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Journal articles on the topic 'Steelmaking ladles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

TROFIMENKO, YAROSLAV M., and EVGENIY V. ERSHOV. "IDENTIFICATION MODEL OF STEEL-TEEMING LADLES IN STEELMAKING." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 1, no. 100 (2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2021-1-100-5.

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A model for detecting objects in the image and a model for identifying steel-teeming ladles are discussed in the article. The object detection model is based on the use of a convolutional neural network. The identification model is based on the comparison of steel-teeming ladle features specific to the production process. The authors describe the adaptations of models to the conditions of the YOLOv3 architecture and the parameters of steel-teeming ladles in steel production. Simulation results are given at the end of the article.

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2

Vlček, J., D. Jančar, J. Burda, M. Klárová, M. Velička, and P. Machovčák. "Measurement the Thermal Profile of Steelmaking Ladle with Subsequent Evaluation the Reasons of Lining Damage." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0053.

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Based on the operational measurement, of which content was to determine ladle thermal profile, there were analysed causes of possible damage of lining in steel ladles by steel breakout through the ladle shell. There exists connection between thermal state of ladle lining during the operation and its lifetime. There were reached to the conclusion that the cause of failure in the lining of ladle is except for high temperature of bath, also wide interval of temperature change during the tap operation, in consequence with possible insufficient pre-heating of ladle, discontinuous operation of aggregate and damage of insulating lining layer, respectively deformation of ladles shell.

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3

Liu, Wei, Xinfu Pang, Shengping Yu, Congxin Li, and Tianyou Chai. "Steelmaking-Casting of Molten Steel by Decarburization Ladle Matching." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7567591.

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Steelmaking–continuous casting is a complex process. The method of selecting a ladle, which also functions as a storage device, follows a specific process of the production plan. In ladle matching, several ladle attributes are considered. However, matching objectives are difficult to achieve simultaneously. Different molten steel properties have contributed to the complexity of matching constraints, and, thus, matching optimization is regarded a multiconflict goal problem. In the process of optimization, the first-order rule learning method is first used to extract key ladle attributes (performance indicators), including highest temperature, usage frequency, lowest-level material, and outlet. On the basis of a number of indicators, such as ladle temperature, quantity, material, and usage frequency, as well as skateboard quantity, the ladle matching model is established. Second, the rule of ladle selection is determined by the method of least-generalization rule learning. Third, a simulation experiment is carried out according to various scheduling order strategies and matching priority combinations. Finally, the heuristic ladle matching method based on the rule priority (RP) is determined for possible industrial applications. Results show that the accuracy of ladle selection can be improved. In particular, the numbers of ladles and maintenance times are reduced. Consequently, furnace production efficiency is also enhanced.

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4

Duarte, Izabela Diniz, Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva, Eliana Rodrigues Ferreira, and Varadarajan Seshadri. "Mathematical Modeling of Heat Losses in Steelmaking Ladles." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.166.

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The main factors that determine heat losses in a steelmaking ladle are reviewed. Controlling the temperature of the liquid steel from the primary refining until casting is essential to achieve product quality as well as energy savings. Among other objectives this study sought to assess the relative weight of heat losses to the refractory lining and the thermal losses through the slag layer. Temperature, slag thickness and properties, refractory temperature and physical properties and convection characteristics are the defining factors. Numerical integration was carried out with a computer code specifically developed for the purpose .The results show that heat loss through the refractory linings at side wall is relatively high compared to that through the bottom and slag layer, Heat loss through the double slag layer depends on temperature, slag thickness, heat transfer coefficient and time.

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5

Conejo, Alberto N. "Physical and Mathematical Modelling of Mass Transfer in Ladles due to Bottom Gas Stirring: A Review." Processes 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070750.

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Steelmaking involves high-temperature processing. At high temperatures mass transport is usually the rate limiting step. In steelmaking there are several mass transport phenomena occurring simultaneously such as melting and dissolution of additions, decarburization, refining (De-P and De-S), etc. In ladle metallurgy, refining is one of the most important operations. To improve the rate of mass transfer bottom gas injection is applied. In the past, most relationships between the mass transfer coefficient (mtc) and gas injection have been associated with stirring energy as the dominant variable. The current review analyzes a broad range of physical and mathematical modeling investigations to expose that a large number of variables contribute to define the final value of the mtc. Since bottom gas injection attempts to improve mixing phenomena in the whole slag/steel system, our current knowledge shows limitations to improve mixing conditions in both phases simultaneously. Nevertheless, some variables can be optimized to reach a better performance in metallurgical ladles. In addition to this, the review also provides a state of the art on liquid–liquid mass transfer and suggests the current challenges in this field.

