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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel producers

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Academic literature on the topic 'Steel producers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel producers"

1

Roberts, Don. "Steel Pipe Producers Shortchanged." Journal - American Water Works Association 81, no. 10 (October 1989): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03277.x.

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Knoedler, Janet T. "Market Structure, Industrial Research, and Consumers of Innovation: Forging Backward Linkages to Research in the Turn-of-the-Century U.S. Steel Industry." Business History Review 67, no. 1 (1993): 98–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117469.

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Although the U.S. steel industry's concentrated market structure and well-established production technology curbed active research by most steel firms, between 1880 and 1910 vertical research arrangements between steel producers and steel consumers, notably the Pennsylvania Railroad, became a key factor in promoting both increased innovation in basic steel products and increased innovative effort by steel producers, albeit slowly and gradually. Thus, research into steel was initiated not by steel producers but by steel consumers, who established in-house industrial research laboratories and interfirm cooperative research arrangements as a means to solve their technical problems with steel products. They also began to work toward creating an institution—the American Society for Testing Materials—that would allow for effective interaction with other consuming firms and, eventually, with producing firms to exchange information and build consensus.

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Rao, G. V., and S. K. Sharma. "National Steel Policy: Challenges Before Iron Ore Producers." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 69, no. 1 (November 24, 2015): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-015-0719-1.

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Karlson, Stephen H. "Adoption of Competing Inventions by United States Steel Producers." Review of Economics and Statistics 68, no. 3 (August 1986): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1926018.

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Gajdzik, Bożena, and Radosław Wolniak. "Transitioning of Steel Producers to the Steelworks 4.0—Literature Review with Case Studies." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144109.

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The publication presents a picture of modern steelworks that is evolving from steelworks 3.0 to steelworks 4.0. The paper was created on the basis of secondary sources of information (desk research). The entire publication concerns the emerging opportunities for the development of the steel producers to Industry 4.0 and the changes already implemented in the steel plants. The collected information shows the support environment for changes in the steel sector (EU programs), the levels of evolution of steel mills, along with the areas of change in the steel industry and implemented investment projects. The work consists of a theoretical part based on a literature review and a practical part based on case studies. The work ends with a discussion in which the staged and segmented nature of the changes introduced in the analyzed sector is emphasized. Based on the three case studies described in the paper, a comparative analysis was conducted between them. When we tried to compare methods used in the three analyzed steel producers (capital groups): ArcelorMittal, Thyssenkrupp, and Tata Steel Group, it can be seen that in all organizations, the main problem connected with steelworks 4.0 transition is the digitalization of all processes within an organization and in the entire supply chain. This is realized using various tools and methods but they are concentrated on using technologies and methods such as artificial intelligence, drones, virtual reality, full automatization, and industrial robots. The effects are connected to better relations with customers, which leads to an increase in customer satisfaction and the organizations’ profit. The steel industry will undergo further strong changes, bringing it closer to Industry 4.0 because it occupies an important place in the economies of many countries due to the strong dependence of steel producers on the markets of the recipients (steel consumers). Steel is the basic material needed to make many products, and its properties have been valued for centuries. In addition, steel mills with positive economic, social, and environmental aspects are part of the concept of sustainability for industries and economies.

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Beeson, Patricia, and Frank Giarratani. "Spatial Aspects of Capacity Change by U.S. Integrated Steel Producers." Journal of Regional Science 38, no. 3 (August 1998): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4146.00101.

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Lieberman, Marvin B., and Douglas R. Johnson. "Comparative productivity of Japanese and U.S. steel producers, 1958–1993." Japan and the World Economy 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-1425(98)00032-2.

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Vandenbussche, Hylke, and Ziga Zarnic. "US Safeguards on Steel and the Markups of European Producers." Review of World Economics 144, no. 3 (October 2008): 458–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-008-0156-x.

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Korchynsky, Michael. "Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.471.

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The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.

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Hagarová M., J. Cervová, and F. Jaš. "Selected types of corrosion degradation of pipelines." Koroze a ochrana materialu 59, no. 1 (April 22, 2015): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2015-0010.

