Journal articles: 'Stem heating'

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Jones, Joshua L., Brent W. Webb, Bret W. Butler, Matthew B. Dickinson, Daniel Jimenez, James Reardon, and Anthony S. Bova. "Prediction and measurement of thermally induced cambial tissue necrosis in tree stems." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05017.

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A model for fire-induced heating in tree stems is linked to a recently reported model for tissue necrosis. The combined model produces cambial tissue necrosis predictions in a tree stem as a function of heating rate, heating time, tree species, and stem diameter. Model accuracy is evaluated by comparison with experimental measurements in two hardwood and two softwood species: red maple (Acer rubrum), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Results are promising, and indicate that the model predicts stem mortality/survival correctly in ~75–80% of the test cases. A limited sensitivity analysis of model kill depth predictions suggests that the model is more sensitive to required input data for some species than for others, and that the certainty in predicting vascular cambium necrosis decreases as stem diameter decreases.

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Wilairatana, Vajara, Chatchawan Pirot, and Noppachart Limpaphayom. "Effects of Cemented Hip Stem Pre-heating on Stem Push-out Strength." Orthopaedic Surgery 7, no. 3 (August 2015): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/os.12194.

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Bova, A. S., and M. B. Dickinson. "Linking surface-fire behavior, stem heating, and tissue necrosis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-004.

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Data from 69 experimental, small-plot fires are used to describe relationships among fire intensity, bark-surface heat flux, and depth of necrosis in stem tissue for red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.). A tetrazolium staining technique was used to determine the depth of necrosis in tree boles subjected to fires with intensities of 20 to 2000 kW/m. Over a range of bark moistures (28%83%) and bole diameters (320 cm), depth of necrosis appears to be primarily a function of fire intensity, flame residence time at the stem, and the corresponding time-integrated heat flux at the bark surface. Our results, along with known relations between bole diameter and bark thickness, and improved models of fire behavior and heat transfer, may be useful for estimating tree mortality resulting from prescribed fires.

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Rahman, Md Hasnat, Kayo Kudo, Shahanara Begum, Yusuke Yamagishi, Takahiro Muraishi, Satoshi Nakaba, Yuichiro Oribe, Chanhui Lee, Hyun-O. Jin, and Ryo Funada. "Effects of auxin-transport-inhibitor and defoliation on wood formation in locally-heated Abies homolepis." IAWA Journal 39, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170211.

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ABSTRACTTo understand the precise process of wood formation, it is necessary to identify the factors that regulate cambial activity and development of cambial derivatives. Here, we investigated the combined effects of localized-heating and auxin on cambial reactivation and the formation of earlywood tracheids in seedlings of the evergreen coniferAbies homolepisin winter. Three treatments were applied, namely heating (artificial increase in temperature 20–22 °C), heating-plus-auxin transport inhibitor N-(1-naphthyl) phthalamic acid (NPA) and heating-plus-defoliation (removal of needles and buds), with an approximate control, for investigations of cambial activity by light microscopy. After one week of heating, cambial reactivation occurred in the heating, heating-plus-NPA and heating-plus-defoliation treatments. In untreated controls, cambial reactivation occurred later than in heated stems. Earlywood tracheids were formed after three and six weeks of heating in the heating and heating-plus-NPA treatments, respectively. No tracheids were formed after eight weeks of heating in heated-defoliated seedlings. Numbers of new tracheids were reduced in heated stems by NPA. Our results suggest that an increase in the temperature of the stem is one of the most important limiting factors in cambial reactivation, which is independent of needles and buds and of the polar transport of auxin from apical sources. However, after cambial reactivation, initiation and continuous formation of earlywood tracheids require basipetally transported auxin and other endogenous factors originating in mature needles and buds.

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Kenney, Michael J., and Richard J. Fels. "Forebrain and brain stem neural circuits contribute to altered sympathetic responses to heating in senescent rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 5 (November 2003): 1986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00438.2003.

