Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening

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Academic literature on the topic 'Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening"

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Verhoeven, J. D., H. L. Downing, and E. D. Gibson. "Induction case hardening of steel." Journal of Heat Treating 4, no. 3 (June 1986): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02833303.

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Balitskii, Alexander, Jacek Eliasz, and Valentina Balitska. "Low and high cycle fatigue of heat resistant steels and nickel based alloys in hydrogen for gas, steam turbines and generators applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816505002.

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It has been established that, at some region of hydrogen pressure and strain rate exists a maximum influence of hydrogen on the plasticity, low cycle fatigue and cyclic crack resistance of Ni-Co alloys and high nitrogen steels. The drop of plasticity of the dispersion-hardening materials within the temperature range of intense phase transformations is caused by the localization of strains on the grain boundaries due to the intense redistribution of alloying elements in the boundary regions. Moreover, the increase in plasticity observed at higher temperatures is caused both by partial coagulation of hardening phases and possible dissolution of small amounts of finely divided precipitations. The effect hydrogen on short-term strength and plasticity, high- and low-cycle durability of 15Cr12Ni2MoNMoWNb martensitic steel, 10Cr15Ni27Ti3W2BMo austenitic dispersion-hardened steel, heat resistant 3,5NiCrMoV rotor steel, 04Kh16Ni56Nb5Mo5TiAl and 05Kh19Ni55Nb2Mo9Al Ni-base superalloys in range of pressures 0–30 MPa and temperatures 293–1073 K was investigated. In the case of 15Cr12Ni2MoNMoWNb steel and 04Kh16Ni56Nb5Mo5TiAl alloy the dependence of low-cycle durability (N) and characteristics of plasticity (δ and φ) on the hydrogen pressure consists of two regions. In the first region (low pressures), the N, δ and φ abruptly drops, and in the second, the negative action of hydrogen becomes stable or decrease negligibility.
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Abdullah, Siti Noradila, Norazlianie Sazali, and Ahmad Shahir Jamaludin. "Study on Thickness of Low Carbon Steel in Rapid Cooling Process: A Short Review." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v4i1.3546.

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For any process that engaged with changes of chemical properties and physical is a heat treatment process by cooling or heating a metal. The technique for heat treatment includes, case hardening, annealing, tempering and precipitation strengthening, quenching and tempering. The mechanical properties like hardness, toughness and ductility can be altered by intense heat treating on steel to produce different mechanical properties. This matters with the carbon content in low carbon steel such as mild steel with above 0.4% carbon, in Medium carbon steel with above 0.8% carbon, and in High Carbon Steel with up to 2% carbon content in steels. To change the characteristics of metals and alloys is by heat treatment process where by altering the diffusion and cooling rate within its microstructure to make them suitable for any kind of usage by changing the grain size at different phases and changing the molecular arrangement.
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Киричек, Андрей, Andrey Kirichek, Дмитрий Соловьев, Dmitry Soloviyov, Сергей Силантьев, and Sergey Silantiev. "Technology of combined strengthening by wave deformation and case-hardening of structural low-alloy steels." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2, no. 8 (July 24, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5971db7fe454d8.56390820.

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The promising direction of strengthening development is a combined strengthening with surface plastic deformation with the further chemical-thermal treatment, in particular, with case-hardening. The technological possibilities of combined strengthening by a deformation wave with the further case-hardening of structural mild low-alloy steels by the example of steel 10ChSND are considered. It is defined that the results, obtained as a result of combined strengthening, are comparable with the results of strengthening of case-hardened alloy steels used for manufacturing heavy loaded parts of machines.
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Bobyr, S. V., P. V. Krot, G. V. Levchenko, O. Ye Baranovska, and D. V. Loshkarev. "Influence of modes of thermal hardening and the subsequent cryogenic processing on structure and properties of steel 38Ni3CrMoV." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 98, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2021.02.014.

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For the production of various machine-building products - rolling rolls, parts of power equipment, piercing mandrels - complex alloy steels containing chromium and a significant number of other deficient alloying elements (nickel, vanadium, molybdenum) type 38Ni3CrMoV are used. The paper presents the results of research on the influence of modes of hardening and subsequent cryogenic treatment on the parameters of the structure, hardness and wear resistance of this steel. Visible changes in the microstructure of thermally improved steel samples during cryogenic treatment were not found, which can be explained by the high thermodynamic stability of the sorbitol structure and the practical absence of residual austenite due to its decomposition during high tempering. It is shown that cryogenic treatment of thermally improved 38Ni3CrMoV steel contributes to an increase in the hardness, toughness and wear resistance this steel (~3.8 %). In this case, there is a slight increase in the parameter and magnitude of microstresses of the crystal lattice, an increase in the density of dislocations due to the removal of thermal stresses. To obtain a multiphase structure of 38Ni3CrMoV steel with retained austenite, isothermal quenching from the γ - α region has been proposed. The use of cryogenic treatment for the experimental mode of hardening of 38Ni3CrMoV steel samples promotes the transformation of retained austenite in the final structure of the samples into martensite with a significant increase in the microhardness of its structural components at the 22.3 %. The experimental hardening mode + cryogenic treatment provides a significant increase in the hardness and wear resistance of 38Ni3CrMoV steel at the 21.6 % while ensuring a certain level of its impact toughness (more than 4 J/cm2) and can be recommended for the implementation of the technology of differentiated hardening of large-sized products made of 38Ni3CrMoV steel. Keywords: steel, structure, hardness, wear resistance, isothermal hardening, cryogenic treatment.
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Yu, Li Na, Kazuyoshi Saida, and Kazutoshi Nishimoto. "Extended Application of Hardness Prediction System for Temper Bead Welding of A533B Steel to Various Low-Alloy Steels." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.9.

