Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel ties

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Steel ties'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel ties"

1

Yi, Junyi, David Laird, Bill McEwen, and Nigel G. Shrive. "Analysis of load in ties in masonry veneer walls." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-048.

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Masonry is frequently used as a veneer, tied to a backup structural system. In many cases, the structural system is steel studding. Very little research has been conducted to examine the effect of staggering the ties between the veneer and the backup on the load distributions in the ties and studs. This paper describes three-dimensional (3-D) finite element models developed for masonry veneer walls (brick veneer – steel stud) subjected to wind load. Various tie arrangements were analyzed. Shell elements were used to model the brick veneer, and beam elements were used to model the steel studs and ties. Cracking was introduced in a horizontal mortar joint through the use of gap elements (discrete cracking method). The loads in the ties for various tie arrangements were examined. It appears that staggering the ties does not overload them when a full row of ties is provided at the top or at both the top and the bottom. The load distribution in the ties in a staggered arrangement is close to that in the full-tie arrangement.Key words: masonry veneer walls, 3-D, finite element models, brick veneer, steel studs, ties.
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2

Sarsam, Kaiss, Raid Khalel, and Mohammed Hadi. "Influence of ties on the behavior of short reinforced concrete columns strengthened by external CFRP." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816204005.

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An experimental study was carried out to investigate the behavior of normal strength reinforce concret (RC) circular short column strengthned with “carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets”. Three series comprising totally of (15) specimens loaded until failure under concentric compresion load. Strengthening was varied by changing the number of CFRP strips, spacing and wrapping methods. The findings of this research can be summarized as follows: for the columns without CFRP, the influence of the tie spacing was significant: compared with 130 mm tie spacing, dropping the spacing to 100 mm and 70 mm increased the load carrying capacity by 18% and 26%, respectively. The columns with less internal confinement (lesser amount of ties) were strengthened more significantly by the CFRP than the ones with greater amount of internal ties. As an example of the varying effectiveness of the fully wrapped CFRP, the column with ties at 130 mm was strengthened by 90% with the CFRP. In contrast, the ones with 70 mm spaced ties only increased in strength with CFRP by 66%. Compared with the control specimen (no CFRP), the same amount of CFRP when used as hoop strips led to more strengthening than using CFRP as a spiral strip- the former led to nearly 9% more strengthening than the latter in the case of 130 mm spaced internal steel ties. In the case of 100 mm internal steel ties, the difference (between the hoops & spiral CFRP strengthening) is close to 4%. In contrast, there is no difference between the two methods of strengthening in the heavily tied columns (70 mm tied spacing).
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Chen, Si Tian, Ting Ting Yang, and Li Qun Wu. "Simulation Analysis and Process Control of an Arch Bridge for Replacement of Tie Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1720.

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The numerical simulation analysis, by using senior nonlinear finite element analysis software MSC.Marc, was achieved in this paper for the tie-replacing procedures of a steel tube tied-arch filled with concrete. Through this analysis, the control parameters were accurately determined for the installing of new ties and the removing of old ties. Results of numerical analysis ensured the bridge structure stable during the replacement, made the construction of safe and convenient, and played a guiding role in the maintenance and reinforcement. The successful experience could be referenced by other similar projects.
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4

Tomaz˘evic˘, Miha, Marjana Lutman, and Polona Weiss. "Seismic Upgrading of Old Brick-Masonry Urban Houses: Tying of Walls with Steel Ties." Earthquake Spectra 12, no. 3 (August 1996): 599–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585898.

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The influence of tying the walls with steel ties on the seismic behavior of existing brick-masonry houses has been investigated. Three models of simple two-story brick masonry houses with wooden floors, with or without wall ties, have been tested on a simple earthquake simulator. In addition, a model with identical structural configuration, but with r.c. slabs instead of wooden floors, has been tested for comparison. Whereas wooden floors with joists not anchored to the walls did not prevent separation and disintegration of the walls, rigid slabs and steel ties significantly improved seismic behavior. On the basis of test results, a simple method for designing the ties has been proposed.
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Kim, Sun Woong, Wan Shin Park, Nam Young Eom, and Hyun Do Yun. "The Influence on Horizontal Ties of Steel Coupling Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1229.

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Hybrid coupled shear wall system with steel coupling beams has known as the effective lateral load resisting system for tall buildings subjected to earthquake. This paper addresses the influence on horizontal ties of steel coupling beams in pseudo strain hardening cementitious composite (PSH2C) hybrid coupled shear wall. Test variables included the connection detail and types of material, concrete and PSH2C, in the connection region. The results show that Specimen PSH2C-SB and PSH2C-SBVRT exhibits a better stable behavior than Specimens HCWS-SB and HCWS-SBVRT.
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Xiao, Jun Hua, Fu Cheng Zhang, and Li He Qian. "Finite Element Analysis on Contact of Wheel and High Manganese Steel Crossing." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2161.

