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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel producers'
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1
Roberts, Don. "Steel Pipe Producers Shortchanged." Journal - American Water Works Association 81, no. 10 (October 1989): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03277.x.
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Knoedler, Janet T. "Market Structure, Industrial Research, and Consumers of Innovation: Forging Backward Linkages to Research in the Turn-of-the-Century U.S. Steel Industry." Business History Review 67, no. 1 (1993): 98–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117469.
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Although the U.S. steel industry's concentrated market structure and well-established production technology curbed active research by most steel firms, between 1880 and 1910 vertical research arrangements between steel producers and steel consumers, notably the Pennsylvania Railroad, became a key factor in promoting both increased innovation in basic steel products and increased innovative effort by steel producers, albeit slowly and gradually. Thus, research into steel was initiated not by steel producers but by steel consumers, who established in-house industrial research laboratories and interfirm cooperative research arrangements as a means to solve their technical problems with steel products. They also began to work toward creating an institution—the American Society for Testing Materials—that would allow for effective interaction with other consuming firms and, eventually, with producing firms to exchange information and build consensus.
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Rao, G. V., and S. K. Sharma. "National Steel Policy: Challenges Before Iron Ore Producers." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 69, no. 1 (November 24, 2015): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-015-0719-1.
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Karlson, Stephen H. "Adoption of Competing Inventions by United States Steel Producers." Review of Economics and Statistics 68, no. 3 (August 1986): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1926018.
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Gajdzik, Bożena, and Radosław Wolniak. "Transitioning of Steel Producers to the Steelworks 4.0—Literature Review with Case Studies." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144109.
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The publication presents a picture of modern steelworks that is evolving from steelworks 3.0 to steelworks 4.0. The paper was created on the basis of secondary sources of information (desk research). The entire publication concerns the emerging opportunities for the development of the steel producers to Industry 4.0 and the changes already implemented in the steel plants. The collected information shows the support environment for changes in the steel sector (EU programs), the levels of evolution of steel mills, along with the areas of change in the steel industry and implemented investment projects. The work consists of a theoretical part based on a literature review and a practical part based on case studies. The work ends with a discussion in which the staged and segmented nature of the changes introduced in the analyzed sector is emphasized. Based on the three case studies described in the paper, a comparative analysis was conducted between them. When we tried to compare methods used in the three analyzed steel producers (capital groups): ArcelorMittal, Thyssenkrupp, and Tata Steel Group, it can be seen that in all organizations, the main problem connected with steelworks 4.0 transition is the digitalization of all processes within an organization and in the entire supply chain. This is realized using various tools and methods but they are concentrated on using technologies and methods such as artificial intelligence, drones, virtual reality, full automatization, and industrial robots. The effects are connected to better relations with customers, which leads to an increase in customer satisfaction and the organizations’ profit. The steel industry will undergo further strong changes, bringing it closer to Industry 4.0 because it occupies an important place in the economies of many countries due to the strong dependence of steel producers on the markets of the recipients (steel consumers). Steel is the basic material needed to make many products, and its properties have been valued for centuries. In addition, steel mills with positive economic, social, and environmental aspects are part of the concept of sustainability for industries and economies.
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Beeson, Patricia, and Frank Giarratani. "Spatial Aspects of Capacity Change by U.S. Integrated Steel Producers." Journal of Regional Science 38, no. 3 (August 1998): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4146.00101.
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Lieberman, Marvin B., and Douglas R. Johnson. "Comparative productivity of Japanese and U.S. steel producers, 1958–1993." Japan and the World Economy 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-1425(98)00032-2.
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Vandenbussche, Hylke, and Ziga Zarnic. "US Safeguards on Steel and the Markups of European Producers." Review of World Economics 144, no. 3 (October 2008): 458–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-008-0156-x.
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Korchynsky, Michael. "Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.471.
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The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.
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Hagarová M., J. Cervová, and F. Jaš. "Selected types of corrosion degradation of pipelines." Koroze a ochrana materialu 59, no. 1 (April 22, 2015): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2015-0010.
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Abstract The paper deals with corrosion degradation of gas pipeline. Pipelines play very important role as means transporting gas media over long distances from producers to end-users. Gas pipelines present a risk of potential corrosion degradation that can result in their failure. Corrosion on internal surfaces of steel pipes takes place in CO2, H2S, H2O and chloride environment. Degradation of steel results in loss of mechanical properties, reduction in thickness and ultimate perforation and failure. Corrosion is the electrochemical process that involves the fl ow of electrical currents on a micro or macro scale. For corroding steel, the anodic and the cathodic reactions produces the electrochemical cell. Corrosion protection of internal pipeline surface is based mainly on chemical composition of gas and the use of inhibitors. Corrosion protection of the external steel surface of the product line involves coatings and cathodic protection.
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Collard-Wexler, Allan, and Jan De Loecker. "Reallocation and Technology: Evidence from the US Steel Industry." American Economic Review 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 131–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130090.
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We measure the impact of a drastic new technology for producing steel—the minimill—on industry-wide productivity in the US steel industry, using unique plant-level data between 1963 and 2002. The sharp increase in the industry's productivity is linked to this new technology through two distinct mechanisms: (i ) the mere displacement of the older technology (vertically integrated producers) was responsible for a third of the increase in the industry's productivity, and (ii ) increased competition, due the minimill expansion, drove a productivity resurgence at the surviving vertical integrated producers and, consequently, the productivity of the industry as a whole. (JEL D24, L13, L23, L61, M11, O31, O33)
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Opitz, Erich, Alois Seilinger, Lukas Pichler, Olaf Silbermann, and Axel Rimnac. "Power Cooling." Materials Science Forum 854 (May 2016): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.854.225.
