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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel storage pallet rack'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 February 2023

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1

Sideris, Petros, Andre Filiatrault, Martin Leclerc, and Robert Tremblay. "Experimental Investigation on the Seismic Behavior of Palletized Merchandise in Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3283389.

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The seismic hazard associated with failure of storage racks in retail facilities open to public depends on the behavior of the rack frames and the response of stored merchandise. In this study, the seismic behavior of palletized merchandise stored on shelves of pallet-type steel storage racks is investigated and the concept of incorporating slightly inclined shelving is proposed as a measure for mitigating merchandise shedding. Pull tests and shake table tests are conducted. The main objective of the pull tests is to investigate the frictional behavior at the interface between loaded pallets and rack shelves. The major objective of the shake table tests is to characterize the dynamic response of the palletized merchandise under earthquake excitation imposed at the base of rack structures, and determine experimentally the pallet shedding fragility under an ensemble of ground excitations representative of the seismicity of the Western United States. The combination of wooden pallets and shelves with wire decking of waterfall type, typical of many rack installations, is considered. The results of the pull tests indicate that the frictional coefficient at the pallet-to-shelf interface varies between 0.37 and 0.45 for a range of loads between 0.55 kN and 13.00 kN. From the results of the shake table tests, the concept of inclined shelving appears to be very effective. An inclination of only 3.5° reduced the observed seismic merchandise shedding fragility to zero for the ground excitations considered.

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2

Filiatrault, Andre, Peter S. Higgins, Assawin Wanitkorkul, James A. Courtwright, and Robert Michael. "Experimental Seismic Response of Base Isolated Pallet-Type Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 3 (August 2008): 617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2942375.

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This paper presents the results of uniaxial and triaxial shake table tests performed on directly anchored and base isolated steel pallet storage racks loaded with simulated and real merchandise. The new base isolation system provides seismic isolation in the cross-aisle direction of a rack only, while providing similar restraints as conventional bolted base plates in the down-aisle direction. The objective of the isolation in the cross-aisle direction is to reduce the horizontal accelerations of the rack in order to reduce content spillage and structural damage during a major seismic event, without interfering with normal material handling operations. Base isolation is not provided in the down-aisle direction since the range of down-aisle natural periods of typical rack structures is already similar to that of typical base isolated structures. The results of the seismic tests clearly demonstrated the improved structural performance of rack structures incorporating the new cross-aisle base isolation system. Cross-aisle absolute accelerations and interstory drifts of the base isolated rack structure were reduced considerably compared to the values measured in the same rack conventionally anchored at its base. The base isolation system also had an effect in reducing the down-aisle accelerations. The base isolated racks met the performance objectives recommended in the FEMA 460 document “Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible to the Public” both for life safety under the Design Earthquake (DE) and for collapse prevention under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE).

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3

Neiva, Luiz, Juliane Aparecida Braz Starlino, Guilherme Elias, Arlene Maria Cunha Sarmanho, and Vinícius Nicchio Alves. "Industrial storage system continuous perforated uprights: a combined design proposal." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 2 (2022): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.2.204.

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Brazilian standards for design of cold-formed steel (ABNT NBR 14762:2010, 2010) and design of pallet racks (ABNT NBR 15524-2:2007, 2007) have different procedures to determine the strength of columns under axial compression, using different buckling curves. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of using cold-formed Brazilian standard buckling design curve instead of the formulations of the pallet-rack design standard to study the use viability of the equations in the calculation procedure for computing the uprights compressive strength. This strength was calculated in four ways: one using the original equations of pallet-rack Brazilian standard, and the other three using adaptations of the buckling curve from the cold-formed steel design standard. A theoretical and numerical procedure based on finite element analysis concerning local, global, and distortional buckling and imperfections was performed. Furthermore, experimental results were also consulted to determine the effective area of studied cross-sections considering the effects of local buckling and the presence of continuous perforations. The results show that the proposed modifications are consistently correlated to the results obtained using the original equations of ABNT NBR 15524, indicating the viability of using the buckling curve of ABNT NBR 14762.