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6

Samuelsson, Pär, and Björn Sohlberg. "ODE-Based Modelling and Calibration of Temperatures in Steelmaking Ladles." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 18, no. 2 (March 2010): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2009.2016668.

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7

Galliano, Pablo, Leandro Martorello, Leonardo Musante, Tomás Simaro, Miguel Rossi, Hugo Ernst, and Daniel Johnson. "Modeling and In-Plant Evaluation of Thermal Stresses in Steelmaking Ladles." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.310.

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A thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed by using FEA commercial software, in order to estimate thermal stress levels in a refractory lined steelmaking ladle shell during its first preheating stage. The model considers two refractory linings: an inner working lining and a permanent one besides the external ladle shell. In this way, stresses on both refractory lining and metallic shell due to restricted lining thermal expansion were simulated. Stress-strain curves of refractory lining materials at different temperatures were obtained through lab tests and then used for model optimization. Additionally, creep behavior in the steel shell under different tensile stresses and temperatures was also estimated taking into account previously obtained results from laboratory tests. In plant strain and temperature measurements were done by instrumenting the lower part of the ladle sidewall shell with high temperature strain gauges and thermocouples. Predicted stress evolution showed good agreement with results obtained from in plant measurements.

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8

Mazumdar, Dipak, and Roderick I. L. Guthrie. "Considerations Concerning the Numerical Computation of Mixing Times in Steelmaking Ladles." ISIJ International 33, no. 4 (1993): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.513.

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9

Mazumdar, Dipak, and Roderick I. L. Guthrie. "Modeling Energy Dissipation in Slag-Covered Steel Baths in Steelmaking Ladles." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 41, no. 5 (July 13, 2010): 976–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-010-9389-x.

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10

Yang, Zhang, Guan, Hong, Gao, Guo, and Liu. "Fine Description of Multi-Process Operation Behavior in Steelmaking-Continuous Casting Process by a Simulation Model with Crane Non-Collision Constraint." Metals 9, no. 10 (October 5, 2019): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101078.

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The fine description of multi-process operation behavior in steelmaking-continuous casting process is an important foundation for the improvement of production scheduling in steel plants. With sufficient consideration on non-collision movements among cranes, a dynamic simulation model is established by Plant Simulation software to describe the operation behavior of multi-process in the steelmaking-continuous casting process of lacking refining span. The design and implement of simulation are illustrated based on a typical workshop layout of “one converter-one refining furnace-one caster”. The method to avoid the collisions between adjacent cranes is represented in detail. To validate the availability of this model, an actual steel plant without refining span is studied, and simulation experiments are conducted by introducing actual production plans as simulation instances. The simulated findings agree well with the actual results of interest, including the total completed times of simulation instances, the turnover number of ladles, and the transfer times of heats among different processes. Hence, the proposed model can reliably simulate the multi-process operation behavior in steelmaking-continuous casting process.

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11

Artamoshin, A. L., A. K. Turygin, and D. N. Khvesenya. "The increase in turnover of steel-teeming ladles with a combined lining at the steelmaking production in OJSC «BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC»." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-3-93-95.

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Currently, there is a need to increase the turnover of steel-teeming ladles ESPC-1,2, in connection with which the actual question was to reduce the duration of preparation of steel ladles to work. On steel ladles with a combined lining, one of the solution to this problem is to reduce the duration of drying and heating of the concrete working lining, but there is a risk of «undermining» the concrete mass due to the rapid warming of temperature. During the tests of the concrete mass from the manufacturer «A» for the period 2016–2018 the duration of drying and heating was reduced from 52 to 37 hours. Average overhaul life and durability of the concrete lining has increased by 37% and amounted to 96 meltings.

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12

Mantripragada, Vishnu Teja, and Sabita Sarkar. "Slag eye formation in single and dual bottom purged industrial steelmaking ladles." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 59, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2020.1715697.

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13

Brezny, B., T. F. Vezza, and T. A. Leitzel. "Selected Refractory Advances in Steel-Handling Systems." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 11 (November 1989): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061194.