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During the last years international steel producers have been following a market trend to develop and produce new steel grades with higher strength and larger thickness. When attempting to improve the metallurgical properties in the cooling section, the existing cooling equipment in hot strip mills often reaches its limit. Primetals Technologies offers its Power Cooling solution to upgrade existing cooling lines as well as for new hot strip mills. With this type of equipment highest cooling rates can be achieved and therefore steel producers are capable of producing new steel grades with higher strength at lower costs. A new power cooling system was installed immediately behind the finishing mill gauge house at Wuhan Iron and Steel Company’s (WISCO) HSM No. 2 in Wuhan, China. The Power Cooling system widens the product range and gives WISCO the capability to produce high-strength steel grades (AHSS) with strength levels of more than 1,000 MPa, e.g. HSLA steel or as-hot-rolled multi-phase steel. Due to the extremely wide control range of the flow rate, the installation allows for maximum metallurgical flexibility. On the other hand, the new equipment allows for the most economic production of line-pipe material like API X80 in a thickness range up to 25.4 mm (1 inch).
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Egaña-Juricic, María Esperanza, Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa, and Yerko Moreno-Simunovic. "Making wine in Pañul’s craft pottery vessels: a first approach in the study of the dynamic of alcoholic fermentation and wine volatile composition." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 37, no. 1 (2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20223701029.
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Traditional winemaking in amphora-like clay vessels is one of the oldest known methods of wine production. Currently, some wine producers have readopted traditional winemaking methods to generate unique attributes that differentiate their products raising regional wine typicity. The aim of this research was to study the dynamic of alcoholic fermentation and volatile composition of ‘Carignan’ wines fermented into Pañul’s clay vessels and comparing them with the wines vinified into stainless-steel tanks. Density curve of the musts contained in the Pañul’s pottery vessels followed a similar trend than in the samples contained in the stainless-steel tanks. The temperatures of the must and the cap during alcoholic fermentation were lower in the Pañul’s pottery vessels than in the stainless-steel tanks in most of the evaluated days. Thus, clay vessels may provide temperature-regulating properties beneficing wine fermentation compared to stainless-steel tanks. Pañul’s clay vessels produced wines with higher terpenes, β-ionone and 2-phenylethyl alcohol content, and lower values of some individual higher alcohols, isoamyl acetate, lactones, and pH than the stainless-steel tanks. Therefore, the results suggest that Pañul’s pottery vessels favored increasing the terpene alcohols and other volatile compounds concentrations, in addition to decreasing certain higher alcohols and acetate esters contents such as benzyl alcohol and iso-amyl acetate. These outcomes may be of interest to ceramic producers and wine producers since they open a range of economic opportunities to diversify their products.
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Mukhtar, Tomi, Heru Prono Widayat, and Yusya Abubakar. "Analisis Kualitas Minyak Nilam dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Petani Dalam Memilih Ketel Penyulingnya." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v12i2.17187.
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Aceh Province (as one of the major producer in Indonesia) produces about 423 tons of patchouli oil yearly, harvested from about 2.041ha patchouli farm. One of problems faced by patchouli farmer is related to post-harvest handling process, especially during distillation. Many farmers still use simple distillation equipment made from used drums, so that the quality of the oil is relatively low. In the meantime, equipment made from better materials (such as stainless steel) is already available commercially, but farmer has not yet willing to adopt the technology. The aims of this study are to determine the percentage of farmers who still use the distillation unit made from used drum, analyze the yield and quality of patchouli oil at the farm level, and analyze the factors that influence the farmer decision in choosing the type of distillation unit. Respondents in this study came from three sub-districts of patchouli producers in South Aceh District. Data was collected by means of interviews, distribution of questionnaires, and observation. Patchouli oil samples were taken from farmers' patchouli distillation unit to be analyzed. The results showed that the majority of farmers still used distillation unit made from used drums (79%), while those who use stainless steel distillation unit is very small (21%). The laboratory analysis (by GC-MS) showed that the quality of patchouli oil from stainless steel distillation unit is better than patchouli oil from used-drum distillation unit. The factors that influence farmer’s decision in choosing type of distillation units are the initial investment costs and operational costs of distillation unit. Many farmers find it difficult to get enough initial capital to buy the stainless steel unit, therefore the majority of farmers choose to use used-drum distillation unit (which is cheaper) instead of stainless steel unit.
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Chabbi, Lotfi, Stephan Hasler, Hans Roelofs, and Heiko Haupt-Peter. "Challenges and Innovation in Steel Wire Production." Materials Science Forum 892 (March 2017): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.892.3.
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Products and manufacturing processes of long-product producers are subject to constantly changing requirements, characterized by increasing demands on product quality and the efficient use of resources in production, combined with permanent cost pressures. For these reasons steel wire producers must constantly improve their innovation capacity to be able to meet increasing customer demands more flexibly and more efficiently. This awareness has been anchored at Swiss Steel AG, part of the Schmolz + Bickenbach Group, for many years and leads to more and new solutions in all corporate divisions.This article focuses on practical examples from the areas of process and product innovation. It discusses options for and the potentials and challenges of meeting current and future market needs.The successful implementation of new solutions requires an in-depth understanding as well as the application of knowledge throughout the entire process chain from development, production, sales to further processing and actual use of a product. The technical challenges are addressed as well as the opportunities presented when new approaches are sought.
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Yashalova, N. N., and I. L. Ryabkov. "Analyzing the production and economic indicators of Russia's largest iron and steel works." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 1531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.8.1531.
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Subject. We investigate trends in the development of the largest steel companies in the Russian Federation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to conduct an industry-wide analysis of the production and economic activities of the largest domestic enterprises operating in the iron and steel industry. Methods. The study employs methods of comparative and system analysis, graphical and statistical methods for data processing. Results. We present the analysis of main production and economic indicators of the leading steel producers of the Russian Federation, i.e. NLMK, Severstal, MMK, and EVRAZ. The paper reveals their current status and key development trends. Conclusions. The largest Russian steel companies face serious challenges in both the domestic and foreign market. Competitive interactions in the domestic market as to the sale price of rolled metal and the share of presence are particularly sensitive. The threat of reduced supplies to export markets is also significant for Russian steel producers. It may entail insufficient utilization of capacities and potential loss of added value. The companies mainly export semi–finished goods and hot-rolled flat products, i.e. low-added value products. Products with high added value are usually delivered to the domestic market.
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PRUSA, THOMAS J., and EDWIN VERMULST. "China – Countervailing and Anti-dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-rolled Electrical Steel from the United States: exporting US AD/CVD methodologies through WTO dispute settlement?" World Trade Review 13, no. 2 (April 2014): 229–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745614000093.
