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Journal articles on the topic 'Steinhardt'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Czekanowska-Gutman, Monika. "The Pietà in Jacob Steinhardt’s Early Œuvre." Images 10, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18718000-12340074.

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Abstract This essay explores the Pietàs by Jacob Steinhardt, an Eastern-European Jewish artist, in connection with his involvement in the Pathetiker movement. The paper proceeds to examine them against the backdrop of German and Austrian Expressionist movements, as well as other treatments of the theme by Jewish artists. Through stylistic and iconographic analysis of Steinhardt’s Pietàs, Czekanowska-Gutman demonstrates that both of the works in question are in fact revisions of one of the most important Christian iconographic “framing themes,” which Steinhardt situates within the Jewish context and perspective. The central argument of the paper is that Steinhardt’s Pietàs address Christian audiences in their own representational conventions in order to denounce anti-Jewish violence, such as the pogroms of the time. The artist achieves this through the portrayal of Jesus and Mary as elderly Eastern European Jews (Ostjuden), using—remarkably—the visual language of anti-Jewish caricature. Finally, the paper investigates Steinhardt’s masterful use of drypoint and woodcutting techniques to visualise the suffering of Mary and her dying son.

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2

Steinhardt, Ralph. "Remarks by Ralph Steinhardt." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 82 (1988): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700073985.

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3

Steinhardt, Ralph G. "Remarks by Ralph G. Steinhardt." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 106 (2012): 422–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.106.0422.

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4

Lin, Wei-Cheng. "China’s Early Mosques by Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 78, no. 1 (2018): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jas.2018.0022.

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5

Cuţitaru, Laura Carmen. "From C. S. Lewis’ Joy to Nicolae Steinhardt’s Happiness." Linguaculture 2014, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0023.

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Abstract The paper highlights common or divergent points in the way in which the concept of ”joy” is reflected in two masterpieces of Christian literature: Surprised by Joy (C. S. Lewis) and The Diary of Happiness (N. Steinhardt)

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6

Lukes, Igor. "Ambassador Laurence Steinhardt: From New York to Prague." Diplomacy & Statecraft 17, no. 3 (September 2006): 523–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592290600867610.

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7

Asher, Catherine B. "Review: China's Early Mosques, by Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 76, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2017.76.3.385.

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8

Togo, Tatsuru, Janet M. Alderton, and Richard A. Steinhardt. "The mechanism of cell membrane repair." Zygote 8, S1 (December 1999): S31—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096719940013014x.

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Disruption of plasma membranes is a widespread, common and normal event that occurs in many mechanically challenged tissues (McNeil & Steinhardt, 1997). After injury to the plasma membrane, rapid resealing of the membrane occurs with little loss of intracellular contents.Analysis of plasma membrane repair in the sea urchin egg and early embryos revealed a new model of the mechanism for plasma membrane repair. Resealing of disrupted plasma membranes required external Ca2+ that could be antagonised by Mg2+. Block of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II, which regulates exocytotic vesicle availability at synapses (Llinás et al., 1991), inhibited membrane resealing. Resealing was also inhibited by botulinum neurotoxins A, B, C1, and tetanus toxin, which disrupt SNARE vesicle docking/fusion proteins. Confocal microscopic observations of exocytotic events in sea urchin eggs and embryos during membrane resealing showed that inhibition of kinesin or myosin motor activity, which are believed to be required for vesicle transport (Goodson et al., 1997), also inhibited membrane resealing and delivery of vesicles to sites of membrane disruption. This pattern of inhibition indicates that membrane repair of micrometre-sized lesions requires vesicle delivery, docking and fusion, similar to the exocytosis of neurotransmitter (Steinhardt et al., 1994; Bi et al., 1995, 1997).The mechanism of resealing in eggs and embyros was found to be a general property of all cells (Steinhardt et al., 1994; Togo et al., 1999). It is now known that elevated intracellular Ca2+ triggers exocytosis in various types of cells (Dan & Poo, 1992; Coorssen et al., 1996), and that endosomal compartments such as lysosomes can behave as Ca2+-regulated exocytotic vesicles (Rodríguez et al., 1997).