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Abstract The paper deals with corrosion degradation of gas pipeline. Pipelines play very important role as means transporting gas media over long distances from producers to end-users. Gas pipelines present a risk of potential corrosion degradation that can result in their failure. Corrosion on internal surfaces of steel pipes takes place in CO2, H2S, H2O and chloride environment. Degradation of steel results in loss of mechanical properties, reduction in thickness and ultimate perforation and failure. Corrosion is the electrochemical process that involves the fl ow of electrical currents on a micro or macro scale. For corroding steel, the anodic and the cathodic reactions produces the electrochemical cell. Corrosion protection of internal pipeline surface is based mainly on chemical composition of gas and the use of inhibitors. Corrosion protection of the external steel surface of the product line involves coatings and cathodic protection.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel producers"

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Baker, Kevin. "THE RUSTED STEEL THAT BINDS: HOW CRAFT PRODUCERS FORM NEOLOCAL ECONOMIES IN PITTSBURGH, PA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami15640790916709.

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Ruminski, Clayton J. "Iron Valley: Transition and Evolution of Merchant Iron Producers in the Youngstown District, 1845-1967." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1370003488.

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Jogdand, Surbhi Shivaji. "Some Study related to Refractory Waste Management in Sweden : A move towards a greener and sustainable Swedish steel industry." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286836.

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Decades ago, 1 ton of steel required 80 kg of refractory material. While the scenario has completely changed over the years. Today, 1 ton of steel needs approximately 11 kg of refractory material depending on the steelworks. Refractories are accustomed to high-temperature processes, for example, producing steel, glass, etc. The amount of spent refractories has also increased with the increase in demand for its production. For the manufacturing of refractories, there is a tremendous use of virgin raw materials but with the increase in price and reducing raw material sources, it will be difficult to continue in that way in the future. While, the environmental concerns in steel industries are increasing on a rapid scale such as global environmental pollution, natural resource conservation, and the most important increase in cost for landfilling. Therefore, achieving zero waste and proper usage of material from spent refractories is necessary for economic and environmental reasons in future. This project work focuses on collecting information regarding the refractory waste management for aid towards more sustainable Swedish steel industries. The project is carried out in collaboration with KTH Royal Institute of Technology and the Swedish steel producers association Jernkontoret. This work focuses on a survey of well-known Swedish steel companies Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB and Höganäs AB. The scientific work concentrates on the investigation of MgO-C bricks mixed waste, collected from Mireco AB, up to a grain size of 20 mm. Three samples of varying compositions and different grain sizes were collected from the recycling site and processed for carbon reduction. On several trails, the maximum carbon elimination was achieved at a temperature higher than 800°C with holding time longer than 5h. The fines underwent mechanical pressing of 40 MPa to form pellets of 16 mm and 32 mm in diameter. The main traced elements of MgO, SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 can be utilized for applications in the agricultural industry. MgO is present in the maximum quantity (70-80%). By possible extraction of MgO from the fines can be employed in the crucible industry, construction industry and steel industry for slag formation. The MgO in the form of supplements for magnesium deficient soils or calcium magnesium oxide for neutralizing the pH of the soil by balancing the acidity can be employed. The compatibility of the fines can be helpful to resolve transportation issues and benefit convenient addition to processes. Overall, this work brings to the fore a high potential for using such waste refractory materials forapplications besides landfilling with an emphasis on agriculture.
För decennier sedan krävde 1 ton stål 80 kg eldfast material. Medan scenariot har förändrats helt genom åren. Idag behöver 1 ton stål cirka 11 kg eldfast material beroende på stålverk. Eldfasta produkter är vana vid högtemperaturprocesser, till exempel produktion av stål, glas etc. Mängden förbrukade eldfasta produkter har också ökat med ökad efterfrågan på dess produktion. För tillverkning av eldfasta produkter finns det en enorm användning av jungfruliga råvaror men med prisökningen och minskade råvarukällor blir det svårt att fortsätta på det sättet i framtiden. Medan miljöproblemen inom stålindustrin ökar i snabb skala, såsom global miljöförorening, bevarande av naturresurser och den viktigaste ökningen av kostnaderna för deponering. Därför är det nödvändigt att i framtiden uppnå noll slöseri och korrekt användning av material från förbrukade eldfasta anläggningar av ekonomiska och miljömässiga skäl. Detta projektarbete fokuserar på att samla in information om eldfast avfallshantering för stöd till mer hållbar svensk stålindustri. Projektet genomförs i samarbete med KTH Royal Institute of Technology och den svenska stålproducentföreningen Jernkontoret. Detta arbete fokuserar på en undersökning av välkända svenska stålföretag Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB och Höganäs AB. Det vetenskapliga arbetet koncentrerar sig på undersökningen av blandat avfall av MgO-C-tegel, samlat från Mireco AB, upp till en kornstorlek på 20 mm. Tre prover med olika kompositioner och olika kornstorlekar samlades från återvinningsstället och bearbetades för kolreduktion. På flera stigar uppnåddes den maximala kolelimineringen vid en temperatur högre än 800 ° C med en hålltid längre än 5 timmar. Böterna genomgick mekanisk pressning av 40 MPa för att bilda pellets med 16 mm och 32 mm i diameter. De viktigaste spårade elementen i MgO, SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 och Fe2O3 kan användas för applikationer inom jordbruksindustrin. MgO finns i den maximala kvantiteten (70-80%). Genom möjlig utvinning av MgO från böterna kan användas i degelindustrin, byggindustrin och stålindustrin för slaggbildning. MgO i form av tillskott för magnesiumbristjord eller kalciummagnesiumoxid för neutralisering av jordens pH genom balansering av surheten kan användas. Böternas kompatibilitet kan vara till hjälp för att lösa transportproblem och gynna praktiska tillägg till processer. Sammantaget ger detta arbete en hög potential för att använda sådana eldfasta avfallsmaterial för applikationer förutomdeponering med tonvikt på jordbruk

