offers a potential solution to this problem. It was developed in order to examine the properties of thin films and small material volumes. In recent years several approaches have been developed to perform nanoindentation experiments at elevated temperature. These approaches have been examined in order to establish which provides the best thermal stability for high temperature nanoindentation measurements. This technique has then been used to perform high temperature nanoindentation experiments to determine the mechanical properties and creep behaviour of P91 and P92 steel. The correlation between nanoindentation measurements on bulk materials and those obtained using conventional methods is examined. In particular the significance of creep stress exponents calculated from nanoindentation dwell data is discussed. Nanoindentation is then used to characterise the heat affected zone of a weld, giving clear indications of the effects of microstructural differences on the material properties.
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Kohlar, Stefanie. "Gefüge und Eigenschaften des warmfesten Chromstahls P91." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-229778.

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Aufgabenstellung: Aus einem Rohrstück des Materials P91 soll nach der Erarbeitung eines Probenplans zunächst das Gefüge in allen 3 Orientierungen metallographisch charakterisiert werden. Anschließend wird das Material mechanisch - technologisch sowie bruchmechanisch und fraktographisch untersucht. Die daraus erhaltenen Werkstoffkennwerte sollen mit dem Gefüge und dem fraktographischen Befund in Beziehung gesetzt werden.
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Sulaiman, Samsiah. "Structure of properties of the heat affected zone of P91 creep resistant steel." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080916.150054/index.html.

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Skocki, Radosław. "Badania wpływu temperatury podwyższonej na właściwości cykliczne stali P91." Rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszczy, 2016. http://dlibra.utp.edu.pl/Content/957.

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Muralidas, Pooja. "Thermo-gravimetric Analysis of Corrosion Kinetics of Ti and Zr Coated P91 Steel." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2057.

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In recent decade growing concerns of CO2 emissions from power plants have increased, which led to development of technologies like oxy-fuel combustion process. P91 steel is profoundly used in power plants, but oxy fuel combustion exacerbates corrosion due to recycling of flue gas. This paper studied the kinetics of the corrosion rate on the boiler tubes and furnace and help achieve a corrosion resistant coating over it. Refractory metal diffusion coating is created and tested at high temperature in corrosive atmosphere. This was done by forming Ti and Zr diffusion coating on P91 steel using pack cementation. Coating thickness of 12 and 20 µm were obtained for Ti and Zr respectively. These samples were tested in thermo-gravimetric system by heating at 950˚C for 24 hours in 5% oxygen in Helium gas. Heating in an oxidizing environment lead to exfoliation corrosion on uncoated P91 steel. TGA procedure confirmed less mass change of Ti and Zr coated samples, than that of uncoated P91 steel sample. SEM and depth profiling confirms oxygen penetration is 2.7mm in uncoated P91 steel sample, whereas the Ti and Zr Coated samples oxygen penetration is just 16 and 56 µm respectively.
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Zhang, Kuo [Verfasser]. "Characterization and Modeling of the Ratcheting Behavior of the Ferritic-Martensitic Steel P91 / Kuo Zhang." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2017. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.

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Garcia, Diego Martins. "Influência dos parâmetros de soldagem na resistência à fluência de juntas soldadas de aço ASTM A 335 P91." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26062014-162610/.