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9

Thorp, Robert L. "Review: Chinese Imperial City Planning by Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 51, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990643.

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10

Lai, Delin. "Review: Chinese Architecture: A History, by Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 79, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2020.79.2.213.

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11

Kaiser, M. J. "The Blaschke-Steinhardt point of a planar convex set." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 28, no. 7 (October 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(94)00156-1.

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12

Розанов, Е. О., С. П. Проценко, and В. Г. Байдаков. "Исследование активационного барьера кристаллизации метастабильной жидкости методом метадинамики." Физика твердого тела 63, no. 11 (2021): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.11.51582.04s.

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The crystallization of Lennard-Jones fluid under weak supercooling was studied in molecular dynamics simulation with the metadynamics method. The Steinhardt parameter Q6 for a group of particles around a random atom and the system's potential energy were chosen to describe phase transition. The change in collective variables was observed in the process of overcoming the activation barrier of crystallization. The critical nucleus formation data were obtained.

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13

Embry, Erin. "Silo Buster 1: Small Idea, Big Changes at NYU-Steinhardt." ASHA Leader 18, no. 6 (June 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr1sb1.18062013.41.

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14

Mureșan, Radu Petre. "Spiritualitate și cultură în scrierile părintelui Nicolae Steinhardt (1912-1989)." Teologie și educație la "Dunărea de Jos" 18 (2020): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/teologie.2020.15.

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15

SANYAL, ABHIK KUMAR, and BIJAN MODAK. "EXTENDED INFLATION— A QUANTUM-COSMOLOGICAL SURVEY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, no. 17 (July 10, 1992): 4039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92001800.

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This paper considers the Einstein-Brans-Dicke action coupled with a Higgs sector. It is shown that a graceful exit from inflation is not possible, rejecting the claim of La and Steinhardt. Further, wormhole solutions with and without conserved charges are explored. Finally, the wave function of the universe in this model is constructed with the boundary condition, as proposed by Vilenkin. The interesting feature of the wave function is that it has been constructed for an arbitrary factor-ordering index.

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16

Thorp, Robert L. "Chinese Architecture Fu Xinian Guo Daiheng Liu Xujie Nancy S. Steinhardt." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62, no. 3 (September 2003): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3592525.

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17

Childress, Boyd. "CHINESE ARCHITECTURE (The Culture and Civilization of China). Nancy S. Steinhardt." Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 22, no. 2 (October 2003): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/adx.22.2.27949266.

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18

Bernstein, H. J. "The physics of quasicrystalsedited by P. J. Steinhardt and S. Ostlund." Journal of Applied Crystallography 23, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889890001170.

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19

DANZER, L., Z. PAPADOPOLOS, and A. TALIS. "FULL EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SOCOLAR’S TILINGS AND THE (A, B, C, K)-TILINGS LEADING TO A RATHER NATURAL DECORATION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 06n07 (March 1993): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293002389.

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In 1986 Socolar and Steinhardt introduced a family of quasiperiodic tilings of the euclidean 3-space E3 by four rhombic zonohedra, which admits a local matching rule. In 1989 the first of the present authors introduced another family with similar properties and four skew tetrahedra A, B, C, K as prototiles. Now we show, that either family can be obtained from the other by a unique construction; hence they are mutually derivable in the sense of Baake et al. Some additional observations are induced by this equivalence.

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20

Ikonnikova, Maryna. "Master Program in Foreign Language Education at New York University Steinhardt (US)." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0016.