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Tonkovič, Miroslav. "Analýza materiálu pro laserového řezání." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231507.

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This thesis deals with laser cutting of metal sheets from selected steel producers. The basics of laser technologies, especially in industrial use, are described in the introductory part. There the material requirements are described from the point of view of laser cutting. The comparison of materials from different steel producers is made from different angles in the practical part. The conclusion is dedicated to the evaluation of achieved results.

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KatÅ, Hiroyuki. "Minimills and flat-rolled steel products." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10956.

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MARQUES, MARCOS ALEXANDRE. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE DEFECTS ROLLED STEEL PRODUCTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4394@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O estudo teve por objetivo investigar o mecanismo de formação de trincas superficiais na direção longitudinal de laminação em barras do aço 1538 DH adotado na fabricação de componentes para a indústria automobilística. Tem-se conseguido alguns avanços no entendimento dos mecanismos de trincamento de produtos laminados, porém tais avanços não permitem, até o presente momento, a eliminação total do problema, o que vem causando o sucateamento de um expressivo percentual de produtos siderúrgicos. No escopo deste trabalho chegou-se a características microestruturais do material que sugerem as causas do trincamento durante o processo de laminação e, para tal, realizou-se o mapeamento das trincas, análises por microscopia ótica, classificação das inclusões, caracterizações por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e EDS, difração de raios-X, ensaios de tração, ensaios de dureza e microdureza, bem como simulação de ciclos térmicos. Os resultados destas análises indicaram que a nucleação e posterior propagação das trincas podem estar relacionadas à presença de precipitados de segunda fase em regiões interdendríticas, o que causaria a fragilização do contorno de grão durante laminação a quente.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the cracking mechanism with regard to longitudinal surface cracks in rolled 1538 DH steel bars used for the automotive industry. Although some advances have been achieved concerning the understanding of the cracking mechanism, the problem is not yet totally eliminated and still causing the scraping of a significant percentage of steel products. In the course of this work it was possible to determine some microstructural characteristics of the material which may lead to cracking due to the rolling process. In this sense, it was necessary to carry out an experimental procedure that included crack mapping, optical microscopy, classification of the inclusions, scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis, X- ray diffraction, tensile testing, hardness and microhardness evaluation as well as thermal cycle simulations. The results seem to suggest that the crack nucleation and crack propagation are related to the presence of interdendritic second phase particles which induce to grain boundary embrittlement during hot rolling.

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Metaferia, Ineku Amhayesus. "Characterization of Steel Corrosion Products in Reinforced Concrete." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42128.

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Steel corrosion is one of the major distress mechanisms that causes the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures around the world. It is an electrochemical reaction between the reinforcing steel and the surrounding concrete that produces a mass loss of the metal. Through the process of corrosion in reinforced concrete, iron ions get oxidized to form corrosion products (CP). Although multiple experiments and studies have been developed to understand the rheological behavior of corrosion products, this topic stays inconclusive. This work aims to characterize corrosion products at micro-scale in order to trace the progress of the formation of rust, to determine its nature and to analyse its rheological behavior in reinforced concrete. An experimental procedure to produce CP in the laboratory is also presented in this research. In addition, material characterization methods have been used to identify the iron oxide phases present in CP, determine their viscosity and rheological behavior and to study how CP flows in a porous media. In order to identify the different stages in the corrosion process, the CP was analysed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The experiments identified four phases of iron oxide for each period. Furthermore, it was found that CP behaves as a shear-thinning slurry and as a result, its viscosity decreases with the applied shear rate. In addition, the damage caused by CP on concrete depends on the w/c ratio of the concrete mix and the exposure time to a corroding environment. The rebar mass loss results show that CP is formed in layers around the rebar, and the flow of each CP layer can differ.