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Temper bead welding is one of effective repair welding methods in case that post weld heat treatment is not easily applied. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of temper bead welding, hardness in HAZ becomes important factor. The neural network-based hardness prediction system of HAZ in temper bead welding for A533B low-alloy steel has been constructed by the authors in the previous study. However, for HAZ hardness prediction of other steels, it is necessary to obtain hardness database for each steel which is time-cost consuming, if the same method is used. The present study has been conducted to develop the generalized hardness prediction method applicable for other steels by utilizing the hardness data-base of A533B steel assuming that the hardness in HAZ of steels after tempering have a linear relationship with LMP (Larson-Miller parameter). On using the newly proposed extended method, only a few hardness data-base for the other steels is needed to obtain. Hardness distribution in HAZ of temper bead welding for other steels was calculated by using the extended hardness prediction system. The thermal cycles used for calculation were numerically obtained by a finite element method. The experimental results have shown that the predicted hardness is in good accordance with the measured one for steels without secondary hardening. It follows that the currently proposed extended method is effective for estimating the tempering effect during temper bead welding for the steels without secondary hardening.
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Thürer, Susanne Elisabeth, Anna Chugreeva, Norman Heimes, Johanna Uhe, Bernd-Arno Behrens, Hans Jürgen Maier, and Christian Klose. "Process chain for the manufacture of hybrid bearing bushings." Production Engineering 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01028-4.

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AbstractThe current study presents a novel Tailored Forming process chain developed for the production of hybrid bearing bushings. In a first step, semi-finished products in the form of locally reinforced hollow profiles were produced using a new co-extrusion process. For this purpose, a modular tool concept was developed in which a steel tube made of a case-hardening steel, either C15 (AISI 1015) or 20MnCr5 (AISI 5120), is fed laterally into the tool. Inside the welding chamber, the steel tube is joined with the extruded aluminum alloy EN AW-6082. In the second step, sections from the compound profiles were formed into hybrid bearing bushings by die forging. In order to set the required forming temperatures for each material—aluminum and steel—simultaneously, a tailored heating strategy was developed, which enabled successful die forging of the hybrid workpiece to the desired bearing bushing geometry. Using either of the case-hardening steels in combination with aluminum, this novel process chain made it possible to produce intact hybrid bearing bushings, which showed both macroscopically and microscopically intimate material contact inside the compound zone.
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Kovács, Tünde, and Peter Pinke. "BWRA and Séférian Model for Preheating Temperature Calculation in Case of Low Alloyed and Unalloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 885 (February 2017): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.885.239.

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For the assurance of the welding quality is very important to choose an adequate welding process. In case of this procedure specification we have to take account of the chemical composition, plate thickness of the work pieces and the used welding process with its parameters. In case of quenched and tempered steel even that limited alloys content we have to calculate the carbon equivalent and the preheating temperature. The preheating temperature depends on the carbon equivalent, the plate thickness and the welding process too. To obtains correct process parameters, important to choose and use the appropriate model [1]. For calculate the suitable preheating temperature we used the BWRA and the Séférian model too. We compared the results and made welding tests to monitoring the effect of the different preheating temperature. We used two different steel in our welding experiments, it was a carbon steel (S235JR) and a low alloyed hardening steel (28Mn6). After the welding test we measured the hardness changing in the heat affected zone (HAZ). On the base of our test results we concluded that in case of the used steels the suitable method is the Séférian’s.
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Gorla, Carlo, Francesco Rosa, Edoardo Conrado, and Horacio Albertini. "Bending and contact fatigue strength of innovative steels for large gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 14 (January 7, 2014): 2469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213519614.

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Large gears for wind turbine gearboxes require high performances and cost-effective manufacturing processes. Heat distortion in the heat treatment phase and the consequent large grinding stock are responsible for high manufacturing costs due to reduced productivity. A research project aimed at the identification of new materials, manufacturing and heat treatment processes has been performed. Air quenchable alloy steels, combined with a specifically developed case hardening and heat treatment process, have been identified as an interesting solution, both from the point of view of cost effectiveness, thanks to reduced distortions and grinding stock, and for the environmental sustainability. The research project has been completed by the manufacturing of a full-scale gear, on which the whole process has been validated. Nevertheless, in order to judge the applicability of these steels to large gears, data from specific tests on the performances against typical gear failure modes, like bending and contact fatigue, are necessary as well. Single tooth fatigue bending tests and disc-on-disc contact fatigue tests have therefore been performed on two innovative materials, respectively, a high hardenability steel and a bainitic structure steel, and on a reference traditional case hardening steel. The results of these tests, which provide useful data for gear designers, are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Kukareko, V. A., B. M. Gatsuro, A. N. Grigorchik, and A. N. Chichin. "Matematical modeling of the process of enlarging the austenitic grain during high-temperature heating of alloy structural steel." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-3-74-84.

