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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel-timber composite beams'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 February 2023

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1

Szumigała, Maciej, Ewa Szumigała, and Łukasz Polus. "An Analysis of the Load-Bearing Capacity of Timber-Concrete Composite Beams with Profiled Sheeting." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 27, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0057.

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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of timber-concrete composite beams. Said composite beams consist of rectangular timber beams and concrete slabs poured into the steel sheeting. The concrete slab is connected with the timber beam using special shear connectors. The authors of this article are trying to patent these connectors. The article contains results from a numerical analysis. It is demonstrated that the type of steel sheeting used as a lost formwork has an influence on the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the timber-concrete composite beams.

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2

Gao, Ying, Feiyang Xu, Xinmiao Meng, Ye Zhang, and Hongda Yang. "Experimental and numerical study on the lateral torsional buckling of full-scale steel-timber composite beams." Advances in Structural Engineering 25, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 522–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211057263.

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The lateral torsional buckling (LTB) of steel-timber composite (STC) beam with partial interaction was investigated in this paper. The composite beam is constructed by connecting the timber to both flanges of the H-shaped steel with bolts or screws. Twelve push-out specimens were designed to evaluate the shear performance of bolt or screw connectors. It was shown that the slip stiffness and the shear bearing capacity of the connectors increased with the thickness of timber increasing. Then, eight full-scale composite beams with lengths of 6000 mm were studied through bending tests and compared to a bare steel beam. The experimental behaviors of the specimens were identified, including the failure mode, load-deflection relationship and load-strain response. The LTB phenomenon and composite action were discussed by analyzing the strain distribution, stiffness and strength. The results demonstrated that the STC beams fastened with bolts or screws displayed partial composite action. Although the stiffness of the composite beam showed little augmentation, the maximum strength of the composite beam substantially increased by suppressing the LTB phenomenon. A finite element analysis was conducted to reveal the failure mechanism of the specimens with different geometric and physical parameters, including the number of timber layers, the interface shear stiffness and the initial imperfection. It was found that increasing the number of timber layers in the upper flange suppressed the lateral torsional buckling, and the interface shear stiffness was the key factor to control the stiffness and failure modes of STC beams.

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3

Liu, Jiatong, Ruiyue Liu, Wei Li, Jiejun Wang, and Ling Chen. "Experimental Study on the Flexural Performance of Timber–Steel Composite (TSC) I-Beams." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081206.

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To promote the development of timber–steel composite (TSC) structures, this paper proposes a TSC I-beam with an I-beam as the webs, covered with a timber board on its upper and lower surfaces and bolted together; the effect of varying the ratio of the timber board thickness to I-beam on the bending performance of the TSC I-beam was investigated. Considering the same total height of the beam cross-section and the variation of timber board thickness and I-beam height, three groups of six TSC beam specimens were designed and fabricated to carry out bending load failure tests, and the effects of the variation of timber board thickness with respect to I-beam height on the failure mode, flexural load capacity, ductility, and composite degree of TSC beams were analyzed. In addition, a model for predicting the elastic ultimate bending capacity and mid-span deflection of TSC I-beams was proposed on the basis of the composite coefficient method, which avoids the need to test the joints, and the theoretical calculation results were in good agreement with the test results, which can provide a reference for the design of TSC I-beams.

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4

Hu, Yafeng, Yang Wei, Si Chen, Yadong Yan, and Weiyao Zhang. "Experimental Study on Timber−Lightweight Concrete Composite Beams with Ductile Bolt Connectors." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102632.

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A timber–lightweight−concrete (TLC) composite beam connected with a ductile connector in which the ductile connector is made of a stainless−steel bolt anchored with nuts at both ends was proposed. The push−out results and bending performance of the TLC composite specimens were investigated by experimental testing. The push−out results of the shear specimens show that shear–slip curves exhibit good ductility and that their failure can be attributed to bolt buckling accompanied by lightweight concrete cracking. Through the bending tests of ten TLC composite beams and two contrast (pure timber) beams, the effects of different bolt diameters on the strengthening effect of the TLC composite beams were studied. The results show that the TLC composite beams and contrast timber beams break on the timber fiber at the lowest edge of the TLC composite beam, and the failure mode is attributed to bending failure, whereas the bolt connectors and lightweight concrete have no obvious breakage; moreover, the ductile bolt connectors show a good connection performance until the TLC composite beams fail. The ultimate bearing capacities of the TLC composite beams increase 2.03–3.5 times compared to those of the contrast beams, while the mid-span maximum deformation decrease nearly doubled.