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Acute heating in young rats increases visceral sympathetic nerve discharge (SND); however, renal and splanchnic SND responses to hyperthermia are attenuated in senescent compared with young Fischer 344 (F344) rats (Kenney MJ and Fels RJ. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R513-R520, 2002). Central mechanisms by which aging alters visceral SND responses to heating are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that forebrain neural circuits are involved in suppressing sympathoexcitatory responses to heating in chloralose-anesthetized, senescent F344 rats. Renal and splanchnic SND responses to increased (38°C-41°C) internal temperature were determined in midbrain-transected (MT) and sham-MT young (3-mo-old), mature (12-mo-old), and senescent (24-mo-old) F344 rats and in cervical-transected (CT) and sham-CT senescent rats. Renal SND remained unchanged during heating in MT and sham-MT senescent rats but was increased in CT senescent rats. Splanchnic SND responses to heating were higher in MT vs. sham-MT senescent rats and in CT vs. MT senescent rats. SND responses to heating were similar in MT and sham-MT young and mature rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was increased during heating in MT but not in sham-MT senescent rats, whereas heating-induced increases in MAP were higher in sham-MT vs. MT young rats. These data suggest that in senescent rats suppression of splanchnic SND to heating involves forebrain and brain stem neural circuits, whereas renal suppression is mediated solely by brain stem neural circuits. These results support the concept that aging alters the functional organization of pathways regulating SND and arterial blood pressure responses to acute heating.

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Damron, Leatha A., Do-Gyoon Kim, and Kenneth A. Mann. "Fatigue debonding of the roughened stem–cement interface: Effects of surface roughness and stem heating conditions." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 78B, no. 1 (2006): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30470.

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Turnip, Luber, I. Wayan Widia, and Pande Ketut Diah Kencana. "Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Pemanasan terhadap Karakteristik Ikan Tongkol Olahan yang Direndam Dalam Larutan Asap Cair Batang Bambu Tabah (Gigantochloa nigrociliata BUSE-KURZ)." Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) 8, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbeta.2020.v08.i01.p20.

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Tuna has a high protein and water content, and has solid meat. But tuna is also very easy to damage. The cause of damage fish is a high water content which can cause microorganisms to multiply easily. Fumigation with liquid smoke is safer and more practical than conventional fumigation, because liquid smoke contains phenol, carbonyl and organic acids which are useful for providing a distinctive taste and as preservatives in fish. The liquid smoke comes from stem of tabah bamboo (Gigantochloa nigrociliata Buse-Kurz). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature and heating time on the characteristics of processed tuna which soaked in liquid smoke stem of tabah bamboo and to find out the temperature and heating time of the best organoleptic characteristics of processed tuna which soaked in a solution of liquid smoke stem of tabah bamboo. The method used is Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors. The first factor is the treatment of heating temperature which consists of three levels, and the second factor is the treatment of heating time which consists of three levels. Each treatment was repeated twice. The best combination of treatments is the heating temperature of 100?C, heating for 4 hours produce pH 5.5, water content 58.06%, ash content 1.69%, protein content 18.29%, hedonic color test 3.94, aroma test hedonic 4.28, hedonic texture test 4.72, hedonic taste test 4.5, texture scoring test 4.83, and the overall acceptance scoring test is 4.39. Keywoard : smoked tuna, liquid smoke, tabah bamboo.

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Zhang, Xiaozhang, Gang Zhao, Yuan Cao, Zeeshan Haider, Meng Wang, and Jianping Fu. "Magnetothermal heating facilitates the cryogenic recovery of stem cell–laden alginate–Fe3O4 nanocomposite hydrogels." Biomaterials Science 6, no. 12 (2018): 3139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm01004h.

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Navarro, Marta, Samuel A. Morris, Álvaro Mayoral, Jiří Čejka, and Russell E. Morris. "Microwave heating and the fast ADOR process for preparing zeolites." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 17 (2017): 8037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02344h.

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10

Libera, M. "In-Situ crystallization of nano-wires and dots by electron irradiation in a field-emission TEM/STEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100137586.

