Journal articles: 'Steel ties'

1

Yi, Junyi, David Laird, Bill McEwen, and Nigel G. Shrive. "Analysis of load in ties in masonry veneer walls." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-048.

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Masonry is frequently used as a veneer, tied to a backup structural system. In many cases, the structural system is steel studding. Very little research has been conducted to examine the effect of staggering the ties between the veneer and the backup on the load distributions in the ties and studs. This paper describes three-dimensional (3-D) finite element models developed for masonry veneer walls (brick veneer steel stud) subjected to wind load. Various tie arrangements were analyzed. Shell elements were used to model the brick veneer, and beam elements were used to model the steel studs and ties. Cracking was introduced in a horizontal mortar joint through the use of gap elements (discrete cracking method). The loads in the ties for various tie arrangements were examined. It appears that staggering the ties does not overload them when a full row of ties is provided at the top or at both the top and the bottom. The load distribution in the ties in a staggered arrangement is close to that in the full-tie arrangement.Key words: masonry veneer walls, 3-D, finite element models, brick veneer, steel studs, ties.

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2

Sarsam, Kaiss, Raid Khalel, and Mohammed Hadi. "Influence of ties on the behavior of short reinforced concrete columns strengthened by external CFRP." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816204005.

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An experimental study was carried out to investigate the behavior of normal strength reinforce concret (RC) circular short column strengthned with “carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets”. Three series comprising totally of (15) specimens loaded until failure under concentric compresion load. Strengthening was varied by changing the number of CFRP strips, spacing and wrapping methods. The findings of this research can be summarized as follows: for the columns without CFRP, the influence of the tie spacing was significant: compared with 130 mm tie spacing, dropping the spacing to 100 mm and 70 mm increased the load carrying capacity by 18% and 26%, respectively. The columns with less internal confinement (lesser amount of ties) were strengthened more significantly by the CFRP than the ones with greater amount of internal ties. As an example of the varying effectiveness of the fully wrapped CFRP, the column with ties at 130 mm was strengthened by 90% with the CFRP. In contrast, the ones with 70 mm spaced ties only increased in strength with CFRP by 66%. Compared with the control specimen (no CFRP), the same amount of CFRP when used as hoop strips led to more strengthening than using CFRP as a spiral strip- the former led to nearly 9% more strengthening than the latter in the case of 130 mm spaced internal steel ties. In the case of 100 mm internal steel ties, the difference (between the hoops & spiral CFRP strengthening) is close to 4%. In contrast, there is no difference between the two methods of strengthening in the heavily tied columns (70 mm tied spacing).

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Chen, Si Tian, Ting Ting Yang, and Li Qun Wu. "Simulation Analysis and Process Control of an Arch Bridge for Replacement of Tie Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1720.

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The numerical simulation analysis, by using senior nonlinear finite element analysis software MSC.Marc, was achieved in this paper for the tie-replacing procedures of a steel tube tied-arch filled with concrete. Through this analysis, the control parameters were accurately determined for the installing of new ties and the removing of old ties. Results of numerical analysis ensured the bridge structure stable during the replacement, made the construction of safe and convenient, and played a guiding role in the maintenance and reinforcement. The successful experience could be referenced by other similar projects.

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4

Tomaz˘evic˘, Miha, Marjana Lutman, and Polona Weiss. "Seismic Upgrading of Old Brick-Masonry Urban Houses: Tying of Walls with Steel Ties." Earthquake Spectra 12, no. 3 (August 1996): 599–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585898.

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The influence of tying the walls with steel ties on the seismic behavior of existing brick-masonry houses has been investigated. Three models of simple two-story brick masonry houses with wooden floors, with or without wall ties, have been tested on a simple earthquake simulator. In addition, a model with identical structural configuration, but with r.c. slabs instead of wooden floors, has been tested for comparison. Whereas wooden floors with joists not anchored to the walls did not prevent separation and disintegration of the walls, rigid slabs and steel ties significantly improved seismic behavior. On the basis of test results, a simple method for designing the ties has been proposed.

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5

Kim, Sun Woong, Wan Shin Park, Nam Young Eom, and Hyun Do Yun. "The Influence on Horizontal Ties of Steel Coupling Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1229.

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Hybrid coupled shear wall system with steel coupling beams has known as the effective lateral load resisting system for tall buildings subjected to earthquake. This paper addresses the influence on horizontal ties of steel coupling beams in pseudo strain hardening cementitious composite (PSH2C) hybrid coupled shear wall. Test variables included the connection detail and types of material, concrete and PSH2C, in the connection region. The results show that Specimen PSH2C-SB and PSH2C-SBVRT exhibits a better stable behavior than Specimens HCWS-SB and HCWS-SBVRT.

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Xiao, Jun Hua, Fu Cheng Zhang, and Li He Qian. "Finite Element Analysis on Contact of Wheel and High Manganese Steel Crossing." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2161.

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An elastic-plastic finite element study on the contact of a railway wheel and a high manganese steel crossing is reported. The contact model of the wheel/crossing/ties is established to simulate the interactions between the wheel and crossing and between the crossing and ties. The effects of train speed and axle load on the von Mises stress and the equivalent plastic strain of the high manganese steel crossing are discussed.