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The iron and steel industry is constantly undergoing technological changes in improving its processes to produce the highest quality world-class steels. As a consequence, the refractories industry has been challenged to keep in lock-step with the iron and steel industry to enhance, not detract from these processes.Certain internal combinations have enabled these refractories changes. Three expositions can display the sophistication to which refractories have advanced, so this article will explore refractories for primary steelmaking, ladles, and slide-gate devices for continuous casting.The start-up of the first top-blown oxygen vessel at the Linz Works in Austria 37 years ago was a historical milestone in the evolution of steelmaking. At that time the open-hearth process was the dominant steelmaking technology in the world. Ten to 12 hours were required to produce one batch of steel in the open-hearth furnace, but only one hour is needed to refine the same amount of steel in a basic oxygen furnace (BOF). In a top-blown BOF all oxygen required for refining is introduced into the vessel through the oxygen lance inserted through the top of the vessel.Toward the end of the 1960s, bottom-blown processes, such as OBM and Q-BOP, became very important in oxygen steelmaking. In the bottom-blown process, oxygen and lime are blown into the steel batch through bottom tuyeres.

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14

Turkoglu, Hasmet, and Bakhtier Farouk. "Mixing Time and Liquid Circulation Rate in Steelmaking Ladles with Vertical Gas Injection." ISIJ International 31, no. 12 (1991): 1371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.31.1371.

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15

Calvo, Walter A., Pilar Pena, and Analía G. Tomba Martinez. "Post-mortem analysis of alumina-magnesia-carbon refractory bricks used in steelmaking ladles." Ceramics International 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.150.

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16

Mazumdar, Dipak, Rishey Yadav, and Binod B. Mahato. "Transient Flow and Mixing in Steelmaking Ladles during the Initial Period of Gas Stirring." ISIJ International 42, no. 1 (2002): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.106.

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17

Joo, S., and R. I. L. Guthrie. "Modeling flows and mixing in steelmaking ladles designed for single- and dual-plug bubbling operations." Metallurgical Transactions B 23, no. 6 (December 1992): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02656455.

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18

Boenzi, Francesco, Joaquín Ordieres-Meré, and Raffaello Iavagnilio. "Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Two Refractory Brick Product Systems for Ladle Lining in Secondary Steelmaking." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 1, 2019): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051295.

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This paper aims to compare the environmental performance of two types of refractory bricks for the internal lining of ladles in secondary steelmaking, where the dissolved inclusions coming from the refractory material require fine control to obtain the target steel quality. In this context, magnesia-carbon-based refractories are largely utilized, thanks to the adequate durability of the ladle lining in terms of number of heats before re-lining, but the utilization of organic binders in the mixture (pitch, resins) arises ecological and human health concerns. Concurrently, research efforts in refractory material science look at improving the quality of steel by reducing the content of dissolved carbon due to the release from the bricks, thus focusing on different refractory materials and specifically on alumina-based materials. The European Commission funded the research project “LeanStory”, aiming to promote such new lines of refractories through the cooperation between industrial partners and scholars where different recipes are considered. In the present paper, two representative systems of the refractory types considered, magnesia-carbon and magnesia-alumina, are compared with a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Suppliers and transports for the two product systems have been taken into account, referring to one tonne of refractory material as the functional unit for comparison. Preliminary impact results (adopting the ReCiPe Midpoint–Hierarchist perspective methodology for calculating the impact indicators) show that the new solution performs largely better almost for each indicator. Further investigations are required in order to assess the ecological performance of the two systems, considering the effective consumption of bricks for the production of steel.

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19

Jardón-Pérez, Luis E., Carlos González-Rivera, Marco A. Ramirez-Argaez, and Abhishek Dutta. "Numerical Modeling of Equal and Differentiated Gas Injection in Ladles: Effect on Mixing Time and Slag Eye." Processes 8, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080917.

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Ladle refining plays a crucial role in the steelmaking process, in which a gas stream is bubbled through molten steel to improve the rate of removal of impurities and enhance the transport phenomena that occur in a metallurgical reactor. In this study, the effect of dual gas injection using equal (50%:50%) and differentiated (75%:25%) flows was studied through numerical modeling, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effect of gas flow rate and slag thickness on mixing time and slag eye area were studied numerically and compared with the physical model. The numerical model agrees with the physical model, showing that for optimal performance the ladle must be operated using differentiated flows. Although the numerical model can predict well the hydrodynamic behavior (velocity and turbulent kinetic energy) of the ladle, there is a deviation from the experimental mixing time when using both equal and differentiated gas injection at a high gas flow rate and a high slag thickness. This is probably due to the insufficient capture of the velocity field near the water–oil (steel–slag) interface and slag emulsification by the numerical model, as well as the complicated nature of correctly simulating the interaction between both gas plumes.