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An elastic-plastic finite element study on the contact of a railway wheel and a high manganese steel crossing is reported. The contact model of the wheel/crossing/ties is established to simulate the interactions between the wheel and crossing and between the crossing and ties. The effects of train speed and axle load on the von Mises stress and the equivalent plastic strain of the high manganese steel crossing are discussed.
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7

Malik, Adnan R., and Stephen J. Foster. "Behaviour of Reactive Powder Concrete Columns without Steel Ties." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 6, no. 2 (2008): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.6.377.

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8

Sauveur, Albert. "THE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPER TIES OF STEEL." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 24, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 1054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1912.tb04647.x.

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Pacchioli, Stefano, Luca Pozza, Davide Trutalli, and Andrea Polastri. "Earthquake-resistant CLT buildings stiffened with vertical steel ties." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102334.

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Biegus, Antoni. "Cause of prior-failure technical states of purlins in steel halls." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 2 (June 11, 2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2118.

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In the exanimated steel hall, the system of purlins made of Z cold-formed profiles and bar ties was used. A periodic inspection of the technical state of the hall reveals some deformations, bends and torsion of purlins and buckling of ties. The results of tests on the resistance and rigidity of the roof covering structure, carried out to clarify the causes of described state were performed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel ties"

1

Momeni, Amir Farid. "Effect of concrete properties and prestressing steel indentation types on the development length and flexural capacity of pretensioned concrete members." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32682.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Civil Engineering
Robert J. Peterman
A study was conducted to determine the effect of different concrete properties and prestressing steel indentation types on development length and flexural capacity of pretensioned members. Wires and strands commonly used in the manufacturing of prestressed concrete railroad ties worldwide were selected for the study. Thirteen different 5.32-mm-diameter prestressing wire types and six different strands (four, seven-wire strands and two, three-wire strands) were used to cast prisms with a square cross section. The ratio of concrete to prestressed steel in the test prism’s cross section was representable of typical concrete railroad ties. Thus, geometrical and mechanical properties of test prisms were representative of actual ties in the railroad industry. To understand the effect of concrete-release strengths and slumps on development length, all parameters were kept constant in the prisms except concrete-release strength and slump. To manufacture prisms with different release strengths, all four wires/strands were pulled and detensioned gradually when the concrete compressive strength reached 3500 (24.13 MPa), 4500 (31.03 MPa), and 6000 (41.37 MPa) psi. To determine the effect of different slumps on development length, prisms with different slumps of 3 in. (7.6 cm), 6 in. (15.2 cm), and 9 in. (22.9 cm) were manufactured and all other parameters were kept constant in prisms. All prisms were tested in three-point bending at different spans to obtain estimations of development length based on type of reinforcement, concrete-release strength, and concrete slump. Lastly, a design equation was developed based on experimental data for prediction of development length. In the last phase of load tests, cyclic-loading tests were conducted on the prisms manufactured with wires to evaluate the bond performance of wires with different indentation types under cyclic loading. A total of 210 load tests, including 14 cyclic tests, were conducted. The monotonic-load tests revealed a large difference in the development length of pretensioned concrete members manufactured with different wire/strand types and different concrete-release strengths. Also, the cyclic-load tests revealed a significant difference in bond performance of different wire types under cyclic loading compared to monotonic loading.
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Haynes, Mark Davis. "Quality by design: improving pre-stressed reinforcement for concrete railroad ties via geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20582.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Chih-Hang John Wu
Quality is a result of product design and production control. Product design must maximize the ability to function across variations in production and environment. Production control must monitor and maintain the key design characteristics necessary for the intended function. Failure to do so results in premature part failure and increased costs. This has occurred in the production of modern cross ties. By designing quality into the product and production process, performance is maximized. This research presents a methodology for incorporating quality into the product design and production process. For product design, a relationship between product performance and design parameters is established by modeling techniques. These models provide a means to redesign the product to maximize performance and to understand the sensitivity of the design to fluctuation in production and environment. These models also establish the key design parameters that are critical for sustaining quality. For production, a method of monitoring the key design parameters is presented that provides an affordable means of automated inspection. Automated inspection removes operator error from the inspection process and allows for greater sampling rates to be achieved. The methodology presented allows for a potential of 100% inspection to be achieved with minimal impact to production costs. The research is applied to the analysis and quality control of pre-stressing steel reinforcement for concrete cross-ties. This application provides an opportunity to test and verify the research findings on a real world problem. Novel automated 3D spatial analysis algorithms are presented. This research furthers the state of the art of performing Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T). A cost effective method of non-contact surface profiling was developed with high resolution and high density surface profiles. The combined research findings present a methodology of achieving quality by design.