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Xia, Jiang. "Fundamental analysis of price on Chinese steel products." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1264.

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Oetterli, Linn. "The Battle of Steel - Impact of U.S. steel tariffs on Swedish steel exports : A synthetic control group approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434749.

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The aim of this study is to examine whether the 2018 U.S. steel tariffs have negatively impacted Swedish steel exports to the U.S, given that the U.S. is Swedish steel industry’s second most important foreign market and the majority of Swedish steel exports to the U.S. are subject to the tariffs. The theoretical foundation for this study is the standard trade model, which predicts a decline in quantity traded due to tariffs. With monthly export value data for January 2015 to January 2020, the synthetic control method (SCM) is used to create a counterfactual to the steel products subject to tariffs. The study encountered several data limitations which complicated the use of the SCM, but the overall results suggest that in the absence of tariffs, Swedish monthly export value for steel to the U.S. would have higher than it has been with the tariffs.

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Zeybek, Asim. "Characterization of industrial powder metallurgy produced 410L ODS steel." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580143.

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Books on the topic "Steel producers"

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Kipping, Matthias. Steel producers and steel users since 1945: Determinants and patterns of competitive advantage. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1996.

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Kipping, M. Steel producers and steel users since 1945: Determinants and patterns of competitive advantage. Reading: University of Reading, 1996.

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Beckley, P. Electrical steels: A handbook for producers and users. Newport: European Electrical Steels, 2000.

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The politics of industrialization in tsarist Russia: The Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers, 1874-1914. DeKalb, Ill: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996.

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Kipping, Matthias. Industrial policy and inter-firm relations: The French steel producers and users in historical and comparative perspective. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1995.

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Günther, Hans-Peter, ed. Use and Application of High-Performance Steels for Steel Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed008.

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<p>New steel production processes have led to a remarkable improvement in steel products within the last few years, and now allows steels to be produced according to the desired mechanical and chemical properties. High-Performance Steel (HPS) is the designation given to this new generation of steels that offer higher performance not only in terms of strength but also toughness, weldability, cold formability and corrosion resistance, compared to the traditionally used mild steel grades.</p> <p>The development of HPS goes with today's increased demand for slender lightweight structures, as for example in bridge design and the design of high-rise buildings, where there is a strong requirement to use high-strength materials in combination with good execution and fabrication properties. However, on the structural engineering side there is a need for knowledge on these new steel grades, and quite often design codes do not provide sufficient information to fully exploit the advantageous properties of HPS.</p> <p>The present volume provides an overview of the development and application of HPS on an international level. This is done by giving information on, for example, the production process, the chemical and mechanical properties, the relevant design and fabrication standards and on recent research results. Approximately fifteen included examples of realised applications aim to provide detailed information based on existing technical solutions, and to point out the major benefits when using HPS in comparison to mild steels.</p> <p>The document is thus not a monograph but an assembly of contributions from different countries. lt is separated into chapters related to different countries, namely the USA, Canada, Japan and Europe, all of them providing a state-of-the-art report on HPS.</p>

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Engineers, Society of Automotive. Innovations in steel sheet products & processing & steel bar products. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, 2006.

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Joint Conference of Wire Association International and the British Independent Steel Producers Association. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of Wire Association International, Inc. and the British Independent Steel Producers Association: Stratford-upon-Avon, England, September 26-27, 1988. [Guilford, Conn.]: Wire Association International, 1988.

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Fulcher, Nancy T. Stainless steel mill products. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.

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Society, Iron and Steel. Steel product manual: Tin mill products. Warrendale, PA: Iron & Steel Society, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel producers"

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Morton-Jones, David H., and John W. Ellis. "Rubber-Steel Conveyor Belt." In Polymer Products, 226–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4101-4_21.

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Schlegel, Joachim. "By-products and Waste." In The World of Steel, 369–84. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39733-3_10.

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Wu, Xiaochun, and Luoping Xu. "New Products and Techniques of Mould Steels." In Advanced Steels, 423–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17665-4_43.