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20

Devi, Sujata, R. K. Singh, Niladri Sen, and N. Pradhan. "Study of Calcium Treatment in Steel Ladles for the Modification of Alumina Inclusions to Avoid Nozzle Clogging during Casting." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.12.

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Presence of non-metallic inclusion deteriorates quality of steel and causes nozzle clogging during casting. Nozzle clogging eventually leads to a disruption of normal casting operations. This happens when solid alumina inclusions get accumulate in the nozzle of submerged entry nozzle (SEN). Therefore, it is required to understand the inclusion characteristics (shape, size and chemistry), which forms during the steelmaking process. Calcium is added in the steel ladle furnace (LF) in the form of CaSi wire to modify inclusions and to desulphurize steel. The range in which all the oxides become liquid and no solid sulphides begin to form is regarded as the "optimum window" or “liquid inclusion window” for calcium treatment. It is a target to obtain this calcium addition window, during calcium addition in the ladle furnace. This window mainly depends on the sulfur and total oxygen contents of the liquid steel bath. In the present study, inclusions characteristics such as volume fraction of inclusions, inclusion rating and EDS analysis of inclusions has been carried out using SEM-EDS. Thermodynamic study is carried out using thermodynamic software FACTSAGE and databases to find out formation of various calcium aluminates and the precipitation of CaS. Results show that liquid inclusion window mainly depends mainly on the sulphur level, total oxygen and aluminum content in the steel. These windows will help in calculation of calcium addition range for optimizing the addition of calcium in the ladle. These nomograms have been validated with actual plant condition to reduce the nozzle clogging during continuous casting.

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21

Bounziova, Jana, Iveta Nagyová, Vincent Zajac, Lucia Hrabčáková, Pavol Vadász, and Rastislav Kamenský. "TESTING MAGNESIA-CARBON BRICKS FOR OXIDATION RESISTANCE." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 22, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v22i3.677.

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<p> </p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">MgO-C based refractory materials are used in steel metallurgy to a large extent. Magnesia-carbon bricks are tested for basic physical-mechanical parameters in as supplied state, for carbon content, and chemical analysis of magnesium component. According to the type of their usage, they are subjected to tests at higher temperatures, carbonization firing, and after firing, the physical-mechanical parameters are determined at specified temperatures. One of the most tested properties of these materials is their resistance to oxidation. The methodology for such testing is not yet defined in ISO, EN and ASTM test procedures, therefore the methodology used in other countries is being applied. In conditions of U. S. Steel, Košice, s.r.o., the MgO-C bricks intended for the working lining of slag zones of steel ladles are tested by oxidation resistance test (oxidizing area procedure). </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The described test method was developed at U. S. Steel Research and Technology Center in Munhall and has been used for more than 15 years to evaluate various carbon containing bricks. Test specimens in the shape of a cube are heated in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of 1482</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">°C with holding time of 5 hours. After cutting of the test specimens, the percentage of oxidized area is calculated. This test is used for selecting the appropriate type of lining material for the working lining of slag zone of the steel ladle in the steelmaking secondary metallurgy process and for the building of database of different types of MgO-C bricks.</span></p><p> </p>

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22

Aksel’rod, L. M., and V. Garten. "Modern concepts of refractory materials application in production of steel and cast iron." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 7 (August 1, 2021): 820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-7-820-828.