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5

Lukin, Mikhail, Evgeny Prusov, Svetlana Roshchina, Maria Karelina, and Nikolay Vatin. "Multi-Span Composite Timber Beams with Rational Steel Reinforcements." Buildings 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020046.

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Wooden multi-span beams with steel reinforcement were studied experimentally on a stationary stand using an eight-point loading scheme that simulated a load uniformly distributed over the beam span. The studies were carried out on beams with a span of 4.8 m with a cross-sectional area of 40 mm × 80 mm, reinforced in the stretched zones of the cross-section with rods made of hot-rolled steel reinforcement of A400 class. The rational zones for the location of reinforcements in the tensioned and compressed zones of the beams were determined. The rational placements of reinforcement in the support and span zones was based on the numerical simulation of the volumetric stress state calculated using the finite element method. It was experimentally confirmed that the failure of wood composite beams had a plastic nature and occurred only along normal sections. This excluded the possibility of brittle fracture from shear stresses and ensured the operational reliability of structures as a whole. It was shown that the proposed rational reinforcement of wooden beams increased their bearing capacity by 175% and reduced bearing deformability by 85%. The results obtained indicated high efficiency of the application of the developed method of reinforcement in beams of roofs and floors of buildings.

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6

Chybiński, Marcin, and Łukasz Polus. "Structural Behaviour of Aluminium–Timber Composite Beams with Partial Shear Connections." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031603.

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In this paper, the short-term behaviour of innovative aluminium–timber composite beams was investigated. Laminated veneer lumber panels were attached to aluminium beams with screws. Recently conducted theoretical, experimental, and numerical investigations have focused on aluminium–timber composite beams with almost full shear connections. However, no experiments on aluminium–timber composite beams with partial shear connections have yet been conducted. For this reason, composite action in composite beams with different screw spacing was studied in this paper. Four-point bending tests were performed on aluminium–timber composite beams with different screw spacing to study their structural behaviour (ultimate load, mode of failure, load versus deflection response, load versus slip response, and short-term stiffness). The method used for steel–concrete composite beams with partial shear connection was adopted to estimate the load bearing capacity of the investigated aluminium–timber composite beams. The resistance to sagging bending of the aluminium–timber composite beams with partial shear connections from the theoretical analyses differed by 6–16% from the resistance in the laboratory tests. In addition, four 2D numerical models of the composite beams were developed. One model reflected the behaviour of the composite beam with full shear connection. The remaining models represented the composite beams with partial shear connections and were verified against the laboratory test results. Laminated veneer lumber was modelled as an orthotropic material and its failure was captured using the Hashin damage model. The resistance to sagging bending of the aluminium–timber composite beams with partial shear connections from the numerical analyses were only 3–6% lower than the one from the experiments.

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7

Romero, Alfredo, Jie Yang, François Hanus, and Christoph Odenbreit. "Numerical Investigation of Steel‐LVL Timber Composite Beams." ce/papers 5, no. 2 (April 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1694.

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8

Ghanbari Ghazijahani, Tohid, Hui Jiao, and Damien Holloway. "Composite Timber Beams Strengthened by Steel and CFRP." Journal of Composites for Construction 21, no. 1 (February 2017): 04016059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000714.

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9

Monteiro, Sandra, Alfredo Dias, and Sérgio Lopes. "Transverse Distribution of Concentrated Loads on Timber Composite Floors." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 1, 2018): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231421.

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Timber-concrete composite floors can be seen as bi-dimensional elements constituted by repeatable longitudinal elements (timber beams) connected through an element capable to spread the load on the transverse direction (concrete slab). This is usually a fact to “take advantage of” in terms of design, in the light of current regulations, with the analysis of a “T-shape” beam. Nevertheless, when concerning the action of concentrated loads, considering them supported entirely by the beam to which they are applied can result in a disadvantage rather than an advantage. This study focus on the distribution of load in the transverse direction when composite floors are subjected to concentrated loads. There were analyzed not only timber-concrete composite floors, that already have proven their value, but also relatively new solutions as those using cross laminated timber (CLT) combined with steel beams. The results show that the load received by “the loaded beam” can be far from 100%.

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10

Wang, Jiejun, Ying Lu, Yun Lei, and Haolei Wang. "Comparative Study on Flexural Behavior of Steel–Timber Composite beams and Glued Timber I-Beams." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 13, no. 6 (December 2020): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.136.24.