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4

Firouzianhaji, Ahmad, Nima Usefi, Bijan Samali, and Peyman Mehrabi. "Shake Table Testing of Standard Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041821.

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Full-scale shake table investigations are strongly required to understand the actual performance of storage racks and to improve the rack design guidelines. This paper presents the results of full-scale shake table tests on New Zealand standard storage rack frames with two-bay and two-level to determine the dynamic characteristics of a standard rack structure and to measure the damping of the system. The experimental program was conducted in three phases. First, the identification parameters including the natural frequency and damping of the system were determined through a series of preliminary tests. Then, shake table tests were performed to capture the inelastic response of rack frames under low to medium intensities of El-Centro ground motion. Finally, the shake-table tests were repeated with scaling down the time domain and broader ranges of ground motion intensities to consider the performance of taller rack systems. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the damping of the system is also provided based on the test results. The performance of the rack frame is described through an extensive set of measurements, including rack displacement, pallet sliding, the acceleration of a concrete block and rack frame and the damping of the system in the down-aisle direction. The results indicate that the standard rack frames are able to endure large inelastic deformations without loss of stability.

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5

Bernuzzi, Claudio. "European and United States approaches for steel storage pallet rack design." Thin-Walled Structures 97 (December 2015): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.08.012.

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6

Filiatrault, Andre, Peter S. Higgins, Assawin Wanitkorkul, and James Courtwright. "Experimental Stiffness of Pallet-Type Steel Storage Rack Tier Drop Connectors." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 12, no. 4 (November 2007): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2007)12:4(210).

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7

Riumin, V., Y. Solodovnik, and K. Riumina. "DETERMINATION OF BASE PLATE STIFFNESS OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 171 (October 17, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-4-171-63-69.

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In recent trends the development of structural steel using cold formed steel section plays a vital role in main frame construction of portal frames. These frames find its use in the construction of economic industrial, agricultural and residential buildings due to its lightweight and robustness. With the major claims in comparison with hot rolled steel profiles, cold formed steel possesses low cost, highly versatile with standard design procedures. Among various structural designs, industrial storage racks are the most prominent structures constructed using cold formed steel. It has been widely incorporated with the rational space utilization in warehouses and factories for goods storage. These rack systems have been classified as static and dynamic types. The adjustable pallet rack was found to be the commonly used static system. It consists of transversal beams and column upright which is grounded with base plate connections. This system provides the stability in down aisle direction. The beams (stringers) have boxed cross-sections while columns (uprights) are open thin walled perforated to accept the tabs of beam end- connectors, which join beams and columns together without bolts or welds. This paper addresses the problem of determining the stiffness and strength of steel storage rack base plate assemblies. Base plate assemblies are usually bolted to an upright and to a concrete floor, and they are used to provide resistance against the flexural buckling of the upright and/or the overall down-aisle buckling of the frame. The semi-rigid stiffness is usually determined by means of a test of two pre-loaded uprights connected to a concrete block in a dual-actuator set-up. Guidance for conducting the test is provided in the European Standard EN 15512. However, several aspects of the test need clarification, notably the test set-up and the transducer arrangement for measuring the rotations of the base plate. Keywords: storage rack, base plate assembly, initial rotational stiffness.

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8

Filiatrault, André, Peter S. Higgins, and Assawin Wanitkorkul. "Experimental Stiffness and Seismic Response of Pallet-Type Steel Storage Rack Connectors." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 11, no. 3 (August 2006): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2006)11:3(161).

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9

Cheng, Bo, and Zhenyu Wu. "Investigation of Shear Stiffness of Spine Bracing Systems in Selective Pallet Racks." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801509010001.