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Abstract The article deals with master program in foreign language education at New York University Steinhardt (US). Thus, its peculiarities have been revealed. It has been defined that the study program presupposes mastering of foreign language teaching approaches that meet various needs of learners. It has been indicated that students acquire the understanding of educational conditions as well as economic, social and cultural factors influencing learning; develop professional knowledge of linguistics, (foreign) language acquisition, (foreign) language pedagogy, etc. The curriculum of the program is based on block-modular and interdisciplinary approaches that results in considerable flexibility. In addition, students have excellent opportunities to gain valuable practical experience and strengthen professional teaching skills during student teaching placements including abroad. It has been concluded that professional training of future specialists in the field of foreign language education on the example of New York University contributes to forming of modern, competitive philologists able to apply the latest teaching technologies, forms and methods to the educational process and adapt to fast-changing conditions of the educational environment. It has been emphasized that the abovementioned positive aspects of US experience in training foreign language teachers can be taken into account while developing national curricula in education, philology, linguistics, applied linguistics etc.

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21

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Chinese Architectural History in the Twenty-First Century." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2014.73.1.38.

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The impact of foreign building traditions on Chinese architecture had been limited until the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, dramatic changes in construction occurred as the result of the introduction of Western architectural practice and methods of architectural history, as China transformed from an imperial society to a republic to a communist state. In Chinese Architectural History in the Twenty-First Century, Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt examines the state of architectural history in China at the end of the twentieth century and the impact that recent social and cultural transformations are likely to have on the field in the future.

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22

Burger, Robert. "Re: Reflux Nephropathy, by G. F. Steinhardt, J. Urol., 134: 855–859, 1985." Journal of Urology 136, no. 3 (September 1986): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45020-8.

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23

Sirotenko, Anastasia D., and Teodor Bordeianu. "Nicolae Steinhardt (1912–1989). “Trei Soluții. Testament Politic” (“Three Solutions. A Political Testament”)." New Past, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2500-3224-2020-1-262-276.

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24

Nagel, Julie Jaffee. "Book Review: VIOLIN DREAMS. By Arnold Steinhardt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006, 255 pp., $23.95." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56, no. 4 (December 2008): 1371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065108326582.

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25

Madison, A. E., and P. A. Madison. "Looking for alternatives to the superspace description of icosahedral quasicrystals." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2221 (January 2019): 20180667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0667.

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A multiple-cell approach is discussed as a possible alternative to the higher dimensional crystallography of icosahedral quasicrystals. It is based on the Socolar–Steinhardt tiling combined with the quasi-unit cell model. Quasi-unit cells fill the space without gaps and overlappings similar to those in periodic crystals. Similarly, the atoms can occupy general and special positions. The alloy stoichiometry and the packing density can be calculated through the relative tile frequencies, which in turn are determined as the components of the Perron–Frobenius eigenvector of the corresponding substitution matrix. The calculation of the diffraction pattern reduces to the Perron projection of a special matrix, the entries of which reflect the contribution of each type of quasi-unit cell to the coherent scattering.

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26

Tombes, R. M., and G. G. Borisy. "Intracellular free calcium and mitosis in mammalian cells: anaphase onset is calcium modulated, but is not triggered by a brief transient." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.2.627.

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Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and LLC-PK epithelial cells in prometaphase or metaphase were either injected with fura-2 or loaded with the acetoxymethyl ester derivative of fura-2 (fura-2 AM) and monitored by microspectrofluorimetry. With both methods of loading, we observed two aspects of intracellular free calcium (Cai) metabolism. (a) Most fibroblasts and epithelial cells exhibited a gradual rise from 75 nM in metaphase to 185 nM during cleavage, returning to baseline by early G1. (b) Mitotic Swiss 3T3 cells exhibited rapid transient Cai changes, similar to those previously reported [Poenie, M., J. Alderton, R. Y. Tsien, R. A. Steinhardt. 1985. Nature (Lond.). 315:147-149; Poenie, M., J. Alderton, R. Steinhardt, and R. Tsien. 1986. Science (Wash. DC). 233:886-889; Ratan, R., and M. L. Shelanski. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 107:993]. These Cai transients occurred repetitively, often beginning in metaphase and continuing long after daughter cell formation. Eliminating serum or calcium from the medium abolished the transients, but delayed neither the gradual Cai elevation nor anaphase onset. Co-injection of EGTA or 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) with fura-2 in calcium-free medium, but not in calcium containing medium, blocked both anaphase and the sustained Cai elevation in almost all cases. Blocked cells were rescued by returning calcium to the medium, whereupon Cai slowly but steadily rose as the cell entered anaphase. Spindle microtubules persisted through the EGTA block. Depolymerization of spindle microtubules by nocodazole also reversibly blocked anaphase onset and the sustained Cai elevation, but did not block transients. This study has revealed the following: (a) anaphase in mammalian fibroblasts and epithelial cells is not triggered by brief calcium transients; (b) anaphase is a calcium-modulated event, usually accompanied by a sustained elevation of Cai above 50 nM; (c) the elevation of Cai is dependent upon an intact spindle; and (d) fibroblasts progress through mitosis by drawing upon either intracellular or extracellular sources of calcium.