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Malik, Adnan R., and Stephen J. Foster. "Behaviour of Reactive Powder Concrete Columns without Steel Ties." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 6, no. 2 (2008): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.6.377.

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8

Sauveur, Albert. "THE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPER TIES OF STEEL." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 24, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 1054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1912.tb04647.x.

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9

Pacchioli, Stefano, Luca Pozza, Davide Trutalli, and Andrea Polastri. "Earthquake-resistant CLT buildings stiffened with vertical steel ties." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102334.

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10

Biegus, Antoni. "Cause of prior-failure technical states of purlins in steel halls." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 2 (June 11, 2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2118.

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In the exanimated steel hall, the system of purlins made of Z cold-formed profiles and bar ties was used. A periodic inspection of the technical state of the hall reveals some deformations, bends and torsion of purlins and buckling of ties. The results of tests on the resistance and rigidity of the roof covering structure, carried out to clarify the causes of described state were performed.

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11

Markogiannaki, Olga, and Ioannis Tegos. "Strengthening of a Multistory R/C Building under Lateral Loading by Utilizing Ties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.559.

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The scope of the study is to examine of the possibility of applying steel ties, which can consist of common steel wires, as means to restrain the seismic displacements of buildings structural systems. The method seems to be competitive to the conventional ones, since fewer disturbances are created during the retrofitting works, i.e. the installation of ties as compared to the conventional strengthening methods. The method also proved to be more economic than the conventional method of constructing and infilling concrete walls in the vulnerable structural system. Initially, the efficiency of the ties was studied in multistory building models, such as frame, combined frame-wall and combined frame-wall without beams. Based on the results of the analytical study, the method was applied on a 5 storey existing and seismically deficient building. More specifically, the long side of the building was chosen for the method’s application. The last choice was deemed more preferable due to the fact that it has no openings which allowed the easy application of straight ties. The one end of the ties is anchored in the concrete slab of the upper stories, while the other end on the basement’s upper concrete slab. Although the seismic demand was higher for the implemented solution of the steel wires due to multiple loading, caused by the low value of the seismic performance coefficient equal to 1.5, an adequate level of earthquake resistance was achieved. The results of the case study confirmed the applicability of the proposed method. It should be underlined that the ties method looks promising in the field of structures retrofitting and could be studied analytically in campaigns, either independently or in combination with the conventional in concrete shear wall method.

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12

Hagel, Mark D., Gary R. Sturgeon, and Carlos Cruz-Noguez. "A service life model of metal ties embedded in the mortar joints of brick veneer walls with applications to reinforced concrete." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 11 (November 2019): 1043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0674.

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The issue regarding the corrosion of steel ties connecting brick veneer to a structural backing is well documented. In this paper, the predicted corrosion rate and resulting service life estimates, produced by a time-stepped service life model developed in Visual Basic for EXCEL, for metal ties embedded in mortar, are compared with the empirically determined corrosion rates and service lives of 16 zinc galvanized tie specimens taken from 13 buildings located in 6 different Canadian cities. This tie service life model, coined the “Tie Service Life Predictor”, correlates the external environment of the building to the tie life. As with most corrosion models for steel embedded in concrete (or mortar), the model is broken into two distinct phases: corrosion initiation using Fick’s law of diffusion and corrosion propagation. By considering the mortar surrounding the tie as the tie’s atmosphere, the Tie Service Life Predictor characterizes the microenvironment (atmospheric conditions) surrounding the tie from the macroenvironment conditions. Once the atmospheric conditions were established, the ISOCORRAG atmospheric corrosion model could be used to predict the corrosion rate of zinc galvanized steel ties embedded in the mortar joints of the exterior wythe of brick veneer wall systems. The methods used to create the Tie Service Life Predictor could also be applied to service life estimation of reinforcing steel in concrete structures such as bridge decks and parking structures.

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13

Mezhoud, Djillali, and Jacqueline Saliba. "Monitoring of reinforced concrete short ties with the acoustic emission technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 281 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928104001.

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Cracking in Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures may impact their durability and their structural integrity. Cracking is mainly influenced by stress distribution along the interface between steel and concrete. Thus, quantitative evaluation of steel-concrete bond, which is responsible of transferring load from steel bar to the surrounding matrix, and its effect on fracture properties is of major important. An experimental investigation on RC ties is reported in this paper. Tensile tests have been conducted on cubic specimens with different high adhesion reinforcement diameters. Those tests have been monitored continuously using the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique for a better evaluation of the damage process. The results show a good correlation between the load and the AE activity. AE signals with different characteristics have been observed during the different fracture stages. Parameters such as duration and energy increased with the loading level and can be used as indicators to detect the macrocracking of concrete. A parametric analysis is performed between average frequency and RA value. Ib-value of AE hits has been also investigated and decreases to 0.12 prior to the first macro crack.

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14

Ferretti, Elena. "Effectiveness of Active Confinement Techniques with Steel Ribbons: Masonry Buildings." European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejef-2018-0013.