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A utilização do aço ASTM A 335 P91 tem sofrido um aumento considerável, especialmente em função da necessidade de materiais com maior resistência à fluência para aplicações em unidades de utilidades (geração de vapor) e de processo. Por ser um material de difícil soldabilidade, diversos problemas são enfrentados durante a construção das unidades e, posteriormente, durante manutenção, geralmente em função de problemas de soldagem oriundos da fase de fabricação e construção. As normas de projeto e construção utilizadas internacionalmente vêm sofrendo adaptações a fim de melhorar a utilização deste material, mas seus requisitos ainda apresentam importantes lacunas em relação às principais práticas recomendadas pela literatura técnica mais atual. Visando uma melhor utilização deste material, obtendo juntas soldadas com propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas mais consistentes, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido avaliando-se a influência de parâmetros de soldagem energia de soldagem e temperatura de tratamento térmico pós-soldagem (TTPS) sobre as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas, incluindo resistência à fluência, de juntas soldadas de aço ASTM A 335 P91. Foram testadas nove juntas soldadas, combinando três níveis de energia de soldagem com três temperaturas de TTPS. Os resultados obtidos indicam que é possível ter melhor controle sobre as propriedades deste material, desde que se opere com níveis mais restritos de energia de soldagem e maiores temperatura de TTPS, observando-se as limitações pertinentes, especialmente no que tange à temperatura crítica de transformação Ac1.
The use of ASTM A 335 P91 has been increased considerably specially because of the need for materials with higher creep resistance for power generation (nuclear and thermoelectric) and oil and gas processing applications. As this is a material with poor weldability, several issues are faced during construction of these unities, and later during maintenance usually associated with welding problems originated in the fabrication and construction phase. The design and construction codes most used worldwide are receiving important revisions targeting to enhance the use condition of this material but its requirements still show important lacks when compared to the main practices recommended by the more recent technical literature. Aiming a better usage of this material obtaining sound welded joints with more consistent metallurgical and mechanical properties, this work was developed assessing the influence of some welding parameters welding heat input and temperature of post-­weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties, including creep strength, of welded joints of ASTM A 335 P91 steel. Nine welded joints were submitted to testing, combining three different levels of welding heat input with three different PWHT temperatures. The results show that it is possible to have a better control over the properties of this material since it is used lower welding heat inputs combined to higher PWHT temperatures, taking care about the limitations regarding the critical transformation temperature Ac1.
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An, Lili. "The development of advanced creep constitutive equations for high chromium alloy steel (P91) at transition stress range." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26237/.

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Creep damage is a time-dependent deformation in metals under a constant stress at high temperature condition. Since the 1980s, high chromium alloy steel P91 (9%Cr-1%Mo-0.25%V) is highly demanded in high temperature industries (Saha, 2003). Continuum damage mechanism is becoming a generic life assessment tool to predict the lifetime of materials at creep condition. The consitutive equations were proposed to predict the lifetime and creep behaviours of materials. The most widely used constitutive equations are simply called Kachanov-Rabotnov-Hayhurst (KRH) in the current research. The lifetime of high chromium alloy steel P91 has been overestimated by the extrapolation method from short-term creep tests (high stress) to long-term creep tests (lower stress). The definition of stress ranges depends on different materials and temperatures. The current researcher classifies the stress ranges into high stress range, transition stress range and low stress range with stress exponent.
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Touboul, Mathieu. "Étude du comportement mécanique à chaud de l'acier P91 : vers la compréhension du rôle des mécanismes intra/intergranulaires sur la tenue en fluage. Application aux structures soudées." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00819229.

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Il s'agit dans ce travail de développer une démarche multiéchelles, afin d'identifier puis de modéliser le comportement mécanique d'un matériau à gradient de propriétés (un cordon de soudure) en relation avec les hétérogénéités microstructurales responsables de la déformation et de l'endommagement par fluage des aciers P91, matériaux retenus pour des applications de tenue mécanique à chaud des centrales thermiques à flamme. Cette étude porte sur l'utilisation des techniques de mesure de champs cinématiques par corrélation d'images couplées aux simulations numériques par éléments finis. Les différentes zones d'intérêt sont : le métal de base, l'ICHAZ (intercritical heat affected zone), la FGHAZ (fine grain heat affected zone), la CGHAZ (coarse grain heat affected zone) et le métal fondu. L'identification a porté dans un premier temps sur le comportement en traction et traction-relaxation à l'ambiante et à 625°C. Cette phase a permis d'établir une loi de comportement pour chacune des zones du joint soudé et de prédire la zone de localisation de déformation pour une gamme assez large de vitesse de sollicitation.Une attention particulière a ensuite été portée aux essais de fluage, pour lequel le glissement intergranulaire joue un rôle essentiel dans le comportement du cordon de soudure et notamment dans l'ICHAZ. Afin de mettre en évidence le glissement intergranulaire, une technique de microlithographie a été adoptée. L'effet de ce mécanisme sur le comportement macroscopique et à l'échelle locale a été étudié au moyen de simulations numériques par éléments finis avec introduction de zones cohésives. Pour cela une loi cohésive a été élaborée et validée sur une configuration simplifiée à quatre grains. Ce modèle permet également de rendre compte de la transition fluage dislocation - fluage diffusion en retardant le déclenchement du glissement aux joints de grains quand la vitesse de sollicitation augmente.Cette étude est financée par la Chaire EDF-GDF-SUEZ-GRT gaz - ENSMP -ENPC sur la "durabilité des matériaux et des structures pour l'énergie ".
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Zhang, Kuo [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Aktaa. "Characterization and Modeling of the Ratcheting Behavior of the Ferritic-Martensitic Steel P91 / Kuo Zhang. Betreuer: Dr. J. Aktaa." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1093559241/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel P91"

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Egner, Władysław, Stanisław Mrozinski, Piotr Sulich, and Halina Egner. "Thermomechanical Cyclic Properties of P91 Steel." In Plasticity, Damage and Fracture in Advanced Materials, 53–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34851-9_5.