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Specimen damage and heating by high-energy electron irradiation can be exploited to affect local specimen composition/temperature to drive phase transformations. Field-emission (FEG) sources are especially prone to inducing damage/heating, because their high brightness provides focused ~1nm FWHM/1.0nA probes. The physics of beam heating and damage are reviewed by Reimer (1,2). Heating is related to energy-loss mechanisms broadly summarized by the Bethe formula for stopping power. Radiation damage can cause atomic displacement, ionization, and bond scission. Displacement increases the point-defect concentration. Composition changes occur when displacements eject atoms from the specimen. This paper outlines first results using focused-probe irradiation in a Philips CM20 FEG TEM/STEM to locally crystallize an amorphous 80nm Ge48Te52 film. Ex-situ annealing leads to spherulitic crystallites. The crystallization kinetics have been studied by time-resolved reflectivity (3) and in-situ hot-stage optical microscopy (4). In-situ TEM annealing was done with a single-tilt hot stage. Films were floated from carbon-coated mica onto Cu grids. In-situ annealing under a parallel (low dose) beam leads to crystallization much like the ex-situ studies except that the crystallite morphology is highly anisotropic due to non-uniform film heating (5).

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Kwon, Yong-Su, Kyunjong Sim, Taeyoon Seo, Jin-Kyu Lee, Youngwoo Kwon, and Tae-Jong Yoon. "Optimization of magnetic hyperthermia effect for breast cancer stem cell therapy." RSC Advances 6, no. 109 (2016): 107298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22382f.

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For breast cancer stem cell therapy using magnetic hyperthermia, the size of the particles and the alternating magnetic field conditions such as frequency and field strength should be optimized to increase the heating ability.

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Zhao, Gang, Fazil Panhwar, Xiaoli Liu, and Yuan Cao. "Magnetic Induction Heating And Microencapsulation Enables Low Cryoprotectant Vitrification Of Stem Cells." Cryobiology 91 (December 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.190.

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Miller, Benjamin, Anahita Pakzad, Liam Spillane, Bernhard Schaffer, and Cory Czarnik. "Live Mapping of Crystalline Regions During in-situ Heating (TEM and STEM)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S1 (July 30, 2021): 2688–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621009491.

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Pijls, B. G., I. M. J. G. Sanders, E. J. Kuijper, and R. G. H. H. Nelissen. "Segmental induction heating of orthopaedic metal implants." Bone & Joint Research 7, no. 11 (November 2018): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.711.bjr-2018-0080.r1.

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Objectives Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication following total joint arthroplasty. Non-contact induction heating of metal implants is a new and emerging treatment for PJI. However, there may be concerns for potential tissue necrosis. It is thought that segmental induction heating can be used to control the thermal dose and to limit collateral thermal injury to the bone and surrounding tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the thermal dose, for commonly used metal implants in orthopaedic surgery, at various distances from the heating centre (HC). Methods Commonly used metal orthopaedic implants (hip stem, intramedullary nail, and locking compression plate (LCP)) were heated segmentally using an induction heater. The thermal dose was expressed in cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C (CEM43) and measured with a thermal camera at several different distances from the HC. A value of 16 CEM43 was used as the threshold for thermal damage in bone. Results Despite high thermal doses at the HC (7161 CEM43 to 66 640 CEM43), the thermal dose at various distances from the HC was lower than 16 CEM43 for the hip stem and nail. For the fracture plate without corresponding metal screws, doses higher than 16 CEM43 were measured up to 5 mm from the HC. Conclusion Segmental induction heating concentrates the thermal dose at the targeted metal implant areas and minimizes collateral thermal injury by using the non-heated metal as a heat sink. Implant type and geometry are important factors to consider, as they influence dissipation of heat and associated collateral thermal injury. Cite this article: B. G. Pijls, I. M. J. G. Sanders, E. J. Kuijper, R. G. H. H. Nelissen. Segmental induction heating of orthopaedic metal implants. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:609–619. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.711.BJR-2018-0080.R1.

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Chao, Kuanglin, Richard S. Gates, and Robert G. Anderson. "A Knowledge-based System for Control of the Environment for Single-stem Roses." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 654c—654. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.654c.

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Knowledge engineering offers substantial opportunities for integrating and managing conflicting demands in greenhouse crop production. A fuzzy inference system was developed to balance conflicting requirements of producing a high-quality, single-stem rose crop while simultaneously controlling production costs of heating and ventilation. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was built to predict the rose status of `Lady Diana' single-stem roses from nondestructive measurements. The fuzzy inference system was capable of making a critical decision based on the principle of economic optimization. Temperature set points for two greenhouses with similar rose status were treated significantly different by the fuzzy inference system due to differences in greenhouse energy consumption. Moderate reduction in heating energy costs could be realized with the fuzzy inference system.

