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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel P91'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Koo, Ja Min, Sung Yong Kim, Kee Sam Shin, Yeon Gil Jung, and Sung Kang Hur. "Embrittlement Behavior of Isothermally Heat-Treated T/P92 Steel at 350°C." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.465.

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P92 steels as well as P91 are widely used as boiler tube materials of ultra super critical (USC) power plants these days. And thus embrittlement is very important for structural integrity of the USC plants. The embrittlement was observed when P92 (Modified 9Cr-1.8W-0.5Mo-V-Nb) steels were quenched to and held at the temperature of 320 to 350°C, which were the temperatures intermediate between Ms and Mf, and then air-cooled. Nearly same kind of the embrittlement had been observed with the T/P91 steels and a theory had been proposed to explain the mechanism of the embrittlement by us. From the theory, the embrittlement might be caused by the brittle martensite which is freshly formed during air-cooling. We tried to apply the theory for the embrittlement of the T/P92 steel. The behaviors of the embrittled T/P92 steel were explained well by the theory.

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2

Murata, Yoshinori, Yoshihiro Saoto, Yuhki Tsukada, Toshiyuki Koyama, Masahiko Morinaga, Yasutoshi Sasaki, and Yasushi Hasegawa. "Stress Dependence of Microstructural Evolution in Heat Resistant Steels." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.190.

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The state of the microstructure of ferritic heat resistant steels during creep was evaluate by the system free energy, which composes mainly chemical free energy, surface energy and elastic strain energy, and its stress dependence was expressed quantitatively by using a relaxation time. The steels used in this study were P91 (9Cr-1Mo-C-N-V-Nb) steel and P92 (9Cr-Mo-W-C-N-V-Nb-B) steel. The obtained results are as follows: (1) the relaxation time of elastic strain energy was expressed as a function of stress and temperature, (2) surface energy of P92 scarcely decreased during creep due to the formation of the Laves phase, and (3) the relaxation time of the chemical free energy in P92 was larger than that in P91.

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3

Qadr, Hiwa Mohammad, and Ari Maghdid Hamad. "Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Martenstic Steels: A Review." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 17, no. 16 (May 1, 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsmm-2019-0003.

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Abstract The word-wide demand for energy is constantly increasing, and therefore ideas around future energy-generation are also on the increase with the aim of meeting this demand. This includes designs for the next generation of nuclear power reactors, such as gas-cooled, liquid-metal-cooled and water-cooled reactors; the goal being to create smarter ways to produce more economical, environmentally-friendly energy. The conditions such reactors would need to meet, present significant design challenges for scientist and engineers, not least around the structural materials and components to use. Depending on the operational conditions, use of elevated- temperature ferritic/martensitic materials such as P91 and P92 steel are favoured by several of the designs for use with out-of-core and in-core applications. The main goal behind this review article is to explain mechanical properties of P91 and P92 steel; these are two types of ferritic/martensitic steels. This reviewer, highlight and discuss the development of ferritic/martenisitc steels for nuclear programmes and to explain the effect of irradiation on mechanical properties of P91 and P92.

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4

Velkavrh, Igor, Joël Voyer, Fevzi Kafexhiu, and Bojan Podgornik. "Creep Rate, Friction, and Wear of Two Heat-Affected Zone Regions of 9–12 wt.% Cr Steels." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040558.

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Coarsening of precipitates can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of martensitic 9–12 wt.% Cr steels, which are typically used in critical parts of fossil-fuel power plants such as turbines, headers, and main steam pipes. In the present study, changes in precipitates’ size and distribution in the simulated heat-affected zone of two different 9–12 wt.% Cr steels (X20 and P91) after different aging conditions were analyzed and correlated with their creep, friction, and wear behaviors. It was shown that prior to aging, the morphology of the steel matrix (prior austenite grain size and microstructure homogeneity) governed the creep rate and the tribological performance of both steels, while after aging their response was additionally determined by the combination of the number and the size of precipitates. For the selected samples (prepared under identical conditions), number of precipitates was found to be within a narrower range for the X20 steel as compared to the P91 steel. For both steels, aging for a shorter time at the higher temperature yielded significantly higher stationary creep rate values as compared to aging for longer time at the lower temperature. The increase was more pronounced in the P91 than in the X20 steel. Both prior to and after aging, the P91 steel typically provided slightly higher creep resistance than the X20 steel, while the latter provided slightly better tribological performance. Furthermore, as a function of the increasing number of precipitates, static coefficient of friction in air atmosphere was approximately linearly decreasing, while the wear rate initially decreased.