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Refractory lining is an integral part of metallurgical facilities and requires constant perfection. Examples of successful interaction of specialists-steelmakers, companies-manufacturers of refractories and engineering companies on increasing efficiency of refractories application in steel industry presented. The wide application of drying and heating stations of steel ladles, EAFs, BOFs was noted because of using refractory gunned castable at their current repairs. The growth of unmolded refractory share in the BF production was shown. At the stoves repair technology of guniting and shotcreting is widely used. Transfer to application of modern concrete at lining of shoots, ramming mixtures and repairs with application of liquid concrete addition resulted in a decrease of labor intensiveness of repair work, accelerated the process of repair and considerably decreased specific consumption of refractory materials. Nevertheless, within a predictable period, despite of increase of unmolded refractories application, it is expected that the molded refractories would take the main share of the refractory market in the steelmaking. Creation of partial load conditions in a metallurgical facility is an important factor for increasing lining resistivity. Slag foaming in EAF screens radiation from electrodes in the process of the furnace running. Blowing of the final slag (preliminary enriched by magnesium oxide in case of necessity) forms a scull on the working surface of the BOF lining, thus preventing intensive contact of the refractory lining with steel melt and slag. Modem technologies of instrumental control the lining state of metallurgical facility within the period of its running considered, which allowto accomplish operation of hot repair at particular arears of the lining, avoiding overconsumption of the repair material. It was noted that apart from the task of decreasing specific expenses for refractory materials, the customers most often estimate the indirect costs, cover of loss and obtaining additional profit due to increase of metal production because of increase of overhaul period and decrease of time of lining repair. This is the purpose of cooperation of specialists of refractories manufacturers and metallurgical plants.

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23

Vrbek, K., J. Lamut, M. Marolt, and M. Knap. "Changes in Hydrogen Content During Steelmaking." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0047.

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Abstract Štore Steel produces steel grades for spring, forging and engineering industry applications. Steelmaking technology consists of scrap melting in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), secondary metallurgy in Ladle Furnace (LF) and continuous casting of billets (CC). Hydrogen content during steelmaking of various steel grades and steelmaking technologies was measured. Samples of steel melt from EAF, LF and CC were collected and investigated. Sampling from Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Furnace was carried out using vacuum pin tubes. Regular measurements of hydrogen content in steel melt were made using Hydris device. Hydrogen content results measured in tundish by Hydris device were compared with results from pin tube samples. Based on the measurement results it was established that hydrogen content during steelmaking increases. The highest values were determined in tundish during casting. Factors that influence the hydrogen content in liquid steel the most were steelmaking technology and alloying elements.

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24

M. A., Mikheenkov, Sheshukov O. Yu., and Lobanov D. A. "Reduction Of Environmental Pressure By Giving Cementing Material Properties To The Ferrous Slags." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.948.

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There are two main kinds of slag in modern steelmaking industry: the electric arc furnace slag (the EAF slag) which is produced in the manufacture of crude steel by the electric arc furnace process and the ladle furnace basic slag (the LF slag) which is produced at the final stages of steelmaking, when the steel is desulfurized in the transport ladle, during what is generally known as the secondary metallurgy process.

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25

Zimmer, André, Álvaro Niedersberg Correia Lima, Rafael Mello Trommer, Saulo Roca Bragança, and Carlos Pérez Bergmann. "Heat Transfer in Steelmaking Ladle." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 15, no. 3 (March 2008): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(08)60117-x.

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26

Wang, De Yong, Wen Zhi Lao, Hai Dong Feng, Xing Li, Mao Fa Jiang, Yong Lai Wu, and Yong Cang Zhang. "Sulphur Removal from Sulphur Containing Phase(CaS) in Ladle Slag by Oxidizing Roasting." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1080.

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Slag is the main by-product of iron and steelmaking process. Ladle slag, melted fully after secondary refining, usually contains rich CaO, Al2O3 and 2CaO·SiO2 phase, which has a potential value to recycle into steelmaking process as the substitution of lime. However, reuse of ladle slag is easy to induce an accumulation effect of sulphur or phosphorus. In this present work, CaS powder was used to replace the sulphur containing phase in ladle slag to investigate the roasting process under different atmosphere conditions. The influence of temperature and oxygen pressure on sulphur removal mechanism and products composition has been discussed. By adding solid sulfur into molten ladle slag, the results of SEM has showed that sulphur element in ladle slag existed as independent CaS phase. Roasting experiments showed that lower oxygen pressure and higher reaction temperature were beneficial for CaS changing into CaO, it was very important to design the optimum roasting route for sulphur removal from the ladle slag.

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27

Cho, Sung-Ho, Chang Won Kim, Jeong Whan Han, Byung Don You, and Dong Sik Kim. "Effect of Melt Depth and Nozzle Type on the Mixing Behavior in Bottom-Blown Steelmaking Ladle – A Water Model Approach." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.494.