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11

Liu, Ruiyue, Jiatong Liu, Zhenzhen Wu, Ling Chen, and Jiejun Wang. "A Study on the Influence of Bolt Arrangement Parameters on the Bending Behavior of Timber–Steel Composite (TSC) Beams." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12112013.

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The present paper investigates the impact of bolt distance, bolt diameter, and the number of bolt rows on the bending performance of timber–steel composite (TSC) beams. This study aims to facilitate the application of bolt connections in assembled TSC structures. Composite steel I-beams were designed with timber boards connected in the upper section with bolts. Three-point static bending tests were conducted on nine timber–steel composite beams divided into four groups (L1, L2, L3, and L4) with varying bolt arrangements. The destruction mode, ultimate bearing capacity, ductility coefficient, load–midspan deflection curve, and load–midspan strain curve of each specimen were obtained. In addition, the destruction mechanism, the quantitative relationship between the bolt area ratio and interfacial slip, and the ideal bolt area ratio were identified. It was found that when the midspan deflection of the timber–steel composite beam approached the prescribed limit, the main failure mode can be explained as follows: The top surface of the boards of all the specimens had longitudinal local splitting, except L1, which had fewer bolts and no obvious damage. Moreover, due to compression and because the stress at the lower edge of the I-beam entered the flow amplitude stage, some of the specimens were crushed but were not pulled off. The composite beams had high flexural load capacity and ductility coefficient, and the maximum relative slips of the timber–steel interfaces were in the range of 2–6 mm. It was also found that the maximum slip of the interface and the ductility coefficient decreased steadily as the bolt area ratio increased, while the specimen’s flexural bearing capacity increased. The optimal bolt area ratio was determined to be 8 × 10−3. Using the total bolt area, we designed the arrangement of the bolts on the board. For convenience, multiple bolt variables were converted into one bolt variable. The longitudinal distance of the bolts had a greater impact on the slip, and the bolt diameter had a smaller impact. The theoretical values of total relative slip were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, which were based on the superposition of the relative slip equations with varying bolt distances. The effective bolt area ratio and the formula of the relative slip of each segment can provide instructions for the arrangement of bolts and the control of the relative slip of intersections in engineering practices.

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12

Chiniforush, A. A., H. R. Valipour, and A. Akbarnezhad. "Long-term coupled analysis of steel-timber composite (STC) beams." Construction and Building Materials 278 (April 2021): 122348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122348.

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13

Szűcs, István, Zsuzsa Balogh, and Rose Holtzman. "Acoustic emission at failure of steel-timber-concrete composite beams." Pollack Periodica 14, no. 2 (August 2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2019.14.2.17.

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14

Hassanieh, A., H. R. Valipour, and M. A. Bradford. "Experimental and numerical study of steel-timber composite (STC) beams." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 122 (July 2016): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.04.005.

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15

Moritani, Fabiana Y., Carlos E. J. Martins, and Alfredo M. P. G. Dias. "A literature review on cold-formed steel-timber composite structures." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 8489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.moritani.

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State-of-the-art steel-timber composite structures (STC), using cold-formed steel (CFS) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), are considered in this review. Literature on this type of construction solution is reviewed to provide an overview of the characteristics and advantages of STC. Previous experimental and numerical studies with STC structures, mainly composite solutions with CFS beams and CLT panels, are discussed to assess the behavior of this structural typology. A comprehensive description of the connection systems performance in different STC structures is also provided. Furthermore, the design and analytical methods currently available are presented. Likewise, details on aspects related to dynamic properties and fire resistance are discussed.

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16

Moritani, Fabiana Y., Carlos E. J. Martins, and Alfredo M. P. G. Dias. "A literature review on cold-formed steel-timber composite structures." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 8489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8489-8508.

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State-of-the-art steel-timber composite structures (STC), using cold-formed steel (CFS) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), are considered in this review. Literature on this type of construction solution is reviewed to provide an overview of the characteristics and advantages of STC. Previous experimental and numerical studies with STC structures, mainly composite solutions with CFS beams and CLT panels, are discussed to assess the behavior of this structural typology. A comprehensive description of the connection systems performance in different STC structures is also provided. Furthermore, the design and analytical methods currently available are presented. Likewise, details on aspects related to dynamic properties and fire resistance are discussed.

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17

Waseem, Shakeel Ahmad, Zeeshan Manzoor, and Javed Ahmad Bhat. "An Experimental Investigation into the Behavior of Steel-Timber Composite Beams." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 27, no. 1 (February 2022): 04021055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000636.