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5

Pandey, Chandan, Manas Mohan Mahapatra, and Pradeep Kumar. "Characterisation of dissimilar P91 and P92 steel welds joint." Materials at High Temperatures 36, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2018.1537168.

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6

Prunier, V., U. Gampe, K. Nikbin, and I. A. Shibli. "HIDA activity on P91 steel." Materials at High Temperatures 15, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603409.1998.11689595.

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7

Ducháček, Petr, and Jiří Janovec. "Heterogeneous Welded Joints (T23-T92; 15CH1M1F-P91)." Key Engineering Materials 647 (May 2015): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.647.147.

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The use of new construction materials is increasingly on demand for the construction of new power plants, and for the modernization of existing plants that are at the end of their service life span. Steels such as type P/T92 (modified martensitic 9-12% Cr), and low-alloy steels derived from modified steel 2.5Cr1Mo (ASTM marked P/T23) are considered promising alternatives. In the construction of power units, the so-called heterogeneous joints, which most often consist of a combination of low-alloyed materials and highly-alloyed ones, preferably need to be avoided. These welded joints are often the weak links in the overall construction. Knowledge of the behaviour of creep-resistant steel welded joints is very important for the subsequent evaluation of the life span of the units. This study deals with the degradation of heterogeneous welded joints of steel T23 - T92 and 15CH1M1F - P91, using the commercially available welding materials Thermanit MTS 616 (highly-alloyed), Union I P23; ThermanitP23, Böhler P23-IG and Thermanit (FOX) P23 (low-alloyed). In the heterogeneous welds examined, slight loss of strength of the base material was observed during isothermal heat exposure and extension of the diffusion active zones (i.e., Carbon Depleted Zone (CDZ) and Carbon Enriched Zone (CEZ)). These degradation processes caused structural instability of heterogeneous welds. It was found that the use of low-alloyed welding materials showed superior structural stability than highly-alloyed welds. Additional laboratory analyses are warranted due to the extreme service conditions and the high temperature loads in power units.

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8

Milička, Karel, and Ferdinand Dobeš. "Small punch testing of P91 steel." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 83, no. 9 (September 2006): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.07.009.

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9

Zieliński, A., M. Miczka, and G. Golański. "Forecasting the distribution of precipitate diameters in the presence of changes in the structure of the material." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0041.

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AbstractThe results of investigations on the microstructure of T23 and T24 low-alloy steels as well as P91 and P92 high-chromium steels in the as-received condition and after 70.000 h annealing at 550-650°C are presented. The quantitative analysis of the existing precipitates was performed for representative images of microstructure. The statistical analysis of collected data allowed the parameters of a selected theoretical statistical distribution to be estimated. A forecast of average precipitate diameter and standard deviation of such a distribution for the time of 100,000 hours at 550 and 600°C for T23 and T24 steels and at 600 and 650°C for P91 and P92 steels was calculated. The obtained results of investigations have made it possible to compare changes in the microstructure of various steel grades due to long-term impact of elevated temperature. They have also confirmed the possibility of using, in evaluating the degradation degree of materials in use, the forecasting methods that derive from mathematical statistics, in particular the theory of stochastic processes and forecast by analogy methods. The presented approach allows the development of a forecast of precipitate diameter probability density under the microstructure instability conditions for selected steel grades. The assessment of material condition that takes into consideration, but is not limited to, the precipitate diameter measurement is useful as an assessment component in estimating the time of safe service of power unit elements working under creep conditions.

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10

Rhode, Michael, Tim Richter, Tobias Mente, Peter Mayr, and Alexander Nitsche. "Thickness and microstructure effect on hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9% Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal." Welding in the World 66, no. 2 (December 9, 2021): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01218-9.

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Abstract Martensitic 9% Cr steels like P91 and P92 show susceptibility to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking depending on their microstructure. In that connection, effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients are used to assess the possible time-delay. Limited data on room temperature diffusion coefficients reported in literature vary widely by several orders of magnitude (mostly attributed to variation in microstructure). Especially P91 weld metal diffusion coefficients are rare so far. For that reason, electrochemical permeation experiments had been conducted using P92 base metal and P91 weld metal (in as-welded and heat-treated condition) with different thicknesses. From the results obtained, diffusion coefficients were calculated using to different methods, time-lag, and inflection point. Results show that, despite microstructural effects, the sample thickness must be considered as it influences the calculated diffusion coefficients. Finally, the comparison of calculated and measured hydrogen concentrations (determined by carrier gas hot extraction) enables the identification of realistic diffusion coefficients.