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Foret, Rudolf, Karel Stránský, Bořívoj Million, and Milan Svoboda. "The Structural Stability of Heterogeneous Weld Joints of Steel P91." In Steels and Materials for Power Plants, 384–89. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606181.ch66.

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Balík, Jaroslav, Miloš Janeček, and Josef Pešička. "Crack Growth Anomalies in Base Steel P91 and in HAZ." In Materials Science Forum, 383–86. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-964-4.383.

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Jiaqiang, Gao, Wang Qijiang, and Zhou Yedong. "Microstructure Changing of P91 Heat Resistant Steel during Short-Term Creep at 873K." In Energy Materials 2014, 307–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_34.

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Veerababu, J., Sunil Goyal, R. Sandhya, and K. Laha. "Estimation of Fatigue Life of Notched Specimens of P91 Steel by Analytical Approaches." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 117–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6002-1_10.

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Jiaqiang, Gao, Wang Qijiang, and Zhou Yedong. "Microstructure Changing of P91 Heat Resistant Steel during Short-Term Creep at 873K." In Energy Materials 2014, 307–13. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119027973.ch34.

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Das, Bimal, and Akhilendra Singh. "Low Cycle Fatigue Life Estimation of P91 Steel by Strain Energy Based Approach." In Structural Integrity, 253–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13980-3_33.

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Sathyanarayanan, S., Jashveer Singh, A. Moitra, G. Sasikala, S. K. Albert, and A. K. Bhaduri. "Effect of Loading Rate and Constraint on Dynamic Ductile Fracture Toughness of P91 Steel." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 185–201. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6002-1_15.

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Bursík, J., and N. Merk. "Quantitative Microstructural Assessment of P91 Ferritic Steel after Long Term Creep at High Temperature." In Mechanical Behaviour of Materials at High Temperature, 299–307. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1714-9_16.

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Li, Hezong, Hao Chen, H. K. Al-Abedy, and Wei Sun. "Study on the Fracture Mechanism of the P91 Steel During Small Punch Tensile Testing." In Structural Integrity, 106–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47883-4_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel P91"

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Volak, Josef, Zbynek Bunda, and Vaclav Mentl. "Comparison of P92 Steel Fatigue Test Results in Relation to Specimen Size and Manufacturing." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97702.

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This paper describes fatigue properties of steel P92. This material is used as a standard in the energy industry, especially for production of pipes and flange branches and distance pieces of supercritical steam turbines. This material contains (unlike material P91) up to 2% of tungsten which has positive influence on creep strength increase. Compared to the P91 material, it is possible to reduce wall thickness of the P92 pipe up to 20%. Fatigue tests were carried out on standard samples and compared with SFT samples (Small Fatigue Test). SFT samples can be gently withdrawn from energy component by SSam 2 device made by company Rolls Royce. There is no necessity for shutdown of power plant. Thanks to the existing correlations between SFT and Fatigue tests, it is possible to determine mechanical properties of material from a small amount of withdrawn material. At the same time a comparison between a traditional way of sample production and a sample production by means of waterjet cutting was carried out.
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Tanner, David W. J., Wei Sun, and Thomas H. Hyde. "Cross-Weld Creep Comparison of Power Plant Steels CrMoV, P91 and P92." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78577.

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Results obtained from high temperature creep tests of ferritic steel CrMoV, P91 and P92 cross-weld specimens are compared. Data is presented normalized with the results of the corresponding parent metals in order to compare the materials tested at different temperatures and stresses, and to identify characteristic cross-weld material trends. All cross-weld failures occurred in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the parent metal, known as type IV, at earlier test durations than for the parent material specimens. The relative performance of the cross-welds was found to decrease with decreasing stress. The CrMoV cross-weld specimens showed by far the lowest weld strength reduction factors and greatest notch strengthening, determined by testing uniaxially loaded bars with semi-circular circumferential notches located in the heat-affected zone. The P91 and P92 cross-weld specimens were found to have similar (high) weld strength reduction factors and showed little or no notch strengthening. It was observed that the failure time of a P92 cross-weld specimen relative to the P92 parent material could be estimated using data from P91 cross-weld and relative parent material tests.
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Kulkarni, Shank S., Alireza Tabarraei, and Xiaonan Wang. "Modeling the Creep Damage of P91 Steel Using Peridynamics." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10069.