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AbstractIn July 2009, Chinese steel producers of grain oriented electrical steel filed anti-dumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) cases against US and Russian producers. The US challenged the duties for a variety a reasons, many of which involved deficiencies in the producers' application to China's investigating authority, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM). The US also challenged certain aspects of MOFCOM's injury analysis. The Panel and Appellate Body ruled in favor of the US on virtually every issue. Given the deficiencies in the application and China's handling of the case, the Panel and AB decisions were justified. In a larger sense, however, we believe China may well emerge as the ‘winner’ in this dispute as this case establishes important standards for allegations and evidence in applications, standards that other countries (including the US) likely have failed to meet when they have imposed AD and CVD orders on the largest target country, China.
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Karmazínová, Marcela, and Jindrich J. Melcher. "On Problems of Characteristic and Nominal Values of Steel Yield Strength and Their Influence on Design Resistance of Steel Structural Members." MRS Proceedings 1611 (2014): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.759.
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ABSTRACTThe paper deals with the problems of mechanical properties of structural steels used for load-carrying structures of civil engineering constructions. The attention is mainly paid to the values of yield strength from the viewpoint of the design concept of European Standards, i.e. Eurocode 3 for the design of steel structures, with respect to the structural reliability given by the failure probability. In the case of other materials, concrete or timber for example, characteristic and design values of strength given by the corresponding failure probability are used in the design procedures, where the partial safety factor of material is γM > 1.0. However, in the case of steel, the nominal values instead of characteristic values of steel yield strength are utilized in the structural design procedure, with the partial safety factor for material of γM = 1.0. These values have been derived based on the statistical and probabilistic evaluation of the data sets of actual material properties obtained from various recent steel producers. The paper presents the brief information on the results of the study oriented to the influence of the nominal or characteristic value of yield strength on the design resistance, which is shown on the examples of the member subjected to tension and bending moment, respectively. The influence mentioned is shown using the examples of structural steels used in constructions of the age of about 40 and 100 years.
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Cmorej, Denis, and Ľuboš Kaščák. "Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Joining of Three DP600 and DC06 Steel Sheets." Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering 40 (2023): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rm.2023.3.
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There are many reasons to utilize various grades of steel in car body production. Automotive producers tend to choose steels with great formability and the capacity to absorb impact energy. The dominant method used for joining car body sheets has for many years been resistance spot welding, but the use of various steel sheets leads to research into alternative joining methods. Mechanical joining - clinching, is the innovative method to join these materials. Numerical simulation tools are used to optimize the joining of materials. Simufact Forming software was used to analyse the clinching joining of three sheets of material DP600 and DC06. According to the axisymmetric character of the mechanical joining process, the simulation was stream-lined to a 2D representation. The results of the simulation of the mechanical joining process were compared with the real samples prepared for metallographic observation.
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McCaffray, Susan P. "The Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers and the Problems of Industrial Progress in Tsarist Russia." Slavic Review 47, no. 3 (1988): 464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498392.
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In 1874 a handful of men met in the Ukrainian town of Khar'kov to establish what eventually became the Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers. The organization's birth corresponded with that of the great Donbas coal and steel industry, and its story illuminates the exhilaration and the frustration of those who aspired to create an industrial Russia with a liberal face. The association grew prominent over the next forty years, guided by a unique group of men who advocated speedy economic modernization for their country and who embraced such imported liberal visions as private enterprise and individual liberty.
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Taszner, Z., Alfred Ender, and Oszkár Grega. "Development of Scrap Evaluation Algorithm to Optimize the Converter Charge Composition." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.701.
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Analysing the function of steel scrap and understanding its influence on development, are the main problems which interests the steel producers of the world. To create such an essay, the analysis of the actual developments of the quantities, the qualities and compositions of the used scrap types should be continuously monitored in the world’s steel industry. Series of local experiments and evaluating statistics focusing on process optimization by scrap have been done at ThyssenKrupp Steel. This includes the current study based on the records of scrap charges. In the following paper the development of an indirect scrap evaluation algorithm will be discussed, compared with results of the common ways.
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Kovács, Judit, and János Lukács. "Effect of the Welding Thermal Cycles Based on Simulated Heat Affected Zone of S1300 Ultrahigh Strength Steel." Key Engineering Materials 890 (June 23, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.33.
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In the automotive industry there is an increasing demand for the wider application of high strength steels due to their favourable mechanical properties. The steel producers continuously developing new generations of high strength steels to insure higher strength and toughness properties. Since in most cases these steels are joined in welded structures, great attention must be taken to their weldability. The weldability of high strength steels has still challenges which are as follows: cold cracking sensitivity; reduction of strength and toughness of heat affected zone (HAZ); filler metal selection. Because the mechanical properties of ultrahigh strength steels are provided by using various alloying elements, micro alloys, and by different metallurgical methods, the steels may lose their outstanding properties during welding. In real welded joints the critical parts of the HAZ have small extent so their properties can be limitedly analysed by conventional material testing methods. With the help of physical simulators, the different parts of the heat affected zone can be produced in an adequate size for subsequent tests. In our research work the weldability, especially the HAZ properties of an ultrahigh strength structural steel (Rp0.2 = 1300 MPa) were investigated on thermal simulated samples with the help of Gleeble 3500 physical simulator. Three relevant technological variants for gas metal arc welding (GMAW), t8/5 = 5 s, 15 s and 30 s were applied during the HAZ simulations in the selected coarse-grained (CGHAZ), intercritical (ICHAZ) and intercritically reheated coarse-grained (ICCGHAZ) zones. Both the microstructure was studied by optical microscope and the mechanical properties were analysed by Vickers hardness tests and Charpy V-notch impact tests at -40 °C. According to the results the investigated ultrahigh strength steel was softened on account of the welding heat cycles, besides that the strength of the investigated ultrahigh strength steel can be better with the application of shorter t8/5 cooling time.
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Protasov, A. V. "Technical and economic aspects of development and running ladle treatment aggregates." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (September 6, 2019): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990.