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This paper presents a general analysis on the shear stiffness of spine bracing systems of selective storage racks in the down-aisle direction. Unlike the architectural steel structure, the bearing capacity of bracing connection in the spine bracing systems of steel rack structure is weaker than that of bracing members. Firstly, destructive tests of spine bracing connection in single entry racks have been conducted. In the tests, a portion of column web around bolt holes is damaged due to the pull force of connecting bolts. Based on the experimental results, the finite element shell model of tested bracing connection is developed, and the emulation method is also used to analyze the deformation behavior of spine bracing connections in double entry racks. The calculating results indicate that, with better mechanical behavior and less local deformation, the tensile stiffness of bracing connection in double entry racks is much larger than that of bracing connection in single entry racks. From the trial calculation, the simplified models using elastic plastic beam elements are proposed. These simplified models can be adopted in the overall deformation analysis of selective pallet racks subjected to horizontal loading. Through the comparative analysis of single entry racks and double entry racks which have four bays and eight floors, the lateral deformation of double entry racks is considerably less than that of single entry racks, showing the large different effect of spine bracing systems on two rack lateral behavior.

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10

Cheng, Bo, and Zhen Yu Wu. "Experimental Study on Lateral Stiffness and Dynamic Properties of Steel Drive-in Storage Racks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.730.

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The static and free vibration tests were carried out to investigate the initial lateral stiffness and dynamic properties of steel drive-in storage racks. The bracing configuration and friction between pallets and rail beams were taken into consideration. The static test results indicate that the tested storage racks show sideways and torsional deformation modes under the single-point horizontal force. Both top plan bracings and back spine bracings can change the load transfer through the rack framework, strengthen the initial lateral stiffness of racks, but only back spine bracings can affect the natural frequency and damping ratio of racks. The friction force between pallets and rail beams makes pallets act as links to connect adjacent rack columns, so the pallets are beneficial factors to increase the lateral stiffness of storage racks. Compared with unload racks, the natural frequencies of loaded racks are smaller.

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11

Gabbianelli, Giammaria. "Applied Element Modelling of Warping Effects in Thin-Walled C-Shaped Steel Sections." Buildings 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080328.

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The Applied Element Method (AEM) is a relatively recent numerical technique, originally conceived for simulating the large displacement nonlinear response of reinforced concrete, masonry and steel structures, and successful applications have been presented by various researchers. Recently, AEM was used to model the mechanical behaviour of steel storage pallet racks, i.e., particular cold-formed steel structures typically employed for storing goods and materials. Such systems are often subjected to peculiar displacements and stresses due to warping effects, which are inherent and often govern their behaviour, increasing the peak strength and ultimate displacement demand. This phenomenon has not been studied through AEM yet; hence, this work investigates the capabilities of AEM in simulating the warping effects in typical steel rack members, i.e., thin-walled C-shaped sections. Preliminary results and comparison against established modelling approaches indicate that AEM can accurately simulate this phenomenon, both in terms of displacements and stresses.

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12

Baldassino, Nadia, and Claudio Bernuzzi. "Analysis and behaviour of steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 37, no. 4 (August 2000): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8231(00)00021-5.

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13

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Nikola Draskovic, and Marco Simoncelli. "European and United States approaches for steel storage pallet rack design. Part 2: Practical applications." Thin-Walled Structures 97 (December 2015): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.08.011.

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14

Adamakos, Konstantinos, Stefano Sesana, and Ioannis Vayas. "Interaction Between Pallets and Pallet Beams of Steel Storage Racks in Seismic Areas." International Journal of Steel Structures 18, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 1018–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0041-y.

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15

Filiatrault, André, Robert E. Bachman, and Michael G. Mahoney. "Performance-Based Seismic Design of Pallet-Type Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2150233.

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This paper develops a performance-based seismic design procedure for pallet-type steel storage racks located in areas accessible to the public. Performance objectives for racks consistent with current building code procedures in the United States are defined. The paper focuses on collapse prevention of racks in their down-aisle direction under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground motions at the site. The down-aisle lateral load-resisting systems of racks are typically moment frames utilizing special proprietary beam-to-column moment-resisting connections that may result in large lateral displacements when subjected to MCE ground motions. A simple analytical model that captures the seismic behavior of racks in their down-aisle direction is proposed. The model assumes that the beams and columns remain elastic in the down-aisle direction and that all nonlinear behavior occurs in the beam-to-column connections and the moment-resisting connections between the base columns and support concrete slab. Therefore the behavior is based on the effective rotational stiffnesses developed by the beam-to-column connectors and column-to-slab connections that vary significantly with connection rotation. The model is validated against the results of shake-table tests conducted on full-scale racks under several ground-motion intensities. Finally, the model is incorporated in a displacement-based procedure to verify collapse prevention of racks in their down-aisle direction under the MCE.