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The influence of the heating rate of a typical case hardening steel 15KHGN2TA and 25KHGT on the growth of austenitic grain during long-term isothermal exposures at the high-temperature chemical-heat treatment was studied. It is shown that the change in the rate of heating case hardening steels in the temperature interval a®g transformations during chemical-thermal treatment has a significant impact on the process of growth of austenitic grains in them.Regression equations describing the dependence of the average size of austenitic grain on the heating rate, pre-annealing temperature and cementation temperature are obtained, which allow selecting the cementation modes of various steels. A phenomenological model describing the mechanism of formation and growth of austenitic grains in steels under heating at different speeds is developed.It is concluded that the slow heating of steels in the interval of phase a®g transformation contributes to the formation of a complex of small austenite grains separated by high angle boundaries with adsorbed on them by impurity atoms, which ensures higher resistance grain structure to coalescence and reduce the rate of migration of the boundaries during prolonged hightemperature austenization.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening"

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Wang, Xiaolan. "The effects of rust on the gas carburization of AISI 8620 steel." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2008. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-073108-094449/.

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Zhang, Tao. "Laser surface hardening of AISI 1518 alloy steel." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/723.

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The laser surface hardening process will enhance the hardness profile of automotive components and ensure better process control and predictability of quality as compared to the conventional hardening processes. A 2KW Nd-YAG laser system was used to harden the surface of alloy steel with various process parameters (laser power, focal spot diameter and beam velocity). The results (microhardness, microstructure change and residual stress distribution) were measured and analyzed with Vickers microhardness tester, optical/electron microscope and hole-drilling residual stress equipment. Statistical analyses of the experimental data were used for explaining the relationships between process parameters, microhardness and microstructure. General thermal hardening was applied in the research to show the influence of heating temperature and cooling method on microstructure and mechanical properties. Also, the results were compared with laser surface hardening process from microhardness, microstructure and residual stress to show the advantage of laser surface hardening. Through analysis of the results of the laser surface hardening experiments, a suitable laser power density and interaction time for optimum hardening was obtained. The presented laser surface hardening process can also be applied to other alloy steel surface hardening process.
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Wang, Xiaolan. "Activated atmosphere case hardening of steels." Digital WPI, 2011. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/413.

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"Case hardening, a process which includes a wide variety of techniques, is used to improve the wear resistance, by diffusing carbon (carburization), nitrogen (nitriding) and/or boron (boriding) into the outer layer of the steel at high temperature, and then heat treating the surface layer to the desired hardness without affecting the softer, tough interior of the part. In this research, a nitrogen-hydrocarbon gas mixture was used as the process atmosphere for carburizing steels. It can offer a cost and part quality alternative to the conventional endothermic atmosphere and vacuum processes. It can hold the promise for matching the quality of work parts processed in vacuum furnace, i.e. eliminating the intergranular oxidation which normally occurs in the endogas atmosphere. The process control of nitrogen-hydrocarbon atmosphere is also investigated in the research. Modified shim stock method is used to measure the carbon pickup and constant carbon flux modeling tool is used afterwards to predict the carbon profile. With minimum modification, commercially available equipment or sensors can be used to monitor non-equilibrium process atmosphere. Gas nitriding was also studied. For nitriding, the kinetics of the nitriding process with hydrocarbon gases addition and electric arc discharge activation of the nitrogen diluted ammonia atmosphere were investigated. Prior to and during the nitriding, hydrocarbon gases were reacted with metal surface and removed oxidation layers, which can accelerate nitriding process. Overall, nitriding with this unique gas mixture provides an alternative to a long-hour pure ammonia nitriding with more efficient energy utilization. The main objective of this project is to develop the conventional, atmospheric-pressure, low-cost surface hardening treatments for the case hardening of carbon, alloy and stainless steel. The possibility of plasma activation of atmosphere and metal surface to shorten processing time and save energy and time is investigated in this research. The process atmosphere is safer, more efficient, less toxic and less flammable. "
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Buberg, Tor Arne. "Case Hardening of Hardox 450 Steel for Increased Ballistic Strength." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16326.