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Abstract In the present paper, we analyzed the main advantages of the active confinement techniques with a particular focus on the CAM system, which is an Italian reinforcement technique with pre-tensioned stainless steel ribbons. Italian seismic codes classify the CAM system as belonging to the strengthening category of “horizontal and vertical ties”. Therefore, we compared the CAM system to the reinforcement techniques with horizontal and vertical ties in order to understand the actual similarities and possible differences between them. Moreover, we offered a deep analysis of the main critical issues of the CAM system, distinguishing between geometrical and mechanical weak-points. In particular, we analyzed the strengthening mechanism of the CAM system, still poorly understood, by performing a static analysis in the Mohr/Coulomb plane. Finally, we provided suggestions for future developments.

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15

Ferretti, Elena. "Effectiveness of Active Confinement Techniques with Steel Ribbons: Masonry Buildings." European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 29, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejef.v2i3.p18-30.

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In the present paper, we analyzed the main advantages of the active confinement techniques with a particular focus on the CAM system, which is an Italian reinforcement technique with pre-tensioned stainless steel ribbons. Italian seismic codes classify the CAM system as belonging to the strengthening category of “horizontal and vertical ties”. Therefore, we compared the CAM system to the reinforcement techniques with horizontal and vertical ties in order to understand the actual similarities and possible differences between them. Moreover, we offered a deep analysis of the main critical issues of the CAM system, distinguishing between geometrical and mechanical weak-points. In particular, we analyzed the strengthening mechanism of the CAM system, still poorly understood, by performing a static analysis in the Mohr/Coulomb plane. Finally, we provided suggestions for future developments.

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16

Basset, R., and S. M. Uzumeri. "Effect of confinement on the behaviour of high-strength lightweight concrete columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-109.

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This paper summarizes an experimental investigation into the behaviour of high strength sand – lightweight concrete columns confined with rectangular ties. Fifteen reinforced and three unreinforced specimens were tested under monotonically increasing axial compression. Variables considered in this study were the longitudinal steel distribution and tie configuration, the tie steel spacing, the amount of tie steel, and the amount of longitudinal steel.The results indicated that unconfined high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete is a brittle material. The addition of lateral confining steel significantly improved the behaviour of this material, with a large amount of lateral steel resulting in very ductile behaviour. The tie configuration and resulting distribution of longitudinal steel contributed significantly to the confinement of concrete, with well-distributed steel resulting in improved behaviour. The ratio of specimen to cylinder concrete strength was observed to be 0.98, which is much higher than the commonly assumed value of 0.85.The test results were compared with results from selected theoretical confinement models. Based on the results of this investigation, existing models for concrete confinement give unconservative results for high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete and overestimate the ductility that can be achieved with this material. Key words: columns, confinement, ductility, high-strength concretes, lightweight aggregate concretes, reinforcement, stress–strain relationships, tests, ties, toughness.

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17

Alsayed, S. H. "Confinement of reinforced concrete columns by rectangular ties and steel fibres." Magazine of Concrete Research 44, no. 161 (December 1992): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1992.44.161.265.

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18

Serpik, I. N., and N. V. Tarasova. "Parametric optimization of pre-stressed steel arch-shaped trusses with ties." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 451 (December 14, 2018): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/451/1/012060.

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Serpik, I. N., and N. V. Tarasova. "Parametric optimization of pre-stressed steel arch-shaped trusses with ties." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 451 (December 14, 2018): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/451/1/012060.

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Zavalis, Robertas, and Bronius Jonaitis. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PULL OUT STRENGTH OF FLEXIBLE TIES IN THIN BRICK VENEER LAYER." Engineering Structures and Technologies 11, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/est.2019.12055.

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The use of thin brick veneer layers for building facades becomes more popular nowadays. Using thin bricks (50−65 mm thick) instead of normal 100−120 mm thick bricks let us to save expenses up to 50% related to materials. The connection of thin veneer layer with inner construction wall must be assured. Usually, the connection is fulfilled using flexible metal or composite ties. The main issue for this connection is tie pull out strength from thin brick masonry. This strength depends on type and construction of ties and it governs the number of ties need for facades. This article describes experimental research of pull out strength of flexible steel ties in thin brick masonry. Two possible anchoring types were used. Experimental test results and analysis are described in the article.

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Othman, Zrar Sedeeq, and Ahmed Heidayet Mohammad. "Behaviour of Eccentric Concrete Columns Reinforced with Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 22, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1769212.

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The use of steel bars as reinforcement is not preferred in some concrete structures because steel causes corrosion or electric magnetic field problems. One of the best alternatives to steel bars is carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. The experimental program consisted of 18 reinforced rectangular concrete columns under different eccentric loadings. Out of the 18 columns, 15 were reinforced with CFRP longitudinal rebars and ties and 3 were reinforced with conventional steel rebars and ties as reference columns. The following parameters were included in this study: the replacement of steel with CFRP bars, eccentricity of load, longitudinal reinforcement ratios, and tie spacing. Test results in terms of load-strain, load-mid height deflection curves, and crack patterns showed that the column reinforced with CFRP bars behaved similarly to the concrete column reinforced with conventional steel bars with a slight difference in axial and flexural capacity. The increment in CFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratios from 1.4% to 2.0% and 3.6% reasonably increased the maximum carrying capacity for different eccentricities used herein. The axial ratios of experimental to theoretical results (PExp./PTheor.) were determined for specimens in the present work and those from previous studies to assess the efficiency of the theoretical models.