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18

Chybiński, Marcin, and Łukasz Polus. "Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium-Timber Composite Connections with Screws and Toothed Plates." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010068.

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This paper presents an investigation of the load-slip behaviour of aluminium-timber composite connections. Toothed plates with bolts are often used for connecting timber structural members with steel structural members. In this paper, toothed plates (C2-50/M10G, C2-50/M12G or C11-50/M12) have been used as reinforcement in aluminium-timber screwed connections for the first time. The push-out test specimens consisted of laminated veneer lumber slabs, aluminium alloy beams, and hexagon head wood screws (10 mm × 80 mm and 12 mm × 80 mm). Of the specimens, 12 additionally had toothed plates as reinforcement, while 8 had no reinforcement. The load carrying-capacity, the mode of failure and the load-slip response of the strengthened and non-strengthened screwed connections were investigated. The use of toothed plate connectors was found to be effective in increasing the strength of aluminium-timber composite connections and ineffective in improving their stiffness. The examined stiffness and strength of the connections can be used in the design and numerical modelling of aluminium-timber composite beams with reinforced screwed connections.

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19

YANG, RUYUAN, JIA WAN, XIAOFENG ZHANG, and YOUFU SUN. "MODELLING OF STEEL-TIMBER COMPOSITE BEAMS: VALIDATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL AND PARAMETRIC STUDY." WOOD RESEARCH 66(5) 2021 66, no. 5 (November 2, 2021): 806–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.5.806820.

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In this paper, non-linear finite elements models (FEM) of steel-timber composite (STC) beams have been developed and analyzed using ABAQUS software. In the FEM, the loading conditions of STC beams were simulated, and the nonlinear behaviour of the contact interface between the steel and timber components were incorporated adequately into the FEM. For the yield load, the maximum error between the FE results and the experimental results is 14.85%. The maximum average error of the yield deflection is 12.94%. and of the ultimate load is 16.79%. However, the error of key points was less than 17% (within a reasonable range), which proves that the established finite element model, selected material parameters and contact element model can better simulate the bending performance of STC beams. Finally,a parametric study was carried out by using the verified FEM. It is shown that the FEM developed in this study can replicate adequately the load-deflection response, andthe development of stress and plasticity of the bending experiment.Through the parameter study, it can be seen that thedistribution density and mechanical properties of the connection between the glulam and H-section steel can affect the mechanical behavior of the whole STC beams.

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20

Liu, Hui, Jun Hu, Guohui Li, and Guangying Mo. "Numerical Analysis for U-Shaped Thin-Walled Structure Reinforced Timber Beam Based on Thin-Layer Beam Theory." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7513645.

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This paper presents a theoretical model, taking into account the shear deformation subjected to the influence of U-shaped member by geometric parameters as flange height based on thin-layer beam theory, to analyze the structural bending behavior of U-shaped member reinforced timber composite beams, and the feasible design forms of U-section have been pointed out. The algorithm for this composite beam is the most practical and effective method to meet the accurate solution. The formulas for the common forms of U-section are presented. It aims to develop a rational engineering approach. The proposed model has been validated by comparing the results obtained in the present analysis with experimental results and finite element analysis. Furthermore, the results suggested that the value of flange height can be one-fifth the beam height based on the present analysis by comparison of two types of beams. And it is shown that the model provided here correlates consistently and satisfactorily with a wide range of timber beams reinforced by a thin-walled structure such as steel or aluminum alloy sheet bonded to their tension faces.

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21

Marzo, A., Maria Rosaria Grippa, Beatrice Faggiano, and Federico M. Mazzolani. "Bending Test on Composite Timber-Steel-Concrete Floor Equipped with Innovative Collar Connectors." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.537.

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In this paper a full scale monotonic static bending test on a composite timber-steel-concrete floor, equipped with innovative “collar” connectors, is illustrated. In particular, the specimen consists of two beams, made of ancient chestnut, connected to the concrete reinforced slab by means of purposely fitted upside wings of steel collars astride the beams themselves. The test is part of a comprehensive research activity, aiming at the evaluation and optimization of the collar connection device, developed within the European project PROHITECH (“Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technology”, 2004-2008).

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22

Lei, Yun, Jiejun Wang, Jiatong Liu, and Ruiyue Liu. "Experimental Study on the Bending Behavior of Timber-steel Composite Box Beams." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 14, no. 6 (2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.146.06.