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AbstractSteel alloys are the material that is most used in protective constructions today. The reason is the overall good properties of steels, with its high strength and hardness, high ductility, high formability and relatively low cost compared to other materials. Even though armour steels are affordable, work is done to limit expenses from production or come up with new and less expensive alloys.Case hardening is a technique for production of steel with a very hard and durable surface while still maintaining a tough and ductile core. Case hardened products have hard, durable and fatigue resistant surfaces and tough and durable cores. Case hardening is typically applied to machine parts that are exposed to heavy wear and high loads such as gears, bearings, screws and nuts, shafts, etcIn 2010, Lou et al. managed to significantly increase the penetration resistance of a low-cost steel (NVE36) by case hardening. Encouraged by this, Hans Magne Thorseth wrote his master’s thesis “Optimalisering av stål i beskyttelseskonstruksjoner” in 2010. His attempt to improve the ballistic strength of Hardox 450 steel by case hardening did not have the desired results. The ballistic limit velocity was reduced from approximately 800 m/s for the original Hardox 450 to approximately 770 m/s for the case hardened steel. The probable reasons for the reduction of the ballistic limit velocity was a too low carbon content increase from the carburizing and thus a too low hardness increase, in addition to deterioration of the metal core properties from the heat treatment. The objective of this master’s thesis was to improve the case hardening process used by Hans Magne Thorseth in his master’s thesis.The improvement work was divided into two parts, a preliminary project work and this master thesis. The project was carried out in the autumn of 2010, and the aim was to find the optimum case hardening process to produce steel with improved ballistic properties. This involved testing of different carburizing potentials to increase the surface carbon content of the metal and to find carburizing heat treatments that would retain the core properties of the carburized steel. Based on the results from the preliminary project it seemed possible to produce case hardened steel with surface hardness over 1000 HV, but a slight reduction of core hardness was difficult to avoid.The present master’s thesis was written during the spring of 2011. The key results from the preliminary project work were used to determine a range of case hardening courses. A total of 11 case hardening courses were tested, of which six courses employed carbon potential of 0.9% and five courses employed a carbon potential of 1.1%. Different hardening courses were tested, including direct hardening, a modified single hardening process and traditional and modified versions of double and triple hardening. Before the case hardening the plates were sandblasted to remove a corrosion-resistant primer that was applied to the plates. The primer was believed to limit the diffusion of carbon into the steel. In the preliminary project the primer was ground away and grinding was the preferred solution in this work as well, however, due to capacity issues sandblasting was employed.The ballistic limit velocity of the case hardened and the original Hardox 450 target plates were calculated from results obtained by ballistic experiments. The ballistic limit velocities of the case hardened samples, with approximately 787 m/s as the highest, were lower than that of the original Hardox 450, being approximately 800 m/s.Surface hardness measurements of the steel revealed a poor effect from the carburization, the hardest surface was measured at 735 HV. This could be explained by a probable surface decarburization of the original Hardox 450, which was discovered by microstructure examinations and hardness measurements. In contrary to in the preliminary project where this layer was ground away, the sandblasting did not remove the decarburized layer. Due to this, the case hardening did not have the desired effect on the steel surface, resulting in a too low surface hardness.The core hardness proved difficult to retain, the highest core hardness value obtained was below 460 HV, compared to the original Hardox 450 with core hardness of 475 HV. This could be another reason for the lower ballistic limit velocity of the carburized steel plates. However, the original Hardox 450 did not have the highest cross-sectional hardness integral value, so the ballistic properties probably also depend to some degree on ductility. A main reason for the superior ballistic limit velocity of the original Hardox 450 was therefore believed to be related to cracking of the rear side of the case hardened target plates during projectile penetration. The cracking seemed to be a result of the harder, and thus more brittle, outer surface layer.
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Zhang, Chongxue. "Assessment of depth of case-hardening in steel rods by electromagnetic methods." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468146.

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Palm, Martin. "Reliable Carburization of AISI H13 Steel : The Impact of Preoxidation." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279103.

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Case hardened Uddeholm Orvar® Superior (Orvar) has the potential to replace currently used materials in shafts inside transmissions, which would lower the overall weight and thus result in lower fuel consumption while maintaining the necessary mechanical properties. However, previous studies have failed to reliably carburize the steel during the case hardening process. The case contains tempered martensite, which has high wear resistance, hardness, and good fatigue properties, and will be affected by the absence of the additional carbon. The presence of passive oxide layers such as chromia and silica is believed to inhibit the carburization, this by their impact of the adsorption and diffusion. One suggested solution is a preoxidation step before the carburization, to promote the formation of iron oxides which are preferential for carburization due to higher diffusion. To evaluate the impact of preoxidation different times, temperatures, and cooling methods were used and analyzed by LOM, XRD, SEM, and hardness measurements. The results indicate that reliable carburization can be obtained by preoxidation performed at 600 °C for 24 hours followed by immediate case hardening.
Sätthärdat Uddeholm Orvar® Superior (Orvar) har potential att ersätta nuvarande material i drivaxlari växellådor, detta skulle minska vikten och därmed sänka bränslekonsumtionen medan de nödvändiga mekaniska egenskaperna behålls. Tidigare studier har emellertid misslyckats med att tillförlitligt uppkola stålytan under sätthärdningen. Ytan består utav tempererad martensit som har hög slitstyrka, hårdhet, och bra utmattningsegenskaper, och påverkas utav avsaknaden av tillfört kol. Närvaron av passiva oxidskikt som kiseldioxid och kromoxid tros hindra uppkolningen, detta på grund utav deras påverkan på adsorption och diffusion. En föreslagen lösning är ett föroxideringssteg innan sätthärdningen, för att gynna bildandet utav järnoxider vilka är fördelaktiga för uppkolningen på grund utav högre diffusion. För att utvärdera påverkan av föroxideringen användes olika tider, temperaturer, och kylningsmetoder som blev analyserade utav LOM, XRD, SEM, och hårdhetsmätningar. Resultaten indikerar att tillförlitlig uppkolning kan uppnås med föroxideringutförd vid 600 °C i 24 timmar följt utav omedelbar sätthärdning.
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Zander, Johan. "Modelling mechanical properties by analysing datasets of commercial alloys." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4527.