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Igwemezie, Jude O., M. Saeed mirza, and J. F. Scott. "Field test of an open deck railway bridge with concrete ties." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-071.

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Prestressed concrete ties offer an alternative to the timber ties which are used presently on North American open deck railway bridges. This paper presents the results of a field study of an open deck railway bridge equipped with precast prestressed concrete ties subjected to a special work train and regular railway traffic. The results of the study show that a train with smooth wheels does not overload the bridge deck. When wheel defects are present, the bridge deck loading is speed-dependent and consists of distinct static and dynamic components. Test results show that the tie design loads are underestimated. The impact on the bridge deck due to the defective wheels was also found not to amplify the response of the bridge longitudinal steel girders. Key words: bearing pads, impact load, railway bridge, load distribution, dynamic load factor, open deck, precast prestressed concrete, ties, wheels.

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Ueda, H., T. Miyauchi, and T. Tsujimura. "Application of lifecycle assessment to Shinkansen vehicles and cross ties in Japan." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 217, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440903322712874.

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Recently, environmental protection has become one of the most critical concerns on a global scale. Currently, it is widely recognized that lifecycle assessment (LCA) is a very effective instrument used to evaluate the environmental impact of various products quantitatively across their whole lifecycle. A basic LCA survey of Shinkansen vehicles and cross ties was conducted as a case study for the railway system. Through this study, the following results were confirmed. For any type of vehicle, more than 95 per cent of lifecycle energy consumption (LCE) and lifecycle CO2 emission LCCO2 is attributable to vehicle running. Lightweight vehicles, reduction of running resistance and the use of regenerative brakes contribute to energy saving in vehicle running. Regarding the CO2 emission from four types of ties (wood, concrete, synthetic and steel), wood ties emit the least amount of CO2 and synthetic ties the most. When the effect throughout the lifetime is considered, however, wood ties are by no means insignificant in terms of the environmental load. As a result of this survey, useful knowledge for applying LCA to railways was obtained.

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Dawe, J. L., Y. Liu, and C. K. Seah. "A parametric study of masonry infilled steel frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-084.

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A previously developed computer model was used to investigate the effects of a wide range of parameters applicable to concrete block masonry infilled steel frames. Height to length panel aspect ratios were varied from 0.5 to 1.5 to reflect how other parameters were affected by these values. Eight different types of parameters were studied. The method of applying horizontal load was found to have little effect. Isolation gaps between panel and beam reduced both the stiffness and strength of the infilled frame. While panel-to-column ties generated an increase in peak load, local stress concentrations caused by the ties resulted in additional deterioration of the panel. Strength was found to vary with mortar joint bond strength, with the effects being more significant at higher aspect ratios. Increasing beam stiffness increased strength for low aspect ratio frames, and increasing column stiffness had a similar effect for high aspect ratio frames. Gravity loading was beneficial in increasing shear resistance up to a limit where it caused crushing of the masonry infill. The increases in strength of infilled frames were found to be disproportionate to increases in the strength of the masonry.Key words: masonry, steel, infill, frame, analytical, variables, shear, strength, deflection, interaction.

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Como, Mario, Simona Coccia, and Fabio di Carlo. "Collapse State of Multi-Storey Masonry Walls Reinforced by Steel Ties Subjected to In-Plane Horizontal Loads." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.686.

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The determination of the seismic strength of masonry building is strictly connected to the in-plane strength of masonry walls under the action of horizontal forces. Simplified criteria are currently available in literature, based on modelling of the structure as loaded by dead loads and by a gradually increasing distribution of horizontal forces, proportional to the mass of the building. According to this approach, called push-over method, the seismic strength of the building corresponds to the intensity of these gradually increasing horizontal loads, leading the building to the failure condition. This paper moves in the framework of the Limit Analysis, based on the Heyman’s masonry model (1966), rigid in compression with no tensile strength. The resistant model refers to a multi-storey wall with openings arranged in regular patterns, along both vertical and horizontal directions, reinforced at floor levels by steel ties. The in-plane failure of the regular multi-storey walls can occur with the development of various kinematically admissible mechanisms, characterized by the attainment of the yielding state in the steel ties. The proposed methodology consists in the definition of the mechanism along which the failure effectively occurs and in a subsequent check of the statical admissibility of the internal stress state at the limit load. Only in this case, the corresponding kinematical multiplier is the effective collapse multiplier. The presence of the panels situated above the openings strongly conditions the in-plane failure of the wall, acting as diagonal struts, causing different horizontal displacements between the piers at the floor levels and consequently engaging the horizontal ties in the mechanism. In order to ensure the development of the global failure, avoiding local brittle failures, steel strengths of the ties have thus to be suitably defined. Finally, a parametric investigation is carried out considering different geometries of masonry walls and varying the position of the piers self-weights and the horizontal forces distribution, constant or proportional to the height of the masses from the foundation level.

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La Manna Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Domenico Brigante, Alessandro Mauro, and Antonio Formisano. "Concept, Prototyping and Application of a Tensioning System for FRP Ties into Masonry Structures." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.298.