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Mei, Dongsheng. "Pangang Rail Production System Innovation and New Products Development." In Advanced Steels, 501–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17665-4_50.

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Byung-Wook, Lee. "Waste Costing for a Korean Steel Producer." In Ahead of the Curve, 63–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0908-9_4.

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Mao, Xinping, Qilong Yong, and Xiangdong Huo. "Introduction." In Titanium Microalloyed Steel: Fundamentals, Technology, and Products, 1–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3332-3_1.

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Li, Guangqiang. "Principles of Chemical Metallurgy of Titanium Microalloyed Steel." In Titanium Microalloyed Steel: Fundamentals, Technology, and Products, 35–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3332-3_2.

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Yong, Qilong, Xinjun Sun, Zhaodong Li, Zhenqiang Wang, and Ke Zhang. "Physical Metallurgical Principles of Titanium Microalloyed Steel—Dissolution and Precipitation of Titanium-Bearing Secondary Phases." In Titanium Microalloyed Steel: Fundamentals, Technology, and Products, 71–139. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3332-3_3.

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Sun, Xinjun, Zhaodong Li, Xiangdong Huo, and Zhenqiang Wang. "Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Microalloyed Steel—Recrystallization and Phase Transformation." In Titanium Microalloyed Steel: Fundamentals, Technology, and Products, 141–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3332-3_4.

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Gao, Jixiang. "Production, Structure and Properties Control of Titanium Microalloyed Steel." In Titanium Microalloyed Steel: Fundamentals, Technology, and Products, 185–217. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3332-3_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel producers"

1

Chakraborty, A., A. Kundu, D. Nagori, A. Podder, J. Richaud, R. Saxena, J. Sood, and R. Tiwari. "Flexible Tundish Configuration for Stainless Steel Producers." In AISTech 2022 Proceedings of the Iron and Steel Technology Conference. AIST, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/386/060.

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Ferna´ndez Oro, Jesu´s Manuel, Carlos Santolaria Morros, Javier Rodri´guez Somoano, and Mo´nica Alvarez Ordieres. "Multiphase Modelling of the Steel Grade Transition in a Continuous Casting Tundish." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78353.

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Nowadays, continuous casting is extremely conditioned by sequences of different steel grades that produce a large amount of intermixed steel. Due to customer requirements, steel producers are forced to deliver a few slabs of high-specialized steels, so the number of castings handling steels of dissimilar grades has been significantly increased in recent years. As a consequence, manufacturers are particularly concerned with the development of practical methods to know exactly where the mixed regions begin and end, in order to make a precise classification of the steel grade that has been produced and avoid further downgrading. Pioneering works by Huang and Thomas introduced a 1-D model to estimate the intermixed region during a grade transition. This model reached a notable popularity because of its ability to provide on-line predictions, though it is assumed that mixing inside the tundish is globally determined with a number of fixed parameters. Recently, Cho and Kim have introduced a modification reducing the number of parameters required, but with the full unsteady description of the tundish flow still unresolved. Moreover, all these models require experimental calibration, using the results from full-scale water models. Additionally, other researchers have been focused on the development of numerical simulations to analyze the flow structures and mixing features of the tundish, mainly during stable operation, but using limiting simplifications and/or steady schemes. In the present investigation, to the author’s knowledge, a 3D, unsteady numerical simulation using a volume-of-fluid formulation is carried out for the first time. With this technique, the transient behavior of the tundish during the ladle change can be fully modelled, tracking the free surface and extending the computations towards the steady state. A transport equation is resolved for a non-reactive scalar, representing a dimensionless concentration, so it is possible to predict the mixing degree of the steel at the tundish exit for different operating conditions. The final objective is the development of an off-line methodology to estimate precise intermixing periods during grade transition in continuous casting.

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Shargay, Cathleen, Leslie Antalffy, and Kuntak Daru. "Industry Experience Fabricating Hydroprocessing Reactors Using 2¼ Cr-1 Mo-V Steel." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93229.