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It is generally well known that a steelmaking ladle operation plays an important role in the production of clean steel. A turbulent mixing of melt with Ar gas bubbling from the ladle bottom can homogenize a melt temperature and can control precisely chemical compositions of steel. In order to figure out these phenomena, a quantitative analysis of fluid flow behavior of gas and melt during a ladle operation is required and special concerns should be focused on effects of operating parameters on the perfect mixing time of melt. In this study, as a basic approach, effects of operating parameters such as a melt depth (aspect ratio) and a nozzle type (one-hole or porous plug) on the mixing behavior in ladle operation are investigated. Water model experiments are carried out to simulate these melt behaviors in steelmaking ladle. As a result, it was found that there exist an optimized melt depth and a nozzle type at a given gas flow rate, which affect significantly on the mixing behavior of melt.

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28

Moliné, Marcos N., Walter A. Calvo, Analía G. Tomba Martinez, and Pablo G. Galliano. "Ambient weathering of steelmaking ladle slags." Ceramics International 44, no. 15 (October 2018): 18920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.128.

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29

Yildirim, Irem Zeynep, and Monica Prezzi. "Chemical, Mineralogical, and Morphological Properties of Steel Slag." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/463638.

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Steel slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking and steel refining processes. This paper provides an overview of the different types of steel slag that are generated from basic-oxygen-furnace (BOF) steelmaking, electric-arc-furnace (EAF) steelmaking, and ladle-furnace steel refining processes. The mineralogical and morphological properties of BOF and electric-arc-furnace-ladle [EAF(L)] slag samples generated from two steel plants in Indiana were determined through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. The XRD patterns of both BOF and EAF(L) slag samples were very complex, with several overlapping peaks resulting from the many minerals present in these samples. The XRD analyses indicated the presence of free MgO and CaO in both the BOF and EAF(L) slag samples. SEM micrographs showed that the majority of the sand-size steel slag particles had subangular to angular shapes. Very rough surface textures with distinct crystal structures were observed on the sand-size particles of BOF and EAF(L) slag samples under SEM. The characteristics of the steel slag samples considered in this study are discussed in the context of a detailed review of steel slag properties.

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30

Masumoto, Ryouji, Yosinori Takesono, and Takaaki Taketuru. "Steelmaking. The Monolith Technology of Ladle Refractory." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 70, no. 2 (1999): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.70.179.

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31

Huang, Bang Fu, Xiao Lei Zhou, Gui Fang Zhang, and Zhe Shi. "Calculation Model of Torpedo Ladle Number." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.267.

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In order to predict scientific and reasonable torpedo ladle number and optimize torpedo ladle scheduling, this article analyzed operation process and turnover cycle of torpedo ladle in K steel plant as the research object. The relationship between blast furnace supply and continuous caster demand is analyzed. Based on relationship between supply and demand, the calculation model of torpedo ladle number is put forward under the conditions of blast furnace supply greater than, less than, and equal to the continuous caster demand. The control model can calculate the number of normal ladle and saving ladle and casting ladle. Satisfactory effects are obtained after applying the calculation model in production. The torpedo ladle number of different relationships between supply and demand can decrease. The research results supplies new methods for optimization and control of ironmaking and steelmaking interface system. The research methods enrich the theory of integration and optimization of metallurgy process system.

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Yang, Zhi Zheng, Yan Feng Wang, Jiang Ping Rao, and Zhu Gang Peng. "Control and Optimizing of Unstable State in Continuous Casting Process with Automatic System." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3057.

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Features and control methods in processes of unstable continuous casting of the 4th department of general steelmaking factory of WISCO were introduced, including ladle free-opening, tundish auto-casting, liquid level control and submerged nozzle’s quick replacing of mould, slag detection of ladle and so on. Countermeasures including updating facilities, improving accurate of controlling system, developing new technology were proved to be effective in practice, they can minimize the bad effect of the unsteady state to the producing stability and slab quality.

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33

Allertz, Carl, and Du Sichen. "Sulfide Capacity in Ladle Slag at Steelmaking Temperatures." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 46, no. 6 (August 28, 2015): 2609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0444-5.

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Castro-Cedeno, Edgar Ivan, Alain Jardy, Benjamin Boissiere, Jean Lehmann, Pascal Gardin, Alexandre Carré, Sébastien Gerardin, and Jean-Pierre Bellot. "Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 5 (2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018131.