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Malmberg, Andreas. "The influence of carbonitriding on hardness, retained austenite and residual stress in 52100 steel." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173804.

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High rolling contact fatigue parts are vital for the long service life of fuel pumps. Cummins Fuel Systems are currently using an M2 tool steel for one of the most important roller bearing application in their pumps, namely the cam follower. The future design of the cam follower is a pin-less tappet roller. The wear and fatigue properties of the roller is vital to ensure reliability of the fuel system. M2 tool steel is an expensive material and becomes even more so if diamond like coating (DLC) is needed to decrease the friction coefficients. To cut costs of the fuel pump it might be possible to replace the M2 tool steel with 52100 steel (100Cr6). Competitive methods have proven that carbonitrided 52100 can reach excellent wear and fatigue properties making it a candidate to replace M2 tool steel. How the properties of hardness, toughness and compressive residual stresses are developed in 52100 and how they affect the fatigue and wear resistance has been researched from the literature. A big part of this project was to do an extensive analysis of a roller bearing that was believed to have gone through one of these competitive methods that produce excellent wear and fatigue resistance. The analysis was done with background to the knowledge gathered from the literature. Finally process trials were set up to carbonitride 52100 steel samples. The trials were done to develop a better understanding of how adding carbon together with nitrogen to the surface of 52100 steel will influence the metallurgical parameters that results in good wear and fatigue resistance. From this analysis Cummins hope to create a process recipe that can be used for carbonitriding the cam follower and maybe other components in their fuel systems.
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Béjar, Luis Miguel. "CORROSION-FATIGUE TESTING ON STEEL GRADES WITH DIFFERENT HEAT AND SURFACE TREATMENTS USED IN ROCK-DRILLING APPLICATIONS." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194524.

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Corrosion fatigue is a common failure mechanism in rock drilling components and many othermechanical parts subjected to cyclic loads in corrosive environments. A crucial part in the design ofsuch components resides in the selection of the right materials for the application, which ideallyinvolves testing and comparison of their performance under working conditions. The present work was performed with the purpose of designing a corrosion-fatigue testing methodthat would allow the designer to compare the performance of different materials exposed to corrosionfatigue, permitting also the comparison with results from dry fatigue testing. The method was designedfor rotating-bending machines. Two different steel grades were used during the work, one throughhardened and one case hardened. The effect of these heat treatments and of shot peening overcorrosion-fatigue behaviour were studied using the proposed method. It was proven that the testing speed has a strong impact on the fatigue life of steel. It was found that,at a fixed stress level, the case hardened and shot peened steel reached 3X10^6 cycles at 2300 rpm,while it failed at only 5X10^5 cycles with a testing speed of 500 rpm. A large beneficial influence of theshot peening was demonstrated. It was also observed that, at fixed testing speed, the shot peening onthe through hardened steel can increase its fatigue strength from 190 MPa to 600 MPa under corrosionfatigue. Many cracks were found at the surface of the shot peened parts, which are arrested near thesurface by the compressive stress layer from the shot peening. It was also found that, for the non-shotpeened parts, case hardening had a slightly higher corrosion-fatigue strength than the throughhardened. This might be a result of the compressive stresses from carburization, or due to the highercore toughness of this steel grade.
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Li, Hongxing. "Mechanical Properties of Dual Phase Alloys Composed of Soft and Hard Phases." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215959.

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Books on the topic "Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening"

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Shipko, A. A. Uprochnenie staleĭ i splavov s ispolʹzovaniem ėlektronno-luchevogo nagreva. Minsk: "Navuka i tėkhnika", 1995.

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Liu, Yue. Application of photothermal radiometry to hardness testing and case hardening monitoring in AISI 1018 steel. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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E, Boyer Howard, and ASM International. Committee on Case Hardness., eds. Case hardening of steel. Metals Park, OH: ASM International, 1987.

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Badger, Harold Ralph, J. E. Storey, and J F B 1865 Sallows. Heat Treatment of Steel; Hardening--Tempering--Case-Hardening .. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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Co, International Textbook. Annealing, Tampering, Case Hardening, Coloring Low Carbon Steel. Univ Pub House, 2002.

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N, Dey B., ASM International. Annealing and Recovery Committee., and World Materials Congress (1988 : Chicago, Ill.), eds. Precipitation phenomena: Deformation and aging : proceedings of an international conference held in conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 24-30 September 1988. [Metals Park, Ohio]: ASM International, 1988.