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23

Chiniforush, Alireza A., Hamid Valipour, Ali Akbarnezhad, and Mark Bradford. "08.27: Steel-timber composite (STC) beams: Numerical simulation of long-term behaviour." ce/papers 1, no. 2-3 (September 2017): 2051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.250.

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24

Biscaia, Hugo, Noel Franco, Ricardo Nunes, and Carlos Chastre. "Old Suspended Timber Floors Flexurally-Strengthened with Different Structural Materials." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.78.

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The design of timber beams has strict limits when it comes to the Serviceability Limit States (SLS) either in short-term or in long-term deflections. In order to face this aspect efficiently, the increase of the cross section of the beams might be considered as a solution. However, the prohibitive increase of the costs associated to this solution or the change of the initial architecture design of the building, opens the opportunity to find new and more efficient solutions. In that way, the use of additional reinforcements to the timber beams may be seen as a promising solution because either new or old structures would keep always their original aesthetical aspect with no significant self-weight increase and improving their behaviour to short and long-term actions. Therefore, the current study is dedicated to the analysis of composite timber beams where Fiber Reinforcement Polymers (FRP), steel or stainless steel are used to improve the stiffness, strength and deflection behaviour of old suspended timber floors. An experimental program was conducted where old suspended timber floors reinforced with CFRP strips were subjected to 4-point bending tests. A simplify nonlinear numerical model was developed to simulate the bending behaviour of the specimens and several other cases with other reinforcement configurations and different structural materials were assumed. The numerical analysis herein presented also takes into account both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States of the reinforced specimens.

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25

Tavoussi, Kamyar, Alireza Fadai, Felipe Riola-Parada, and Wolfgang Winter. "Development of Prefabricated Timber-Steel-Concrete Ribbed Decks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.21.

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In the last years several projects of medium and high-rise timber-based multi-story buildings have been proposed and developed. In most of the cases timber-concrete composite (TCC) floors play a significant role for the design of the structural slabs due to acoustic performance, fire protection and structural issues. Within several research projects and with the aim to optimize the structural and ecological characteristics of building components the Department of Structural Design and Timber Engineering (ITI) at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) developed timber-steel hybrid beams that can be used independently or combined with concrete floors, proposing for this last case prefabricated and semi-prefabricated timber-steel-concrete ribbed elements that make the most of all this potential.In order to recognize the potential for future market implementation and to demonstrate the competiveness of the developed hybrid ribbed floor slabs, the economic feasibility and the ecological impact, structural elements were analyzed in several case studies. The environmental assessment shows the ecological advantages of the developed concepts and underlines the potential for further developments. This paper contains an introduction on the state-of-the-art floor solutions for timber-based multistory buildings, the fundamental ideas and design concepts behind the timber-steel and timber-steel-concrete proposals as well as a short review of the tests carried until now and results obtained.

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26

Zhang, Henan, and Zhibin Ling. "Finite Element Modeling on Shear Performance of Grouted Stud Connectors for Steel–Timber Composite Beams." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031196.

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Steel–timber composite (STC) systems are considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to steel–concrete composite (SCC) structures due to its advantages including high strength-to-weight ratio, lower carbon footprint, and fully dry construction. Bolts and screws are the most commonly used connectors in STC system; however, they probably make great demands on the accuracy of construction because of the predrilling in both the timber slabs and steel girder fangles. To address this issue, the STC connections with grouted stud connectors (GSC) were proposed in this paper. In addition, stud connectors can also provide outstanding stiffness and load-bearing capacity. The mechanical characteristic of the GSC connections was exploratorily investigated by finite element (FE) modeling. The designed parameters for the FE models include stud diameter, stud strength, angle of outer layer of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel, tapered groove configurations, and thickness of CLT panel. The numerical results indicated that the shear capacity and stiffness of the GSC connections were mainly influenced by stud diameter, stud strength, angle of outer layer of CLT panel, and the angle of the tapered grooves. Moreover, the FE simulated shear capacity of the GSC connections were compared with the results predicted by the available calculation formulas in design codes and literatures. Finally, the group effect of the GSC connections with multiple rows of studs was discussed based on the numerical results and parametric analyses. An effective row number of studs was proposed to characterize the group effect of the GSC connections.

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27

Du, Hao, Xiamin Hu, Yuchen Jiang, Chenyu Wei, and Wan Hong. "Load-carrying capacity of self-tapping lag screws for glulam-lightweight concrete composite beams." BioResources 14, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.166-179.