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27

Ladouceur, Paul. "The Experience of God as Light in the Orthodox Tradition." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 28, no. 2 (September 14, 2019): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-02802002.

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This article explores the sense of John the Evangelist’s expression God is Light (1 Jn 1.5) in the Orthodox tradition, both in the experience of mystics and its theological ramifications. The article reviews the scriptural basis for the experience of God as Light and presents first-hand accounts in Symeon the New Theologian (949–1022), Seraphim of Sarov (1759–1833), Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov) (1896–1993), and Nicolae Steinhardt (1912–1989), and in Orthodox liturgical services. Beyond a metaphorical expression or a psychological experience, God as Light, often called the ‘Uncreated Light’, in Orthodox theology is considered an experience of the divine energies, as distinct from the divine essence, a theology elaborated notably by Gregory Palamas (1296–1359), and is a foretaste of union with God, ‘deification’ or theosis.

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28

Yungblyud, Valery. "Daily Life of the American Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016048-1.

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The article is devoted to the study of various aspects of daily life of the US Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948. The author considers the main areas of its work, major problems and difficulties that American diplomats had to overcome being in difficult conditions of the post-war economic recovery and international tension growth. Special attention is paid to the role of Ambassador L. A. Steinhardt, his methods of leadership, interactions with subordinates, with the Czechoslovak authorities and the State Department. This allows to reveal some new aspects of American diplomacy functioning, as well as to identify poorly explored factors that influenced American politics in Central Europe during the years when the Cold War was brewing and tensions between Moscow and Washington were rising. The article is based on unpublished primary sources from the American archives.

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29

Bindi, L., and P. J. Steinhardt. "The quest for forbidden crystals." Mineralogical Magazine 78, no. 2 (April 2014): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.2.15.

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AbstractThe world of crystallography was forced to reassess its rules about thirty years ago with the introduction of the concept of quasicrystals, solids with rotational symmetries forbidden to crystals, by Levine and Steinhardt (1984) and the discovery of the first examples in the laboratory by Shechtman et al. (1984). Since then, >100 different types of quasicrystals have been synthesized in the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions. The original theory suggested that quasicrystals can be as robust and stable as crystals, perhaps even forming under natural conditions. This thought motivated a decade-long search for a natural quasicrystal, culminating in the discovery of icosahedrite (Al63Cu24Fe13), an icosahedral quasicrystal found in a museum sample consisting of several typical rock-forming minerals combined with exotic rare metal alloy minerals like khatyrkite and cupalite. Here we briefly recount the extraordinary story of the search and discovery of the first natural quasicrystal.

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30

Scherrer, Robert J. "The coincidence problem and the Swampland conjectures in the Ijjas-Steinhardt cyclic model of the universe." Physics Letters B 798 (November 2019): 134981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134981.

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31

Sarah Steinhardt. "Britain's hidden slaves: Sarah Steinhardt on the individuals who live in servitude in 21st century Britain." Socialist Lawyer, no. 60 (2012): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/socialistlawyer.60.0026.