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Nowadays, depending on the steel grade, Ca treatment with the aim of modifying the morphology and melting temperature of non-metallic inclusions is performed in the secondary steelmaking process. The addition of calcium to steel melts rises a technological challenge because at steelmaking temperatures Ca has the tendency to vaporize from the ladle. Efforts are actively pursued in developing solutions that increase Ca yield and improve repeatability of results from treatment to treatment. This work presents a two-phase Euler-Euler flow model of a steel ladle with gas stirring through bottom porous plugs. The model considers that before gas exits through the ladle top, some Ca is transferred from the gas to the liquid steel. The yield is thus defined as the ratio between the Ca transferred to the steel and the total calcium injected into the ladle. The fluid-dynamic calculations are coupled with ArcelorMittal thermodynamic software CEQCSI to get the evolution of the local concentration of dissolved species and non-metallic inclusions assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium. Industrial trials have been performed at one of ArcelorMittal’s facilities with the aim of obtaining data to validate the model. Samples of steel were taken before, during, and after the Ca injection treatment. The total Ca content and the inclusion populations in the steel samples can be compared against the results given by the model, as well as the measured and calculated Ca yield.

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Lyu, Jiashi, Ruchuan Shi, Yang Yang, and Tao Han. "Matching Detection of Crane Hook and Ladle Lug before Ladle Hoisting." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 5389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245389.

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Reliable matching between the crane hook and ladle lug is a key requirement for the safe hoisting of a ladle in steelmaking. A novel method is proposed to detect the matching between the hook and lug using surface acoustic wave radio frequency identification (SAW RFID) localization. SAW RFID tags are attached to the surface of the lug and the hook. The position of the lug is estimated via a geometric mapping approach with a special position of the tag and the reader’s antenna, and the position of the hook is estimated by a synthetic aperture approach with the hook’s movement pattern. Afterwards, the matching judgement is determined based on the relative position between the hook and lug. The proposed method employs only two SAW tags and two reader antennas, facilitating installation and routine maintenance. Numerical simulation and physical experiments demonstrate that the proposed method works effectively for matching detection.

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Patsiogiannis, Filippos, and Uday B. Pal. "Incorporation of Sulfur in an Optimized Ladle Steelmaking Slag." ISIJ International 36, no. 4 (1996): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.402.

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van der Knoop, W., W. H. L. Moonen, J. Post, and G. van Unen. "Nitrogen control in liquid steel for slab casting." Revue de Métallurgie 92, no. 4 (April 1995): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199592040503.

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For the production of a two piece can (DWI), a continuous aonealed material for tin plate is preferred witb a low nitrogen content. At Hoogovens BOS No. 2, a steelmaking practice has been developed for the entire route to obtain N < 20 ppm. Major features are the blowing techniques to obtain low nitrogen in the BOF, prevention of -pick up during ladle treatrnent and improved shrouding at the caster.

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Gizatulin, R. A., A. B. Efremenkov, D. V. Valuev, S. N. Fedoseev, and A. V. Valueva. "Combined Steel Treatment with Calcium-Silicon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.114.

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The method of adding calcium silicon in aluminum containers to a metal when it pours into a ladle from the steelmaking unit has been developed. Industry data were obtained to confirm the possibility of providing a sufficiently high and stable recovery of calcium in the context of production at a particular plant and its effective impact on the composition, physical and chemical condition of a melt and properties of a final product.

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Chen, Yong, Xin Teng Liang, Jian Hua Zeng, Gui Jun Li, and Sen Xiang Yang. "Practice and Analysis of the Technology of Direct-Tapping." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1667.

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Steelmaking Plant of PZH Steel improves the hitting ratio of independent converter model, by optimizing the terminal controlling model of molten steel, stabilizing the charging load in BOF, accelerating the turnover rapid of ladle, improving the quality of semi-steel into the furnace and optimizing the management of production organization. So the ratio of the direct-tapping is improved and increases to more than 50% now from 25% on average in 2011.

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40

Edafeadhe, Godspower O., and Harold C. Godwin. "Effects of Steelmaking Ladle Holding Period on Continuous Casting Yield." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.339.