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16

DEGEE, HERVE, BARBARA ROSSI, and DENIS JEHIN. "GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS SUBMITTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 05 (October 2011): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004415.

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Steel storage racks are light and flexible structures. When submitted to earthquake loading, they can exhibit very large transverse displacements and are thus prone to significant consequences of second-order geometrical effects. In the context of the drafting of European recommendations for the design of steel pallet racks for their seismic resistance, this paper presents a parameter study comparing the various methods commonly used in practice for analyzing the seismic structural behavior of racks (i.e. "modal response spectrum analysis" and "lateral force method analysis") as well as the different ways to account for geometrically nonlinear effects in these conventional methods of analysis in the case of structures designed for low ductility.

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17

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Alice Pieri, and Veronica Squadrito. "Warping influence on the static design of unbraced steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 79 (June 2014): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.01.024.

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18

Kanyilmaz, Alper, Carlo Andrea Castiglioni, Giovanni Brambilla, and Gian Paolo Chiarelli. "Experimental assessment of the seismic behavior of unbraced steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 108 (November 2016): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.09.001.

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19

Bernuzzi, Claudio, and Marco Simoncelli. "Steel storage pallet racks in seismic zones: Advanced vs. standard design strategies." Thin-Walled Structures 116 (July 2017): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.03.002.

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20

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Armando Gobetti, Giammaria Gabbianelli, and Marco Simoncelli. "Warping influence on the resistance of uprights in steel storage pallet racks." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101 (October 2014): 224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.014.

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21

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Damiano Persico, and Marco Simoncelli. "Influence of floor deflections on the performance of steel storage pallet racks." Engineering Structures 123 (September 2016): 434–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.066.

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22

Król, Paweł A., Magdalena Papadopoulos-Woźniak, and Jarosław Wójt. "Experimental tests on semi-rigid beam-to-column joints in steel storage pallet racks." Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture XXX, no. 60 (2/13) (2013): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rb.2013.23.

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23

Giordano, Saverio, Federico Gusella, Giovanni Lavacchini, Maurizio Orlando, and Paolo Spinelli. "03.20: Experimental tests on beam-end connectors of cold-formed steel storage pallet racks." ce/papers 1, no. 2-3 (September 2017): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.105.

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24

Galeotti, Claudio, Federico Gusella, Maurizio Orlando, and Paolo Spinelli. "On the seismic response of steel storage pallet racks with selective addition of bolted joints." Structures 34 (December 2021): 3806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.10.001.

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25

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Armando Gobetti, Giammaria Gabbianelli, and Marco Simoncelli. "Simplified Approaches to Design Medium-Rise Unbraced Steel Storage Pallet Racks. I: Elastic Buckling Analysis." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 11 (November 2015): 04015036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001271.

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26

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Armando Gobetti, Giammaria Gabbianelli, and Marco Simoncelli. "Simplified Approaches to Design Medium-Rise Unbraced Steel Storage Pallet Racks. II: Fundamental Period Estimates." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 11 (November 2015): 04015037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001278.

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27

Bernuzzi, Claudio, and Marco Simoncelli. "An advanced design procedure for the safe use of steel storage pallet racks in seismic zones." Thin-Walled Structures 109 (December 2016): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.09.010.

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28

Bernuzzi, Claudio, and Marco Simoncelli. "EU and US design approaches for steel storage pallet racks with mono-symmetric cross-section uprights." Thin-Walled Structures 113 (April 2017): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.01.014.

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29

Bernuzzi, Claudio, and Carlo A. Castiglioni. "Experimental analysis on the cyclic behaviour of beam-to-column joints in steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 39, no. 10 (October 2001): 841–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8231(01)00034-9.