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Abstract Creep is an important failure mechanism of metal components working at a high temperature. To ensure the structural integrity and safety of systems working at high temperature it is essential to predict failure due to creep. Classical continuum based damage models are used widely for modeling creep damage. A more recently developed non-local mechanics formulation called peridynamics has displayed better performance in modeling damage with respect to classical local mechanics methods. In this paper, the peridynamic formulation is extended to model creep in metals. We have chosen Liu-Murakami creep model for developing a peridynamic formulation for modeling creep. The proposed formulation is validated by simulating creep tests for P91 steel and comparing the results with experimental data from the literature.
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Liu, Fujun, Ping Tang, Shuai Kong, Zhangwei Ling, Muling Zheng, and Liwei Zhao. "Investigations on Creep Behavior of P91-Type Steel Using Combined Creep Damage Model." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97815.

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P91-type steel is widely used for the high-temperature pipe work components in advanced power plants. The creep behavior of the P91-type steel has been studied by many researchers during the past years. Since it is well known that the creep behavior of P91-type steel cannot be satisfactorily described by a simple, Arrhenius-type, power-law constitutive model. While Norton-Bailey creep is a deviatoric temperature-dependent creep model, furbished with a time-hardening creep model, which is the most common model for modeling primary and secondary creep together, and Kachanov-Rabotnov creep damage theory described with Norton creep model can be used to model tertiary creep. Both of them based on Norton creep constitutive equation. In this paper, based on the Norton-Bailey creep law and Kachanov-Rabotnov creep damage theory, a new combined constitutive model has been developed, in which the creep and damage function are both considered as nonlinear variables. The damage parameters in the model have clear physical meaning and can be determined from the benchmark experiment. The results indicated that this combined damage model was applicable to describe the full damage evolution for P91-type steel.
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Basavaraju, Chakrapani. "Thermal Stresses at Dissimilar Pipe-Stanchion Interfaces." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2611.

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High temperature steam lines in power plant piping systems are often supported by the use of pipe support stanchions welded to the steam pipe. The end of the pipe stanchion has a steel plate welded to it, which typically slides on rack steel. The temperature of the stanchion drops from the process pipe interface along the length of the stanchion. The material for the process pipe carrying high temperature steam can be stainless steel, alloy steel, or carbon steel. The material for the stanchion can also be stainless steel, alloy steel, or carbon steel. It is of course cheaper to use carbon or low alloy steel for the stanchion as there is no steam flow in to the stanchion, when the process pipe is made of stainless steel, or other high alloy steel such A335 Gr. P91. In this paper, finite element thermal analysis is utilized first to obtain steady state temperature distribution due to decay or attenuation from the steam line surface along the stanchion. Conduction of heat from process pipe to stanchion, and convection from stanchion surface are considered. Then finite element structural analysis was performed to obtain steady state thermal stresses at the pipe-stanchion interface utilizing the temperature distribution obtained from thermal analysis as an input. The current industrial practice is to use similar materials for both process pipe and stanchion materials conservatively. Normally encountered pipe materials were considered. The materials studied include 304 & 316 Grade stainless steels, A335 Grades P91, P22, & P11 alloy steels, and A106 Grade B carbon steel. The temperature and stress results are presented. Guidelines are provided for the acceptability of pipe-stanchion dissimilar interfaces.
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Golden, Brian, Dongfeng Li, and Noel O’Dowd. "Microstructural Modelling of P91 Martensitic Steel Under Uniaxial Loading Conditions." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97514.

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The changing face of power generation requires an improved understanding of the deformation and failure response of power plant materials. Important insights can be obtained through microstructurally motivated modelling studies. This paper deals with the comparisons of predictions of the mechanical response of a power plant steel (P91), obtained from a model with a measured microstructure with those obtained from a numerically simulated microstructure. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is employed to obtain the orientation of the martensitic grain structure of the steel. This information is incorporated within a representative volume element (RVE) to represent the material microstructure. A non-linear, rate dependent, finite strain crystal plasticity model is used to represent the deformation of the material, with the orientation of each finite-element integration point determined from the EBSD analysis. The deformation under uniaxial tension is analysed. Due to the inhomogeneous microstructure strong strain gradients are generated within the RVE even under remote homogenous strain states. It is seen that peak stress/strain states are associated with particular features of the microstructure. The results taken from the model are compared with those obtained with an equiaxed microstructure generated using the Voronoi tessellation method.
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Hyde, C. J., W. Sun, T. H. Hyde, J. P. Rouse, T. Farragher, Noel P. O’Dowd, and S. B. Leen. "Cyclic Visco-Plasticity Testing and Modelling of a Service-Aged P91 Steel." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78460.