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11

Kusmoko, Alain, and Hui Jun Li. "Surface Morphology and Wear Analysis of Stellite 6 Deposited on 9Cr-1Mo Steel Substrate by Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.640.

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Stellite 6 was deposited by laser cladding on a 9Cr-1Mo (P91) substrate with energy inputs of 1 kW (P91-1) and 1.8 kW (P91-1.8). The chemical compositions, microstructures and surface roughnesses of these coatings were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The microhardness of the coatings was measured and the wear mechanism of the coatings was evaluated using a pin-on-plate (reciprocating) wear testing machine. The results showed less cracking and pore development for Stellite 6 coatings applied to the 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel substrate with the lower heat input (P91-1). Further, the Stellite coating for P91-1 was significantly harder than that obtained for P91-1.8. The wear test results indicated that the weight loss for P91-1 was much lower than for P91-1.8. The surface topography data indicated that the surface roughness for P91-1 was much lower than for P91-1.8. It is concluded that the lower hardness of the coating for P91-1.8, together with the softer underlying substrate structure, markedly reduced the wear resistance of the Stellite 6 coating.

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12

Egner, Władysław, Piotr Sulich, Stanisław Mroziński, and Halina Egner. "Temperature-Dependent Fatigue Characteristics of P91 Steel." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2020-0010.

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AbstractIn this paper, the experimental investigations, constitutive description and numerical modelling of low-cycle fatigue behaviour of P91 steel in non-isothermal conditions are presented. First, experimental tests are performed to recognise different aspects of material behaviour. Then, an appropriate constitutive model is developed within the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal state variables. The model describes two phases of cyclic softening, related to plastic mechanisms. An important goal of the presented research is to include thermomechanical coupling in the constitutive modelling. Next, the model parameters are identified based on the available experimental data. Some parametric studies are presented. Finally, numerical simulations are performed, which indicate the significant influence of thermomechanical coupling on the response of the constitutive model in thermomechanical fatigue conditions.

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13

Isaac Samuel, E., and B. K. Choudhary. "Tensile work hardening behaviour of P91 steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 25-26 (September 2011): 7827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.058.

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14

Shi, L., SA Alexandratos, and NP O’Dowd. "Combined finite element and phase field method for simulation of austenite grain growth in the heat-affected zone of a martensitic steel weld." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717750999.

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Engineering components operating at high temperature often fail due to the initiation and growth of cracks in the heat-affected zone adjacent to a weld. Understanding the effects of microstructural evolution in the heat-affected zone is important in order to predict and control the final properties of welded joints. This study presents a combined finite element method and phase field method for simulation of austenite grain growth in the heat-affected zone of a tempered martensite (P91) steel weld. The finite element method is used to determine the thermal history of the heat-affected zone during gas tungsten arc welding of a P91 steel plate. Then, the calculated thermal history is included in a phase field model to simulate grain growth at various positions in the heat-affected zone. The predicted mean grain size and grain distribution match well with experimental data for simulated welds from the literature. The work lays the foundation for optimising the process parameters in welding of P91 and other ferritic/martensitic steels in order to control the final heat-affected zone microstructure.

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15

Yaghi, A. H., T. H. Hyde, A. A. Becker, and W. Sun. "Numerical simulation of P91 pipe welding including the effects of solid-state phase transformation on residual stresses." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 221, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14644207jmda152.

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The methodology of numerically simulating residual stresses in a welded P91 pipe section is described. The finite element (FE) method has been applied to simulate residual axial and hoop stresses generated in the weld region and heat affected zone (HAZ) of an axisymmetric 50-bead circumferentially butt-welded P91 steel pipe, with outer diameter of 145 mm and wall thickness of 50mm. The FE simulation consists of a thermal analysis which is followed by a sequentially-coupled structural analysis. Solid-state phase transformation (SSPT), which is characteristic of P91 steel during welding thermal cycles, has been modelled in the FE analysis by allowing for volumetric changes in steel and associated changes in yield stress due to austenitic and martensitic transformations. Phase transformation plasticity has also been taken into account. Preheat and interpass temperature control has been included in the modelling process. Thermally-obtained temperature contours indicate the size of the weld region, parent metal penetration, and HAZ. Residual axial and hoop stresses have been depicted through the pipe wall thickness as well as along the outer surface of the pipe. The results indicate the importance of including SSPT in the simulation of stresses during the welding of P91 steel.