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32

Yan, Y., and S. J. Pennycook. "Atomic-Resolution Z-Contrast Imaging Of Decagonal Quasicrystals: A Nucleation And Growth Mechanism." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014288.

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Though quasicrystals were discovered more than a decade ago, the fundamental questions of why and how quasicrystals form are still unanswered. Knowledge of atomic positions, for all species present, is the most important factor in trying to answer this question, and we have therefore applied Z-contrast imaging to this problem. The quasicrystalline structure, a state with long-range order, but no periodic translation symmetry, has been commonly described by the Penrose tiling model, in which two types of tile are connected according to strict matching rules. However, such a mathematical description does not provide any physical insight into how and why quasicrystals arise. An alternative description of the ideal quasicrystal has been given by Gummelt, who showed that the ideal quasicrystalline arrangement can be obtained with a single type of tile which is allowed to overlap so as to cover the surface. The equivalence of these two descriptions was proved by Steinhardt and Jeong.

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33

Gronsky, R., K. M. Krishnan, and L. E. Tanner. "An Electron Microscopy Study of the Icosahedral Phase in the Aluminum-Manganese System." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010011725x.

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One of the most interesting structures to evolve from rapid solidification processing (RSP) methods is the solid metallic phase of the Al-Mn system first reported by Shechtman et al to have icosahedral symmetry. With six 5-fold rotational axes, an icosahedron defies classification as a crystallographic point lattice: it simply has no translational symmetry. Earlier work by Levine and Steinhardt showed that “quasicrystals” with 5-fold axes could be defined by extension of the Penrose tiling idea to three dimensions. These results and their recent history prompted the present attempt at structural analysis of this novel solid by a combination of convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) and phase contrast imaging. Specimens of 74.7 at % A1 and 25.3 at % Mn were prepared by arc melting and splat quenching (hammer and anvil) followed by jet electropolishing in a nitric acid-methanol electrolyte. They were examined in both the JEM 200CX analytical electron microscope and the JEM ARM 1000 atomic resolution microscope at the National Center for Electron Microscopy.

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34

Chang, Sen-Dou. "Chinese Imperial City Planning. By Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. xii, 228 pp. $38.00." Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (May 1992): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058053.

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35

Kawasaki, Takeshi, and Akira Onuki. "Construction of a disorder variable from Steinhardt order parameters in binary mixtures at high densities in three dimensions." Journal of Chemical Physics 135, no. 17 (November 7, 2011): 174109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3656762.

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36

Mital, Ranjana. "III Book Reviews : NANCY SHATZMAN STEINHARDT, LiaoArchitecture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. xvi + 497 pp. $55.00 (cloth)." China Report 35, no. 2 (May 1999): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944559903500210.

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37

LIEBERMAN, A. "Development and Perspectives of Landscape EcologyOlaf Bastian, Uta Steinhardt (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002, 498 pages." Landscape and Urban Planning 71, no. 1 (February 28, 2005): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(04)00081-7.

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38

Hansen, Valerie. "China's Early Mosques (Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art). By Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt . pp. 332. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2015." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 27, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186316000298.

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39

Weiwen, Li. "Traditional Chinese Architecture: Twelve Essays, written by Fu Xinian, edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt, translated by Alexandra Harrer, 2017." T’oung Pao 105, no. 1-2 (June 21, 2019): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10512p08.

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40

Liu, Amelia C. Y., Rico F. Tabor, Martin D. de Jonge, Stephen T. Mudie, and Timothy C. Petersen. "Favored local structures in amorphous colloidal packings measured by microbeam X-ray diffraction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (September 13, 2017): 10344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707198114.