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Abstract Starting in the 1980’s, the process conditions for hydroprocessing reactors became increasingly more severe and started to exceed the economic and technically-feasible ranges for 2¼Cr-1Mo steel. Hence, new grades of reactor steels were developed to meet these demands. Reactor fabricators, steel producers, the Materials Properties Council and some refiners cautiously developed their initial applications of the new materials, with extensive testing of both the materials and fabrication methods, and restrictions to use only the most experienced, highly technical fabrication shops. The data and experience has grown exponentially since then and today, the most commonly-specified material for thick wall reactors is 2¼Cr-1Mo-¼V steel. The list of qualified fabricators worldwide has also grown, but is still limited. The purpose of this paper is to show how the industry has climbed the “learning curve,” by giving the statistics on the overall numbers of fabricated reactors (which is now over 1150), and the locations of the fabricators by country, that have been produced. Trends on the use of forgings versus plates are also included, along with the major changes over the years in the applicable ASME Codes and API standards affecting these reactors. Some of the lessons learned from past fabrication problems are also discussed along with the subsequent safeguards initiated within the industry standards.

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Stalheim, Douglas G., and Bernhard Hoh. "Guidelines for Production of API Pipelines Steels Suitable for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Service Applications." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31299.

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Worldwide oil and natural gas reserves can be classified as either sweet or sour service. The sour service classified oil and natural gas reserves contain some level of H2S making the product flowing through a steel pipeline corrosive. Due to this, the majority of the oil and natural gas reserves that have been drilled are of the sweet service nature. However as demand continues and supplies change, many of the remaining oil and natural gas reserves contain the H2S component and are of a sour service nature. These oil and natural gas reserves containing the H2S component through a corrosion mechanism will allow for diatomic hydrogen — in the presence of moisture — to disseminate to monatomic hydrogen and diffuse into the pipeline steel microstructure. Depending on the microstructure and level of cleanliness the monatomic hydrogen can become trapped at areas of high residual stress, recollect to diatomic hydrogen and creating partial pressures that exceed the tensile strength of the steel resulting in cracking. Therefore transmission pipelines are being built to transport sour service oil or natural gas requires steels with hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Alloy designs, steel making processing, continuous casting, plate or strip rolling, pipe forming, and last not least corrosion testing are all key components in producing pipeline steels that are resistant to HIC applications and meeting the NACE TM0284 specifications. However, producing steels that have good HIC performance do not necessarily meet other mechanical property requirements such as strength and YT ratios. Balance has to be achieved to meet not only the HIC requirements but the other required mechanical properties. Mastering this complex HIC process poses a serious challenge to pipe producers and their primary material suppliers. The capability of producing HIC steel grades according to critical specifications and/or standards clearly distinguishes excellent steel producers from good steel makers. This paper will discuss the basics of the hydrogen induced cracking phenomenon, the requirements of the NACE TM0284 specification and give guidelines for steel production of API pipeline steels that not only can meet the specification requirements the NACE testing but also fulfill the other mechanical property requirements.

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Barsanti, L., G. Mannucci, H. G. Hillenbrand, G. Demofonti, and D. Harris. "Possible Use of New Materials for High Pressure Linepipe Construction: An Opening on X100 Grade Steel." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27089.

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The increasing needs of natural gas, foreseen for the next years, makes more and more important the type of transportation chosen, both from strategic and economic point of view. The most important gas markets will be Northern America, Europe, Asia and Russia but the demand shall be fulfilled also by emerging producers as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Eastern Siberia that at the moment are developing their resources in order to be competitive on Gas market. In this way producers and customers will be placed at greater and greater distances implying realization of complex gas transportation pipeline network, when use of LNG tankers is impossible or uneconomic. On the base of these considerations in 1997 began a feasibility study on X100 steel, given that, comparing different design approaches, it has been observed that consistent savings could be obtained by means of using high grade steel and high pressure linepipes. In this multi-sponsored project (Eni group, European Community of steel and Carbon, CSM, Corus and Europipe) CSM and Corus group were involved in the laboratory and full-scale pipes testing, Europipe was the pipes producer and Snam Rete Gas was involved in field weldability and technical coordination. No technical breakthrough, but only improvements in the existing expertise were involved in the X100 production; consequently, the production window is very narrow. However optimized steelmaking practices and processes enabled the material to reach the desired properties: strength, toughness and weldability. This paper is intended to present the general results arising from this project, in terms of steel properties (chemical composition, mechanical properties), ductile and brittle fracture resistance (results of full scale burst tests, West Jefferson tests) and field weldability, but above all the know-how stored till now on high grade steel and its possible use from a Gas company and a Pipe maker point of view.

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Siciliano, Fulvio, Douglas G. Stalheim, and J. Malcolm Gray. "Modern High Strength Steels for Oil and Gas Transmission Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64292.