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16

Xu, Jiang Xiao, Dong Fang Ma, and Yong Feng Zhao. "Analysis of the Causes of the Massive Ferrite in P91 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1854.

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Analyzed theoretically the reasons for the formation of massive ferrite through analysis of the phase diagram of P91 steel. By Combining with the heat treatment of the header, we can make a conclusion that the formation of massive ferrite in P91 steel is because temperature is too high (more than the A1 transformation point). And the process of elimination of massive ferrite was proposed.

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17

Vlasák, Tomás, Jan Hakl, Pavel Novák, Jiří Sochor, and Jan Čech. "Creep of Cast Steel P91 with Weld Joint." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.331.

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High-temperature martensitic steel P91, internationally marked GX12CrMoVNbN91, is the material used in the energy industry. Creep and high-temperature corrosion resistances are important properties that affect the application of this material at higher temperatures. Weldment reduces creep properties. This work deals with the quantification of this decrease in the case of material P91. The main focus is except the evaluation of creep test results given to the mathematical description of the weld creep strength reduction. Further metallographic analyses of weld joint after creep exposures were performed.

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18

Yan, Xiu Ping, Zhang Jian, and Xu Ma. "Study on Austenitic Grain Growth for Heat Resisting Steel P91." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.318.

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According to the typical large-diameter thick-walled steel T/P91 (10Cr9Mo1VNb), during the hot working, there are dynamic recrystallization and grain growth. The influence of the samples at different hot treatment on the grain size and grain growth rate were obtained by the statistics of the grain size, The grain growth index under various heat treatment were compared, the mathematical model of the austenite grain growth law of P91 alloy steel was established.

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19

Volák, Josef, and Zbynek Bunda. "Three Ways of Sampling and Fatigue Test Results of Steel P92." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.273.

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This paper describes the fatigue properties of the steel P92. This material is widely used in the energy industry, especially for pipes and pipe bends of supercritical steam turbines. Steel P92 is alloyed with 2 % of tungsten compared to steel P91. This increases a creep strenght of the material. It is possible to reduce wall thickness of the P92 pipe up to about 20%. Fatigue tests were carried out on standard samples and compared with SFT samples (Small Fatigue Test). Using the device SSam 2 made by company Rolce Royce, it is possible to gently remove a samples from energy component without power plant shutdowns. Consider these correlations, i tis possible to determine mechanical properties of the material from small amount of removed experimental material.

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20

Elarbi, Y., and Béla Palotás. "Microstructural Changes due to Secondary Precipitation Hardening of Martensitic Creep Resistant Steel X20CrMoWV 12 1 (AISI 422)." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.197.

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After development of the well-known T/P91 steel grade in the early 80’s and its long industrial experience since early 90’s, it has been necessary to develop new martensitic creep resistant steels to answer the demand of the power generation industry. New USC (ultra-super critical) boilers require materials with advanced creep properties to reach severe steam parameters. Addition of W to the steel has been found by many researches to be effective to increase creep rupture strength at high temperatures and already used in some developed steel grades such as T/P92, T/P122 and AISI 422 for the USC boilers. Recently, long-term creep strength of the advanced high Cr ferritic steels has been argued regarding the instability of their microstructures at high temperatures over 600 °C. This microstructural instability seems to be enhanced with increasing Cr content or with substitution of Mo by W in the steels. The aim of this paper is concentrated on the investigation of the microstructural development of the studied steel using the Jominy end-face quench test. Different hardness profiles from this test were introduced.

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21

Xu, Xue Xia, Jie Ouyang, Xiao Guang Niu, Yan Ting Feng, and Wen Peng Li. "Study on Relationship of Abnormal Heat Treatment, Microstructure and Properties of P91 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.830.

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Improper heat treatment may result in unsatisfactory microstructure and mechanical properties for P91 steel. In this work, the effect of abnormal heat treatment on microstructure and properties of P91 steel were studied. Results showed that with the normalization temperature increased from 860°C to 1000°C, the microstructures of P91 steel are ferrite, mixture of ferrite and martensite, and tempered martensite correspondingly. Cooling rate after austenization has important influence on microstructure and properties. The tempered microstructure has a gradual transition from coarse inhomogeneous ferrite to finer martensite when the cooling rate increased from 1 to 3°C/min. The reduced temperature normalization has no significant effect on hardness even as low as 860°C under aircooling condition, whereas the hareness is inadequate when the cooling rate is too slow. Incomplete austenization and transformation in dual phase zone may account for the phenomenon.