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Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of continuous casting of metal, subjected to ladle refining, the steel casting improves considerably due to keeping the narrow temperature interval, decreased content and globular form of nonmetallic inclusions. In its turn it results in a decrease of rejects, an increase of billet drawing speed possibility and correspondent increase of production capacity, reduction of the number of the casted billet shell breaks. Technical and economic advantages of melt treatment by cored wire or by all-metal injection wire with stuff shown. Decrease of rejects is an important factor for cost decreasing. For example, application of calcium-aluminum cored wire at a steel-works enabled to decrease the rejects of well-casings made of 20ГЮ steel by a factor of 1.5–2. In many cases production of state-of-the-art steel grades, for example IF-steels, being the base of the modern motor-car construction, is not possible without ladle treatment. Therefore, absence of ladle treatment elements at a big steelworks can lead to considerable losses.
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Kotecki, Damian J. "Landmark Events in the Welding of Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.257.
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This lecture presents the authors personal views on the landmark events that have strongly affected the welding of stainless steels over their lifetime. Although 1913 is commonly recognized as the birth of stainless steels with the commercialization of the martensitic alloy of Harry Brearly and the austenitic alloy of Eduard Maurer and Benno Straus, the story can be considered to begin as long ago as 1797 with the discovery of chromium by Klaproth and Vauquelin, and the observation by Vauquelin in 1798 that chromium resists acids surprisingly well. From the 1870s onwards, corrosion resisting properties of iron-chromium alloys were known. One might mark the first iron-chromium-nickel constitution diagram of Maurer and Strauss in 1920 as a major landmark in the science of welding of stainless steels. Their diagram evolved until the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939, and nominally austenitic stainless steel weld metals, containing ferrite that provided crack resistance, were extensively employed for armor welding during the war, based on their diagram. Improved diagrams for use in weld filler metal design and dissimilar welding were developed by Schaeffler (1947-1949), DeLong (1956-1973) and the Welding Research Council (1988 and 1992). Until about 1970, there was a major cost difference between low carbon austenitic stainless steels and those austenitic stainless steels of 0.04% carbon and more because the low carbon grades had to be produced using expensive low carbon ferro-chromium. Welding caused heat affected zone sensitization of the higher carbon alloys, which meant that they had to be solution annealed and quenched to obtain good corrosion resistance. In 1955, Krivsky invented the argon-oxygen decarburization process for refining stainless steels, which allowed low carbon alloys to be produced using high carbon ferro-chromium. AOD became widely used by 1970 in the industrialized countries and the cost penalty for low carbon stainless steel grades virtually vanished, as did the need to anneal and quench stainless steel weldments. Widespread use of AOD refining of stainless steels brought with it an unexpected welding problem. Automatic welding procedures for orbital gas tungsten arc welding of stainless steel tubing for power plant construction had been in place for many years and provided 100% penetration welds consistently. However, during the 1970s, inconsistent penetration began to appear in such welds, and numerous researchers sought the cause. The 1982 publication of Heiple and Roper pinpointed the cause as a reversal of the surface tension gradient as a function of temperature on the weld pool surface when weld pool sulfur became very low. The AOD refining process was largely responsible for the very low sulfur base metals that resulted in incomplete penetration. The first duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel was developed in 1933 by Avesta in Sweden. Duplex stainless steels were long considered unweldable unless solution annealed, due to excessive ferrite in the weld heat-affected zone. However, in 1971, Joslyn Steel began introducing nitrogen into the AOD refining of stainless steels, and the duplex stainless steel producers noticed. Ogawa and Koseki in 1989 demonstrated the dramatic effect of nitrogen additions on enhanced weldability of duplex stainless steels, and these are widely welded today without the need to anneal. Although earlier commercial embodiments of small diameter gas-shielded flux cored stainless steel welding electrodes were produced, the 1982 patent of Godai and colleagues became the basis for widespread market acceptance of these electrodes from many producers. The key to the patent was addition of a small amount of bismuth oxide which resulted in very attractive slag detachment. Electrodes based on this patent quickly came to dominate the flux cored stainless steel market. Then a primary steam line, welded with these electrodes, ruptured unexpectedly in a Japanese power plant. Investigations published in 1997 by Nishimoto et al and Toyoda et al, among others, pinpointed the cause as about 200 ppm of bismuth retained in the weld metal which led to reheat cracking along grain boundaries where the Bi segregated. Bismuth-free electrode designs were quickly developed for high temperature service, while the bismuth-containing designs remain popular today for service not involving high temperatures.
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Monkova, Katarina, Peter Monka, and Dagmar Jakubéczyová. "The Research of the High Speed Steels Produced by Powder and Casting Metallurgy from the View of Tool Cutting Life." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.269.
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High speed steels have a leading position in the group of tool materials today in regard to their special properties. The article deals with the cutting life of tools, which cutting tips were produced from high speed steels. The test were realized at Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies TU Kosice with the seat in Presov, in collaboration with Institute of Material Research of Slovak Academy of Sciences in Kosice. As the method for tool-life investigation was selected the simple radial lathe-turning test. The measured values were statistically processed and submitted to the remoteness testing according to Grubbs. The results of the experiments are graphically presented as a dependence of cutting life on the cutting speed for five types of high speed steels. The base material for four of them was high speed steel STN 19 830 produced via powder metallurgy. It was modified by additional alloying elements, so in this way originated next variations of this steel listed above. Measured data were compared with the fifth type of high speed steel with similar chemical composition, but this type was produced via classical approach - by casting metallurgy. The know-how of the investigated relation will enable to the producers to make a good decision about what type of tool material should be used at the machining in specific conditions in order to achieve good quality of machined surface while achieving the required level of energy consumption.
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Crowley, Meredith A., and Federico Ortino. "Establishing a New Role for Antidumping Policy: Protection of an Unestablished Industry (Morocco–Hot-Rolled Steel (Turkey))." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000082.
