Academic literature on the topic 'Steelmaking ladles'
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Journal articles on the topic "Steelmaking ladles"
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TROFIMENKO, YAROSLAV M., and EVGENIY V. ERSHOV. "IDENTIFICATION MODEL OF STEEL-TEEMING LADLES IN STEELMAKING." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 1, no. 100 (2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2021-1-100-5.
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A model for detecting objects in the image and a model for identifying steel-teeming ladles are discussed in the article. The object detection model is based on the use of a convolutional neural network. The identification model is based on the comparison of steel-teeming ladle features specific to the production process. The authors describe the adaptations of models to the conditions of the YOLOv3 architecture and the parameters of steel-teeming ladles in steel production. Simulation results are given at the end of the article.
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Vlček, J., D. Jančar, J. Burda, M. Klárová, M. Velička, and P. Machovčák. "Measurement the Thermal Profile of Steelmaking Ladle with Subsequent Evaluation the Reasons of Lining Damage." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0053.
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Based on the operational measurement, of which content was to determine ladle thermal profile, there were analysed causes of possible damage of lining in steel ladles by steel breakout through the ladle shell. There exists connection between thermal state of ladle lining during the operation and its lifetime. There were reached to the conclusion that the cause of failure in the lining of ladle is except for high temperature of bath, also wide interval of temperature change during the tap operation, in consequence with possible insufficient pre-heating of ladle, discontinuous operation of aggregate and damage of insulating lining layer, respectively deformation of ladles shell.
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Liu, Wei, Xinfu Pang, Shengping Yu, Congxin Li, and Tianyou Chai. "Steelmaking-Casting of Molten Steel by Decarburization Ladle Matching." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7567591.
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Steelmaking–continuous casting is a complex process. The method of selecting a ladle, which also functions as a storage device, follows a specific process of the production plan. In ladle matching, several ladle attributes are considered. However, matching objectives are difficult to achieve simultaneously. Different molten steel properties have contributed to the complexity of matching constraints, and, thus, matching optimization is regarded a multiconflict goal problem. In the process of optimization, the first-order rule learning method is first used to extract key ladle attributes (performance indicators), including highest temperature, usage frequency, lowest-level material, and outlet. On the basis of a number of indicators, such as ladle temperature, quantity, material, and usage frequency, as well as skateboard quantity, the ladle matching model is established. Second, the rule of ladle selection is determined by the method of least-generalization rule learning. Third, a simulation experiment is carried out according to various scheduling order strategies and matching priority combinations. Finally, the heuristic ladle matching method based on the rule priority (RP) is determined for possible industrial applications. Results show that the accuracy of ladle selection can be improved. In particular, the numbers of ladles and maintenance times are reduced. Consequently, furnace production efficiency is also enhanced.
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Duarte, Izabela Diniz, Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva, Eliana Rodrigues Ferreira, and Varadarajan Seshadri. "Mathematical Modeling of Heat Losses in Steelmaking Ladles." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.166.
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The main factors that determine heat losses in a steelmaking ladle are reviewed. Controlling the temperature of the liquid steel from the primary refining until casting is essential to achieve product quality as well as energy savings. Among other objectives this study sought to assess the relative weight of heat losses to the refractory lining and the thermal losses through the slag layer. Temperature, slag thickness and properties, refractory temperature and physical properties and convection characteristics are the defining factors. Numerical integration was carried out with a computer code specifically developed for the purpose .The results show that heat loss through the refractory linings at side wall is relatively high compared to that through the bottom and slag layer, Heat loss through the double slag layer depends on temperature, slag thickness, heat transfer coefficient and time.
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Conejo, Alberto N. "Physical and Mathematical Modelling of Mass Transfer in Ladles due to Bottom Gas Stirring: A Review." Processes 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070750.
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Steelmaking involves high-temperature processing. At high temperatures mass transport is usually the rate limiting step. In steelmaking there are several mass transport phenomena occurring simultaneously such as melting and dissolution of additions, decarburization, refining (De-P and De-S), etc. In ladle metallurgy, refining is one of the most important operations. To improve the rate of mass transfer bottom gas injection is applied. In the past, most relationships between the mass transfer coefficient (mtc) and gas injection have been associated with stirring energy as the dominant variable. The current review analyzes a broad range of physical and mathematical modeling investigations to expose that a large number of variables contribute to define the final value of the mtc. Since bottom gas injection attempts to improve mixing phenomena in the whole slag/steel system, our current knowledge shows limitations to improve mixing conditions in both phases simultaneously. Nevertheless, some variables can be optimized to reach a better performance in metallurgical ladles. In addition to this, the review also provides a state of the art on liquid–liquid mass transfer and suggests the current challenges in this field.