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30

Lyu, Zhi-Jun, PeiCai Zhao, Qi Lu, Qian Xiang, and HongLiang Li. "Prediction of the Bending Strength of Boltless Steel Connections in Storage Pallet Racks: An Integrated Experimental-FEM-SVM Methodology." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 22, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5109204.

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Due to many differences in the material, geometry, and assembly method of the commercially available beam-end-connectors in steel storage pallet racks (SPR), no common numerical model has been universally accepted to accurately predict the M–θ behavior of complex semirigid connections so far. Despite the fact that the finite element method (FEM) and physical experiment have been used to obtain the mechanical performance of beam-to-column connections (BCCs), those methods have the disadvantages of high computational complexity and test cost. Taking, for example, the boltless steel connections, this paper proposes a data-driven simulation model (DDSM) that combines the experimental test, FEM, and support vector machine (SVM) techniques to determine the bending strength of BCCs by means of data mining from the engineering database. First, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model was generated and calibrated against the experimental results. Subsequently, the validated FE model was further extended to perform parametric analysis and enrich the engineering case base of structural characterization of BCCs. Based on the M–θ curve of the FE simulation, support vector machines (SVMs) were trained to predict the flexural rigidity of beam-to-column joints. The predictive power of the SVM algorithms is estimated by comparison with traditional ANN models via the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and the correlation coefficient R. The results obtained indicate that the SVM algorithms slightly outperform the ANN algorithms, although both of them are in good agreement with FEM and physical test. From the point of view of engineering application, DDM is able to provide much more effective help for structural engineers to make rapid decisions on steel members design.

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31

Ballio, G., C. Bernuzzi, and C. A. Castiglioni. "An approach for the seismic design of steel storage pallet racks (Ein Verfahren zur Bemessung stählerner Palettenlager unter seismischer Einwirkung)." Stahlbau 68, no. 11 (November 1999): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stab.199903190.

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32

Mas’ud Alfanda, Abba. "Investigation of Seismic Behaviour of Steel Pallet Rack Frames." American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 2, no. 2 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20170202.12.

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33

Mohan, Vimal, P. Prabha, J. Rajasankar, Nagesh R. Iyer, N. Raviswaran, V. Nagendiran, and S. S. Kamalakannan. "Cold-formed steel pallet rack connection: an experimental study." International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2015): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40091-015-0082-9.

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34

Crisan, Andrei, and Adrian Ioan Dogariu. "Cold Rolling Effects on Material Properties in Pallet Rack Uprights." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010319.

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Pallet rack structures are usually made up of thin walled cold formed steel sections. The cold rolling process changes the material properties, increasing the yield strength and tensile strength across the section. According to EN1993-1-3, an equivalent yielding strength is allowed to be considered in design to account for the changes in material properties. It has to be mentioned that this approach does not take into account the residual stresses that arise following the forming process. The current paper presents the experimental evidence of residual stresses as result cold rolling process for two pallet rack upright sections. Based on experimental findings, a series of numerical models were created in order investigate the influence of residual stresses onto the load bearing capacity of pallet rack uprights. The experimental program was developed within the CEMSIG Research Centre (http://cemsig.ct.upt.ro) of “Politehnica” University of Timisoara. The increase of yield strength and tensile strength across the cross-section was also experimentally determined.

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35

Uma, S. R., and Graeme Beattie. "Observed performance of industrial pallet rack storage systems in the Canterbury earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.388-393.

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In Christchurch, the industrial sectors with storage facilities incurred heavy economic loss due to the collapse of pallet rack systems and loss of contents during the recent the Darfield (2010) and Lyttleton (2011) earthquakes. The failure of such systems could be attributed to various reasons including inadequate design, inappropriate operational conditions, improper installation and lack of maintenance. This paper describes possible sources of damage in pallet racks due to earthquake action, which eventually could trigger the collapse failure mode of the storage system during a severe aftershock. Various racking manufacturers and retail owners were consulted to establish the pre-event condition and loading of the systems and the response of the systems in both ‘publicly accessible’ and ‘industrial’ situations. Investigations by the authors highlighted an apparent lack of consistent national control over the design and construction of racking systems. Progress towards the publication of a revised and extended Design Guide is also described.