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22

Grzywna, P., and D. Kukla. "Evaluation of Strain Distribution for the P91 Steel under Static Load Using Espi System." Advances in Materials Science 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2014-0019.

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AbstractThe goal of the research was to evaluate the change of displacement/strain phases in the P91 steel under static load conditions. Undertaken tests were aimed at estimation and analysis of the impact of the material state, which was subjected to loading conditions, on the distribution of stress pattern using ESPI system. Specimen made of high temperature creep resistant steel X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) used as a construction material for boiler steam feed heaters, vapor tanks, pressure vessels and vapor pipelines, is used in the service conditions of temperature range up of 650°C. Test samples were taken from two P91 steel pipes. One sample came from a segment of a pipeline transporting fresh vapor in time 80 000 h, under the pressure of 8.4 MPa and temperature 540 °C. The second sample was the same material but in the delivery state.

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23

Silva, Francisco José Gomes, António Pedro Pinho, António Bastos Pereira, and Olga Coutinho Paiva. "Evaluation of Welded Joints in P91 Steel under Different Heat-Treatment Conditions." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010099.

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P91 steel has been of interest to many researchers over the past two decades. This interest is because this steel has very interesting characteristics for application in power plants, where it is common to have pipes that need to support steam at temperatures between 570 and 600 °C, and at pressures in the range of 170 to 230 bar. These working conditions are quite severe for most common steels, requiring increased high-temperature mechanical strength as well as high creep resistance. The manufacture of these pipes normally includes welding operations, which must preserve the main characteristics of this type of steel. This justifies the concern of the researchers to ensure the best welding conditions so that the preservation of the properties of these steels becomes possible. The present work intends to depict the best results obtained varying the heat-treatment conditions applied to weldments made on heat-resistant steel P91. This steel usually takes the designation SA 213 T91 (seamless tube) or SA 335 P91 (seamless pipe), according to ASME II, as well as the designation X10CrMOVNb9-1 according to EN 10216-2. The purpose of this study is to compare the behavior of pipe welding under different post-welding heat-treatment (PWHT) conditions. One of them is performed with thermal cycles (preheating, post-heating, and the post-weld heat treatment) in agreement with most construction codes and standard rules. The second one is performed without any thermal cycle before and after welding. Both welds were made by the same process, TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas, or GTAW—Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) in the horizontal position (2G according to ASME IX) and the same welding parameters. In order to evaluate the results obtained in the welds, microstructure analyses, hardness measurements, bending tests, and tensile tests at room and high temperature (600 °C) have been performed. Other tests were also carried out according to the quality procedures, such as visual, penetrant dye, and X-ray tests. Regarding the different strategies used in the heat treatments, the best results have been obtained using a strategy similar to the one currently in use and recommended by construction codes and steel manufacturers but excluding the phases’ transformation time, and it was possible to observe that the tensile strength is impaired by about 2% to 9% at room and elevated temperatures, respectively; the elongation is reduced by 39% at room temperature but keeps a good performance at elevated temperature; the hardness profile is very similar at both temperatures; the microstructure presented is compatible with the requirements; and no cracking trend has been reported. Thus, a new strategy for the welding heat treatment of grade 91 steels was drawn, saving energy and processing time.

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24

Zhao, Peng Shuo, Jun Jie Shen, and Hui Zhang. "Short-Term Creep Behavior in P91 Heat-Resistant Steel at Low Stress." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.922.

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P91 heat-resistant steel is widely used in the high temperature of piping components of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. In these conditions, the typical failure of P91 is mainly caused by creep at low stress. In this investigation the short-term creep behavior in P91 at low stress was investigated by helicoid spring creep test due to its high strain-sensitivity. The helicoid spring creep was based on the assumption of pure torsion. The mechanics field was firstly studied by ANSYS finite-element simulation to find the establishing conditions of pure torsion. Secondly, the creep properties of P91 were studied under the conditions of the temperatures of 0.38Tm<T<0.46Tm and the stresses of 14.6 MPa, 25 MPa, 34 MPa, respectively. The ANSYS finite-element simulation shows that the creep deformation is considered to be pure torsion when the pitch spacing of coil is between 2mm to 4mm. The creep curves show "Normal type ", and “the stress exponent” is n=0.9.

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25

Swei, Mohamed, Aleksandar Sedmak, Blagoj Petrovski, Zorana Golubovic, Simon Sedmak, Marko Katinic, and Khaled Azzabi. "Creep crack growth behavior of P91 steel weldments." Thermal Science 23, no. 2 Part B (2019): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170729240s.