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Guardigli, Sara. "Dynamic out-of-plane behaviour of Dutch cavity walls: validation of numerical models." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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After the second world war, cavity walls became a widespread external wall type in the North Western Europe including the Netherlands. Cavity walls consist of two leaves separated by a hollow space (cavity). The leaves are commonly made by masonry bricks, blocks, and wall ties. Wall ties are used to connect the two leaves of a cavity wall and are installed during construction. The ties are meant to withstand wind pressure mostly. Recently in the north of the Netherlands induced earthquakes took place. As consequence, many cavity walls may fail due to the crisis of the ties subjected to seismic solicitations for which they were not designed. The present work investigate numerically the behaviour of cavity masonry wall systems with or without wall ties. The models were implemented taking into account the physical and geometric nonlinearities. Both nonlinear static and dynamic analyses have been performed by means of the �nite element software DIANA.
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Oliveira, Diôgo Silva de. "Reforço de pilares de concreto armado de seção transversal retangular mobilizando efeitos de confinamento." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19523.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Os Polímeros Reforçados com Fibras (PRF) são materiais compósitos constituídos por fibras unidas por uma matriz polimérica. São leves, não corrosivos, possuem alta resistência à tração e são de simples execução. O PRF em forma de tecido é utilizado para envolver o pilar de concreto armado promovendo a restrição das deformações laterais pelo efeito de membrana. Nos pilares com seção transversal circular, esse efeito de membrana é desenvolvido ao longo de todo o seu perímetro. Já para seções quadradas ou retangulares, esse efeito de membrana se desenvolve apenas nos cantos arredondados, reduzindo, assim, a eficiência do confinamento. Por conta dessa limitação, esta pesquisa propõe a utilização de um mecanismo auxiliar constituído por tirantes transversais de aço ancorados por perfis longitudinais, que juntamente com o PRF vão promover o confinamento nos maiores lados de seções de pilares retangulares. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais de dez pilares de concreto, cujos resultados confirmaram o maior incremento de força e ductilidade nos pilares devido à presença dos tirantes, verificando também que os perfis longitudinais contribuem diretamente com a força axial no pilar. Por meio da análise numérica em elementos finitos foi possível observar o acréscimo de regiões de concreto efetivamente confinado devido à presença dos tirantes. Com a análise paramétrica realizada foram identificados os parâmetros e como eles influenciam no comportamento dos pilares reforçados com a técnica: a relação entre os lados da seção transversal, a taxa de PRF; a taxa de tirantes de aço e a rigidez do perfil de ancoragem. Por fim, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico que possibilita calcular a parcela de força resistida pelo concreto confinado e pelos perfis de ancoragem de modo independente, indicando boas correlações com os resultados experimentais e numéricos.
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) are composite materials consisting of fibers bonded by a polymer matrix. They are lightweight, non-corrosive, have high tensile strength and simple to apply. The FRP jacket is used to wrap the concrete column and restrict the lateral expansion by the membrane effect. In columns with circular cross section, the membrane effect is developed along its entire perimeter. However, in square or rectangular sections this effect is only developed at the rounded corners, resulting in a decrease of the confinement efficiency. Due this limitation, this research proposes the use of an auxiliary mechanism made up of transverse steel ties anchored by longitudinal bars, which together with the FRP, promote confinement on the biggest sides of rectangular sections of columns. Experimental tests were carried out on ten concrete columns, whose results confirmed the greatest force increase and ductility due to the presence of the steel ties and that the anchor bars contribute directly with the axial force. Through the numerical analysis in finite elements methods it was possible to observe the effective confined concrete regions due to the presence of the ties. With the parametric analysis performed some parameters were identified and how they influence in behavior of columns reinforced with this technique: the relationship between the sides of the cross section; the PRF rate; the steel ties rate and the stiffness of the anchor bar. Finally, an analytical model was developed allowing calculate the force resisted by the confined concrete and the anchor bars forces independently, indicating good correlations with the experimental and numerical results.
O arquivo contém 11 páginas em branco, mas que não interfere no conteúdo da tese.
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Sroka, Sydney Glass. "Internal tides near steep topographies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106773.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-96).
The primary contributions of this thesis include the first stages of development of a 2D, finite-volume, non-hydrostatic, [sigma]-coordinate code and beginning to apply the Dynamically Orthogonal field equations to study the sensitivity of internal tides to perturbations in the density field. First, we ensure that the 2D Finite Volume (2DFV) code that we use can accurately capture non-hydrostatic internal tides since these dynamics have not yet been carefully evaluated for accuracy in this framework. We find that, for low-aspect ratio topographies, the z-coordinate mesh in the 2DFV code produces numerical artifacts near the bathymetry. To ameliorate these stair-casing effects, and to develop the framework towards a moving mesh with free-surface dynamics, we have begun to implement a non-hydrostatic [sigma]-coordinate framework which significantly improves the representation of the internal tides for low-aspect ratio topographies. Finally we investigate the applicability of stochastic density perturbations in an internal tide field. We utilize the Dynamically Orthogonal field equations for this investigation because they achieve substantial model order reduction over ensemble Monte-Carlo methods.
by Sydney Glass Sroka.
S.M.
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6

Sabata, Ashok. "Characterization of the adhesive interface between rubber and brass plated steel tire cords." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54878.