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Allard, Lawrence F., Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, and Steven H. Overbury. "Behavior of Au Species in Au/Fe2O3 Catalysts Characterized by Novel In Situ Heating Techniques and Aberration-Corrected STEM Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 4 (June 22, 2010): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610013486.

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AbstractThe recent advent of a novel design of in situ heating technology for electron microscopes has permitted unprecedented control of elevated temperature studies of catalytic materials, particularly when coupled with the sub-Ångström imaging performance of a modern aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS)-based Aduro™ heating chips from Protochips, Inc. (Raleigh, NC, USA) allows nearly instantaneous heating and cooling of catalyst powders, avoiding effects of temperature ramping as experienced with standard heating stages. The heating technology also provides stable operation limited only by the inherent drift in the microscope stage, thus allowing full image resolution to be achieved even at elevated temperatures. The present study details the use of both the high X-Y spatial resolution in both dark-field and simultaneous bright-field imaging, along with the high resolution in Z (depth sectioning) provided by the large probe incidence semiangle in the aberration-corrected instrument, to characterize the evolution of microstructure in a commercial Au/Fe2O3 water-gas shift catalyst during elevated temperature treatment. The phenomenon of Au diffusion to the surface of hematite support particles to form discrete crystalline Au nanoparticles in the 1–2 nm size range, after a prior leaching treatment to remove surface Au species has been characterized.

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Gaulandris, Fabrizio, Søren B. Simonsen, Jakob B. Wagner, Kristian Mølhave, Shun Muto, and Luise T. Kuhn. "Methods for Calibration of Specimen Temperature During In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619015344.

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AbstractOne of the biggest challenges for in situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the ability to measure the local temperature of the specimen accurately. Despite technological improvements in the construction of TEM/STEM heating holders, the problem of being able to measure the real sample temperature is still the subject of considerable discussion. In this study, we review the present literature on methodologies for temperature calibration. We analyze calibration methods that require the use of a thermometric material in addition to the specimen under study, as well as methods that can be performed directly on the specimen of interest without the need for a previous calibration. Finally, an overview of the most important characteristics of all the treated techniques, including temperature ranges and uncertainties, is provided in order to provide an accessory database to consult before an in situ TEM/STEM temperature calibration experiment.

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Barthakur, NN, and NP Arnold. "A Transient Method for Determining Thermal Diffusivity of Tobacco Stems." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0609.

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AbstractA microwave generator and a closed-circuit wind tunnel were used to measure the thermal diffusivity of tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) stems in vivo by the unsteady-state method. A simple mathematical model for heat flow, based on Fourier's heat-conduction equation and Newton's law of cooling, was used in this study. The microwave method was found to be relatively rapid as both heating and cooling of a cylindrical stem in an air stream could be completed in approximately 30 minutes for thermal-diffusivity determinations. Thermal-diffusivity value of the tobacco stems, containing 94 % moisture and a mean stem temperature of 30°C, was found to be (1.38 ± 0.06) × 10-7 m2 s-1. The coefficient of variation for the measurements did not exceed 1.4 % as determined through the analysis of cooling curves for five different air-flow rates over the stems. This study showed that the microwave technique could be effectively used to determine both accurately and reliably the thermal diffusivity of tobacco stems in vivo.

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Bova, Anthony S., and Matthew B. Dickinson. "An inverse method to estimate stem surface heat flux in wildland fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 6 (2009): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07122.

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Models of wildland fire-induced stem heating and tissue necrosis require accurate estimates of inward heat flux at the bark surface. Thermocouple probes or heat flux sensors placed at a stem surface do not mimic the thermal response of tree bark to flames. We show that data from thin thermocouple probes inserted just below the bark can be used, by means of a one-dimensional inverse heat conduction method, to estimate net heat flux (inward minus outward heat flow) and temperature at the bark surface. Further, we estimate outward heat flux from emitted water vapor and bark surface re-radiation. Estimates of surface heat flux and temperature made by the inverse method confirm that surface-mounted heat flux sensors and thermocouple probes overestimate surface heat flux and temperature. As a demonstration of the utility of the method, we characterized uneven stem heating, due to leeward, flame-driven vortices, in a prescribed surface fire. Advantages of using an inverse method include lower cost, ease of multipoint measurements and negligible effects on the target stem. Drawbacks of the simple inverse model described herein include inability to estimate heat flux in very moist bark and uncertainty in estimates when extensive charring occurs.