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26

Zhang, Xuehua, Yanping Zeng, Wenhe Cai, Zhichun Wang, and Weili Li. "Study on the softening mechanism of P91 steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 728 (June 2018): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.082.

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27

Sopoušek, J., R. Foret, and V. Jan. "Simulation of dissimilar weld joints of steel P91." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 9, no. 1 (February 2004): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136217104225017161.

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28

Kundu, A., P. J. Bouchard, S. Kumar, K. A. Venkata, J. A. Francis, A. Paradowska, G. K. Dey, and C. E. Truman. "Residual stresses in P91 steel electron beam welds." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 18, no. 1 (January 2013): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171812y.0000000076.

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29

Egner, Władysław, Piotr Sulich, Stanisław Mroziński, and Halina Egner. "Modelling thermo-mechanical cyclic behavior of P91 steel." International Journal of Plasticity 135 (December 2020): 102820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2020.102820.

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30

Kalvala, Prasad Rao, Javed Akram, Mano Misra, Damodaram Ramachandran, and Janaki Ram Gabbita. "Low temperature friction stir welding of P91 steel." Defence Technology 12, no. 4 (August 2016): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2015.11.003.

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Pandey, Chandan, Manas Mohan Mahapatra, Pradeep Kumar, and Nitin Saini. "Some studies on P91 steel and their weldments." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 743 (April 2018): 332–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.120.

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32

Sklenička, Vàclav, Květa Kuchařová, Jiří Dvořák, Marie Kvapilová, and Petr Král. "Creep Damage Tolerance Factor λ of Selected Creep-Resistant Steels." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.47.

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The creep damage tolerance factor λ as an important outcome of the continuum damage mechanics approach has been used to asses the creep fracture mode and the susceptibility of material to localized cracking at strain concentrations. In this work, using sets of our earlier published creep data of three advanced ferritic creep-resistant steels (T23 low alloy steel, P91 and P92 chromium steels) are analysed in terms of the creep damage tolerance factor λ. It was found that the value of the creep damage factor λ is not constant and depends on the creep loading conditions. The data analysis is followed by fractographic investigations, which is used to identify the creep fracture mode (s) experimentally.

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Oskay, Ceyhun, Tobias M. Meißner, Carmen Dobler, Benjamin Grégoire, and Mathias C. Galetz. "Scale Formation and Degradation of Diffusion Coatings Deposited on 9% Cr Steel in Molten Solar Salt." Coatings 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100687.

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The employment of ferritic-martensitic steels e.g., P91, as structural materials in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants can significantly increase cost-efficiency. However, their application is strongly restricted by their lower corrosion resistance in molten nitrates, compared to austenitic steels or Ni-based alloys. In this study, Cr-, Al-, and Cr/Al-diffusion coatings were deposited on P91 via pack cementation in order to improve its scaling behavior in molten solar salt (MSS). The corrosion behavior of coated specimens was investigated with respect to uncoated P91 in MSS at 600 °C for up to 1000 h. The exposure in MSS resulted in a thick, highly porous, and multi-layered oxide scale on uncoated P91 consisting of hematite, magnetite, and sodium ferrite. On the other hand, the scale grown on the chromized P91 comprised of a thin Cr-rich inner layer, which shifted breakaway to prolonged exposure durations. The aluminized specimens both formed very thin, highly protective alumina scales with localized protrusions.

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34

Ji, Dong Mei. "Research on Application of Supported Vector Machine to Creep-Fatigue Lifetime Prediction of P91 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1787.

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Creep-fatigue tests were carried out to study creep-fatigue property of P91 steel in many references. There are two kinds of loading control methods. One is controlled by stress, and the other is controlled by strain. In this study the creep-fatigue test data loading controlled by stress are summarized. Based on these data Supported Vector Machine(SVM) method is used to build up the models to predict the creep-fatigue lifetime of P91 steel. The results show SVM method can be used to predict the creep-fatigue life of P91 steel, and the value of insensitive factor is very important. When the value of insensitive factor is small and the training error of the model is small too, but the prediction ability decreases. On the contrary when insensitive factor is increased, the training error will become large, and the prediction ability will increase. So during the training, mean square error should not be regarded as the unique goal function.