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Samuelsson, Pär, and Björn Sohlberg. "ODE-Based Modelling and Calibration of Temperatures in Steelmaking Ladles." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 18, no. 2 (March 2010): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2009.2016668.
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Galliano, Pablo, Leandro Martorello, Leonardo Musante, Tomás Simaro, Miguel Rossi, Hugo Ernst, and Daniel Johnson. "Modeling and In-Plant Evaluation of Thermal Stresses in Steelmaking Ladles." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.310.
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A thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed by using FEA commercial software, in order to estimate thermal stress levels in a refractory lined steelmaking ladle shell during its first preheating stage. The model considers two refractory linings: an inner working lining and a permanent one besides the external ladle shell. In this way, stresses on both refractory lining and metallic shell due to restricted lining thermal expansion were simulated. Stress-strain curves of refractory lining materials at different temperatures were obtained through lab tests and then used for model optimization. Additionally, creep behavior in the steel shell under different tensile stresses and temperatures was also estimated taking into account previously obtained results from laboratory tests. In plant strain and temperature measurements were done by instrumenting the lower part of the ladle sidewall shell with high temperature strain gauges and thermocouples. Predicted stress evolution showed good agreement with results obtained from in plant measurements.
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Mazumdar, Dipak, and Roderick I. L. Guthrie. "Considerations Concerning the Numerical Computation of Mixing Times in Steelmaking Ladles." ISIJ International 33, no. 4 (1993): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.513.
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Mazumdar, Dipak, and Roderick I. L. Guthrie. "Modeling Energy Dissipation in Slag-Covered Steel Baths in Steelmaking Ladles." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 41, no. 5 (July 13, 2010): 976–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-010-9389-x.
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Yang, Zhang, Guan, Hong, Gao, Guo, and Liu. "Fine Description of Multi-Process Operation Behavior in Steelmaking-Continuous Casting Process by a Simulation Model with Crane Non-Collision Constraint." Metals 9, no. 10 (October 5, 2019): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101078.
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The fine description of multi-process operation behavior in steelmaking-continuous casting process is an important foundation for the improvement of production scheduling in steel plants. With sufficient consideration on non-collision movements among cranes, a dynamic simulation model is established by Plant Simulation software to describe the operation behavior of multi-process in the steelmaking-continuous casting process of lacking refining span. The design and implement of simulation are illustrated based on a typical workshop layout of “one converter-one refining furnace-one caster”. The method to avoid the collisions between adjacent cranes is represented in detail. To validate the availability of this model, an actual steel plant without refining span is studied, and simulation experiments are conducted by introducing actual production plans as simulation instances. The simulated findings agree well with the actual results of interest, including the total completed times of simulation instances, the turnover number of ladles, and the transfer times of heats among different processes. Hence, the proposed model can reliably simulate the multi-process operation behavior in steelmaking-continuous casting process.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steelmaking ladles"
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Glaser, Björn. "A Study on the Thermal State of Steelmaking Ladles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikro-modellering, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103303.