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When a lag screw with a large diameter is used as the shear connector in timer-concrete composite beams, the procedure of pre-drilling is required during the construction process. In this paper, a new type of lag screw was proposed to omit the pre-drilling step. To investigate the shear behavior of the self-tapping lag screws for glulam-lightweight concrete composite beams, a total of 18 push-out tests were conducted. Based on the push-out test results, the influences of concrete type, screw diameter, and penetration length of screw into timber on the load-carrying capacity were analyzed in detail. The push-out test results showed that the concrete type had no remarkable effect on the load-carrying capacity. The load-carrying capacity was improved with increased screw diameter and penetration length. In addition, an analytical model for load-carrying capacity of lag screw connectors was proposed based on the push-out test results. By comparisons, it was found that the timber-timber and steel-timber models proposed in Eurocode 5 made very conservative predictions on the load-carrying capacity of lag screws. The results of the analytical method presented in this paper showed a better agreement with the experimental results.

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28

Chiniforush, A. A., H. R. Valipour, M. A. Bradford, and A. Akbar Nezhad. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of long-term performance of steel-timber composite beams." Engineering Structures 249 (December 2021): 113314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113314.

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29

Chiniforush, A. A., H. R. Valipour, M. A. Bradford, and A. Akbar Nezhad. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of long-term performance of steel-timber composite beams." Engineering Structures 249 (December 2021): 113314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113314.

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30

TABUCHI, Atsushi, Yasuhiro UCHIDA, and Ryuto ISHIKURA. "ULTIMATE BENDING STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION CAPACITY OF COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH TIMBER AND STEEL." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 18, no. 39 (2012): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.18.499.

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31

Caldová, Eva, František Wald, and Anna Kuklíková. "Fire Test of Timber-fibre Concrete Composite Floor." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.6.2.147.

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The subject of this paper is a description of experimental programme of timber-fibre concrete floor in fire. Furnace test was performed on one full-size floor specimen at the Fire testing laboratory PAVUS. Floor specimen was 4, 5 m long and 3 m wide, consisting of 60 mm fibre concrete topping on plywood formwork, connected to GL beams. It was subjected the standard fire for over 150 min. The membrane effect of the floor was progressively activated and the fire performance of timber-fibre concrete floor was better comparing to traditional design method. The project is a part of the experimental research that deals with the effect of membrane action of composite timber fibre reinforced floor slabs exposed to fire which is based on previous research on steel fibre reinforced concrete slabs. The main objective of the project is the preparation of the analytical model which can predict the fire resistance of such floors with dispersed reinforcement.

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Cavalli, Alberto, and Marco Togni. "The Influence of Routed Grooves on the Bending Behavior of Old Timber Beams." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.393.

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Old timber structures represent an important portion of the World cultural heritage: wooden buildings materials and building techniques are part of our history and their conservation is an essential contribution to cultural diversity and global cultural wealth. In recent times, the methods and approaches used to assess and to maintain timber in historic buildings have evolved considerably and various techniques for timber repair and strengthening were developed and deeply investigated. A very common and widely used technique for the timber strengthening-repair is realized by inserting reinforcement materials in grooves cut in the original sound wood. The proposed reinforcement materials are various (fiber reinforced plastic materials, steel bar/s or plate/s, wood and wood products) and the grooves number and depth are variable. Several researches were conducted to determine the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of old timber members strengthened with the described technics. A common approach is to consider the strengthened timber beam as a composite one and the MOE of the wooden part correspondent to the original. In practice, the timber members work together with strengthened materials, and the strengthening intervention is planned taking into account both original timber and strengthening material MOEs. The basic assumption of this approach is that the slots executed along the timber length have no effect on the timber MOE. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of the routed grooves cut along the wooden beams, on the bending MOE of old timber members, to provide important information for the strengthening interventions plan.

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França Monteiro, Vilma, Edgar Bacarji, Orlando Ferreira Gomes, Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr, and André Luis Christoforo. "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Timber Composite Beams Reinforced by Cold Formed Steel Sheets." International Journal of Materials Engineering 5, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ijme.20150503.03.

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Ataei, A., A. A. Chiniforush, M. Bradford, and H. Valipour. "Cyclic behaviour of bolt and screw shear connectors in steel-timber composite (STC) beams." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 161 (October 2019): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.05.048.