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36

Safronov, E. V., A. L. Nosko, and A. I. Balashova. "The influence of the length of the lining on the speed of movement of the pallet on the centrifugal friction roller." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 6, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2020-06-04-497-505.

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Pallet flow rack is one of the high-density storage systems. One of the main safety elements of the systems is a brake roller. Centrifugal frictional brake is the widely used type of the brake rollers, which used as speed governor for the pallet. The known method of calculation of the pallet speed on the flow rack does not take into account the length of the friction lining. In reality, the contact of the friction lining and the roller shell occurs in an arc that reaches the full length of the lining during operation. The method of calculating the speed of movement of the pallet on a centrifugal friction roller is given, and a calculation formula is obtained that allows taking into account the uniform distribution of the force of the normal pressure along the length of the lining. The results of a comparative calculation are presented, which showed that the speed of the pallet movement when taking into account the length of the lining is lower than the values obtained without taking it into account. It is found that if the lining length is up to 70 mm, it can be ignored in the calculations using a simpler formula, and if the lining length is more than 70 mm, it is recommended to use the calculation formula obtained in the work.

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37

Freitas, A. M. S., M. S. R. Freitas, and F. T. Souza. "Analysis of steel storage rack columns." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 61, no. 8 (August 2005): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.02.004.

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38

Teh, Lip H., Gregory J. Hancock, and Murray J. Clarke. "Analysis and Design of Double-Sided High-Rise Steel Pallet Rack Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 130, no. 7 (July 2004): 1011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2004)130:7(1011).

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39

Shah, S. N. R., N. H. Ramli Sulong, Mahdi Shariati, R. Khan, and M. Z. Jumaat. "Behavior of steel pallet rack beam-to-column connections at elevated temperatures." Thin-Walled Structures 106 (September 2016): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.05.021.

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40

Shariati, Mahdi, M. M. Tahir, Tee Chin Wee, S. N. R. Shah, Abdolrahim Jalali, Mu’azu Mohammed Abdullahi, and Majid Khorami. "Experimental investigations on monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel pallet rack connections." Engineering Failure Analysis 85 (March 2018): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.014.

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Gusella, Federico, Maurizio Orlando, Andrea Vignoli, and Klaus Thiele. "Flexural Capacity of Steel Rack Connections Via The Component Method." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 12, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801812010090.

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Background: In pallet rack structures, cold-formed steel (CFS) beams and columns are connected through dry joints, so beams can be easily disconnected according to changes of the rack geometric layout. Due to the great variety of connector types and member geometries, recent design codes recommend experimental tests on rack connections to assess their mechanical features. Nevertheless, tests only allow for the overall response of a joint to be evaluated, without providing information about the contribution of each component of the joint to its stiffness and strength. Objective: In this paper, a mechanical model is developed in order to provide useful information about the structural behaviour of rack beam-column connections. Methods: The proposed mechanical model is based on the application of the Component Method (CM) and it allows for the flexural resistance of steel rack connections to be analytically assessed. Analytical results are compared with experimental data from tests performed at the Structures and Materials Testing Laboratory of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Florence. Results: Results show a good agreement with experimental data, highlighting the accuracy of the proposed approach. The mechanical model allows for the weakest component of the joint and its failure mode to be evaluated, and it highlights the importance of an adequate welding between the beam-end section and the connector. Conclusion: The mechanical model provides fundamental information about the influence of structural details on the overall behavior of rack joints, it appears as a complementary method to expensive experimental tests and it can be used to improve the design of rack connections with the goal to increase their structural response.

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Sharifullin, I. A., A. L. Nosko, and E. V. Safronov. "Сomparative analysis of calculated and experimental studies of pallet movement speed on magnetic type brake roller." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-2-148-159.