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In the present thesis a study on the thermal state of steelmaking ladles was undertaken. The transient hot wire method was verified for thermal conductivity measurements on metallurgical slags and applied to ladle slag measurements. Temperature measurements on ladles in an industrial environment were carried out. The emissivities of the outer and inner shells of steelmaking ladles were investigated. Two dynamic models were developed to predict the heat transfer and fluid flow in a preheating and teeming ladle. The gathered thermal conductivity values for ladle slag were used to study the effect of the slag layer on the top surface of the melt on heat transfer and fluid flow in a teeming ladle. In the first stage, the transient hot-wire method was verified to measure the thermal conductivity of metallurgical slags at steelmaking temperatures. A numerical model was developed, cold model experiments were conducted and test measurements using a high temperature experimental setup were carried out. To minimize natural convection and to obtain more reliable measurements, the crucible diameter, the hot-wire diameter, the applied current, the position of the wire in the crucible and the cooling on the upper surface of the crucible were studied. Investigations into the choice of sheathing material of the circuit exposed to the slag were also made. It was found that only certain materials were suitable for slag measurements depending on slag composition and temperature. The electrical resistivity of the hot wire was measured to make the thermal conductivity calculation more reliable. The wire diameter also played a major role due to the heat generation per surface area. The thermal conductivity should be derived from the values measured during the first seconds. In this initial stage, the effect of the natural convection as a function of the wire position in the crucible, the cooling on the top surface and the diameter of the crucible are negligible. A compromise has to be made in choosing the electrical current, since higher current results in higher sensitivity but at the same time in more natural convection. In the second stage, the thermal conductivities of four different ladle slags were measured at 1773 K, 1823 K, 1873 K and 1923 K using the transient hot wire method. Very good reproducibility was obtained. The thermal conductivity did not vary substantially with the variation of slag composition at 1873 K and 1923 K, at which the slag samples were all entirely liquid. The thermal conductivities were low. It was found that the precipitation of solid phase resulted in a considerable increase of thermal conductivity. In the third stage, a two dimensional model was developed in order to predict the temperature distribution in the ladle wall during the preheating process. The model calculated the heat transfer and the velocity field in the gas phase inside the ladle as well as the heat transfer in the solid walls during the preheating process. Measurements of the temperature profiles in an industrial ladle were carried out using an infrared thermography. The measurements were made both inside and outside the ladle. The model predictions were found to be in reasonably good agreement with the measured temperatures. It was found that the preheating time could be minimized when the working lining became thinner. The effect ofthe distance between the lid and the ladle was also studied by the model. The results indicated that there was no significant temperature change on the upper side wall of the ladle. On the lower side wall and bottom the temperature changed slightly. The temperature difference in the lower part of the ladle could be explained by the larger flame distance from the bottom layer. In the fourth stage, a two dimensional axisymmetric model was developed to predict the heat flux in a steelmaking ladle during the teeming process. The model predicts dynamically the flow fields in both the liquid phase and the gas phase along with the movement of the liquid upper surface. The model also predicts the temperature distributions in the liquid metal, gas phase and all layers in the ladle wall. Again, industrial measurements were performed using an infrared thermography, both inside the ladle after teeming and at the wall outside the ladle during the whole process sequence. The model predictions were found to be in agreement with the measured data. It was found that the heat transfer to the surrounding atmosphere and the conductivity of the highly insulating layer were the most important factors for the heat loss. The decrease of the thickness of the working lining was found to have limited effect on the total heat flux. In the fifth and final stage, the effect of the slag layer on the top surface of the melt, on fluid flow and on heat transfer in a teeming ladle was investigated theoretically. The two dimensional axisymmetric model developed in the fourth stage was used. To predict the effect of the slag layer a stationary heat conduction boundary condition including thermal conductivity and slag layer thickness was employed. Different calculations with differing thermal conductivity values for the slag layer were carried out. The calculations showed that the effect of the slag layer was insignificant. This could be explained by the similarity of the thermal conductivity of slag and gas phase.QC 20121010
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Borges, Ronaldo Adriano Alvarenga. "Análise multivariada dos principais fatores que afetam o desgaste (vida) do revestimento refratário das panelas de transporte de aço na Aciaria da Usina de Cubatão-Usiminas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-22092016-095657/.
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O aumento da demanda por aços cada vez mais exigentes, em termos de composição química e limpidez interna, faz com que as condições de refino nas aciarias sejam cada vez mais severas. Ao mesmo tempo, o aumento dos tempos de tratamento do aço, aliado às outras variáveis operacionais como quantidades e tipos de adições químicas, etc. fazem com que haja um aumento no tempo de contato entre o revestimento refratário das panelas de transporte de aço e escórias com conseqüente redução do desempenho (vida) de tais revestimentos refratários. Apesar dos esforços no intuito de redução de custos com redução de consumos de refratários, é cada vez maior a pressão sobre os custos de produção e de segurança operacional. Neste sentido, a construção de modelos de previsão de vida em função de tais variáveis é de extrema importância para a gestão de processos e contratos, estabilidade operacional e segurança. Além disso, os estudos de post-mortem podem contribuir no sentido de compreensão física e química de tais fenômenos e mecanismos de desgaste, contribuindo assim para a validação de tais modelos determinísticos. Neste estudo, buscou-se verificar quais variáveis operacionais influem no desempenho (vida) das panelas através de correlações estatísticas. O modelamento levou em consideração os dados de 6 meses de operação da aciaria de uma usina integrada com capacidade de 4,5 Mt/ano. O estudo post-mortem realizado em uma das panelas, após o final de sua