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1933-, Krauss George, ASM International. Heat Treating Division., Colorado School of Mines. Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center., Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik (Germany), and International Conference on Carburizing: Processing and Performance (1989 : Lakewood, Colo.), eds. Carburizing: Processing and performance : proceedings of an international conference, 12-14 July 1989, Lakewood, Colorado, USA. Metals Park, OH: ASM International, 1989.

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8

Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing. American Society for Metals, 2003.

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I, Belʹskiĭ E., and Tomilin R. I, eds. Khimiko-termicheskai͡a︡ obrabotka instrumentalʹnykh materialov. Minsk: "Nauka i tekhnika", 1986.

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Carburizing: Microstructures and Properties. ASM International, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening"

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Panizzi, L., A. Fasano, and D. Hömberg. "Modeling, Analysis and Simulations of Case Hardening of Steel." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2008, 965–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12110-4_154.

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Laurent, Olivier, Jacques Bellus, Sylvain Puech, Franck Devilder, and Atman Benbahmed. "Review of XD15NW (Through Hardening) and CX13VDW (Case Carburizing) Cost-Effective Corrosion Resistant Bearing Steels Grades." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 10th Volume, Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings, 1–20. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158020140121.

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Konovalov, Sergey, Thomas Henke, Stefan Benke, Georg J. Schmitz, Markus Bambach, and Ulrich Prahl. "Modelling the Process Chain of Microalloyed Case Hardening Steel for Energy Efficient High Temperature Carburising." In Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME), 223–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118147726.ch31.

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Heuer, Arthur, Frank Ernst, Sunniva Collins, Paul Natishan, and Harold Kahn. "Corrosion-Resistant Alloys: Case Hardening." In Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, 947–62. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-eisa-120049082.

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Cihak-Bayr, Ulrike, Robin Jisa, and Friedrich Franek. "Wear Protective Effects of Tribolayer Formation for Copper Based Alloys in Sliding Contacts: Alloy Dependent Sliding Surfaces and Their Effects on Wear and Friction." In Tribology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94210.

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High sliding wear resistance is generally attributed to high hardness and high mechanical strength. Novel near net shape process technologies such as metal injection moulding (MIM) or lost foam casting (LF) lack forming processes that typically increase strength. Consequently, the materials exhibit large-grained microstructures with low defect densities. Commercial copper alloys (CuSn8, CuNi9Sn6, CuSn12Ni2) well known for good sliding properties were produced using MIM and LF and characterised in the current study. Their wear and friction behaviour was compared to conventionally produced variants in a lubricated, reciprocating sliding test against steel. The results showed an equal or superior wear resistance and lower friction levels for large-grained microstructures evolving in MIM and LF. SEM, FIB and EBSD studies revealed a tribolayer on the surface and a tribologically transformed layer (TTL), composed of a nano-crystalline zone or partially rotated grains, and selective hardening of grains. The extent of the TTL was different for alloys that were chemically identical but exhibited different initial microstructures. Innovative production routes investigated here showed no tribological drawbacks, but present the potential to increase lifetime, as nano-crystalline zones may render the sample more prone to wear. We present a hypothesis on the cause for these behaviours.
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"Surface Hardening of Steel." In Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys, 395–410. ASM International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240395.

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"Case Hardening of Steel." In Metals Handbook Desk Edition, 982–95. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003197.

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"Case Hardening of Steel." In Practical Heat Treating: Second Edition, 141–58. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440141.

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Rivolta, Barbara, and Mark M. Sirrine. "Hardening: Flame." In Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, 1411–18. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-eisa-120048852.

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Rudnev, Valery. "Induction Hardening." In Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, 1807–34. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-eisa-120049167.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel Steel Steel alloys. Case hardening"

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Rowan, Olga K., and Michael A. Pershing. "Alloying Effect on Nitrided Case Characteristics of Nitralloy 135M and AISI 4140 Steel." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0117.

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Abstract Nitriding surface hardening is commonly used on steel components for high wear, fatigue and corrosion applications. Case hardening results from white layer formation and coherent alloy nitride precipitates in the diffusion zone. This paper evaluates the microstructure development in the nitrided case and its effects on the hardness in both the white layer and the substrate for two industry nitriding materials, Nitralloy 135M and AISI 4140. Computational thermodynamic calculations were used to identify the type and amount of stable alloy nitrides precipitation and helped explain the differences in the white layer hardness, degree of porosity at the surface, and the hardening effect within the substrate. Some initial insights toward designing nitriding alloys are shown.
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Krantz, Timothy, and Brian Tufts. "Pitting and Bending Fatigue Evaluations of a New Case-Carburized Gear Steel." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34090.