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35

Singh, Vikramjit, Khushdeep Goyal, and Rakesh Goyal. "Improving the hot corrosion resistance of boiler tube steels by detonation gun sprayed coatings in actual boiler of thermal power plant." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-10-2018-2009.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the hot corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings, deposited on T11, P91 boiler steels by detonation gun spray coating (D-Gun) process to enhance high temperature corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach Hot corrosion studies were conducted in secondary super heater zone of boiler at 900 °C for 10 cycles on bare and D-Gun coated steel specimens. The microhardness and porosity values of as-sprayed coatings were measured before exposing the specimens in the boiler environment. Each cycle consisted 100 h of heating in the boiler environment followed by 20 min of cooling in air. The weight change measurements were performed after each cycle to establish the kinetics of corrosion using thermogravimetric technique. X-ray diffraction, SEM techniques were used to analyze the corroded specimens. Findings Uncoated boiler steel experienced higher weight loss. The Cr3C2-NiCr coating was found to be more protective than Ni-Cr coating. The phases revealed the formation of oxide scale on coated specimens, mainly consist of nickel and chromium, which are reported to be protective against the hot corrosion. Originality/value There is very limited reported literature on hot corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings deposited on the T11 and P91 substrates by detonation gun (D-gun) spray technique. T11 and P91 alloy steels have been chosen for this study because these two alloys are used to manufacture boiler tubes used in Indian thermal power plants.

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Chao, Feng, Xie Yi, Wang Jun, Long Yi, Chen Wei, and Xia Dahai. "The corrosion behavior of T/P91 steel under the atmosphere environment in Hunan province." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817501002.

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The research of corrosion behavior of T/P91 steel was investigated taking the case for the T/P91 steel corrosions existed during the construction process of a thermal power plant in Hunan province.The morphology change, product component and mechanical properties change were studied during the corrosion process of SO4-2. The results indicated that the surface oxide layer are mainly composed of iron and chromium oxide.As the thickness of oxide layer increased, the ability of blocking the erosive ions diffusion also come into effect, thus slow down the corrosion rate.

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Niu, Yu Jing, Hong Sheng Cai, Jin Feng Geng, Dong Fang Ma, Guo Dong Ma, Yong Feng Zhao, and Xu Yang. "Creep Properties and Life Estimation of P91 Steel with Low Hardness." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.201.

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The creep properties and creep life estimation experiment was carried out on the P91 steel with low hardness (About 135HBHLD),and the creep life of P91 pipe was estimated.The result was that the ability for anti-plastic fracture, cracking and crack propagation of resistance to damage of high pressure steam conduit pipe with low hardness (About 135HBHLD) is very poor at 566°C and that the working life of low hardness zones (About 135HBHLD) from the creep crack propagation tests is about 5914 hours at 540°C.

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Jandová, Dagmar, and Josef Kasl. "Microstructural changes in creep exposed P91 steel weld joint." Materials at High Temperatures 28, no. 2 (June 2011): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/096034011x13061610296777.

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39

Venugopal, S., G. Sasikala, and Yatindra Kumar. "Creep Crack Growth Behavior of a P91 Steel Weld." Procedia Engineering 86 (2014): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.067.

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40

Abd El-Azim, M. E., O. E. El-Desoky, H. Ruoff, F. Kauffmann, and E. Roos. "Creep fracture mechanism in welded joints of P91 steel." Materials Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (September 2013): 1027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284713y.0000000233.

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41

Foret, R., B. Million, M. Svoboda, and K. Stránský. "Structural stability of dissimilar weld joints of steel P91." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 6, no. 6 (December 2001): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/stw.2001.6.6.405.

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42

Pandey, Chandan, M. M. Mahapatra, Pradeep Kumar, N. Saini, J. G. Thakre, and Prakash Kumar. "Grain Refinement of P91 Steel Using Double Austenitization Treatment." Materials Performance and Characterization 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 20180094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20180094.

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43

Pandey, Chandan, Manas Mohan Mahapatra, Pradeep Kumar, F. Daniel, and B. Adhithan. "Softening mechanism of P91 steel weldments using heat treatments." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 2 (March 2019): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.10.005.

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44

Zieliński, A., J. Dobrzański, H. Purzyńska, and G. Golański. "Changes In Properties and Microstructure of High-Chromium 9-12%Cr Steels Due to Long-Term Exposure at Elevated Temperature." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0163.