campanha, mostrou-se eficiente na validação de tais correlações e no entendimento físico e químico dos possíveis fenômenos e mecanismos de desgaste. As análises mostraram que as variáveis que impactam a vida das panelas de aço são a temperatura de vazamento do aço, temperatura do aço na panela pós vazamento, quantidade de aço chapas grossas (CG) produzido, rota de tratamento dessulfurado, tempo de panela cheia, participação do forno panela no refino secundário, condições da panela, carga de aço na panela, adições de nefelina, escória sintética, fios de cálcio silício (CaSi) e ferro alumínio cálcio (FeAlCa), ligas de manganês e tempos de tratamento no refino secundário. O estudo de post-mortem de amostras de refratário da linha de escória extraída de uma das panelas revelou que o principal mecanismo de desgaste desta região é a corrosão química pela escória que é facilitada pelas adições de nefelina.The increased demand for increasingly demanding steels, in terms of chemical composition and internal sanity, makes the conditions of refining in steelmaking plants are increasingly stringent and select. At the same time, increasing metallurgical treatment times, combined with the various other operating variables such as the quantities and types of chemical additions, etc. makes that there is an increase in contact time between the refractory coating of steel transport ladles and slag with a consequent reduction in performance (life) of such refractory linings. Despite efforts in order to reduce costs with a reduction of refractory consumption, it is increasing the pressure on the costs of production and operational safety. In this sense, the construction of life prediction models according to such variables is extremely important for cost reduction, process management and procurement, operational stability and safety. Moreover, post-mortem studies can contribute towards chemical and physical understanding of such phenomena and wear mechanisms, thus contributing to the validation of such deterministic models. In this study, we sought to determine which operating variables really influence the performance (life) of the ladles through statistics correlations. The modeling took into account data from 6 months of operation of an integrated steelmaking plant with capacity of 4.5 Mt / year. The study post-mortem conducted on some ladles, after the end of their campaigns, was effective in the validation of such correlations and in the physical and chemical understanding of possible phenomena and wear mechanisms. The analysis showed that the variables that impact in the life of steel\'s ladles are the steel taping temperature, the steel taping temperature in the ladle after taping, amount of produced plate mill (CG) steel, desulfurized treatment route, ladle full time, participation of the ladle furnace in the secondary refining, ladle conditions, steel load in the ladle, nepheline additions, synthetic slag, calcium silicon (CaSi) and iron aluminium calcium (FeAlCa) wires, manganese alloys and treatment times in the secondary refining. The post-mortem study of slagline\'s refractory samples extracted from ladles in operation revealed that the main wear mechanism in this region is the chemical corrosion by slag and is facilitated by additions of nepheline.
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Kumar, Deepoo. "Development of a Reliable Kinetic Model for Ladle Refining of Steel." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1169.
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The advancement in computational thermodynamics can help researchers to test their hypotheses regarding complex steelmaking operations in a more quantified manner. The main aim of the current work was to use develop a kinetic model that can predict changes in steel, slag and inclusions during ladle refining and use this model as a tool to develop better understanding of the steelmaking process itself. The important reactions during ladle refining are: steel-refractory reaction, slag-refractory reaction, flotation of inclusions to slag, steel-inclusion reaction, steel-slag reaction and inclusions originating from slag. The chemical reactions between two phases were considered to be mass transfer controlled. The macro-processing feature in FactSage was used to do multiple equilibrium calculations and calculate the change in steel, slag and inclusion composition. Targeted experiments and industrial trials were conducted to find model parameters. For laboratory experiments, the rate of magnesium-transfer to oxide inclusions in steel due to steel-crucible and steel-slag reaction was studied. It was concluded that the presence of spinel layer on MgO crucible at the steel-crucible reaction can help in significantly reduce the rate of Mg pick-up due to steel-crucible reaction. For industrial trials, a comparison between the rate of steel-slag reaction and inclusion flotation rate showed that the steel-slag reaction could be significantly slowed due to slag inhomogeneity. The kinetic model was also used to identify artifacts in steel and slag sampling during ladle refining. One of the main limitations of the kinetic model was the over-prediction of calcium pick-up in steel due to steel-slag reaction. Induction furnace experiments were conducted using MgO, ZrO2 and CaO crucible with different slag composition and silicon concentration to study the extent of calcium pick-up due to steel-slag and steel-crucible reactions. The steel-CaO crucible equilibrium experiment was used to estimate Ca-O interaction parameter. The equilibrated steel was reoxidized with known amount of oxygen to allow all the dissolved calcium to precipitate as oxide inclusions. Inclusion analysis of sample taken after reoxidation was used to estimate dissolved calcium in steel. The measured dissolved calcium was used to estimate Ca-O interaction parameter. A private database for liquid steel was created in FactSage and used for kinetic modeling of laboratory scale steel-slag-crucible experiments. The use of private database for kinetic model helped in avoiding excess calcium pick-up in steel due to steel-slag reaction. However, the model and database should be tested for conditions where significant calcium pick-up is experimentally observed. In the present work, the inclusion removal was assumed to be first order reaction with fixed rate constant. In practice, the inclusion removal is expected to be a more complicated process of agglomeration and flotation. Similarly, the steel-inclusion reactions were considered in equilibrium for each time step of calculation. Sometimes, the composition difference inside single inclusions was found. Some characterization tools were used that could be useful in future to study the agglomeration of inclusions and composition differences inside single inclusion. The agglomeration behavior of inclusions at the steel-argon interface inside confocal laser scanning microscope was compared to the agglomeration in bulk samples from laboratory and industrial steel samples. The size and morphology of inclusion clusters were studied using X-ray micro CT. The composition and morphology of single inclusion was studied using focused ion beam methods: Ga-FIB instrument and plasma-FIB instrument.