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Takemura, Yoshihiro, Masayuki Kishimoto, and Fumio Tamura. "Selection of cut flower species affected promotion of flowering and stem elongation by far-red lighting or heating treatments on end of day under limited sunshine from autumn to winter." Horticultural Science 47, No. 3 (September 30, 2020): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/174/2018-hortsci.

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The effect of a brief exposure to treatments of end-of-day (EOD) far-red (FR) light and EOD-heating on flowering and stem elongation in certain species cultivated in areas with limited sunshine from autumn to winter has been investigated. Thirteen EOD-FR treated cultivars among all 24 cultivars tested in experiment 1, showed earlier flowering than control plants. Additionally, Kanzaki No.21, F1 Winter cherry and Gypsy deep rose were earlier to flower under the all night-FR treatment than under the EOD-FR treatment. Further, 13 cultivars among all cultivars tested in experiment 1 showed greater stem length, whereas 16 cultivars of them showed greater mean internode length than controls when treated with EOD-FR. The days to flowering in 13 cultivars treated by EOD-Heating, flowering was earlier than in controls. Also, stem length and mean internode length were also promoted by the same treatment in 7 cultivars. Additionally, flowering and stem elongation of Stella rose, Arizona sun, Suzuhime and Extra carmine rose were promoted by a combination of both treatments, and productivity and quality were improved. These results suggest that the treatments tested can help the production of cut-flowers in areas with limited sunshine from autumn to winter, although the method of application of the treatments must be optimized for each species.

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Wei, Rui, Guang Yang, Jili Zhang, Xiaohong Wang, and Xin Zhou. "The thermal insulation properties of oak (Quercus mongolica) bark and the applicability of stem heating models." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 12 (2019): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18232.

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The survival probability of a tree exposed to surface fire varies widely depending on its bark. To advance the understanding of insulation properties of bark, mean thickness (BT), moisture content (MCb), surface structure (BS) and density (ρb) of bark samples of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) (n=395) for four diameter classes were investigated. In addition, data from 158 heating experiments simulating low-intensity surface fires in the laboratory were used to assess the relative importance of these properties affecting thermal insulation and evaluate the applicability of two stem heating models, an analytical, one-dimensional model and the FireStem2D model. Overall, BT is the best predictor of bark insulation capacity and MCb only contributes significantly to explain the residence time of cambial temperature >60°C (τ>60), whereas ρb and BS have minor effects. Although the two stem heating models overestimate the time required for cambium temperatures to reach 60°C (τ60), FireStem2D performed better than analytical model. Furthermore, FireStem2D provides good predictions of τ>60 and maximal cambial temperature (Tmax). In addition, errors in FireStem2D may be driven mainly by the errors in temperature measurement and the limitation of a two-dimensional model. The study provides a better knowledge of interactions between bark properties and heat transfer, which may improve the predictability of fire-caused stem injury for Mongolian oak and other species with similar bark properties.

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Jones, Joshua L., Brent W. Webb, Dan Jimenez, James Reardon, and Bret Butler. "Development of an advanced one-dimensional stem heating model for application in surface fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-187.

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A new one-dimensional heat conduction model for predicting stem heating during fires is presented. The model makes use of moisture- and temperature-dependent thermal properties for layers of bark and wood. The thermal aspects of the processes of bark swelling, desiccation, and devolatilization are treated in an approximate fashion. An energy balance reveals that simulation with a heat flux input boundary condition requires that these phenomena be accounted for. Previous models have used temperaturetime boundary conditions, which prevents them from being used in conjunction with fire behavior models. This model uses a fluxtime profile for its boundary condition, making it possible to eventually couple it to fire behavior models. The model was developed and validated with laboratory experiments on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) samples. It is intended that this model be used in conjunction with fire behavior and cell mortality models to make predictions of stem heating related mortality before prescribed burns.