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AbstractThis article analyses economic and legal issues in the WTO dispute between Morocco and Turkey over hot-rolled steel. Over 2013–2014, the Moroccan government conducted an antidumping investigation against two Turkish steel producers. Morocco's investigation concluded that Turkish dumping was retarding the establishment of a new domestic industry; antidumping duties were imposed against both Turkish producers. Turkey filed a complaint at the WTO in 2016, asserting procedural and substantive violations. The Panel found that Morocco had acted inconsistently with a number of WTO obligations, including those regarding its injury investigation. Although Morocco initially appealed the Panel's decision, it withdrew its appeal after the antidumping duties expired in September 2019. This case is unusual and important in that it was the first antidumping case in which a country sought to use antidumping duties to protect a newly developing industry. The Panel may have missed an opportunity to explore the definition of an ‘unestablished’ industry for purposes of determining injury in an antidumping investigation.
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Matykowski, Roman, and Anna Tobolska. "Global steel production in the first two decades of the 21st century: a period of economic fluctuations and attempts to control globalisation processes." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 35, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.354.4.
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Based on World Steel Association statistical data, this study brings together changes in the geographical pattern of global steel production in the first two decades of the 21st century and its fluctuations during economic and social crises. The analysis indicates a strong concentration of production in several countries, and among them, China has become the leader in the last two decades. Since 2017, it has produced more than half of all steel globally, and in 2019 its annual production exceeded one billion tonnes. In 2020 the largest Chinese concern, China Baowu Group, ousted ArcelorMittal from its leading position in the ranking of the world’s largest steel concerns. Such an intense concentration of steel production in one country and the strategies of internal consolidation of Chinese steel producers are a clear signal that China is taking control of the global market for this raw material, essential for many economic sectors.
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Pichugin, Sergiy, Iuliia Patenko, and Svitlana Maslova. "Comparative Analysis of Loads from the Travelling Cranes of Different Producers." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14372.
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The comparative analysis of travelling cranes of national and foreign producers is given in the paper. The travelling cranes of concern Demag were taken into consideration among the foreign cranes. The operation conditions of cranes were analyzed according to different codes of practice. The geometrical parameters, load and weight characteristics of overhead cranes were also compared. For the calculation the horizontal and vertical loads of cranes the most unfavorable schemes of location of bridge cranes on the structures of a production building were defined. According to these schemes, the maximum loads on the frame of the building were calculated and the maximum efforts in the crane beams were determined. Using obtained internal efforts the cross sections of crane girders with a span of 6 and12 mwere calculated. The results of the comparison showed the advantages of the modern cranes in materials saving of steel structures of industrial buildings.
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McCaffray, Susan P. "Origins of Labor Policy in the Russian Coal and Steel Industry, 1874–1900." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 4 (December 1987): 951–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700049883.
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In the southern Russian coal and steel region between 1874 and 1900, labor policy was outlined by the Russian managers of predominantly foreign firms through the Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers. This policy was shaped by chronic labor shortage, by the strained relations between industry and local government, and by managers' sensitivity to their position as spokesmen for foreign interests. The posture southern managers developed was that of welfare capitalism. Considerable expenditure on wages and welfare, however, did not establish labor peace.
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Heinrich, Thomas B. "Jack of All Trades: Cramp Shipbuilding, Mixed Production, and the Limits of Flexible Specialization in American Warship Construction, 1940–1945." Enterprise & Society 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 275–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270000906x.
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Naval shipbuilding was one of the most ambitious industrial undertakings of World War II. A marginal business, in 1939 employing only twelve shipyards, it expanded over the course of the war into a massive network of shipbuilding firms, engineering works, steel mills, and specialty producers that built the world's largest fleet. At its peak in 1944, warship building employed one million shipyard workers, a million others in collateral industries, and consumed one-fifth of the nation's steel output in the construction of aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, and thousands of smaller combatants.
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Brožek, Milan. "Selected Plastics Wear Resistance to Bonded Abrasive Particles Compared to Some Ferrous Materials." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 2 (2015): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563020387.
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Plastics are macromolecular materials without we cannot imagine any branch of human activity with. Plastics have unique properties, often very different from metals. At the choice of the concrete plastic for the concrete application it is necessary to evaluate its mechanical, physical, chemical and technological properties. In last years producers offer also plastics for production of parts exposed to different types of wear. In the contribution the results of wear resistance studying of 10 types of plastics (PTFE, PVC, POM-C, PC, PETP, PEEK, PA66, PP, PA6E and PE-UHMW) of one producer are published and compared with test results of four different Fe alloys (grey iron, structural steel, cast steel wear resistant and high-speed steel). The laboratory tests were carried out using the pin-on-disk machine with abrasive cloth (according to ČSN 01 5084), when the abrasive clothes of three different grits (240, 120 and 60) were used. It corresponds to the average abrasive grain sizes of 44.5 µm, 115.5 µm and 275 µm. During the test the test sample was pressed to the abrasive cloth by the pressure of 0.1 MPa. The wear intensity was assessed by the volume, weight and length losses of tested samples. The technical-economical evaluation was the part of the carried out tests. It was univocally proved that at the intensive abrasive wear using the abrasive cloth the best results shows the High-Speed Steel HSS Poldi Radeco 19 810 according to ČSN 41 9810, although its price is relatively high. Other tested Fe alloys, namely grey iron according to ČSN 42 2415, structural steel 11 373 according to ČSN 41 1373 and wear resistant cast steel VPH 6 showed also very favourable properties at the material low price. In comparison with Fe alloys the wear of all plastics was considerably higher and the plastics were considerably more expensive.
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Brawley, Mark R. "“And we would have the field”: U.S. Steel and American trade policy, 1908–1912." Business and Politics 19, no. 3 (April 18, 2017): 424–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2017.9.
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AbstractRecent surveys revealed few producers in an export sector participate in trade. Economists explained this result by relaxing their assumption about firms’ operations, to produce a novel observation: Trade liberalization disproportionately benefits the most efficient producers in the sector, while potentially harming the least efficient. Political scientists have begun exploring the consequences of this variation, especially in lobbying. This article explores whether the impact of this finer-grained description of interests can be observed in the later stages of our demand-driven models of the politics of trade. I focus on one case with characteristics favorable to observing intra-industry differences: the American steel industry in Taft's presidency. A trade-based cleavage inside the sector determined firms’ interests. Demands shaped policy, as observed in three pieces of legislation: the Payne-Aldrich Act, reciprocity with Canada, and the 1912 tariff. The first liberalized trade in steel, intensifying competition in the industry. The second promised to do the same, with a similar impact. The third had no effect, however, because Taft vetoed the bill. This case illustrates intra-industry firm heterogeneity can provide additional accuracy, revealing a previously undiscovered cleavage. Nonetheless, preferences alone did not determine policy.