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Faheem, Muhammad. "A GUI for online presentation of steel and steelmaking ladle temperature data and simulation." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Elektroteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4256.
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Continuous casting is a casting process that produces steel slabs in a continuous manner with steel being poured at the top of the caster and a steel strand emerging from the mould below. Molten steel is transferred from the AOD converter to the caster using a ladle. The ladle is designed to be strong and insulated. Complete insulation is never achieved. Some of the heat is lost to the refractories by convection and conduction. Heat losses by radiation also occur. It is important to know the temperature of the melt during the process. For this reason, an online model was previously developed to simulate the steel and ladle wall temperatures during the ladle cycle. The model was developed as an ODE based model using grey box modeling technique. The model’s performance was acceptable and needed to be presented in a user friendly way. The aim of this thesis work was basically to design a GUI that presents steel and ladle wall temperatures calculated by the model and also allow the user to make adjustments to the model. This thesis work also discusses the sensitivity analysis of different parameters involved and their effects on different temperature estimations.
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Adesanya, E. D. (Elijah D. ). "A cementitious binder from high-alumina slag generated in the steelmaking process." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526224527.
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Abstract About 4 Mt of ladle slag is generated in steelmaking processes in Europe per year, a large proportion of which (80%) is placed in landfills or stored. This pattern is expected to continue without further research for their valorisation due to increasing demand for quality steel products worldwide. Ladle slag (LS) produced in Finland possesses large amounts of calcium and aluminium and mineralogical phases which can exhibit cementitious capabilities and can be utilized in applications where expensive commercial cements are currently being used. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the properties of ladle slag in different activation pathways, including alkali activation and use as a hydraulic binder with gypsum. The results showed that ladle slag can be used alone as a precursor in alkali activation or as the sole binder or a co-binder with gypsum in hydraulic binding. Depending on the activation pathway, compressive strength between 35–92 MPa can be achieved after 28 days. The reaction properties of alkali activated ladle slag are characterized, and it is confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) that the reaction product after alkali activation is mainly an x-ray amorphous (calcium aluminate silicate hydrate-like) phase. Characterization techniques (SEM, XRD, TGA and NMR) used to analyze the LS paste binder with just water showed the hydration products of ladle slag to be dicalcium aluminate octahydrate (C₂AH₈), tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate (C₃AH₆), gibbsite (AH₃) and stratlingite (C₂ASH₈) was also identified after a prolonged period of hydration. Furthermore, it was found that to minimize the conversion, the ideal water-to-binder ratio is 0.35. The conversion mechanism is reduced at this ratio and the strength is slightly affected. Another pathway that can be used to annul the conversion of calcium aluminate hydrates formed in LS paste is through the addition of gypsum to the LS paste system to produce an ettringite-rich binder (C₆A\(\bar{S}\)₃H₃₂). When ettringite is formed in place of calcium aluminate hydrates the strength increases, frost resistance is improved, and drying shrinkage is enhanced. Lastly, a potential application of ladle slag as a refractory material was also investigatedTiivistelmä Euroopassa syntyy vuosittain noin 4 Mt terästeollisuden sivutuotetta, JV-kuonaa, josta 80 % läjitetään tai kaatopaikoitetaan. Maailmanlaajuisesti syntyvän kuonan määrä tulee todennäköisesti kasvamaan laadukkaiden terästuotteiden ennustetun kysynnän kanssa. Tämän vuoksi kuonalle tulisi löytää hyötökäyttökohde, jota vältyttäisiin läjitykseltä. JV-kuona sisältääkin suuria määriä kalsiumia ja alumiinia sekä mineralogisia faaseja, joilla on sementtimäisiä ominaisuuksia. Näin kuonaa voitaisiin käyttää sovelluksissa, joissa tällä hetkellä käytetään kalliita kaupallisia sementtejä. Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoituksena oli tutkia JV-kuonan ominaisuuksia sementtimäisenä sideaineena alkali-aktivoinnissa sekä hydraulisena sideaineena yksinään että kipsin kanssa sekoitettuna. Väitöskirjan tulokset osoittivat, että JV-kuonaa voidaan käyttää prekursorina alkali-aktivoinnissa tai hydraulisena sideaineena pelkästään veden kanssa tai yhdessä kipsin ja veden kanssa. Saavutetut puristuslujuuset vaihtelivat 35 ja 92 MPa:n välillä, jotka vastaavat normaalin ja erityislujan betonin lujuuksia. JV-kuonan reaktiotuotteet alkali-aktivonnin jälkeen analysoitiin XRD- ja FTIR-analyyseillä. Tuloksista nähtiin, että alkali-aktivoinnin jälkeen reaktiotuote on sementin kaltainen kalsium-aluminatti-silikaati-hydraati (C-A-S-H) -tyyppinen faasi. XRD-, SEM-, TGA- ja NMR-analyysit osoittivat JV-kuonan hydrataatiotuotteiden olevan erilaisia kalsium-aluminaattihydraatteja (C₂AH₈, C₃AH₆, AH₃ ja C₂ASH₈). Tämän vuoksi työssä tutkittiin eri vesi–kuona-suhteita, ja havaittiin, että kun käytetään alhaista kuona-vesi –suhdetta (0,35), reaktiotuoteiden muutos vähenee ja lujuus paranee. Toinen tapa, jolla voidaan estää reaktiotuotteiden muuttuminen, on kipsin lisäys: lisäämällä kipsiä tuotetaan runsaasti ettringiittiä (C₆A\(\bar{S}\)₃H₃₂). Kun ettringiittiä muodostuu kalsium-aluminaattihydraattien sijaan, lujuus kasvaa, pakkaskestävyys paranee ja kuivumiskutistuma paranee. Väitöskirjan viimeisessä osiossa tutkittiin JV-kuonan mahdollista käyttöä tulenkestävänä materiaalina ja huomattiin, että sen tulenkestävyysominaisuudet vaihtelevat käytetyn aktivointityypin mukaan
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Aydemir, Onur. "Use Of Aluminium Dross For Slag Treatment In Secondary Steelmaking To Decrease Amount Of Reducible Oxides In Ladle Furnace." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608132/index.pdf.
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In this study it was aimed to analyse refining processes such as decreasing
reducible oxide content of ladle slag with affecting parameters in low carbon
aluminum killed grades and for the research Erdemir low carbon steel grades 7112K
and 7110K are selected. There was a negative correlation between reducible oxide
amount in ladle slag and desulphurization capacity of ladle slag with metal-slag
reaction and steel internal cleanliness. To refine these properties of slag, aluminium
dross, which was aluminium production discard and has a metallic content around
%30-35 was used and after ladle treatment operation, decrease in reducible oxides
such as FetO, MnO, SiO2, P2O5 was analysed. After the study it was observed that
653 kg. of converter slag leaked during tapping of steel and SiO2 ve P2O5 content of
ladle slag had negligible change after ladle treatment. According to the results, it is
observed that initial %10-12 (FetO + MnO) content was reduced to % 4.5-5.0 (FetO
+ MnO) after ladle treatment with use of aluminium dross. Beside of this, in order to
see the effect of this slag reduction on steel cleanliness, low carbon aluminium killed
grades were compared with ultra-low carbon aluminium killed grades having (FetO +
MnO) content of %16-17 in slag. It was seen that reoxidation of aluminium (loss of
dissolved aluminium) during continuous casting for ULC (ultra-low carbon) gradesis 144 ppm but for LC grades it was 94 ppm and it was being expected that ULC
steel group would have higher inclusion content after casting.
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Machado, Luciana Angelita. "Controle da geração da drenagem ácida da mineração de carvão pelo método de aditivos alcalinos com escória de aciaria elétrica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96385.