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Paradiso, Roberta, and Stefania De Pascale. "Effects of Plant Size, Temperature, and Light Intensity on Flowering ofPhalaenopsisHybrids in Mediterranean Greenhouses." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/420807.

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Mediterranean greenhouses for cultivation ofPhalaenopsisorchids reproduce the warm, humid, and shaded environment of tropical underbrush. Heating represents the highest production cost, due to the high thermal requirements and the long unproductive phase of juvenility, in which plants attain the critical size for flowering. Our researches aimed to investigate the effect of plant size, temperature, and light intensity, during the phase of flower induction, on flowering of modern genotypes selected for Mediterranean greenhouses. Three experiments were carried out to compare (i) plant size: reduced size versus size considered optimal for flowering (hybrids “Sogo Yukidian,” “Chain Xen Diamond,” and “Pinlong”); (ii) temperature: moderate reduction of temperature versus standard thermal regime (hybrid “Premium”); (iii) light intensity: supplemental lighting versus reference light intensity (hybrid “Premium”). The premature exposure of plants to the inductive treatment delayed the beginning of flowering and reduced the flower stem quality, in all the tested hybrids. In “Premium,” the lower temperature did not affect flowering earliness and commercial quality of flower stems compared to the standard regime, whereas it promoted stem branching. In the same hybrid, supplemental lighting anticipated flowering and promoted the emission of the second stem and the stem branching, compared to the reference light regime.

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Chen, Jun, Si Zhou, Yi Wen, Gyeong Hee Ryu, Christopher Allen, Yang Lu, Angus I. Kirkland, and Jamie H. Warner. "In situ high temperature atomic level dynamics of large inversion domain formations in monolayer MoS2." Nanoscale 11, no. 4 (2019): 1901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08821g.

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Here we study the high-temperature formation and dynamics of large inversion domains (IDs) that form in monolayer MoS₂ using atomic-resolution annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) with an in situ heating stage.

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Liu, Haili, Jiaqiang E, Yuanwang Deng, Changqing Xie, and Hao Zhu. "Experimental study on pyrolysis characteristics of the tobacco stem based on microwave heating method." Applied Thermal Engineering 106 (August 2016): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.042.

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Zhao, Bin, David O'Connor, Junli Zhang, Tianyue Peng, Zhengtao Shen, Daniel C. W. Tsang, and Deyi Hou. "Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar." Journal of Cleaner Production 174 (February 2018): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.013.

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Hudak, Bethany, and Rhonda Stroud. "Evolution of NV centers in nanodiamond using in situ heating with STEM-EELS/EDS." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S1 (July 30, 2021): 3050–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621010576.

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Ameen, Muhammad, Zhuo Zhang, Xiaochan Wang, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Umair, Rana Noor, Wei Lu, Khurram Yousaf, Fahim Ullah, and Muhammad Memon. "An Investigation of a Root Zone Heating System and Its Effects on the Morphology of Winter-Grown Green Peppers." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050933.

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The winter season in Nanjing is from December to February, with extremely low temperature and high humidity due to seasonal snowfall. During these extreme cold climatic conditions, plants have to survive severe heat stress conditions, even if they are being kept in greenhouses. The objective of this study was to investigate a heating system that can provide heat directly to the root zone instead of heating the entire greenhouse, which is a viable option to reduce energy consumption. Root zone heating could be an effective alternative for the sustainable development of plants during the winter. A novel type of root zone heating system was applied to evaluate the energy consumption during different greenhouse ambient temperature conditions, the effects of root zone heating systems on pepper plant morphology, and heat transfer rates to plant canopy in the greenhouse. The temperature treatments in root zone heating system were T-15, T-20, T-25, T-30, and a control treatment (TC) at 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, respectively, while TC received no heat. A simulation study was carried out to validate the root zone temperature. The results of the current investigation revealed that energy consumption has an inverse relationship to the ambient temperature of the greenhouse, while temperature gradients to the plant canopy observed from the lower to the upper part of the plant and the upper canopy experienced less temperature fluctuation as compared to the lower part of the plant. The results also showed that treatment T-20 had the maximum in terms of the leaf dry weight, stem diameter, and the number of leaves, while T-25 showed the maximum root dry weight and stem dry weight; T-30 and T-15 had minimum dry weights of plant segments among all treatments. Control treatment (TC) showed a minimum dry mass of plant. The root zone heating with optimal root zone temperature was found to be a viable and adaptable option as this leads to improved energy consumption patterns for the sustainable growth and development of plants in greenhouses during extremely low temperatures.