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Grossman, Gene m., and Petros C. Mavroidis. "United States – Countervailing Duties on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Germany (WTO Doc. WT/DS213/AB/R): The Sounds of Silence." World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605001230.
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On August 17, 1993, the United States Department of Commerce (USDOC) imposed definitive countervailing duties (CVDs) on carbon steel originating in Germany. The imposition of these duties was based on an investigation by USDOC in which it was determined that certain German producers had benefited from five countervailable subsidy programs at a total ad valorem rate of 0.60 percent.
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Manocha, Sanjeev, and François Ponchon. "Management of Lime in Steel." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090686.
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The EU28 total lime demand in 2017 was estimated at about 20 million tons, out of which about 40% are consumed in the iron and steel industry. Steel remains the major consumer after environment and construction. The lime industry is quite mature and consolidated in developed countries, with enough reserves and production to serve regional markets while being fragmented in developing nations where steel producers rely on local sourcing. There is relatively very little trade for lime worldwide. Lime has a critical role at different steps of the steelmaking process, and especially to make a good slag facilitating the removal of sulphur and phosphorus, and for providing a safer platform to withstand high intensity arc plasma in the electric arc furnace (EAF), and violent reactions in the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). Lime quality and quantity has a direct effect on slag quality, which affects metallurgical results, refractory life, liquid metal yield, and productivity, and therefore the total cost of the steel production. In this paper, we present the importance of careful selection in the limestone and calcination process, which influences critical lime quality characteristics. We shall further elaborate on the impact of lime characteristics in the optimization of the steelmaking process, metallurgical benefits, overall cost impact, potential savings, and environmental benefits.
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Arroyo, Jorge, Luis Pérez, and Víctor Cuervo-Piñera. "CFD Modeling and Validation of Blast Furnace Gas/Natural Gas Mixture Combustion in an Experimental Industrial Furnace." Processes 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020332.
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The use of residual gases from steel production processes as fuel for steel treatment furnaces has attracted great interest as a method for reducing fossil fuel consumption and the steel footprint. However, these gases often have a low calorific value, and a direct substitution can lead to low temperatures or combustion instability issues. CFD simulations of the combustion of these gases can help steel producers forecast the results of the substitution before real testing and implementation. In this study, a CFD model of an industrial experimental furnace in the steel sector is developed and validated. The results are calculated using the combustion, radiation, and heat transfer models included in the software Ansys Fluent. The validation of the simulated results is performed with data acquired from experimental tests under the same simulated conditions at three air-to-fuel equivalence ratios, which vary from an excess of 0% to an excess of 5% oxygen at the outlet. The model is adjusted to the results, capturing the trends of the measured physical variables and pollutant concentrations. In the case of the combustion temperature, the differences between the simulated and measured values vary from 0.03% to 6.9. Based on the simulation results, the use of blast furnace gas as fuel produces temperatures inside the chamber between 1004 °C and 1075 °C and high stream velocities because of the high flow needed to keep the power constant. Flames exhibit straight movements since the high flows absorb the effect of the swirling flames. The addition of natural gases increases the combustion temperature up to 1211 °C and reduces the flow and length of the flames. Finally, temperatures up to 1298 °C and shorter flames are reached with natural gas enriched with a stream of oxygen, but in this case, NOx emissions need to be controlled.
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Sagara, N., T. Kondo, M. Saeki, I. Inamoto, and K. Kakita. "Accreditation system for reference material producers and certified reference materials for iron and steel in Japan." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 2, no. 3 (April 24, 1997): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050116.
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Hnizdil, Milan, Martin Chabicovsky, Miroslav Raudenský, Eric Magadoux, and Florent Code. "Spray Cooling Unit for Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1720–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1720.
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Stainless steel sheets are successively heated to a temperature of 1150°C and cooled until ambient temperature during the production process. Requirements for high cooling rates of stainless steel sheets producers lead to use water as a cooling medium. The information about cooling intensity (heat transfer coefficient) of different nozzles configurations is necessary for designing cooling sections. Although many researchers deal with water spray cooling, actually a general correlation for predicting heat transfer coefficient for wide range of nozzles configurations does not exists. That is the reason why heat transfer coefficient for different nozzles configurations can be only obtained by laboratory measurements. Heat transfer coefficient is mostly influenced by water impingement density and impact velocity. However other factors e.g. water temperature and velocity of the sheet can influence the heat transfer coefficient. Optimized design of the cooling unit with high cooling intensity and low water consumption was achieved by appropriate choice of these parameters. The moving experimental sheet was cooled from a temperature of 900°C to a temperature of 50°C with various configurations of nozzles. The tests shown that heat transfer coefficient was increasing with water impingement density and impact velocity. Increasing water temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C caused a decrease of the heat transfer coefficient and Leidenfrost temperature. The effect of velocity is negligible when velocities are between 25 and 100 m/min. The cooling unit was designed according to laboratory measurements to fulfill the stainless steel producer's requirements. The measurements which were done in an industrial plant confirmed the accuracy of heat transfer coefficient obtained in the laboratory. The maximum difference between laboratory and plant measurements was 15%.
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Faba, Antonio, and Simone Quondam Antonio. "An Overview of Non-Destructive Testing of Goss Texture in Grain-Oriented Magnetic Steels." Mathematics 9, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9131539.
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Grain oriented steels are widely used for electrical machines and components, such as transformers and reactors, due to their high magnetic permeability and low power losses. These outstanding properties are due to the crystalline structure known as Goss texture, obtained by a suitable process that is well-known and in widespread use among industrial producers of ferromagnetic steel sheets. One of the most interesting research areas in this field has been the development of non-destructive methods for the quality assessment of Goss texture. In particular, the study of techniques that can be implemented in industrial processes is very interesting. Here, we provide an overview of techniques developed in the past, novel approaches recently introduced, and new perspectives. The reliability and accuracy of several methods and equipment are presented and discussed.