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Extensive use of steel belted radial tires made it necessary to investigate the rubber-brass adhesion. Surface analysis techniques were used to give a better understanding of this bond, After about a decade of research, investigators have been successful in optimizing many of the parameters to obtain a bond of high strength. However there are still certain areas in which more work has to be done to make better quality tires. One such area is the effect of compound formulation on adhesion. Compound formulations still to a large extent are empirical. The purpose of this work is to give a scientific basis for formulating the rubber compound for best possible adhesion.
Master of Science
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7

Olsen, Karl R. "Ultrasonic detection of simulated corrosion in 1 inch diameter steel tieback rods." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2009/k_olsen_052609.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 4, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-111).
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Gao, Chengxian. "Potential use of wide tires for steep slope skidding." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41553.

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This study investigated the potential use of wide skidder tires for forest harvesting operations on steep slopes. During the summer of 1984, field tests were conducted to compare the performance characteristics of 24.5-32 and 66-43 rubber tires on a JD-640 grapple skidder loaded with tree length material. The skidder was operated on 20%, 25% and 30% slopes on Piedmont soils near Rome, Georgia.

Video recorders were used to document the field measurements and observations of machine travel time and wheel slip over defined courses. Soil compaction was evaluated by comparing soil cone penetrometer readings taken in the wheel tracks of the test lanes to those taken in undisturbed adjacent areas. Skidder lateral stability was analyzed using the mathematical model developed in this study.

Based on the results of statistical analyses of the data and field observations obtained under the test conditions, the skidder equipped with wide tires generally attained higher average speeds, tended to cause less wheel slip, resulted in smaller increases in soil cone penetrometer readings, and had significantly greater stability on sideslopes than the skidder equipped with the narrow tires. The stability model developed in this study predicted the critical sideways tipping angle for a JDâ 64O grapple skidder to be approximately 32° when fitted with the 24.5-32 tires, and 44° when fitted with the 66-43 tires.


Master of Science
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Poore, Lois. "The Development of a Steel Embedded Connection for Double-Tee Beams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33041.

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The research conducted was sponsored by JVI of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. JVI has developed a steel embedded connection, referred to as a shooter. The shooter is provided in capacities, a 40 kip capacity shooter and a 50 kip capacity shooter. This steel connection is embedded near the end of a double-tee prestressed girder. Double-tee prestressed girders are a primary component used in the construction of parking garages. Typical double-tee lengths are 60 to 75 feet; however, for this research 20 ft long segments were cast and tested with the shooter installed.

This project had three main goals. The first goal was to develop a preliminary design for the reinforcement around the shooter and test the shootersâ capacity in the laboratory to determine if the stated capacity was correct. Four different designs were created, two designs for the 40 kip capacity shooter and 2 designs for the 50 kip capacity shooter. Each design was placed in one stem of the double-tee and tested at the laboratory. Results from these tests indicate that that each specimen achieved the stated capacity. However, failure was not a connection failure but a shear bond failure.

The second goal was to take the information gathered from testing and develop a design model that could be used for other situations for this type of connection. The design model was created according to the guidelines in the ACI 318-08 code. Two different methods were used, a strut-and-tie model and a modified ACI code approach. From these designs it was determined that the strut-and-tie model should be used for the design of these connections; however, more research needs to be done before using the modified ACI code approach.

The final goal was to determine if finite element analysis could be used to determine if the load at which large cracks that immediately proceed failure occur could be predicted. From this analysis it was determined that a load range could be predicted in which a crack could form as well as a range of what the transfer length of the strands could be.
Master of Science

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10

Miratashi, Yazdi Seyed Mansoor. "Robustness of steel framed buildings with pre-cast concrete floor slabs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/robustness-of-steel-framed-buildings-with-precast-concrete-floor-slabs(7004a673-cf6c-4d22-a00e-34c6be6bb6a0).html.