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Shi, Benkai, Bowen Huang, Huifeng Yang, Yongqing Dai, and Sijian Chen. "Shear Behaviors of Steel-Plate Connections for Timber-Concrete Composite Beams with Prefabricated Concrete Slabs." Journal of Renewable Materials 11, no. 1 (2023): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2023.022343.

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36

Tsai, Meng-Ting, and Truong Le. "Determination of Initial Stiffness of Timber–Steel Composite (TSC) Beams Based on Experiment and Simulation Modeling." Sustainability 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10041220.

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MATSUMOTO, Yoshinori. "A STUDY ON THE ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BEAMS CONSISTING OF TIMBER AND STEEL MEMBERS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 68, no. 574 (2003): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.68.151_3.

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Hayashi, Tomoyuki, Masahiko Karube, Kouji Harada, Toshihiro Mori, Tomonori Ohno, Kohei Komatsu, and Yasuo Lijima. "Shear tests of timber joints composed of sugi composite glulam beams using newly developed steel connectors." Journal of Wood Science 48, no. 6 (December 2002): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00766644.

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39

Lee, Dongkyu, and Thien Thanh Banh. "Topology design informatics for optimally allocating glue-laminated timber members of steel-composite beams with web-openings." Journal of The korean Association For Spatial Structures 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9712/kass.2022.22.1.47.

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40

Burdzik, W. M. G. "Experimental and analytical investigation into the stiffness of composite steel-reinforced timber beams with flexible shear connectors." Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering 58, no. 4 (2016): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8775/2016/v58n4a2.

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41

Lee, Dongkyu, and Thien Thanh Banh. "Topology design informatics for optimally allocating glue-laminated timber members of steel-composite beams with web-openings." Journal of The korean Association For Spatial Structures 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9712/kass.2022.22.2.47.

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Shi, Benkai, Weiqing Liu, and Huifeng Yang. "Experimental investigation on the long-term behaviour of prefabricated timber-concrete composite beams with steel plate connections." Construction and Building Materials 266 (January 2021): 120892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120892.

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43

Pinheiro, Luís Henrique Bueno, José Antônio Matthiesen, and Jorge Luís Akasaki. "Study of Timber and Concrete with Rubber Waste Composite Beams Applied to Bridges." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.266.

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In order to overcome the hydrographic network, the landforms, and the most different types of barriers, many timber bridges were constructed around the world, especially in secondary roads where the raw materials (wood) can be found in the vicinity, what reduces the construction costs.The deck can be made of reinforced concrete with the purpose of increasing the durability, strength and stiffness of these structures, and using rubber particles can not only decrease the costs and impact on the environment, but can also confer some advantages on the structure, such as a better impact absorption, and a lower cracking due to the abrasion wear, water absorption or self-weight.The analysis of the bending behavior of these superstructures was performed through the study of ten mixed T section composite beams, with wooden web (mimicking the stringers) and a reinforced concrete top flange (mimicking the deck) with varying rubber waste percentage. Steel bars set to “X”, glued with epoxy resin on the wood, allowed the connection between wood and concrete, reducing manufacturing costs with high shear strength resistance. The constituent materials were characterized mechanically and the composite beams were equipped with a dial indicator and strain gauges, and then broken in flexure tests. At the same time, the rubber particles percentage was correlated with the following parameters: stress, strain, elasticity modulus, loads and displacements, what enabled us to find which rubber addition percentage was most adequate in order for this kind of structure to be in accordance with the project requirements for the resistance.

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Yang, Huifeng, Yan Lu, Xiu Ling, Haotian Tao, and Benkai Shi. "Experimental and theoretical investigation on shear performances of glued-in perforated steel plate connections for prefabricated timber–concrete composite beams." Case Studies in Construction Materials 18 (July 2023): e01885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01885.

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45

Thirunavukkarasu, Kajaharan, Elilarasi Kanthasamy, Perampalam Gatheeshgar, Keerthan Poologanathan, Heshachanaa Rajanayagam, Thadshajini Suntharalingam, and Madhushan Dissanayake. "Sustainable Performance of a Modular Building System Made of Built-Up Cold-Formed Steel Beams." Buildings 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100460.