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A service-aged P91 steel was used to perform an experimental programme of cyclic mechanical testing in the temperature range of 400°C to 600°C, under isothermal conditions, using both saw-tooth and dwell (inclusion of a constant strain dwell period at the maximum (tensile) strain within the cycle) waveforms. The results of this testing were used to identify the material constants for a modified Chaboche, unified visco-plasticity model, which can deal with rate-dependant cyclic effects, such as combined isotropic and kinematic hardening, and time-dependent effects, such as creep, associated with visco-plasticity. The model has been modified in order that the two-stage (non-linear primary and linear secondary) softening which occurs within the cyclic response of the service-aged P91 material is accounted for and accurately predicted. The characterisation of the cyclic visco-plasticity behaviour of the service-aged P91 material at 500°C is presented and compared to experimental stress-strain loops, cyclic softening and creep relaxation, obtained from the cyclic isothermal tests.
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Venkata, Kiranmayi Abburi, and Christopher E. Truman. "Finite Element Simulation of Laser Welding in a P91 Steel Plate." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97339.

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New methods for joining materials used in advanced nuclear power plants are of interest to increase the efficiency and productivity. Optimised joints require narrow heat affected zones, low residual stress, strain and distortion. This requires research into a large range of aspects including the nature of the joining processes, characterisation of the joint materials and the integrity of joints in manufacture and service. Of particular interest is the laser welding of the P91 steel used extensively in the power plants. The objective of this paper is to fully characterise the laser welding process using numerical modelling techniques and compare the measured residual stresses for P91 steel welds induced by the welding process with the predicted residual stresses by numerical simulation. The FE simulation consists of thermal analysis and a sequentially coupled structural analysis. Solid state phase transformation is included in the analysis to account for the volumetric changes due to martensitic transformation during cooling. The neutron diffraction technique is used to measure the residual stresses in the welded plate. The measurements are compared with the simulation results and the characteristics of the residual stress distribution and the influence of phase transformations are discussed.
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Ejaz, Muneeb, Norhaida Ab Razak, Andrew Morris, Scott Lockyer, and Catrin M. Davies. "Long Term Creep Life Prediction of New and Service Exposed P91 Steel." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84314.

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P91 steels are widely used in high temperature components for power generation. Creep data is often generated through accelerated short term creep tests, for practical reasons, via increasing stress or temperature though this may alter the creep behaviour. Through normalising the creep test stress by tensile strength the Wilshire models reduce the batch to batch scatter in the creep data and enable the prediction of long term creep data from relatively short term test results. In this work it is shown that the Wilshire models fitted to uniaxial creep rupture data can be used to predict failure in both as cast and service exposed multiaxial tests. This is provided that the equivalent stress is the rupture controlling stress, as is the case for the P91 tests examined, and the tensile strength is measured as part of the test programme.
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Gabrel, Jean, Walter Bendick, Bruno Lefebvre, and Bruno Vandenberghe. "Status of Development of the VM12 Steel for Application at High Temperature in Advanced Power Plants." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/creep2007-26566.

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Improvement of boiler efficiency is reached by increasing the pressure and temperature of newly designed boilers. Recently developed steel grades such as T/P91 and T/P92 are used in the advanced power plants thanks to their high creep rupture strength resistance which enables maintaining acceptable thickness of the tubes and pipes. Nevertheless their operating temperature range is limited by their oxidation behavior which is lower than classical 12%Cr steels or austenitic steels. For these reasons we have developed a new steel grade which combines good creep resistance and high steam-side oxidation behavior. This new steel, based on chromium content of 12% and with other elements such as cobalt, tungsten and boron, is named VM12. Manufacturing of this grade has been proved by production of several laboratory and industrial heats and rolling of tubes and pipes in several dimensions by different rolling processes. In addition to base metal property investigations — including creep tests and high temperature oxidation behavior — welding, cold bending and hot induction bending qualifications took place. This paper summarizes the results of the investigations and presents the first findings for processing.
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