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A disposição de rejeitos com potencial de geração de acidez e consequente geração de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM) é um dos grandes problemas ambientais enfrentados pela indústria da mineração de carvão, pois a disposição inadequada contamina a água e o solo. A DAM é uma solução aquosa caracterizada por possuir pH geralmente abaixo de 3 e diversos metais dissolvidos. Devido a essas características, a DAM representa grandes riscos ambientais, em especial, aos recursos hídricos, em consequência da solubilização e mobilização de metais pesados. Este problema requer estudos no sentido de encontrar soluções que venham a minimizar os danos causados ao meio ambiente. A utilização de metodologias alternativas para a disposição dos rejeitos de mineração de carvão constitui em uma estratégia básica para a viabilidade de tais empreendimentos. Visando atender a esta necessidade, o presente trabalho estudou o controle da geração da DAM pelo método de aditivos alcalinos com o uso de escória de aciaria elétrica do forno panela (EAE-FP). A metodologia do trabalho incluiu a caracterização dos materiais, ensaios estáticos e ensaios cinéticos. Os ensaios estáticos foram realizados pelo método de contabilização de ácidos e bases, enquanto que os ensaios cinéticos foram realizados pelo método de células úmidas. Após foi realizada a mistura do rejeito de carvão com a EAE-FP em diferentes dosagens e foram dispostas a céu aberto, sujeitas à precipitação pluviométrica. Esses ensaios tiveram por objetivo uma melhor compreensão dos materiais em ambiente controlado e expostos ao intemperismo. Os resultados demonstram que a água que percolou pelo rejeito de carvão apresentou-se ácida e a água que percolou pela EAE-FP, alcalina. Contudo, os problemas ambientais podem ser em grande parte resolvidos pela mistura do rejeito de carvão com EAE-FP em uma proporção de RC:EAE-FP 10:10 estabelecida pelos ensaios estáticos. Os ensaios cinéticos e o experimento ao ar livre demonstram que durante vários meses de ensaios, na proporção RC:EAE-FP 10:10, ocorre um aumento do pH e uma redução na liberação de acidez, metais e sulfatos na água lixiviada. Análises adicionais de toxicidade para o microcrustáceo (Daphnia similis), peixes (Pimephales promelas) e algas (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) mostraram que o lixiviado da proporção RC:EAE-FP 10:15, apresentou níveis menores de toxicidade do que o lixiviado da proporção RC:EAE-FP 10:10, além da redução na liberação da acidez, metais e sulfato. Os resultados demonstraram a eficácia do método na qualidade da água de percolação tanto em termos de pH, concentrações de metais e toxicidade do efluente. Pode-se concluir que o método de contabilização de ácidos e bases mostra-se adequado para definir a proporção de mistura dos materiais. Essas misturas podem ser empregadas no controle da DAM tanto em depósitos de rejeitos em superfícies como no retorno dos rejeitos de carvão para o subsolo.The waste disposal with potential to generate acidity and consequent generation of acid mine drainage (DAM) is one of the major environmental problems facing the coal mining industry since the improper disposal contaminates water and soil. DAM is an aqueous solution characterized by having pH below 3 and typically many dissolved metals. Due to these characteristics, the DAM is major environmental risks, especially to water resources as a result of solubilization and mobilization of heavy metals. This problem requires studies to find solutions that will minimize damage to the environment. The use of alternatives for the disposal of tailings coal mining methodologies constitutes a basic strategy for the viability of such projects. Aiming to address this need, this paper studied the control of the generation of DAM by alkali additives method with the use of the ladle slag of electric steelmaking (LSES). The methodology of the study included the characterization of materials, static tests and kinetic assays. The static tests were performed by the recording method of acids and bases, while kinetic assays were performed by the method of wet cells. Upon mixing coal tailing was performed with the LSES in different dosages and were placed in the open, subject to rainfall. These tests were aimed at a better understanding of the materials in a controlled environment and exposed to weathering. The results demonstrate that water leached by coal waste is introduced and acid leached by water LSES alkaline. However, environmental problems can be largely solved by mixing the coal waste with LSES in a ratio of CW:LSES 10:10 established by static tests. Kinetic assays and outdoor experiment demonstrate that several months of tests, the ratio CW:LSES 10:10, there is an increase in pH and a reduction in the release of acidity, metals and sulphate in the leach water. Further analysis of toxicity microcrustacean (Daphnia similis), fish (Pimephales promelas) and algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) showed that the proportion leached CW:LSES 10:15, showed lower levels of toxicity than the proportion of leached CW:LSES 10:10, besides the reduction in the release of acidity, metals and sulfate. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the method on the quality of percolating water in terms of pH, metal concentration and toxicity of the effluent. It can be concluded that the method of recording of acids and bases proves to be adequate to set the mixing ratio of the materials. These blends can be used to control both DAM tailings deposits on surfaces such as the return of waste coal underground.