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The study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of holding time during secondary steel making, casting duration, strand loss per heat, and tonnage of steel returned per heat on continuous casting yield (%). A total of 1910 heats, spanning a period of seven years (41 production months) were used for the study. Monthly tonnage of liquid steel produced and cast and the corresponding yield were computed from the casting reports. Also extracted from the casting reports are the average monthly holding time (mins) during secondary steel making, monthly average heat casting duration (minutes), average strand loss per heat and monthly average tonnage of steel returned per heat. A statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data obtained. The yield was found to be negatively correlated to steel holding time during secondary steel making (-0.257 mins), strand loss per heat (-0.753 tons), and tonnage of heat returned per heat (-0.944 tons), but positively correlated to casting duration (0.371 mins). The result showed that increase in holding time during secondary steel making, strand loss per heat and tonnage of steel returned per heat decrease the yield of continuous casting process. The model formulated was able to explain 93.4% of the total variation in the observed yield. Efforts should therefore be made to monitor and reduce these parameters that decrease the yield through proper process control, regular checks of the continuous casting machines, replacement of worn out moulds, and in-house training and retraining of casters for optimum process performance.

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Volkova, Olena, and Dieter Janke. "Modelling of Temperature Distribution in Refractory Ladle Lining for Steelmaking." ISIJ International 43, no. 8 (2003): 1185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.1185.

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Huang, Bang-fu, Nai-yuan Tian, Zhe Shi, and Zhi-wei Ma. "Steel ladle exchange models during steelmaking and continuous casting process." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 24, no. 6 (June 2017): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(17)30093-6.

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Varanasi, Suguna Soumya, Venu Madhava Rao More, M. Bhaskar Venkata Rao, Sankar Reddy Alli, Anil Kumar Tangudu, and Dey Santanu. "Recycling Ladle Furnace Slag as Flux in Steelmaking: A Review." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 5, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-019-00243-9.

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Luo, Rong, Chen Wang, Hong Bo Ren, and Kai Bi Zhang. "Research on MES of Iron District Based on the Short Process of Iron-Steel Interface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.865.

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Steel industry is an important part of the national economy, however, the complex process of ironmaking-steelmaking has been a serious constraint to the development of steel enterprises. In this paper, on the basis of the traditional processes of iron-steel interface, the planning of short process of iron-steel interface with “One open ladle” is proposed. There is also the design of MES in iron district, which has been applied in a steel enterprise of Chongqing, China, with significant effects.

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Cho, Sung-Ho, Sung Hwan Hong, Jeong Whan Han, and Byung Don You. "Effect of Slag Layer on Flow Patterns in a Gas Stirred Ladle." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.490.

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Flow patterns and mixing behaviors in a gas stirred steelmaking ladle with a slag layer were discussed using a water model experiment as well as a numerical simulation. While the water model experiment was performed to investigate the effect of slag on the mixing behavior in ladle, the numerical simulation was carried out to figure out the flow pattern in ladle with a slag layer. Slag viscosity and its thickness in ladle were considered as major variables. It was found that a slag layer made a great change in the flow pattern in ladle, which, in turn, affected on the mixing behavior in ladle. A flow pattern without a slag layer showed that rising bubbles eventually made a recirculation loop at the central area of the ladle and this flow pattern was regarded as a favorable flow pattern for the better mixing behavior. However, a flow pattern with a slag layer showed distorted and localized recirculating loop near side wall below slag layer. This eventually gave a longer mixing time in ladle with a slag layer. Moreover, as the gas flow rate increases, slag existing on top of the ladle was found to be entrained into the melt. Slag viscosity and its thickness were found to be major variables affecting the behavior of slag entrainment. Lower the slag viscosity and thicker the slag layer, much more slag on top of the melt was entrained into the melt.

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Mohammadi, D., S. H. Seyedein, and M. R. Aboutalebi. "Numerical simulation of thermal stratification and destratification in secondary steelmaking ladle." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 40, no. 5 (July 2013): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281212y.0000000052.

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Xia, J. L., and T. Ahokainen. "Homogenization of temperature field in a steelmaking ladle with gas injection." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 32, no. 4 (August 2003): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2003.00642.x.

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Mikhno, A. R., N. A. Kozyrev, R. E. Kryukov, A. A. Usoltsev, and A. A. Umansky. "Application of ladle electric steelmaking slag as a flux – additive for welding." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 866 (August 13, 2020): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/866/1/012020.

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Fredman, Tom P. "Heat transfer in steelmaking ladle refractories and steel temperature. A literature review." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 29, no. 6 (December 2000): 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2000.d01-28.x.

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董, 小明. "Analysis of Ladle Turnover and Matching Based on the Modern Steelmaking Process." Metallurgical Engineering 08, no. 03 (2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/meng.2021.83016.

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