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AbstractThis paper presents the characteristics of the performance of P91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1), P92 (X10CrWMoVNb9-2) and VM12 (X12CrCoWVNb12-2-2) steels used for condition assessment of the pressure components of boilers with supercritical steam parameters. Studies on the mechanical properties, microstructure tests using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray analysis of the phase composition of precipitates were performed for selected steels in the as-received condition and after long-term annealing. These steel characteristics are used for the evaluation of the microstructural changes and mechanical properties of the material of components after long-term service. The result of this study is the database of material characteristics representing the mechanical properties related to the microstructure analysis and it can be used for diagnosis of the components of pressure parts of power boilers.

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45

GOLAŃSKI, Grzegorz. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF P91 AND PB2 STEEL AFTER LONG-TERM AGEING AT 620°C." Journal of Metallic Materials 73, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.21.3.1.

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The article presents the results of research on mechanical properties of martensitic steels, X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) and X13CrMo- CoVNbNB9-2-1 (PB2), as-received and after 50,000 hours of ageing at 620˚C. The scope of the tests of mechanical properties included a Vickers hardness test, Charpy impact test, and static tensile test. As received, the investigated steels were characterised by relatively high mechanical properties. The long-term effect of temperature and time contributed to a relatively slight decrease in the strength properties and hardness of the tested steels. However, a considerable decrease in the ductility of these alloys was observed. The decrease in mechanical properties after long-term ageing was smaller in the case of the PB2 steel, which was attributed to the beneficial effect of microalloying boron.

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46

Střílková, Lucie, Jan Holešinský, Anastasia Maslova, Zdeněk Kuboň, and Vlastimil Vodárek. "Microstructural Stability of P23/P91 Dissimilar Welds during Creep at 500°C." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.319.

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This paper deals with microstructural stability of P23/P91 dissimilar welds during long-term creep exposure at 500°C. Detailed TEM investigations on minor phase evolution were performed on specimens after long-term creep exposure. Microstructural changes in the decarburized layer of the P23 steel were studied using EBSD and TEM. Experimental data on minor phase evolution were compared to the results of thermodynamic (Thermocalc) and kinetic (Dictra) simulations. Evolution of minor phases in the P23/P91 welds during creep at 500°C was in a good agreement with results of microstructural modelling. Partial decarburization of the P23 occurred at the expense of dissolving M7C3 phase. Microstructure of the partly decarburized zone in the P23 steel remained bainitic in all specimens investigated. In spite of the partial decarburization in the P23 steel during longterm creep exposure at 500°C, creep failures occurred in the ICHAZ of the P23 steel.

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47

Brozda, J., M. Lomozik, and M. Zeman. "Welding of P91 steel to other grades of steel for elevated temperature service." Welding International 12, no. 7 (January 1998): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119809448525.

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48

Omar, Haidar, Nikolaos Michailidis, Stefanos Skolianos, Azarias Mavropoulos, Sofia Tsipas, and Nikiforos Maragoudakis. "Determination of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Boride Coating on P91 Steel." Key Engineering Materials 438 (May 2010): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.438.89.

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In many applications, even high-performance alloys have to be covered with protective coatings, providing higher corrosion and oxidation resistance, as compared to the alloy itself. This study investigates the feasibility to apply boron coatings on P91 steel by pack cementation process, to increase the steel durability in oxidative and corrosive environments, as well as its mechanical strength. Micro-indentation and the coating impact test were used to characterize the hardness and fatigue properties of the film respectively. The coating corrosion resistance versus the one of the uncoated P91 steel was tested in a salt spray chamber. The coating performance was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy to check the consistency of the coated and uncoated surfaces and the oxidation extend. The results show an increased film strength, good fatigue performance and adequate corrosion resistance.

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49

Milička, Karel, and Ferdinand Dobeš. "Relation between Uniaxial and Equi-Biaxial Creep and Creep Fracture Behaviour in P91 Steel." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 407–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.407.

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Conventional uniaxial creep tests on massive specimens and small punch creep tests on thin discs were performed on P91 steel at temperatures from 823 to 873 K. The shapes of corresponding time dependences, i. e., creep curves and time dependence of the disc deflection, are very similar. A simple linear relationship between the applied stress in creep tests and the acting force in small punch tests leading to identical times to rupture was empirically derived. The proportionality factor reaches a value close to values observed in other creep-resistant ferritic steels.

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Saini, Nitin, Chandan Pandey, Manas Mohan Mahapatra, H. K. Narang, R. S. Mulik, and Pradeep Kumar. "A comparative study of ductile-brittle transition behavior and fractography of P91 and P92 steel." Engineering Failure Analysis 81 (November 2017): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.06.044.

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