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Nadezhdina, Nadezhda, Jan Čermák, Alec Downey, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Martti Perämäki, Jorge Soares David, Clara A. Pinto, and Teresa Soares David. "Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0013.

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Abstract Symmetrical temperature difference also known as the sap flow index (SFI) forms the basis of the Heat Field Deformation sap flow measurement and is simultaneously collected whilst measuring the sap flow. SFI can also be measured by any sap flow method applying internal continuous heating through the additional installation of an axial differential thermocouple equidistantly around a heater. In earlier research on apple trees SFI was found to be an informative parameter for tree physiological studies, namely for assessing the contribution of stem water storage to daily transpiration. The studies presented in this work are based on the comparative monitoring of SFI and diameter in stems of different species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea omorika, Pinus sylvestris) and tree sizes. The ability of SFI to follow the patterns of daily stem water storage use was empirically confirmed by our data. Additionally, as the HFD multipointsensors can measure sap flow at several stem sapwood depths, their use allowed to analyze the use of stored water in different xylem layers through SFI records. Radial and circumferential monitoring of SFI on large cork oak trees provided insight into the relative magnitude and timing of the contribution of water stored in different sapwood layers or stem sectors to transpiration.

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Helwani, Zuchra, Muliadi Ramli, Asep Rusyana, Marlina Marlina, Warman Fatra, Ghazi Mauer Idroes, Rivansyah Suhendra, Viqha Ashwie, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, and Rinaldi Idroes. "Alternative Briquette Material Made from Palm Stem Biomass Mediated by Glycerol Crude of Biodiesel Byproducts as a Natural Adhesive." Processes 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070777.

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Recently, the global population has increased sharply, unfortunately, the availability of fossil fuel resources has significantly decreased. This phenomenon has become an attractive issue for many researchers in the world so that various studies in the context of finding renewable energy are developing continuously. Relating to this challenge, this research has been part of scientific work in the context of preparing an energy briquette employing palm oil stems and glycerol crude of biodiesel byproducts as inexpensive and green materials easily found in the Riau province, Indonesia. Technically, the palm oil stems are used for the production of charcoal particles and the glycerol crude as an adhesive compound in the production of energy briquettes. The heating value of palm oil stem is 17,180 kJ/kg, which can be increased to an even higher value through a carbonization process followed by a densification process so that it can be used as a potential matrix to produce energy briquettes. In detail, this study was designed to find out several parameters including the effect of sieve sizes consisting of 60, 80, and 100 mesh, respectively, which are used for the preparation of charcoal particles as the main matrix for the manufacture of the briquettes; the effect of charcoal-adhesive ratios (wt) of 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20; and the effect of varied pressures of 100, 110, and 120 kg/cm2 on the briquette quality. The quality of the obtained briquettes is analyzed through the observation of important properties which involve the heating value and the compressive strength using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the produced briquettes had an optimum heating value of 30,670 kJ/kg, while their loaded charcoal particles resulted from the mesh sieve of 80, in which there was a charcoal loading of 53 g and it pressed at 93.1821 bar, whereas, the compressive strength value of the briquette was 100,608 kg/cm2, which loaded charcoal particles from the mesh sieve of 100, the charcoal-adhesive ratio of 53:47 (wt) and the pressure of 93.1821 bar.

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Filkoski, Risto, Ana Lazarevska, Daniela Mladenovska, and Dejan Kitanovski. "Steam system optimization of an industrial heat and power plant." Thermal Science 24, no. 6 Part A (2020): 3649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200403284f.