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The power density of a gearbox is an important consideration for many applications and is especially important for gearboxes used on aircraft. One approach to improving power density of gearing is to improve the steel properties by design of the alloy. The alloy tested in this work was designed to be case-carburized with surface hardness of Rockwell C66 after hardening. Test gear performance was evaluated using surface fatigue tests and single-tooth bending fatigue tests. The performance of gears made from the new alloy was compared to the performance of gears made from two alloys currently used for aviation gearing. The new alloy exhibited significantly better performance in surface fatigue testing, demonstrating the value of the improved properties in the case layer. However, the alloy exhibited lesser performance in single-tooth bending fatigue testing. The fracture toughness of the tested gears was insufficient for use in aircraft applications as judged by the behavior exhibited during the single tooth bending tests. This study quantified the performance of the new alloy and has provided guidance for the design and development of next generation gear steels.
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Colwell, Richard L., Barry Messer, and Jing Hu. "Degradation of Mechanical Properties in Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe and Fittings for Corrosive Refinery Applications." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25064.

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Recent tests and data analysis have shown a correlation between the degree of hot working and elevated temperature mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel piping and fittings, independent of the final solution anneal temperature and grain size. While this phenomenon is shown to occur in stabilized stainless steels by data in this paper, it has also been observed in non-stabilized austenitic stainless steel grades. It is understood that work-hardening results in higher material strength, and that annealing results in lower strength, as well as promoting dissolution of carbides and intermetallic phases. The “as-fabricated” mechanical properties of hot formed product are affected by the competition between strain-hardening, and softening due to recovery and recrystallization during hot working and subsequent solution annealing. It has been shown that increasing the amount of hot forming lowers the yield strength of austenitic stainless steel at elevated temperatures. Data is presented that calls into question the common belief that the solution anneal substantially eliminates strain-hardening resultant of prior forming. This paper discusses strengthening mechanisms, provides case histories, suggests mitigation practices, and stresses the importance of proper alloy characterization, and using conservative Code allowable safety factors.
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Lorenzo-Martin, C., O. Ajayi, C. Smith, and S. Krol. "Energy Efficient Surface Hardening of 4140 Steel by Friction Stir Processing for Tribological Applications." In ASME/STLE 2011 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2011-61202.

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One of the most energy intensive industrial and manufacturing processes is the heat treatment of ferrous materials for hardening to improve their friction and wear performance. Examples of surface hardening heat treatments include case carburizing, nitriding, boriding, etc. This paper presents the development of a new energy efficient method to harden steel material as a possible replacement for the current energy intensive heat treatment processes. The new process, friction stir processing (FSP) involves severe plastic deformation of the near surface material by a non-consumable rotating and translating tool. FSP has been demonstrated to locally modify material properties such as ductility, fatigue, fracture toughness, etc. Other potential properties that could be positively affected by FSP are wear and friction properties. In a preliminary study, when applied to 4140 alloy steel, this new FSP process produced adequate hardening of the near surface layer compare to conventional furnace heat hardening of the same alloy. The friction and wear performance of the 4140 hardened by FSP was also observed to be superior than heat hardened surface under dry and lubricated sliding contact.
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Li, Zhichao (Charlie), and B. Lynn Ferguson. "Enhanced Surface Residual Compression of Carburized Steel Parts Using Laser Peening Process With Preload." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-3930.

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Residual stresses are critical to the fatigue performance of parts. In general, compressive residual stress in the surface is beneficial, and residual tension is detrimental because of the effect of stress on crack initiation and propagation. Carburization and quench hardening create compressive residual stresses in the surface of steel parts. The laser peening process has been successfully used to introduce residual compression to the surface of nonferrous alloy parts. However, the application on carburized steel parts has not been successful so far. The application of laser peening on carburized steel parts is limited due to two main reasons: 1) the high strength and low ductility of carburized case, and 2) the compressive residual stresses in the surface of the part prior to laser peening. In this paper, the carburization, quench hardening, and laser peening processes are integrated using finite element modeling. The predicted residual stresses from quench hardening and laser peening are validated against residual stresses determined from X-ray diffraction measurements. An innovative concept of laser peening with preload has been invented to enhance the residual compression in a specific region of laser peened parts. This concept is proved by FEA models using DANTE-LP.
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Sathyanath, Athul, and Anil Meena. "Influence of Precipitation and Dislocation Density on Flow Stress Characteristics Under Compression Deformation of Heat-Treated 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Alloy." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11201.

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Abstract The strengthening mechanism of 17-4 PH stainless steel is mainly due to the precipitation of copper particles in the martensitic lath matrix. The renowned steel grade possesses an exceptional combination of high strength and excellent corrosion resistance and hence is widely employed in high stress environments. In that case, under external loading, the movement and accumulation of dislocations are influenced by the nature of precipitation. Hence, the present study is based on the impact of precipitation on the dislocation induced hardening during compression of the heat-treated 17-4 PH stainless steel. Room temperature uniaxial compression test was used to evaluate the direct effect of precipitates and the dislocation interaction on the flow stress and strain-hardening behavior under the different heat-treated regime. Microstructural evolution during deformation and its influence on the strain-hardening mechanism were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A semi-empirical model was adopted to quantify the role of precipitate nature on the strain-hardening rate. The evaluated normalized microstrain and dislocation density from the XRD analyses were used to explain the observed variation in the mechanical property. Coarse particle precipitation was found to greatly affect the strain-hardening behavior of the steel alloy during compression deformation.
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Cryderman, Robert, and Finn Bamrud. "Effect of Thermomechanical Rolling of the Induction Hardenability of a Micro-Alloyed 1045 Steel." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0125.