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Zhu, Lequn, Ran Zhou, Xiaojun Li, and Jie Chen. "Evolutionary Analysis of Supply Chain Integration Strategy on Chinese Steel-Producing Firms considering Policy Risk Cost Factor." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (June 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1136601.
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Despite a number of adverse factors, China’s steel industry has maintained a rapid growth trend. China continues to consume two-thirds of the world’s iron ore, the majority of which is imported. In this context, Chinese steel companies have begun to consider integrating their supply chains to increase efficiency and lower costs. However, the increasingly volatile international environment makes this an extremely risky proposition. As a result, the issue of how Chinese steel producers should participate in global supply chain integration has emerged as a critical research question that requires investigation. In this paper, we examine the supply chain integration problem using a typical China–Australia steel trade as an example. Specifically, we discuss in detail whether relevant firms should continue to promote supply chain integration in the Chinese–Australian steel industry, as well as the decision boundary of influence, using evolutionary game theory and policy risk cost factors. The empirical analysis demonstrates that policy risk has a range of effects on different types of steel firms. Even when international tensions are considered, smaller steel companies may retain a greater willingness to integrate their supply chains. Overall, the above findings can provide necessary decision support for enterprises to formulate supply chain management strategies.
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Šramhauser, Karel, Nataša Náprstková, Pavel Kraus, and Martin Marek. "Comparative study of flank wear, tool life and type of chips for two similar turning inserts from different producers." MATEC Web of Conferences 244 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824402008.
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The article describes the analysis of the durability and lifetime of selected interchangeable cutting inserts used for turning based on the wear measurement of the cutting tool, flank wear namely. The experiment was carried out on one type of material, such as stainless steel 1.4404 according to DIN EN 10088-3. The measurements were made on two turning inserts of the same type from two different manufacturers - Sandvik coromant and Pramet tools. Evaluation of turning inserts wear was performed at four different cutting speeds. The value that was observed was the flank wear VB of the tool until the critical value was reached. Other different analysis have been performed, such as the length and shape of the chips analysis according to ISO 3685. Based on the results of the measurements, it has been found that the Pramet insert, which has a thinner layer of coating, has reached a longer life and allows heat to flow out of the cutting area. It can be considered that thinner coating can positively contribute to better machining of stainless steels, which could be helpful for machining companies. Cutting inserts wear research is realized at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem.
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Kroning, Isabela Schneid, Tassiana Ramires, Louise Haubert, Caroline Rizzi, Meg da Silva Fernandes, Graciela Volz Lopes, Odir Antônio Dellagostin, and Wladimir Padilha da Silva. "Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus from milk and expression of the adhesion genes ebpS and cna at different temperatures." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, no. 9 (September 2021): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2021-0065.
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This study investigated the ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk to form biofilm, through detection of adhesion genes, investigating exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and biofilm formation on polystyrene (PS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces, and by quantifying the expression of ebpS and cna genes under different temperatures and culture media. Among the 31 isolates, the adhesion genes ebpS and cna were found in 81% and 61% of the isolates, respectively. The screening tests for phenotype revealed that 58% of the isolates were EPS producers, and 45% showed the ability to produce biofilm on PS. Nine of the 31 isolates were selected to verify their ability to form biofilm on SS, of which 3 were non-biofilm producers, 3 were poor biofilm producers, and 3 were moderate biofilm producers. However, all nine isolates produced biofilm on SS, regardless of their phenotypic profile on PS. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) revealed no variation in the expression levels of ebpS and cna genes at different temperatures, except for isolate S24 at 10 °C, for both genes tested. Moreover, RT–qPCR assays revealed that the expression levels of the adhesion genes ebpS and cna are isolate- and temperature-dependent; however, they are independent of the phenotypic biofilm-formation profile.
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Asim, Muhammad, and Abdul Rahman Zaki. "Pakistan Steel Mills Amid Crisis." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 2, no. 1 (June 2013): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977913480651.
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The steel industry is one of the most progressive and innovative industries in today’s dynamic and competitive world that caters to the need of every individual and every aspect of life from a micro level to the macro level and fulfils the demand of almost all industrial sectors and therefore is a key element responsible for driving the economy of a nation. Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation (PSMC)—once a highly profitable organization and considered one of the largest and sole steel producers in Pakistan—is on the verge of collapse and passing through critical stages of its survival. Despite its monopoly and vast potential to expand and grow, PSMC has not only lagged far behind in comparison to its neighbouring nation, but has also been unable to meet the demand of its own nation. This study attempts to explore and analyze the pros and cons of its current deteriorating condition by considering the various factors and challenges faced by PSMC for the last few years and in particular the consequences of the unsuccessful post-privatization attempt made by the government. Numerous apparent and inherent factors are attributed to this failure, namely, the high bureaucratic influence, financial irregularities, managerial incapabilities, inefficient management techniques, etc. In addition, the role and impact of other steel sources such as ship-breaking, steel melting, imports, etc., are also taken into account, that, if carefully managed and controlled, can help PSMC come out of its dilemma.
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Holtzer, M., A. Bobrowski, D. Drożyński, and J. Mocek. "Investigations of Protective Coatings for Castings of High-Manganese Cast Steels." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0008.
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Abstract When cast steel castings are made in moulding sands on matrices of high-silica sand, which has a low fire resistance the problem of the so-called chemical penetration is distinctly visible. Whereas this effect appears to a small degree only when moulding sand matrices are of chromite, zircon or olivine sands. Therefore in case of making castings of high-manganese cast steel (e.g. Hadfield steel) sands not containing free silica should be applied (e.g. olivine sand) or in case of a high-silica matrix protective coatings for moulds and cores should be used. Two protective coatings, magnesite alcoholic (marked as coating 1 and coating 2) originated from different producers and intended for moulds for castings of the Hadfield steel, were selected for investigations. Examinations of the basic properties were performed for these coatings: viscosity, thermal analysis, sedimentation properties, wear resistance. In order to estimate the effectiveness of protective coatings the experimental castings were prepared. When applying coating 1, the surface quality of the casting was worse and traces of interaction between the casting material (cast steel) and the coating were seen. When protective coating 2 was used none interactions were seen and the surface quality was better.