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Local structure and symmetry are keys to understanding how a material is formed and the properties it subsequently exhibits. This applies to both crystals and amorphous and glassy materials. In the case of amorphous materials, strong links between processing and history, structure and properties have yet to be made because measuring amorphous structure remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate a method to quantify proportions of the bond-orientational order of nearest neighbor clusters [Steinhardt, et al. (1983) Phys Rev B 28:784–805] in colloidal packings by statistically analyzing the angular correlations in an ensemble of scanning transmission microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering (μSAXS) patterns. We show that local order can be modulated by tuning the potential between monodisperse, spherical colloidal silica particles using salt and surfactant additives and that more pronounced order is obtained by centrifugation than sedimentation. The order in the centrifuged glasses reflects the ground state order in the dispersion at lower packing fractions. This diffraction-based method can be applied to amorphous systems across decades in length scale to connect structure to behavior in disordered systems with a range of particle interactions.

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41

POLLOCK, M. D. "ON THE COSMOLOGY OF THE AXION IN THE HETEROTIC SUPERSTRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 01, no. 02 (January 1992): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271892000227.

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The heterotic superstring theory, after reduction to four dimensions, is known to contain two axions, found by Witten, and studied further by Choi and Kim. One combination of these can be identified with the axion of Peccei and Quinn, whose energy scale is then given by the formula [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the ratio of the two separate energy scales, g s is the strong-interaction coupling constant and M P ≡G−1/2 is the Planck mass, G being the Newton gravitational constant. This agrees with the result obtained by Choi and Kim, apart from a factor of [Formula: see text], which is explained. For a supersymmetric theory, Steinhardt and Turner have shown, developing an idea by Weinberg, that the upper limit on this parameter, corresponding to a closed Universe today, is f a ≲1013ζ9/11≈4×1016 GeV , where ζ≲3×104 is the entropy enhancement accompanying the decay of a supersymmetric particle, presumed to be the gravitino of mass M g ≈104 GeV . These two calculations of f a differ only by a factor of 15 (agreement is obtained for M g ≈106−107 GeV ), suggesting that axions may constitute the dark matter of the Universe. Some further aspects of superstring axions are discussed, including their rôle in the formation of wormholes.

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42

Rowe, William T. "Chinese Imperial City Planning. By Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt. [Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 228 pp. $38.00. ISBN 0–8248–1244–1.]." China Quarterly 139 (September 1994): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000043460.

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43

Stone, Kevin T., and Evan J. Kass. "Re: Testicular Torsion: Pitfalls of Color Doppler Sonography, by G. F. Steinhardt, S. Boyarsky and R. Mackey, J. Urol., 150: 461–462, 1993." Journal of Urology 152, no. 1 (July 1994): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32851-3.

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44

Redman, John F. "Re: Orchiopexy: Planned 2-Stage Technique, by G. F. Steinhardt, R. L. Kroovand and A. D. Perlmutter, J. Urol., 133: 434–435, 1985." Journal of Urology 136, no. 2 (August 1986): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)44920-2.

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Watson, William. "Liao Architecture. By Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt. pp. xv, 497, 373 figs., 6 maps, 5 tables. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 1997. US $55.00." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 9, no. 1 (April 1999): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300016266.

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Zorin, A. V. "The problem of American Loans and Credits for Czechoslovakia in 1945–1948." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-56-81.

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The article is devoted to one of the aspects of the US European policy after World War II: the issue of loans and credits to affected countries. Using the example of Czechoslovakia, the author tries to answer a number of important questions: did Washington have a sound financial and economic policy towards this country, what goals did it pursue, what were its results? The study is based on the US Department of State archive documents and papers of the American ambassador to Czechoslovakia L.A. Steinhardt. The US financial policy towards Czechoslovakia in the early post-war years was the subject of intense debate in the United States. The author reveals evidence of serious disagreement between economic and political divisions of the State Department about providing of financial assistance to Prague, its size and terms of lending. Particular attention is paid to Steingardt’s position and his attempts to determine American loans and credits to Prague by upholding the property interests of American citizens. These disagreements hindered the development of a single thoughtful course regarding the Czechoslovak Republic and complicated diplomatic relations with Prague; negotiations on the allocation of large loans for the economic recovery of the Czechoslovak Republic dragged on. A fundamental role in the establishment of a new US political course had Secretary of State James Byrnes’ decision, made in the fall of 1946, on the inadmissibility of providing assistance to countries that have taken anti-American positions. This approach was finally entrenched after the Communists coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, when the country entered the Soviet sphere of influence. The article concludes that the post-war US policy was not distinguished by integrity and thoughtfulness.