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Introduction. Increasing the efficiency of using a warehouse with a constant volume is an urgent task, the solution of which is possible through block or deep-lane storage systems. One such solution is the pallet flow rack, which saves up to 25% of the distance travelled by a forklift compared to the single-deep racks. The main element of the safe operation of the gravity roller conveyors used in a pallet flow rack is a brake roller. The most promising design is a magnetic (eddy current) type brake roller.The purpose of the work is to carry out a comparative analysis of the results of the calculated and experimental studies to determine the speed of movement of a pallet along a magnetic brake roller.Materials and methods. The research area is the magnetic brake roller. Its construction and description of work presented. The results of calculated and experimental study of the coefficient of magnetic viscosity presented.Results. The calculated and experimental dependences of the pallet movement speed along the magnetic brake roller were obtained. It was found that with an increase in the speed of movement of the pallet along the magnetic brake roller, the error of the mathematical model increases, and, first of all, after crossing with the straight line of a drag peak speed.Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the results of the calculated and experimental studies to determine the speed of movement of the pallet along the magnetic brake roller carried out. It was found that the developed design of a magnetic brake roller in the operating range of the pallet masses from 100 to 600 kg with up to 16 magnets located on one side of the disc, and from 100 to 1150 kg with up to 8 pairs of the magnets located on both sides of the disc, provides a speed control within the limits not exceeding the permissible speeds of the pallet movement on the gravitational roller conveyor. The verification of the mathematical model showed that the average value of the error of the mathematical model in the entire range of the pallet masses at speeds not exceeding the permissible speeds of pallet movement on a gravitational roller conveyor and below the drag peak speed is no more than 8.2%.

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Saderova, Janka, Andrea Rosova, Marian Sofranko, and Peter Kacmary. "Example of Warehouse System Design Based on the Principle of Logistics." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084492.

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The warehouse process, as one of many logistics processes, currently holds an irreplaceable position in logistics systems in companies and in the supply chain. The proper function of warehouse operations depends on, among other things, the type of the used technology and their utilization. The research in this article is focused on the design of a warehouse system. The selection of a suitable warehouse system is a current research topic as the warehouse system has an impact on warehouse capacity and utilization and on the speed of storage activities. The paper presents warehouse system design methodology that was designed applying the logistics principle-systematic (system) approach. The starting point for designing a warehouse system represents of the process of design logistics systems. The design process consists of several phases: project identification, design process paradigm selection, system analysis, synthesis, and project evaluation. This article’s contribution is the proposed methodology and design of the warehouse system for the specified conditions. The methodology was implemented for the design of a warehouse system in a cold box, which is a part of a distribution warehouse. The technology of pallet racking was chosen in the warehouse to store pallets. Pallets will be stored and removed by forklifts. For the specified conditions, the warehouse system was designed for two alternatives of racking assemblies, which are served by forklifts. Alternative 1—Standard pallet rack with wide aisles and Alternative 2—Pallet dynamic flow rack. The proposed systems were compared on the basis of selected indicators: Capacity—the number of pallet places in the system, Percentage ratio of storage area from the box area, Percentage ratio of handling aisles from the box area, Access to individual pallets by forklift, Investment costs for 1 pallet space in EUR. Based on the multicriteria evaluation, the Alternative 2 was chosen as the acceptable design of the warehouse system with storage capacity 720 pallet units. The system needs only two handling aisles. Loading and unloading processes are separate from each other, which means that there are no collisions with forklifts. The pallets with the goods are operated on the principle of FIFO (first in, first out), which will facilitate the control of the shelf life of batches or series of products. The methodology is a suitable tool for decision-making in selecting and designing a warehouse system.

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Ungureanu, Viorel, Dan Dubina, Andrei Crisan, Antonio Madeo, Giuseppe Zagari, Giovanni Zucco, and Raffaele Zinno. "Koiter Asymptotic Analysis Of Thin-Walled Cold-Formed Steel Members." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2015-0039.

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Abstract An imperfection sensitivity analysis of cold-formed steel members in compression is presented. The analysis is based on Koiter’s approach and Monte Carlo simulation. If the modes interaction is correctly accounted, than the limit load and the erosion of critical buckling load can be easily evaluated. Thousands of imperfection can be analysed with very low computational cost and an effective statistical evaluation of limit performance can be carried out. The analysis is done on pallet rack uprights in compression, based on an intensive experimental study carried out at the Politehnica University of Timisoara.