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Williams, Harold R., and Thomas J. Botzman. "The U. S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Impact on the U. S. Steel Industry." American Economist 38, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459403800107.
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This study empirically estimates the impact of the U. S.-Canada FTA on specific iron and steel exports and imports using quarterly data for the period January 1981 to December 1990. A single equation multiple linear regression model is used to quantify at the industry and industry segment levels the impact of the agreement. The dependent variables are the quantities of major steel products traded between the two nations. The explanatory variables include foreign price adjusted for the exchange rate and tariff rate, domestic price, and the industrial production index. Results include calculation of price and income elasticities, which vary considerably by industry segments. The impact of free trade, as modeled, varies widely from product to product. As such it has important implications not only for government policy and employment but also for the adjustment problems faced by both the large integrated steel mill and the minimill producers.
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Mill, Ann Wendy. "Comment and Debate French Steel and the Metal-Working Industries: A Contribution to Debate on Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century France." Social Science History 9, no. 3 (1985): 307–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001511x.
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This article addresses recent revisionist literature concerning nineteenth-century French economic history, and in particular Cameron’s and Freedeman’s “French Economic Growth; a Radical Revision” (1983, see also Roehl, 1976 and O’Brien and Keyder, 1978 and the critical response of Locke, 1981 and Crafts, 1984). It questions the latter’s criteria for the perception of economic development or retardation and challenges revisionist affirmations concerning the role of entrepreneurial attitudes in the achievement of industrialization in France. The problems raised by the revisionist interpretation appear clearly with respect to the history of the French steel industry. The principal steel producers’ dynamism and technically progressive attitudes, which the authors cite to demonstrate the irrelevance of sociocultural hypotheses concerning French industrial retardation, represented only one component of the ferrous industrial scene. Sociocultural factors beyond the steel firms’ control, together with poor financial conditions and the economic geography of France outweighed entrepreneurial dynamism as determinants of the industry’s overall performance in the later nineteenth century, chiefly by their inhibiting effect on per capita steel consumption.
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Charlton, Nancy. "190 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Beyond stainless steel and milk pumps: precision technology in the milking equipment world." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.044.
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Abstract What do you think of when you hear the words: milking equipment? Do you think of the different brands? Boumatic, DeLaval, GEA or Lely? Do you think of parlours, parallels or rotaries? Do you think of teat cups, liners or rubber hosing? Do you think of teat dips and cleaners? If you think of mostly hardware – I can’t blame you. If I look at DeLaval, the company I work for, it has a 136-year history of offering dairy producers revolutionary innovations. In 1878, Gustaf de Laval patented the cream separator, which was the basis for forming our company in 1883. (That was even before Old MacDonald’s farm.) DeLaval has since made other significant improvements in animal health and welfare, milk production, food safety and labor efficiency with technologies like: the vacuum operated milking machine (1917); a commercial rotary (1930); animal identification systems (1978); variable speed vacuum pumps (1977); milking robots (late 1990s); an on-farm lab called Herd Navigator; Clover-shaped liners (2013); a teat spray robot (2015); a body condition score camera (2015); and our latest robot, the VMSTM V300 (2018). DeLaval has been pushing the Brave New World for many years. Today, we have a software program called DelProTM Farm Manager – a powerful data management tool providing valuable information and analysis. It enables the dairy producer to make efficient daily actions and for advisors to monitor and provide profitable and sustainable management actions. As animal scientists, what is your role in this? One avenue is to consider working with the data to provide relevant summaries on what the information is telling us. You can have a role in influencing management changes for dairy farms for the future. While not all farms have access to this data and information, your research projects can help dairy farmers wanting to make improvements to their operations. Producers need non-bias, third party sources they can reference. The dairy farming world is changing; we all need to keep up. Make sure the research that you decide upon fits into this rapid pace.
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Grant, Jonathan, and Susan P. McCaffray. "The Politics of Industrialization in Tsarist Russia: The Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers, 1874-1914." Technology and Culture 39, no. 1 (January 1998): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3107027.
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Kipping, Matthias. "How unique is East Asian development? Comparing steel producers and users in East Asia and Western Europe." Asia Pacific Business Review 4, no. 1 (October 1997): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602389812331288174.
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Gregory, Paul R., and Susan P. McCaffray. "The Politics of Industrialization in Tsarist Russia: The Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers, 1874-1914." American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171177.
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Kovačič, M., B. Lešer, and M. Brezocnik. "Modelling and optimization of sulfur addition during 70MnVS4 steelmaking: An industrial case study." Advances in Production Engineering & Management 16, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14743/apem2021.2.398.
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Štore Steel Ltd. is one of the major flat spring steel producers in Europe. Among several hundred steel grades, 70MnVS4 steel is also produced. In the paper optimization of steelmaking of 70MnVS4 steel is presented. 70MnVS4 is a high-strength microalloyed steel which is used for forging of connecting rods in the automotive industry. During 70MnVS4 ladle treatment, the sulfur addition in the melt should be conducted only once. For several reasons the sulfur is repeatedly added and therefore threatening clogging during continuous casting and as such influencing surface defects occurrence and steel cleanliness. Accordingly, the additional sulfur addition was predicted using linear regression and genetic programming. Following parameters were collected within the period from January 2018 to December 2018 (78 consequently cast batches): sulfur and carbon cored wire addition after chemical analysis after tapping, carbon, manganese and sulfur content after tapping, time between chemical analysis after tapping and starting of the casting, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon addition and additional sulfur cored wire addition. Based on modelling results it was found out that the ferromanganese is the most influential parameter. Accordingly, 12 consequently cast batches (from February 2019 to October 2019) were produced with as lower as possible addition of ferromanganese. The additional sulfur addition in all 12 cases was not needed. Also, the melt processing time, surface quality of rolled material and sulfur cored wire consumption did not change statistically significantly after reduction of ferromanganese addition. The steel cleanliness was statistically significantly better.