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Increasing world demand for energy has resulted in plans to expand the oil and gas transmission pipeline infrastructure in many countries utilizing higher strength steels of API grade X70 and X80. Traditional transmission pipeline steels, up to grade X70, relied on a ferrite/pearlite microstructural design generated through traditional TMCP rolling of a niobium microalloyed C-Mn steel design. Increasing strengths up to X70 and X80 for transmission pipelines has resulted in a shift toward a ferrite/acicular ferrite microstructure designs. Traditionally, to generate the ferrite/acicular ferrite microstructure design for X70 or X80, TMCP rolling is applied to a C-Mn-Si-Mo-Nb alloy system. The Nb content is typically less than 0.070% in this alloy system. With the rising cost of alloys over the past three years, steel and pipe producers have been working with different alloy designs to reduce total costs to produce the ferrite/acicular ferrite microstructure. In recent developments it has been determined that an optimized low-C-Mn-Si-Cr-Nb alloy design (usually referred as NbCr steel), utilizing an Nb content between 0.080 – 0.11% can produce the same ferrite/acicular ferrite microstructure with either no, or minimal, use of molybdenum. This approach has been successfully used in several transmission pipeline projects such as the Cantarell, Cheyenne Plains and Rockies Express. Recognizing the success of previous projects around the world, the large ∼ 4500 Km 2nd West-East Pipeline Project specification in China has been modified to allow for the use of this NbCr design for both plate and coil for conversion to long seam or spiral pipe. The NbCr design allows the steel producer to utilize niobium’s unique ability to retard recrystallization at higher than normal TMCP rolling temperatures, hence the term for the alloy design High Temperature Processing (HTP), producing the desired ferrite/acicular ferrite microstructure with excellent strength, toughness and weldability. This paper will discuss the technical background, rolling strategy, mechanical properties, welding, specific projects, and specification modifications with practical examples.

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Fathi, Ali, and J. J. Roger Cheng. "A Parametric Study on Buckling Response of High Strength Steel Pipes With Anisotropic Material Properties." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90559.

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Highly pressurized pipelines crossing harsh environments need to have two chief materials properties; they should have high strength in transverse direction to resist high operating pressers; and high deformability in the longitudinal direction to accommodate externally induced deformations. Pipeline producers try to deal with this dual demand in their high strength steel (HSS) linepipe products by enhancing the yield strength in the transverse direction and maintaining deformability in the longitudinal direction. This practice results in significant level of anisotropy in yielding and early plastic regions. The effects of material anisotropy on complex pipeline limit states such as local bucking is not fully understood. This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the effects of material anisotropy on the buckling response of HSS pipes. The effects of operating pressure, diameter-to-thickness ratio, material grade, strain hardening and the ratio of longitudinal-to-transversal yield strength were taken into account. Combined (isotropic-kinematic) hardening material modeling technique — previously introduced by the authors — was employed in this study. The results of this study are presented in several graphs showing the variation of the critical buckling strain versus the level of material anisotropy of HSS pipes with different geometry, material and operation conditions. These results provide an insight into the effects of material properties on the buckling resistance of pipes, especially when anisotropy is present.

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Breitenbach, Joseane O., Tiago S. Renck, Pedro M. Moraes, Carlos E. Fortis Kwietniewski, Telmo R. Strohaecker, Gutemberg S. Pimenta, and Ilson Palmieri Baptista. "Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of the API 5L X70 Steel in Corn and Sugar Cane Ethanol Environments." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42184.

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The interest in renewable and cleaner fuels has stimulated ethanol production in the last decades. Some of the drivers for that ever increasing production were the Brazilian Alcohol Program, Kyoto Protocol and the replacement in USA of the octane booster MBTE (methyl-tert-buthyl ether) for ethanol. The world’s largest producers of ethanol are The United States of America and Brazil, where the main sources are corn and sugar cane, respectively. Production flow via pipeline is the safest and most cost effective way to connect the producers, usually spread across the country, to the distribution terminals. However, in USA there are evidences that ethanol may have caused stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in pipelines and also in storage tanks. Controversially, in Brazil ethanol has been transported and stored since the 1970’s without any indication of SCC. The aim of this work is to evaluate the susceptibility of the steel API 5L X70 [1] to SCC in different ethanol (corn and sugar cane) using slow strain rate testing (SSRT). These tests were carried out on notched specimens according to NACE TM 0111 [2]. The SSRT results carried out in corn ethanol have shown a considerable reduction of plastic elongation and a mixed fracture micromechanism of quasi-cleavage and intergranular facets clearly indicating a susceptibility of the API 5L X70 steel to SCC. The SSRT also demonstrated that the carbon steel tested here is completely immune to SCC in sugar cane ethanol.