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The present paper deals with concept, prototyping and application of a tensioning system for FRP ties into masonry structures. The proposed system, based on the use of FRP strands instead of traditional steel ties, has the aim to produce a compression stress state on masonry walls where it is applied. Given the objective difficulty in tensioning a FRP strand, it was necessary to both characterize and prototype a suitable connection system between the strand and the pulling system. The experimental phase concerned both the manufacturing of the pulling system and the study of used materials, as well as the characterization of the impregnation technology of FRP ties. The above described system has been produced and used in the framework of the structural retrofitting of the “Real Albergo dei Poveri” building in Naples.

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Hagel, Mark D., Shelley L. Lissel, and Gary R. Sturgeon. "Comparison of theoretical and empirically determined service lives for wall ties in brick veneer steel stud wall systemsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 2007): 1424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-018.

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The issue regarding the corrosion of steel ties connecting brick veneer to its structural backing is well known and well documented. However, none of the research to date has developed field-calibrated corrosion rate and service life models specific to wall ties in brick veneer steel stud (BVSS) wall systems. In this paper, corrosion rate and service life estimates produced by two models generated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) were compared with the empirically determined corrosion rates (CRs) and service lives of nine zinc galvanized tie specimens inspected at five buildings in four different Canadian cities. The best estimate, obtained using actual environmental data, was found to be the ISOCORRAG formula. However, the maximum difference between predicted and actual service life was still significant, indicating that a better understanding of the mechanics governing the corrosion of a tie embedded in mortar is still needed.

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Bojović, A., A. Mora Muñoz, Z. Marković, and N. Novaković. "Network arches over the Danube – Railway Road Bridge in Novi Sad/Netzwerkbögen über die Donau – Eisenbahn-Straßenbrücke in Novi Sad." Bauingenieur 93, no. 03 (2018): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0005-6650-2018-03-46.

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The Railway road bridge in Novi Sad (Serbia) is situated on the international railroad line No 2 (Belgrade-Budapest) and designed for two railway tracks (160 km/h), two road lanes and two footpaths. The bridge structure consists of four structures: two approach composite bridges at the banks and two steel tied network arch bridges over the river. The spans are 27,0 m + 177,0 m + 3,0 m + 219,0 m + 48,0 m, totally 474,0 m in length. The rises of arches are 34,0 m and 42,0 m respectively. The width of the bridge is 31,5 m. The arches and ties, as well as the girders of the approach spans, are steel box girders. The decks of all bridge structures are the composite reinforced concrete slabs with thickness of 300 mm, locally 400 mm. The launching itself was very complex and unique, in both analysis and construction. The arch bridges were fully assembled on the banks and launched by skids over the bank and by pontoons over the river, to the final position on piers. The bridge is, despite of heavy loads and structural complexity, very rational in steel volumes and construction costs as well.

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Ghatte, Hamid F., Mustafa Comert, Cem Demir, and Alper Ilki. "Seismic Performance of Full-Scale FRP Retrofitted Substandard RC Columns Loaded in the Weak Direction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.347.

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FRP confinement of sub-standard columns with low quality concrete, light transverse reinforcement and improper reinforcement detailing is widely accepted as an efficient retrofitting strategy. This paper introduces an improved method using carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) and external steel ties for seismic retrofitting of full-scale rectangular reinforced concrete columns loaded in their weak directions. Three cantilever columns with a cross-sectional aspect ratio of two (600 mm x 300 mm) are tested under constant axial load and reversed cyclic lateral loads. The columns are representative of existing substandard members with characteristics such as low concrete quality, low transverse reinforcement ratio, plain bars and high axial load level. The test results indicate that columns retrofitted with FRP jacketing and external steel ties significantly benefit from the applied retrofit scheme particularly in terms of ductility and energy dissipation. Additionally, the experimental results are compared with the performance predictions of seismic assessment and design documents.

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Lima Júnior, H. C. "Steel-fibre high-strength concrete prisms confined by rectangular ties under concentric compression." Materials and Structures 37, no. 274 (October 17, 2004): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/14092.

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Geng, Xiangri, Wei Zhou, and Jiachuan Yan. "Reinforcement of orthogonal ties in steel-fiber-reinforced reactive powder concrete anchorage zone." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 10 (March 21, 2019): 2311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219838085.

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Lima Júnior, H. C., and J. S. Giongo. "Steel-fibre high-strength concrete prisms confined by rectangular ties under concentric compression." Materials and Structures 37, no. 10 (December 2004): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02480514.

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Shao, Yun Da, and Hong Guo. "Analysis and Summary of Characteristics of Confined Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.330.

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Characteristics and constraint mechanism of concrete confined by ties,concrete filled steel tube,FRP-strengthened concrete were summed up in this paper,and unified bearing capacity model for confined concrete was also introduced,then several new kinds of confined concrete forms were outlined,finally the development and application of confined concrete were prospected.

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Elsayed, Ahmed, and Zhishen Wu. "Cyclic Performance of Square RC Bridge Columns Confined with Combined Steel and BFRP Ties." Journal of Composites for Construction 25, no. 5 (October 2021): 04021044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0001157.