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Abstract A micro-alloyed 1045 steel was commercially rolled into 54 mm diameter bars by conventional hot rolling at 1000 °C and by lower temperature thermomechanical rolling at 800 °C. The lower rolling temperature refined the ferrite-pearlite microstructure and influenced the microstructural response to rapid heating at 200 °C·s-1, a rate that is commonly encountered during single shot induction heating for case hardening. Specimens of both materials were rapidly heated to increasing temperatures in a dilatometer to determine the Ac1 and Ac3 transformation temperatures. Microscopy was used to characterize the dissolution of ferrite and cementite. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were developed for rapid austenitizing temperatures 25 °C above the Ac3 determined by dilatometry. Dilatometry and microstructure evaluation along with hardness tests showed that thermomechanical rolling reduced the austenite grain size and lowered the heating temperature needed to dissolve the ferrite. With complete austenitization at 25 °C above the Ac3 there was little effect on the CCT behavior.
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Scarpellini, L., M. Cesano, D. Ciscato, and B. Pillin. "Seamless Induction Hardening of a 42CrMo4 Slewing Bearing." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0050.

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Abstract Large slewing bearings are employed in wind turbines and other energy industry applications where they are subjected to harsh working conditions. In order to bear heavy dynamic loads, slewing ring tracks can be surface hardened by induction heating with a seamless process which allows for a uniform heat treatment without soft zones. In comparison with the traditional furnace carburizing, seamless induction hardening is faster, consumes less energy, and has been developed to achieve the same results utilizing medium carbon steel. The presence of a pre-heating coil, with an independent power source, allows for the adjustment of the heat input rate in order to tune the heating process according to the steel characteristics. The pre-heating operation allows for case depths up to 10 mm to be reached without a reduction in scanning speed or productivity. A mechanical tracking system adjusts the coils to compensate for ring deformation and thus assure a uniform heating pattern. Surface hardness tests and metallography have been performed in different process stages to verify the process consistency. A fine grain microstructure in the end zone has been obtained thanks to the pre-heating coil, which avoids surface overheating.
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Solin, Jussi, Jouni Alhainen, Ertugrul Karabaki, and Wolfgang Mayinger. "Effects of Hot Water and Holds on Fatigue of Stainless Steel." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63291.

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Direct strain controlled LCF data for solid specimens is still very rare. In PVP2013-97500 and PVP2014-28465 we reported results for niobium stabilized X6CrNiNb1810mod steel (type 347) fatigued in 325°C and 200°C PWR water according to VGB water chemistry specification. New data in this paper further confirms the conclusions: we are unable to repeat as high Fen factors or short lives as predicted according to NUREG/CR-6909. The slowest strain rate used 4·10−6 in 325°C water would predict Fen > 12, i.e. laboratory specimen data below the current ASME design curve, but our results are superior for this steel generally used in German NPP’s. However, the difference is not necessarily grade specific. Use of 100% relevant fabricated material batch and standard LCF methodology are regarded to play an important role. Notable hardening can be measured, when long duration holds in elevated temperatures are introduced between blocks of cyclic strains at lower temperatures. This is the case for thermal gradient loaded primary circuit components, e.g. the PWR pressurizer spray lines or surge line, which connects the pressurizer to primary coolant line. In PVP2011-57942 we reported improved endurances in fatigue tests aiming to roughly simulate steady state operation between fatigue transients in such NPP components. New test types have been introduced to generalize the results. Mechanisms of time and temperature dependent relaxation of fatigue damage and/or improvement of material fatigue performance during holds are not yet fully revealed, but the rate controlling thermal activation energy is below shown to be near that for vacancy and interstitial atom diffusion. This allows us to draft a thermodynamic prediction model. Improved accuracy of fatigue assessment helps in focusing optimally scheduled nondestructive testing to the most relevant locations and maintaining high level of reliability without excessive cost and radiation doses for inspection personnel. This paper provides previously unpublished experimental results and proposes methods to improve transferability of laboratory test data to fatigue assessment of NPP components. The effects of material, water environment, temperature and service loading patterns are discussed.
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Meyer, Jason, Stefan Habean, Dan Londrico, and Justin Sims. "Modeling the Effect of Chemistry Changes on Phase Transformation Timing, Hardness, and Distortion in Carburized 8620 Gear Steel." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0309.

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Abstract AISI 8620 low carbon steel is widely used due to its relatively low cost and excellent case hardening properties. The nominal chemistry of AISI 8620 can have a large range, affecting the phase transformation timing and final hardness of a carburized case. Different vendors and different heats of steel can have different chemistries under the same AISI 8620 range which will change the result of a well-established heat treatment process. Modeling the effects of alloy element variation can save countless hours and scrap costs while providing assurance that mechanical requirements are met. The DANTE model was validated using data from a previous publication and was used to study the effect of chemistry variations on hardness and phase transformation timing. Finally, a model of high and low chemistries was executed to observe the changes in hardness, retained austenite and residual stress caused by alloy variation within the validated heat treatment process.
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