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Following some incidents in high-rise buildings, such as Ronan Point London 1968, in which collapse of a limited number of structural elements progressed to a failure disproportionate to the initial cause, consideration of robustness was introduced in British Standard. The main method of preventing progressive collapse for providing robustness to steel framed buildings with precast concrete floor slabs focuses on the allowable tying forces that the reinforcement in between the slabs and in hollowcores should carry. However there are uncertainties about the basis of the practical rules associated with this method. This thesis presents the results of numerical and analytical studies of tie connection behaviour between precast concrete floor slabs (PCFS). It is shown that under current design regulations the tie connection is not able to resist the accidental load limit applied on the damaged floor slabs. By establishing the capability of a finite element model to depict and predict the behaviour of concrete members in situations such as arching and catenary action against several experimental tests, an extensive set of parametric studies was conducted in order to identify the effective parameters in enhancing the resistance of the tie connection between PCFSs. These parameters include: tie bar diameter, position, length, yield stress and ultimate strain; the slab’s height, length; and the compressive strength of the grouting concrete in between the slabs that encases the tie bar. Recommendations are made based on the findings of this parametric study in order to increase the resistance of the tie connection. Based on the identified effective parameters in the parametric study a predictive analytical relationship is derived which is capable of determining the maximum vertical displacement and load that the tie connection is able to undergo. This relationship can be used to enable the connection to capture the accidental limit load on a damaged slab. The identified parameters are examined in a three dimensional finite element model to assess their effect when columns of the structure are lost in different locations such as an edge, corner or internal column. Based on the findings of this study methods for improving the connections performance are presented. Also the effect of alternative transverse tying method is evaluated and it is concluded that although this kind of tie increases the load carrying capacity of the connection, its effect on the catenary action is not significant.
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Books on the topic "Steel ties"

1

Iron and steel in ancient times. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2005.

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National Information Standards Organization (U.S.). Single-tier steel bracket library shelving. Bethesda, Md., U.S.A: NISO Press, 1995.

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Roberta, Lynch, ed. Rusted dreams: Hard times in a steel community. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

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Bensman, David. Rusted dreams: Hard times in a steel community. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

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Bensman, David. Rusted dreams: Hard times in a steel community. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

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Bensman, David. Rusted dreams: Hard times in a steel community. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

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J, Richardson J., ed. Politics and steel in Britain, 1967-1988: The life and times of the British Steel Corporation. Aldershot, Hants, England: Dartmouth, 1990.

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National Information Standards Organization (U.S.). Proposed American national standard single-tier steel bracket library shelving. Bethesda, MD: NISO, 1993.

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Anshan gang tie gong si di he jin gang xing neng shou ce. Beijing: Ye jin gong ye chu ban she, 1986.

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Superman: The complete history, the life and times of the man of steel. San Francisco, Calif: Chronicle Books, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel ties"

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Ghersi, A., F. Neri, P. P. Rossi, and A. Perretti. "Seismic response of tied and trussed eccentrically braced frames." In Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas, 495–502. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211198-68.

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van Heerden, Andries (Hennie), Mostafa Babaeian Jelodar, Michelle Burger, and Benita Zulch. "Retaining Steel Tips: Motivation of Construction Managers in South Africa." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 636–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50791-6_82.

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Yancong, Zhang, Gao Lingling, and Liu Shaowen. "Mechanical Property Tests for Waste Tires Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Transportation Geotechnics and Pavement Engineering, 434–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0011-0_47.

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dos Reis, Henrique L. M., and Kris A. Warmann. "Nondestructive Evaluation of the Residual Life of Steel-Belted Radial Truck Tires." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VIII, 601–7. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4847-8_94.

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Gan, Jin, Weiguo Wu, and Hongxu Wang. "Seismic Behavior and Structural Type Effect of Steel Box Tied Arch Bridge." In Computational Structural Engineering, 235–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2822-8_27.

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Bojovic, Aleksandar, and Antonio Mora Munoz. "Railway Road Bridge in Novi Sad – Steel Tied Network Arches Over the Danube." In Structural Integrity, 621–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_67.

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Gebril, Mohamed A., Mohammad S. Aldlemey, and Abdessalam F. Kablan. "Effect of Austenization Temperatures and Times on Hardness, Microstructure and Corrosion Rate of High Carbon Steel." In Advanced Structured Materials, 421–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07383-5_30.

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Wu, Fei, Sheng Zhou, Peng Shu, Jun Hua, Qiang Liu, and Guoli Huang. "Comparison of Construction Schemes for Constructing Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Tied Arch Bridge in Shallow Water Channel." In Structural Integrity, 559–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_60.

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Ajayan, Akhil Minu, V. Magesh, P. Harikrishnan, and D. Kingsly Jeba Singh. "Evaluation of Tie Wing Deformation in 0.022 Inch Stainless Steel Orthodontic Bracket—A Finite Element Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 277–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4488-0_25.

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Nelson, Emily, and Leigh Johnson. "Addressing the Socio-Spatial Challenges of Innovative Learning Environments for Practicum: Harmonics for Transitional Times." In Teacher Transition into Innovative Learning Environments, 291–303. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7497-9_23.