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Giordano, Luca, Giuseppe Mancini, and Francesco Tondolo. "Numerical Interpretation of Bond Between Steel and Concrete in Presence of Corrosion and Cyclic Action." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.349.

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Bond between steel and concrete in reinforced concrete structures plays a fundamental role. The stress transfer mechanism depends on the condition of the contact surface between the two materials, the mechanical characteristics of concrete near the rebar and on the available level of confinement. Corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete structures modifies those three factors. Because of corrosion, on the rebar surface a granular oxide layer is present and with its expansion it generates a significant radial pressure; consequently tensile stresses grow till cracking of the concrete cover with a subsequent reduction of the confinement effect. Moreover the presence of a mechanical action modifies the resisting mechanism producing an increasing damage. In this study, a model is presented for the numerical simulation of experimental tests on r.c. ties subjected to mechanical action; furthermore some considerations on reinforced concrete ties subjected also to corrosion effect are reported. From those analyses it is possible to estimate a modified bond-slip law between the reinforcing bars and the concrete, in order to take into account the level of damage.

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Giordano, Luca, Giuseppe Mancini, and Francesco Tondolo. "Experimental Evaluation of Corrosion Effect on Bond Between Steel and Concrete in Presence of Cyclic Action." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.345.

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Corrosion modifies the steel-concrete interface in reinforced concrete structures. The efficiency of the connection between the two materials is reduced and the structural behavior both in service and in ultimate condition is affected. Moreover in structures subjected to cyclic load, a simultaneous mechanical deterioration due to the load is present. In this work an experimental analysis on reinforced concrete structures under both cyclic load and corrosion of reinforcing bars is presented. Three couples of reinforced concrete ties are connected in series and subjected to the same stress variation in order to produce the cracking conditions and to activate the bond mechanism. However, while one of the two reinforced concrete ties is only subjected to cyclic load, the second one is also corroded using an accelerated electrochemical corrosion process. The simultaneous effect of the cyclic load and corrosion is evaluated monitoring the crack opening on the structures during the test and by means of visual inspection of the sample. The test results show the correlation between the mechanism of bond and the average level of stresses for an amplified stress range.

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Machciník, Michal, Peter Horňak, Maroš Halama, Juraj Bartusz, and Karol Koval. "Microstructural and Chemical Analysis of Military Steel from World War II as Part of Sculpture." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.251.

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The paper deals with the microstructural and chemical analysis of military steel from World War II (WWII). The sample of steel which was found in the form of totally destroyed military armoured transporter from WWII close to Hornad River near Košice city, Slovakia by well-known Slovakian artist Juraj Bartusz in the early 60-ties and nowadays analysed by advanced techniques. Juraj Bartusz created from these pieces of steel cycle of Works under name Forest (1965 – 67) which was exhibited in Paris in Museum Rodin (1968). Steel was non-standardly heat treated by melting during fire of bombs without detonators, pure ecrasite. Thus pieces of steel were exposed to extremely high temperature and change structure. Achieved structure was analysed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) supported by EDX chemical analysis. The layer of corrosion products of this sculpture exposed to rural atmosphere for 58 years in Kosice region was also analysed by both techniques.

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Chernyshev, Sergei, Andrew Lavrusevich, Irina Evgrafova, and Nikolay Chernyshev. "Secular deformations of the sand ground of Golgotha Mount on the Anzer Island of the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501039.

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Very slow secular horizontal movement of ground is commonly not taken into consideration during construction of buildings near slopes and bents with no risks of landslide. However, our observations indicate that a range of objects is marked with such movement. Current study is aimed at determining the rate of the sand ground dislocations near the ultimately steep slope. In order to determine the rate, we conducted periodical measurements of the width of the tensile fractures in the loadbearing walls of the building constructed in 1830. Building of the object and its restoration in the current century have led to the imperfect structure of the building, lacking steel ties in the brick walls, which should have been installed at different levels, specifically under the floor and at the level of the vault abutment. The absence of ties has resulted in rupturing of the examined building due to tensioning of the moving foundation. The errors of the constructors have transformed this building into an object that can be used to determine the rate of ground movement.It is not a unique case, as this small velocity is often neglected, which, however, results into the wall fracturing in the course of long-term use.

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Dawe, J. L., and C. K. Seah. "Behaviour of masonry infilled steel frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-129.

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Masonry shear panels used as infilling in steel frames are investigated experimentally. Twenty-eight large-scale specimens were tested to ultimate panel strength under in-plane, horizontal loading applied at roof level. Of the parameters varied in the test series, interface conditions between panel edges and frame were found to significantly affect the strength and behaviour. Column-to-panel ties were found to be ineffective in increasing ultimate strength while initial stiffness was only marginally increased. A 20 mm gap between the upper edge of a panel and roof beam was particularly detrimental to the system shear capacity. While panel openings reduced initial major crack load, the same was not necessarily true for their effect on ultimate strength. Reinforced bond beams at one third and two thirds of the panel height forced initial major cracking to occur quite close to ultimate, which itself was only marginally increased. The lowest initial major cracking and ultimate loads were recorded for those specimens consisting of a panel in a hinge frame with a 20 mm gap between the upper edge of the panel and roof beam. Key words: masonry, infilled panel, steel frame, experimental, in-plane, behaviour, strength.