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Modular Building Systems (MBS) offer numerous benefits in terms of productivity, sustainability and safety. Therefore, MBSs are considered as a viable option to sort out the housing crisis in Britain as well as to drive Britain towards sustainable construction. Development in materials, manufacturing techniques, connection types and structural designs with respect to offsite construction is essential to achieve sustainable goals. Recent advancements in steel manufacturing, including Cold-Formed Steel (CFS), have showed potential benefits in structural performance compared to concrete and timber. Meanwhile, research was conducted to enhance the structural capacities of CFS sections by introducing different cross-sections, composite sections and techniques including optimization. Built-up sections were developed by connecting more than one channel section, and various research studies were conducted to assess their structural performances. However, sustainable performance of built-up sections in modular constructions is still unknown. Hence, this paper intends to develop an MBS using built-up sections for better sustainable performance. Literature review was carried out on the sustainability benefits of MBSs in terms of economic, environmental and social aspects. In addition to that, numerical analysis was performed to investigate the flexural capacity of built-up sections with different screw arrangements to address the sustainable aspects of modular construction by introducing novel sections. The numerical description, results and validations are also stated. Numerical results revealed that flexural capacities of built-up sections are improved up to 156% than those of single sections. Finally, the utilization of built-up sections in modular construction with sustainability enhancement is addressed and illustrated in a conceptual diagram.

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Holý, Milan, David Čítek, Petr Tej, and Lukáš Vráblík. "Flexural Strength of Thin Slabs Made of UHPFRC." Solid State Phenomena 292 (June 2019): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.292.224.

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This paper focuses on the determination of the flexural strength of thin slabs made of the Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). The load-bearing capacity in bending of elements reinforced only with steel fibers (used as a scattered reinforcement) is primarily influenced by the orientation and distribution of the fibers. A size-effect occurs by these elements. Some special bending tests were executed within the development of precast bridge deck segments for an innovative timber-concrete composite bridge system. The bending tests were executed on the slab strips under similar boundary conditions as by the bridge deck segments. The slab strips of various thickness of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 mm were tested in 4-point bending tests with span 1900 mm and in 3-point bending tests with span 600 mm. Half of the test specimens was tested in casting position, the other half was tested upside down. The obtained values of the flexural strength were compared to values from reference bending tests of the beams 150 x 150 x 700 mm, 100 x 100 x 400 mm and 40 x 40 x 160 mm. An influence of the different size of the tested specimen, of the slab thickness, of the span size and of the positioning of the slab with respect to the direction of casting on the flexural strength are evaluated. The experiments are further supported by numerical simulation.

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Fujita, Masanori, and Mamoru Iwata. "Bending Test of the Composite Steel-Timber Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.415.

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In the field of building construction, mass consumption of wood materials contributes to reforestation and becomes the environmental burden reduction. However, an application to conventional timber structures only such as house has a quantitative limit. A newly developed timber structure that is able to make a large-scale building is expected. A composite steel-timber structure will be one of the effective methods to expand the structural variations. In this paper, the bending test of composite steel-timber beam classified typical joint methods is conducted to grasp basic structural performance.

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Gomon, Petro, and Mykola Polishchuk. "DEFLECTIONS OF REINFORCED AND NON-REINFORCED BEAMS OF RECTANGULAR SECTION OF GLUED WOOD." Modern structures of metal and wood, no. 26 (July 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-3068-2022-26-88-96.

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The dynamic development and distribution of glued timber structures in construction predetermine their comprehensive study. The issue of increasing the load capacity of such structures using reinforcement is also relevant. The reinforcing of timber elements using steel reinforcement is more researched, but recent studies have shown good use of synthetic fiber-based composites as reinforcement for timber structures

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Szumigała, Ewa, Maciej Szumigała, and Łukasz Polus. "A Numerical Analysis of the Resistance and Stiffness of the Timber and Concrete Composite Beam." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 15, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2014-0040.

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Abstract The article presents the results of a numerical analysis of the load capacity and stiffness of the composite timber and concrete beam. Timber and concrete structures are relatively new, they have not been thoroughly tested and they are rarely used because of technological constraints. One of the obstacles to using them is difficulty with finding a method which would allow successful cooperation between concrete and timber, which has been proposed by the authors of the present article. The modern idea of sustainable construction design requires the use of new more environmentally-friendly solutions. Wood as an ecological material is easily accessible, less energy-consuming, and under certain conditions more corrosion-resistant than steel. The analysis presented in the article showed that cooperation between a wooden beam and a concrete slab on profiled steel sheeting is possible. The analysed composite beam has a greater load capacity and stiffness than the wooden beam.

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Borri, A., and M. Corradi. "Strengthening of timber beams with high strength steel cords." Composites Part B: Engineering 42, no. 6 (September 2011): 1480–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.051.

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