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Hancock, Gregory J. "Distortional Buckling of Steel Storage Rack Columns." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 12 (December 1985): 2770–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:12(2770).

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Bernuzzi, Claudio, and Marco Simoncelli. "Seismic Design of Grana Cheese Cold-Formed Steel Racks." Buildings 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120246.

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Since few years ago only one typology of racks was used to store Grana cheese wheels for aging, which was designed focusing on the sole static behavior. Battened steel columns made by vertical tubes welded to horizontal angles were connected by means of wood boards supporting the wheels. In 2012, a strong earthquake occurred in Emilia Romagna (Italy) and a great number of these structures collapsed owing to the absence of checks for resistance against earthquakes. This catastrophic event plus the need to maximize the structural efficiency led to the development of a new typology of rack systems based on the use of cold-formed steel members. Owing to an extremely limited state-of-the-art on these modern cheese rack, design is carried out in agreement with the standard provisions calibrated and proposed for adjustable pallet racks, despite the non-negligible differences between these structural systems. The paper is focused on the comparison between the available seismic design approaches for cheese rack in order to highlight their main advantages and limits. In particular, among the four design approaches admitted in the European standards, the modal response spectrum analysis (MRSA) and the nonlinear time-history (NLTH) have been considered and the associated results compared in terms of maximum safety index of the members, global displacements and interstorey drifts. Research outcomes stress the differences associated with the considered approaches in terms of expected performance underlining the importance of an accurate definition of the behavior (q-) factor.

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Nuñez, Eduardo, Catalina Aguayo, and Ricardo Herrera. "Assessment of the Seismic Behavior of Selective Storage Racks Subjected to Chilean Earthquakes." Metals 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070855.

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A seismic performance evaluation of selective storage racks subjected to Chilean Earthquakes was conducted using nonlinear pushover and nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses. Nine seismic records with two horizontal components and magnitude Mw > 7.7 were applied to numerical models of prototype rack structures. The prototype racks were designed considering two types of soil and two aspect ratios. The inelastic behavior of beam connections was included in the models. The results showed a predominantly elastic behavior, mainly in the cross-aisle direction, in comparison to the down-aisle direction. The inelastic action was concentrated in pallet beams and up-rigths. Higher values of base shear were reached, due to elevated rigidity in rack configurations, and an acceptable performance was obtained. A response reduction factor was reported in both directions, reaching values larger than the limit imposed by the Chilean standard. However, values below this limit were obtained in the cross-aisle direction, in some cases. Finally, in all cases, the calculated response modification factor is highly influenced by the overstrength obtained from seismic design.

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Casafont, Miquel, Francesc Roure, Magdalena Pastor, Jordi Bonada, and Teoman Peköz. "Distortional buckling test for steel storage rack columns." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 166, no. 8 (September 2013): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.12.00055.

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RASMUSSEN, K. J. R., and B. P. GILBERT. "ANALYSIS-BASED 2D DESIGN OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 05 (October 2011): 929–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004403.

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The paper presents a study of the capacities of steel rack frames based on linear analysis (LA), geometric nonlinear analysis (GNA), and geometric and material nonlinear analysis (GMNIA). In the case of linear and geometric nonlinear analyses, the design is carried out to the Australian cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS4600. The study includes braced, unbraced, and semi-braced frames, and compact and noncompact cross sections. The paper shows axial force and bending moment paths for geometric and geometric and material nonlinear analyses, and explains the differences observed in the design capacities obtained using the different types of analysis based on these paths. The paper provides evidence to support the use of advanced GMNIA for the direct design of steel rack frames without the need for checking section or member capacities to a structural design standard.

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Shah, S. N. R., N. H. Ramli Sulong, M. Z. Jumaat, and Mahdi Shariati. "State-of-the-art review on the design and performance of steel pallet rack connections." Engineering Failure Analysis 66 (August 2016): 240–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.04.017.

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