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Eid, R., and A. N. Dancygier. "Partially confined circular members subjected to axial compression: Analysis of concrete confined by steel ties." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 21, no. 6 (December 20, 2005): 737–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2005.21.6.737.

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Anbarasu, M., S. Bharath Kumar, and S. Sukumar. "Study on the effect of ties in the intermediate length Cold Formed Steel (CFS) columns." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 46, no. 3 (May 10, 2013): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.46.3.323.

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Lebedev, V. N., A. G. Korchunov, and M. V. Chukin. "Production of stabilized high-strength reinforcement steel for the new generation of ferroconcrete railroad ties." Metallurgist 55, no. 1-2 (May 2011): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-011-9391-9.

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Walijee, Hussein, Ali Al-Hussaini, Andrew Harris, and David Owens. "What Are the Trends in Tonsillectomy Techniques in Wales? A Prospective Observational Study of 19,195 Tonsillectomies over a 10-Year Period." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/747403.

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There are a multitude of techniques to undertake tonsillectomy, with hot techniques such as diathermy and coblation being associated with a higher risk of secondary haemorrhage. The UK National Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit (2004) advocated cold steel dissection and ties to be the gold standard. This prospective observational study investigates the trends in tonsillectomy techniques across Wales in the last decade to establish if surgeons have adhered to this national guidance. Data relating to tonsillectomy were extracted over a 10-year period from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2012 from the Wales Surgical Instrument Surveillance Programme database. A total of 19,195 patients were included. Time-series analysis using linear regression showed there was an increase in the number of bipolar diathermy tonsillectomies by 84% (Pearson’sr=0.762,p=0.010) and coblation tonsillectomies by 120% (r=0.825,p=0.003). In contrast, there was a fall in the number of cold steel dissection tonsillectomies with ties by 60% (r=-0.939,p<0.001). This observational study suggests that the use of bipolar and coblation techniques for tonsillectomy has increased. This deviation from national guidance may be due to these techniques being faster with less intraoperative bleeding. Further study for the underlying reasons for the increase in these techniques is warranted.

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Gribniak, V., A. K. Arnautov, A. Norkus, R. Kliukas, V. Tamulenas, E. Gudonis, and A. Sokolov. "Steel Fibres: Effective Way to Prevent Failure of the Concrete Bonded with FRP Sheets." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4913536.

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Although the efficiency of steel fibres for improving mechanical properties (cracking resistance and failure toughness) of the concrete has been broadly discussed in the literature, the number of studies dedicated to the fibre effect on structural behaviour of the externally bonded elements is limited. This experimental study investigates the influence of steel fibres on the failure character of concrete elements strengthened with external carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets. The elements were subjected to different loading conditions. The test data of four ties and eight beams are presented. Different materials were used for the internal bar reinforcement: in addition to the conventional steel, high-grade steel and glass fibre reinforced polymer bars were also considered. The experimental results indicated that the fibres, by significantly increasing the cracking resistance, alter the failure character from splitting of the concrete to the bond loss of the external sheets and thus noticeably increase the load bearing capacity of the elements.

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Da Silva, Bruna Martins, Ivan Felismino Charas Dos Santos, Danuta Pulz Doiche, Maria Gabriela Picelli De Azevedo, David José De Castro Martins, Barbara Wagner Duarte Ferraz De Camargo, Manuela Agostinho, Gustavo Manea Ferreira, Marina Paiva Branco, and Gabriela Cunha Salewski. "Femoral Diaphyseal Fractures Fixation Technique Using an Adjustable Nylon Tie in Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and Cat (Felis catus domesticus)." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (May 30, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86850.

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Background: Adjustable nylon ties polyamide 6.6 is devices produced from the same material of surgical nylon wire and have been used in different surgical procedures in small animals and in human patient. Reports regarding the use of these devices as secondary fixation technique of femoral diaphyseal fractures in animals are rare in the literature. The aim of the present report case was to describe the use of adjustable nylon tie polyamide 6.6 as secondary fixation technique in a 3-year-old dog and 4-month-old cat, diagnosed with femoral diaphyseal fractures.Cases: Case 1. A 3-year-old female dog was presented with reluctance to support the left hind limb, with 5 days’ duration. Pain and edema on the left femoral diaphyseal region was identified. The limb was submitted to radiographic exam and revealed a closed, complete and comminuted fracture of the diaphysis of the femur, and was decided to perform a surgical stabilization by open reduction through primary fixation with intramedullary pin, and secondary fixation of bone fragments with adjustable nylon ties polyamide 6.6, as a substitute of steel cerclage wire. The bone fragments were alignment and fixated with five polyamide nylon ties. The excess was removed with a scalpel blade along the lock. Seven days after surgery the skin sutures were removed and were observed reluctance to support the left hind limb. Physiotherapy sessionswere prescribed. Forty days after the surgery was performed a radiographic exam of the left hind limb which revealed alignment of the bone axis. Six months after the surgery, the owner reported that the dog supported the left hind limb.Case 2. A 4-month-old female cat was presented with history of trauma, with 24 h’s duration, and reluctance in supporting the left hind limb. On physical examination there was identified pain on the left femoral diaphyseal region. Radiographic examination revealed a closed, complete and simple fracture of the diaphysis of the femur, and a surgical stabilization through primary fixation with intramedullary pin, and secondary fixation with three polyamide nylon ties was performed.Seven days after the surgery were observed reluctance to support the left hind limb. Three months after the surgery, the owner was contacted and he reported that the cat was supported the limb.Discussion: Adult dogs are more susceptible to diaphyseal fractures and so does the dog in the present report. On the other hand, young cats present high metaphyseal fracture rates due to the metaphyseal growth plate. However, the cat in the present report was different since it was 4-month-old and presented diaphyseal fracture. Different from steel cerclagewires, polyamide nylon ties were used as secondary fixation in diaphyseal fractures for the reason that of their stability in this kind of fracture, no tissue reaction and minimal tissue trauma. The adjustable nylon ties polyamide 6.6 were already used in different surgical procedures in human patients and animals. Complications reported in the literature due to theiruse were associated with erroneous surgical techniques. Adjustable nylon ties polyamide 6.6 proved to be efficient as bone cerclage device in diaphyseal multiple and simple fracture, as well as gave stability to the herein assessed adult dog and young cat, besides not inducing foreign body reactions.Keywords: small animals, polyamide, bones, cerclage, surgery.