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何永和. "The development of a 3-D mathematical model for the turbulent fluid flow in gas Stirred Ladle for refining treatment in steelmaking processes." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77727029918569842337.
Full textBooks on the topic "Steelmaking ladles"
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International Symposium on Ladle Steelmaking and Furnaces (1988 Montréal, Quebec). Proceedings, International Symposium on Ladle Steelmaking and Furnaces: August 28-31, 1988, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Hamilton, Ont: [s.n.], 1988.
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International Symposium on Developments in Ladle Steelmaking and Continuous Casting (1990 Hamilton, Ont.). International Symposium on Developments in Ladle Steelmaking and Continuous Casting: Proceedings. Montréal, Qué: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1990.
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Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ladle Steelmaking and Furnaces. Iron & Steel Society, 1988.
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Lu, W.-D. Ladle Metallurgy of Steel for Continuous Casting and Ingot Teeming (Mcmaster Symposium on Iron and Steelmaking 14). Iron & Steel Society, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Steelmaking ladles"
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Irons, Gordon, Krishnakumar Krishnapisharody, and Kevin Graham. "Modeling of Ladle Metallurgy in Steelmaking." In Celebrating the Megascale, 85–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889657.ch6.
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Irons, Gordon, Krishnakumar Krishnapisharody, and Kevin Graham. "Modeling of Ladle Metallurgy in Steelmaking." In Celebrating the Megascale, 85–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48234-7_6.
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Biswas, Subir, and Debasish Sarkar. "Refractory in Ladle Flow Control and Purging System." In Introduction to Refractories for Iron- and Steelmaking, 359–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43807-4_9.
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Tie, Zhanpeng, Qun Hu, Xiaosong Li, Jinwen Liu, Jiaquan Zhang, Zhanbing Yang, and Haiyan Tang. "A New and Highly Efficient Argon Blowing Mode for a 70t Steelmaking Ladle." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 13–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_2.
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Seshadri, Varadarajan, Izabela Diniz Duarte, Itavahn Alves Da Silva, and Carlos Antonio Da Silva. "Evaluation of Heat Flow and Thermal Stratification in A Steelmaking Ladle Through Mathematical Modelling." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 487–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274643.ch60.
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Seshadri, Varadarajan, Izabela Diniz Duarte, Itavahn Alves da Silva, and Carlos Antonio da Silva. "Evaluation of Heat Flow and Thermal Stratification in a Steelmaking Ladle through Mathematical Modelling." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 487–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48093-0_60.
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Cho, Sung-Ho, Chang Won Kim, J. W. Han, Byung Don You, and Dong Sik Kim. "Effect of Melt Depth and Nozzle Type on the Mixing Behavior in Bottom-Blown Steelmaking Ladle – A Water Model Approach." In Materials Science Forum, 494–97. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-995-4.494.
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"Chapter Mathematical Modeling IV: Macroscopic Modeling of Ladle Metallurgy Steelmaking." In Modeling of Steelmaking Processes, 377–416. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15828-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Steelmaking ladles"
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Jiang, Zeyi, Pengyuan Chen, Pan Liu, and Guanghe Tian. "Numerical Simulation and Structure Optimization of Converter Gas Evaporative Cooler." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17101.
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In Lurgi-Thyssen dedusting system of steelmaking converter, the evaporative cooler represents a crucial operating unit, in which the hot dust-laden flue gas has to be cooled by saturation with water. The cooling process of the gas consists of gas-liquid two phase flow and interphase heat and mass transfer. In this paper, k-epsilon standard equations and Lagrange discrete phase model are employed to describe the gas turbulent flow and the heat/mass transfer with droplet evaporation individually. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for practical engineering project shows that the large-flux cooling gas is commonly constructed in a non-uniform flow caused by the sharp turnings at the inlet and outlet channels. The unevenness of velocity distribution and the effective cooling height are defined in this paper to evaluate the cooling flow process. A series of newly designed structures with guide plate are investigated by CFD method to eliminate the problems with the non-uniformity. The results of numerical simulation show that optimal designed guide ring plate could improve the flow uniformity and the heat transfer. The investigations have been used to guide the engineering application.