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Hoh, Bernhard. "Quantitative Examination of Segregation in Slabs for the Production of Sour Service Linepipe." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1821.

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Segregation is a major problem to be overcome by producers of HIC resistant steels. Primary segregation is an inherent and unavoidable feature of the solidification process. The constitutive relationship between solid and liquid stage determines microsegregation and it is influenced by the chemical composition of the steel and its cooling rate. Macrosegregation occurs when microsegregated liquids collect and shift through liquid flow. OREGON STEEL MILLS has conducted systematic measurements on pressure-cast slabs using a computer assisted micro analyzer. This microprobe measures element concentrations over a large area of the specimen. A statistical evaluation based on the frequency distribution of the concentrations forms the basis of a quantitative analysis. From this, characteristic parameters such as the segregation factor and maximum concentration can be derived. This paper discussed the influence of carbon on segregation structure and on segregation properties of manganese, and compares the results with those of continuously cast slabs.

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Shukla, Rishabh, Ravikiran Anapagaddi, Amarendra K. Singh, Jitesh H. Panchal, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Exploring the Design Set Points of Refining Operation in Ladle for Cost Effective Desulfurization and Inclusion Removal." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46265.

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This paper is motivated by a need identified by steel makers, namely, the need to produce steel products with new and often more stringent set of specifications and enhanced performances (such as fatigue life and corrosion behavior) using existing equipment cost-effectively. Manufacturing a steel product involves series of unit operations, each having a significant bearing on the properties of the end product. This paper focuses on studying the effect of one such unit operation, namely, ladle refining. The performance like corrosion behavior and fatigue life and properties of advanced high strength steel are greatly influenced by its cleanliness and by maintaining composition within specified bounds. Cleanliness of steel is assessed in terms of the count and nature of inclusions present and the levels of tramp elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and total oxygen present in the liquid steel. The desired composition is maintained with respect to alloying elements (Ni, Cr, Mn, etc.) that are added to impart certain properties to the steel. The ladle furnace is one of the key unit operations for carrying out deoxidation and desulfurization to maintain the levels of oxygen and sulfur within a tolerable limit. Deoxidation reaction during refining lead to formation of a number of which are deleterious in nature and should be removed. The effectiveness of the ladle operation is thus influenced by conflicting goals such as inclusion removal efficiency, desulfurization and the cost of refining. George Box is reputed to have observed that all models are wrong and some are useful. In keeping with George Box’s observation we suggest that our challenge is to determine the set points for the ladle unit operation using computational models that at best capture the essence of reality but not reality itself. Therefore, the need is to find solutions that are relatively insensitive to the inherent uncertainties embodied in the computational model while satisficing the conflicting goals. In this paper we present a method for visualizing and exploring the solution space using the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) as a decision model. We illustrate the efficacy of our method, for use by steel producers, by determining the set points for a ladle, in an industrial setting.

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Reports on the topic "Steel producers"

1

Bowers, J. A., M. A. Toole, and Y. van Duyn. Steel Creek primary producers: Periphyton and seston, L-Lake/Steel Creek Biological Monitoring Program, January 1986--December 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10106918.

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Skone, Timothy J. Steel products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509452.

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Dr Alan Cramb, Sridar. Inclusion Optimization for Next Generation Steel Products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878645.

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Fruehan, R. J., O. Fortini, H. W. Paxton, and R. Brindle. Theoretical minimum energies to produce steel for selected conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216249.

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Fruehan, R. J., O. Fortini, H. W. Paxton, and R. Brindle. Theoretical Minimum Energies to Produce Steel for Selected Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/769470.

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Purtscher, P. T. Structure-property relationships in steel produced in hot-strip mills. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1500-7.

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Gill Geesey, Timothy Magnuson, and Andrew Neal. Microbially-Promoted Solubilization of Steel Corrosion Products and Fate of Associated Actinides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806821.

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Yyri A. Gorby, Gill G. Geesey, Jr Frank Caccavo, and James K. Fredrickson. Microbially Promoted Solubilization of Steel Corrosion Products and Fate of Associated Actinides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809797.

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Young, J. S. Bioaccumulation and food chain transfer of corrosion products from radioactive stainless steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5528993.

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Gorby, Yuri A., Gill G. Geesey, and Frank Caccavo, Jr. Microbially Promoted Solubilization of Steel Corrosion Products and Fate of Associated Actinides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/831210.

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