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Ikhsan, Muhammad, and Susi Ekalestari. "CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE PROTAGONIST’S WORRY IN DANIELLE STEEL’S NOVEL FAMILY TIES." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 3, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v3i1.79.

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This research analyses the causes and effects of the protagonist’s worry in Danielle Steel’s novel Family Ties, a story of woman, Annie Ferguson, who must become a mother in her bachelorette. She always worries about the future of her sister’s children. This research applied the theory of worry proposed by Graham (2006), who said that worry is “prominent feature of most anxiety-based disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder“. The research is completed by using descriptive qualitative method in which the finding is presented in the form of description. The data of this study is obtained from the novel Family Ties by Danielle Steel. The analysis finds that the dominant causes of the protagonist’s worry come from her nephews’ life which affects her life negatively. The effects of her worry will be a lesson for human life because every human being certainly has worry feeling in their life in certain situations.

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Darbhanzi, A., M. S. Marefat, and M. Khanmohammadi. "Investigation of in-plane seismic retrofit of unreinforced masonry walls by means of vertical steel ties." Construction and Building Materials 52 (February 2014): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.020.

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Savić, Adrijana, Aref Shafiei Dastgerdi, Terry Beck, Robert J. Peterman, and Aaron Robertson. "The Influence of Concrete Cover, Type of Wire Indentation and Concrete Mix on Bond between Steel and Concrete in Prismatic Prestressed Concrete Members." Advanced Engineering Forum 39 (February 2021): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.39.103.

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This research was focused on evaluating the influence of the different variables that affectsplitting in prestressed concrete members, particularly prestressed concrete ties. These include the thickness of concrete cover, release strength of concrete, and the type of wire indentation. Different combinations of these variables can affect splitting. This research was focused on finding the best possible material characteristics to avoid potential failures in the field. The objective of this research was to set the minimum value of the thickness of concrete cover, for different wire types used in manufacturing having given types of aggregate for concrete mixture. The importance of this research was to identify the best materials and the best system (concrete, wire, cover) designs before the production of prestressed concrete ties. Splitting test results presented in this research were focusedon three different thicknesses of concrete cover, three different concrete mixes, a 4500psi concrete release strength, and seven different indented wire types.

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Najim Abbas, Aamer, and Nura Jasim Muhammed. "Structural Behavior of Unbalanced Section self-compacting reinforced concrete axially Loaded columns." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24088.

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Eight (120 mm) square and (1 m) long reinforced concrete columns were tested under axial load to large inelastic deformations. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the behavior of column sections confined by rectilinear ties. Major variables considered in this program included: (1) Distribution of longitudinal and lateral steel, including unbalanced section due to the asymmetric distribution of reinforcing steel bars (2) type of concrete; normal concrete and self-compacting concrete. Finite element model was performed to validate the experimental results of this investigation. Test results indicate that a asymmetric distribution longitudinal bars results in desired performance of columns. Unsupported longitudinal bars and its number effective only at large deformations and result in rapid deterioration of column behavior at a later stage. There is 8.75% and 35.65% decrease in ultimate capacity under the control column, asymmetric distribution of reinforcing steel bars appears a more brittle while symmetric bars yields more elastic than brittle, it adds safety when failure happens.

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Li, Xue Wei, and Xin Yuan. "The Analysis of Plant Disease Harms and Study on the Technology of Synthesis Reinforce in Arc-Arched Bridge of Solid Abdomen Type." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.957.

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On the foundation of harms in the analytical arc-arched bridge plant disease up, this text propose the bridge floor makes up the strong level and the arch ring increases the section reinforcement, the arch ring spandrel wall steel member pulls ties supplements the pile foundation synthesis reinforcement with the lower part the plan. It not only improves the bridge bearing capacity and structure whole rigidity, also controls the development of the crack nicely, which shows certain model significance in the old bridge reinforcement transformation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel ties'

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