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AbstractA shift to Innovative Learning Environments (ILEs) in New Zealand schools is a current Ministry of Education strategic direction challenging how we as teacher educators prepare candidate teachers (student teachers or trainee teachers) to teach in these emerging environments. Candidate teachers in our primary teaching degree increasingly are placed in ILEs on practicum as these develop in schools in our geographic area. Our students report anecdotally that teaching in ILEs poses them steep and novel challenges around how they plan, teach, assess, manage students and learning, as well as work collaboratively with associate teachers and, increasingly, other colleagues. With our current programme underpinned by a more conventional image of teaching and learning, and schools transitioning between conventional and arguably more innovative, bespoke environments, we wondered how our students navigated the novel pedagogical and physical configurations they encountered in ILEs on practicum. We conducted focus group interviews with our candidate teachers and recent graduates who had completed one or more practicum in an innovative learning environment (as defined by the practicum school). We explored participants’ perceptions of the particular demands ILEs created for them. Utilising Lefebvre’s (The production of space. Trans. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1991) socio-spatial trialectic and Monahan’s (Built pedagogies & technology practices: designing for participatory learning. Palo Alto, CA, 2000) notion of “built pedagogy” in this chapter we identify key socio-spatial entanglements, or harmonics, that emerge from our analysis and explore how these inform how we might better prepare our candidate teachers in these transitional times.
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Conference papers on the topic "Steel ties"

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Tan, Sinjaya, Jamshaid Sawab, Mo Li, Y. L. Mo, and Feng Qin. "Design of Cross Ties in Steel Plate Concrete Structures." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45310.

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Cross ties have been widely used in Steel plate Concrete (SC) structures. It is considered as one of the most effective methods in ensuring the integrity of the SC module when subjected to both flexure and out-of-plane shear. Although there are no specific guidelines for the design of cross ties as shear reinforcement in the current practice, the requirements for reinforced concrete structures specified in ACI 349 has been generally adopted in design. The experimental studies completed at the University of Houston show that a minimum amount of cross ties is required for the SC structures to preserve shear ductility. This amount was found to be greater than the ACI 349 recommendations. In addition, the strength of SC beams could not be predicted by the ACI 349 code. This paper evaluates the applicability of the present shear design methods of reinforced concrete beams to steel plate concrete beams and proposes a set of shear design equations.
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Haynes, Mark D., Chih-Hang John Wu, Naga Narendra B. Bodapati, B. Terry Beck, and Robert J. Peterman. "Modeling the Behavior of Pre-Stressed Concrete Railroad Ties." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5703.

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Early failure of pre-stressed concrete railroad ties in the field is a costly occurrence with modern ties. A key predictor of the performance of a pre-stressed concrete cross tie is the transfer length. Assuring that the transfer length is less than the position of the rail seat is necessary to establish the full pre-stressing force at the load point of the concrete tie. Models have been developed based upon empirical data to predict the transfer length of concrete members given key design parameters. Given the release strength and design geometry of the reinforcement steel, accurate predictions can be made as to what the anticipated transfer length will be. The geometry of the indented profile in pre-stressing steel has been found to be critical for minimizing the fracture propensity of the concrete member and reducing the overall transfer length. Edge wall angles of the reinforcement wire indents have been shown within this study to have a critical influence on the fracture propensity of the concrete medium. Steel produced with too shallow or too steep indent edge wall angles generate excessive internal forces rupturing the concrete. By modeling the behavior of the transfer length in concrete members, the design and production tolerances can be better controlled increasing the life expectancy of concrete ties. This results in decreased costs for the rail infrastructure and greater uptime of tracks utilizing pre-stressed concrete railroad ties. By improving the overall design of concrete members and by improving the quality control tests used during production a longer lasting and lower cost product may be achieved.
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Aida, Kiyoshi, and Kotaro Kawamura. "Development of High Energy Absorbing Seismic Tie With I-Sectional Shape for Thermal Power Boiler Structure." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97457.

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This paper deals with new types of steel seismic ties, which are energy absorbing devices installed between boiler and its support structure. To enhance the aseismic reliability of the boiler and its support structure, energy absorbing capacities of the seismic ties must be increased. To increase the capacities, sectional shapes of the seismic ties have been optimally designed. Concretely, I-section seismic ties as new types have been gained by optimizing the design parameters, material (conventional carbon steel and low yield strength steel), sectional height, web thickness, flange thickness under conditions to maximize absorbing energy and to restrict the reaction force equal to or smaller than that of round-section current seismic tie. As a result of cyclic load testing using 1/3 scale model, it was verified that energy absorption of the new types of seismic ties were 16–23 % larger than that of the current seismic tie.
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Haynes, Mark, Chih-Hang John Wu, Robert J. Peterman, and B. Terry Beck. "Prestressing Steel Reinforcement Wire Measurement Protocol." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3800.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose new measurement guidelines for pre-stressing steel reinforcement wire indent geometries. The current guidelines for measuring pre-stressing steel reinforcement wire indent geometries are within ASTM A881M-10. These measurement guidelines provide instructions on measuring indent depth, indent side wall angle, and indent orientation. However, since the creation ASTM A881M-10 new measurements have been presented that serve as better predictors of wire performance than the current measurement requirements. The new measure guidelines presented in this research have been shown to have superior correlation to transfer length and the pull out force of pre-stressing steel reinforcement wires used in concrete railroad ties. These measurement guidelines are intended to more completely quantify the surface profile of pre-stressing steel reinforcement wires and do so in a manner that adheres to the geometric dimensioning and tolerancing standards of ASME Y14.5-2009. The measurement guidelines presented in this research use the concept of minimal zone on a variety of different measurements. This includes measurements such as indent volume, indent surface area, and indent edge wall surface area. These new measurements are shown through a variety of statistical models to be strong predictors of transfer length and pull out force for the given reinforcement wire. By presenting these new measurement procedures that define the surface geometry of reinforcement wire indent geometry in greater detail, suppliers can present more complete information of their wire type to consumers. Likewise, consumers will be able to more fully define the design requirements that are needed for their pre-stressed concrete railroad ties. The overall impact of the proposed changes will be the improvement of the quality control of pre-stressing steel reinforcement wires and the extended lifespan and durability of pre-stressed concrete railroad ties.
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Rodrigues, Celia. "Composite Plastic Ties in MRS Heavy Haul Railroad." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36057.