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Epel, David. "How the sperm triggers development of the egg: what have we learned and what can we expect in the next millennium?" Zygote 8, S1 (December 1999): S7—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130035.

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The problem of how the sperm activates the egg has captivated the attention of cell and developmental biologists since the turn of the century. An early focus concerned species-specific fertilisation and the pioneering work of Lilly and Tyler (Tyler & Tyler, 1966) used immunological analogies to provide explanations of species-specific fertilisation. Contemporary work has focused on the identity of unique receptors on the sperm and the egg as exemplified in the work of Lennarz (Ohlendieck & Lennarz, 1996), Vacquier (Vacquier, et al., 1995) and Wasserman (1999). Lately, this approach has provided unexpected insights on how speciation might occur. Speciation requires reproductive isolation and creative research from the Vacquier laboratory has demonstrated how reproductive barriers might occur through rapid evolution of sperm/egg recognition systems (Lee et al., 1995).Studies on the cell biology of activation received a major impetus in the 1930s with Mazia's observation of a calcium increase in eggs of the sea urchin following fertilisation (Mazia, 1937). His discovery, however, was a premature one in that there was no satisfactory model at that time for explaining how a calcium increase could affect cell activity. It took almost 40 years to develop a paradigm, and this came from studies on muscle and nerve which revealed how calcium increases could somehow control cell activity. Work in the 1970s rapidly established a similar role for calcium in activation of the egg at fertilisation. The first break-through was the direct demonstration by Steinhardt & Epel (1974) that calcium was involved in egg activation, through manipulation of calcium levels in sea urchin oocytes by use of calcium ionophores.

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Petersen, Kristian. "China's Early Mosques. By Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Pp. 368; 60 b&w and 140 color illustrations, 8 maps. Paper, $160.00." Religious Studies Review 43, no. 4 (December 2017): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rsr.13289.

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Garofalo, David, Damian J. Christian, and Andrew M. Jones. "The Sub-Eddington Boundary for the Quasar Mass–Luminosity Plane: A Theoretical Perspective." Universe 5, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5060145.

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By exploring more than sixty thousand quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5, Steinhardt & Elvis discovered a sub-Eddington boundary and a redshift-dependent drop-off at higher black hole mass, possible clues to the growth history of massive black holes. Our contribution to this special issue of Universe amounts to an application of a model for black hole accretion and jet formation to these observations. For illustrative purposes, we include ~100,000 data points from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 where the sub-Eddington boundary is also visible and propose a theoretical picture that explains these features. By appealing to thin disk theory and both the lower accretion efficiency and the time evolution of jetted quasars compared to non-jetted quasars in our “gap paradigm”, we explain two features of the sub-Eddington boundary. First, we show that a drop-off on the quasar mass-luminosity plane for larger black hole mass occurs at all redshifts. But the fraction of jetted quasars is directly related to the merger function in this paradigm, which means the jetted quasar fraction drops with decrease in redshift, which allows us to explain a second feature of the sub-Eddington boundary, namely a redshift dependence of the slope of the quasar mass–luminosity boundary at high black hole mass stemming from a change in radiative efficiency with time. We are able to reproduce the mass dependence of, as well as the oscillating behavior in, the slope of the sub-Eddington boundary as a function of time. The basic physical idea involves retrograde accretion occurring only for a subset of the more massive black holes, which implies that most spinning black holes in our model are prograde accretors. In short, this paper amounts to a qualitative overview of how a sub-Eddington boundary naturally emerges in the gap paradigm.

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Laing, Ellen Johnston. "Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts. Edited by Jeffrey W. Cody, Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, and Tony Atkin. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2011. xxi, 385 pp. $52.00 (cloth)." Journal of Asian Studies 71, no. 1 (February 2012): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002385.

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