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This article discusses the studies for applying synthetic – composite recycled plastic ties, along the track of the MRS heavy haul railroad. The purpose if this paper is to present the studies and results of field and laboratory tests, referring to work cycles of readings, investigations and analyses of steel and synthetic ties performance, comparing with wood ties on railway track of the MRS Logistica railroad net. MRS is a Heavy Haul Co. in Brazil that transports over one hundred and thirty million net metric tones on MRS’ network. Experimental stretches were established where readings of track deflection under train loads were taken using new technologies as laser equipment; samples from the ballast and subgrade layers were collected and taken for laboratory tests. In the case of the composite plastic ties, Brazilian supply chain, environment benefits and ties performance are presented.
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Yu, Hailing, and Shushu Liu. "Finite Element Analysis of Spike Failure in Elastic Fastening Systems for Wood Ties." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1235.

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Finite element analyses (FEA) were conducted in this paper to understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to a commonly observed failure mode of cut spikes used with the elastic fastening systems for wood ties. This failure mode features fatigue cracking development in the internal cross-sectional spike surfaces located approximately 1.5 inches below the top surface of a tie. Previous computational studies applied elastic material properties with “perfect” material behaviors. The study presented in this paper adopted post-elastic failure models for both the steel spike and wood tie materials, which proved key to reconstructing the observed failure mode in modeling. The commercial FE software Abaqus was employed in this study. Continuum FE models were developed for a single cut spike embedded in a wood tie. The steel spike was modeled to yield plastically upon reaching a yield strength limit. A user material subroutine documented by Abaqus was adopted to simulate the 3D orthotropic failure of the wood tie. Both the elastic properties and strength limits of the wood material were orthotropic, with the properties in the transverse direction significantly lower than those in the fiber direction. Different combinations of vertical, lateral and longitudinal forces were applied in the analyses, deforming the spike in various bending modes. The forces were increased in magnitude until the steel reached its yield strength (i.e., developed permanent plastic deformations), and the yielding locations were recorded and compared with the observed failure mode. The FEA showed that damage initiated in the wood tie being pressed by the spike with sufficiently large forces and that wood damage preceded steel yielding. The farther the wood material deteriorated from the top down, the lower the steel yielding location was in the spike shaft. Longitudinal forces were reacted to in the weaker transverse direction of the wood tie and therefore resulted in lower damage initiation forces and lower steel yielding locations than lateral forces did. It was concluded that the orthotropic wood tie failure condition and a substantial presence of the longitudinal force were necessary conditions for the spike to initiate failure at about 1.5 inches below the top surface of a tie. This corroborated the findings in a derailment investigation involving the spike failure. The lateral force alone unlikely caused this failure mode, but the presence of a lateral force on the spike appeared to decrease the magnitude of the longitudinal force needed to initiate damage in the spike.
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Aida, Kiyoshi, Shoji Morikawa, Masaki Shimono, Motoki Kato, Kunihiro Morishita, and Tatsuya Amano. "Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Long-Lived Seismic Ties for Thermal Power Boiler Structure." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65665.

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This paper deals with the modification of recently developed steel seismic ties, which are energy absorbing devices installed between a boiler and its support structure. To enhance the aseismic reliability of the boiler and its support structure for recently increased specified earthquake loads, the useful live of the seismic ties must be prolonged. To achieve this, changes to the sectional shapes of the seismic ties have been analyzed and designed with the help of elasto-plastic finite element analysis.
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Aida, Kiyoshi, Kodai Kawate, Yuichi Hiyoshi, Kotaro Kawamura, and Satoshi Fujita. "Earthquake Load Reduction Effects of Boiler Structures by High Energy Absorbing Seismic Ties." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28351.

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Seismic ties are steel energy absorbing devices installed between the boiler and its support structure. This paper deals with the relationship between the energy absorption of a new type of seismic tie (made of low yield strength steel and with an optimized I-sectional shape) and its reduction effect on the resultant shear force of the support structure. To quantify the relationship between the energy absorption and the reduction effect on the resultant shear force, time-history analyses using a lumped mass vibration model that simulates the boiler structure, were performed for three representative design seismic waves (The largest class (level 2) waves of Taft, El Centro and Hachinohe earthquakes). The time-history analysis results demonstrated that the energy absorption increasing rates of the new seismic ties were correlated quantitatively with the shear force reduction rates of the support structure for the three design seismic waves.
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Scott, James D., Robert J. Peterman, Aaron A. Robertson, B. Terry Beck, and Kyle A. Riding. "Evaluation of the Remaining Prestress Force and Center Negative Bending Moment in Crossties Removed From Track After 25 Years of Service." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1275.

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Extensive research is currently being conducted by the team to understand the prestressing steel and concrete properties that cause high bonding stresses and lead to longitudinal splitting cracks, and how to mitigate this failure in future designs. One parameter of interest that affects the bonding stress is the amount of prestressing force in a crosstie. To help quantify the amount of prestress force necessary to provide a durable long-term crosstie, a study on existing crossties that have performed well in track for over 25 years was conducted to evaluate the center negative bending moment, and determine the remaining prestress force for each tie. The remaining prestress force in each tie was determined using a new proposed method in which ties are loaded in direct tension. The new test method was also conducted on new ties instrumented with vibrating wire strain gages to verify the method. The testing results reveal that a majority of the existing ties evaluated have a remaining prestress force in the range of 84–95 kips. These forces are significantly lower than the remaining prestress force after losses of newer tie designs. This can be seen when comparing the tension test results of the existing ties with the results of the new ties. Ties were loaded upside-down in four-point bending to determine their center negative cracking moments. The test setup and procedure used closely resembles the center negative bending moment test outlined in AREMA 30, with minor variations. For each different tie design in the study, the center negative design moment was calculated following the AREMA 30 procedure, and compared to the experimental cracking moments. Of the seven different existing tie designs investigated, four would meet the requirements of the current AREMA 30 center negative bending test.
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Scott, James D., Robert J. Peterman, B. Terry Beck, Aaron A. Robertson, Kyle A. Riding, and Chih-Hang John Wu. "Determining the Remaining Prestress Force in a Prestressed Concrete Railroad Tie Through Loading in Direct Tension." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6168.

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Extensive research has been conducted by the research team in recent years to determine the prestressing steel and concrete properties that must be provided to ensure that the transfer length of a prestressed concrete railroad tie is shorter than the distance from the edge of the tie to the rail seat. In addition, a significant of amount of data has been collected that indicates high bonding stresses can produce longitudinal splitting cracks along the reinforcement. In a study of how prestressing steel and concrete properties relate to a ties propensity for longitudinal cracking, existing ties that have performed well in track for over 25 years without issues are being evaluated. One parameter of interest that affects the bonding stress is the amount of prestress force in a railroad tie, which is unknown for the existing ties being evaluated. The current paper focuses on a new method that was developed for determining the remaining prestress force in a tie. In a previous method for determining the prestress force, ties were first loaded in four-point bending to initiate flexural cracking. The crack opening displacement was measured in order to determine the applied load required to reopen the crack. Using this load and the cross-sectional parameters at the location of the crack, the prestress force in the tie can be calculated using static equilibrium. The issue with this method is that as a tie is being loaded and the crack propagates, there is a continuous change in the stiffness of the cross-section. This results in the load versus crack opening displacment curve being overly rounded. This increases the error when determining the load required to reopen the crack, and increases the uncertainty of the calculated prestress force. The new test method eliminates the problems associated with flexural testing by loading the ties longitudinally in tension. In the new proposed experimental method, ties that have been pre-cracked in the center are pulled in tension. Similar to the previous method, the crack opening displacement is measured while the tie is loaded. For the crack to fully open, the applied load must exceed the prestress force holding the crack closed. Prior to the crack opening, the applied load is resisted by the composite section of concrete and prestressing tendons. Once the crack as fully opened, the applied load is resisted by the prestessing tendons only. This creates two distinctly linear portions of the load versus crack opening displacement curve, one prior to the crack opening, and one after. The beginning of the linear portion post-crack opening marks a very clear upper bound for the amount of prestressing force in a tie. This method can estimate the remaining prestress force in a tie with much greater accuracy than the previous method, and eliminates the need of the cross-sectional parameters at the crack location. To verify this method, tests were first conducted on a smaller scale with prismatic beams with a known initial prestressing force. Then the method was applied to a full scale existing tie to determine the remaining prestress force. Results are presented for testing of both the prismatic beams, and the full scale tie.
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Reports on the topic "Steel ties"

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Yamaguchi, Hisato. You can’t see it, but it’s more than 200 times stronger than steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1511193.

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Looney, B. B. Research Opportunities for Studies of Contaminant Transport in Fluvial Systems at the TIMS Branch - Steed Pond System, Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815564.

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