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Improvement of the energy conversion processes efficiency helps to achieve a more reliable energy supply, a cleaner environment, more competitive businesses, and higher living standard. Industry data indicate significant potential for improving the efficiency of steam systems and minimizing their operating costs by implementing various measures. The present work is a result of a systematic approach for energy performance analysis and identification of opportunities for optimizing the steam-condensate system of the combined heat and power plant ESM Energetika, Skopje, North Macedonia. The boiler plants provide superheated steam used in a hot-water station for the district heating system, for electricity generation, and as process steam for industrial customers. As the main operating costs of the plant stem from the natural gas consumption, the implementation of a set of energy efficiency measures will lead to its reduction, accompanied by less environmental impact. As a result of the system analysis, a number of energy efficiency measures have been identified. For each measure, the impact on individual parts of the system, as well as on the system as a whole, is evaluated using the steam system modeller tool. This paper elaborates some of the identified measures that are considered more reliable from an operational and financial aspect, mainly focused on steam production for the district heating system. Based on a conservative approach, significant potential for savings of natural gas, electrical energy, and treated water is estimated, which will lead to annual financial savings of about 245000 Euro.

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Allard, Lawrence F., Steven H. Overbury, Wilbur C. Bigelow, Michael B. Katz, David P. Nackashi, and John Damiano. "Novel MEMS-Based Gas-Cell/Heating Specimen Holder Provides Advanced Imaging Capabilities forIn SituReaction Studies." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 4 (July 27, 2012): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612001249.

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AbstractIn prior research, specimen holders that employ a novel MEMS-based heating technology (AduroTM) provided by Protochips Inc. (Raleigh, NC, USA) have been shown to permit sub-Ångström imaging at elevated temperatures up to 1,000°C duringin situheating experiments in modern aberration-corrected electron microscopes. The Aduro heating devices permit precise control of temperature and have the unique feature of providing both heating and cooling rates of 106°C/s. In the present work, we describe the recent development of a new specimen holder that incorporates the Aduro heating device into a “closed-cell” configuration, designed to function within the narrow (2 mm) objective lens pole piece gap of an aberration-corrected JEOL 2200FS STEM/TEM, and capable of exposing specimens to gases at pressures up to 1 atm. We show the early results of tests of this specimen holder demonstrating imaging at elevated temperatures and at pressures up to a full atmosphere, while retaining the atomic resolution performance of the microscope in high-angle annular dark-field and bright-field imaging modes.

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Yang, Yao, Yin Xiong, Elliot Padgett, Howie Joress, Venkata Yarlagadda, Anusorn Kongkanand, Joel D. Brock, Francis J. DiSalvo, Héctor D. Abruña, and David A. Muller. "Quantifying the Atomic Ordering of Binary Intermetallic Nanocatalysts Using In Situ Heating STEM and XRD." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, S2 (August 2019): 1488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619008171.

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Ambarwati, Yuni. "Utilization of Cassava Rods Waste as Active Charcoal and The Effect of HCl Activator and Activation Time on Active Charcoal." Tekmapro : Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/tekmapro.v14i2.122.

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Some research proved that activated carbon could be made from organic materials or anorganic material with very high carbon content. The exist research of activated carbon from coconut shell, bagasse, cassava peel. In fact, there are a lot of material can be used as raw material, like cassava rods wastebecause the amount is very abundant and has not been widely used. This research aims toreceive the right conditionsin the manufacture of activated charcoal from cassava stem wastewith variations in concentration and time of activationwith chemical activation methodsusing a hydrochloric acid activatorto obtain activated charcoal products that fulfill the standards. Making activated charcoal begins withdehydrate the stem in the sun for around 2 days. The second is make cassava charcoal by installing a series of clinker drum cassava stems. The third is charcoal stem activationwith the size 100 mesh, mix charcoal with Hydrochloric Acidinto erlenmeyerwith concentration 1,5N; 2N; 2,5N; 3N; and 3,5Nthen stir with Heating Magnetic Stirrer, 105 ºC, during 2,5 hours, 3 hours, 3,5 hours, 4 hours, 4,5 hours. The results obtained by the best active charcoalat concentration3 Nwith activation time 4,5 hours, ash content 0.8%, andabsorption of iodine 399,67 mg/g.

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Tseng, Ling-Shu, Sheng-Hsien Chen, Mao-Tsun Lin, and Ying-Chu Lin. "Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Stem Cells Improve Heat Tolerance and Hypothalamic Damage in Heat Stressed Mice." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/685683.

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Heatstroke is characterized by excessive hyperthermia associated with systemic inflammatory responses, which leads to multiple organ failure, in which brain disorders predominate. This definition can be almost fulfilled by a mouse model of heatstroke used in the present study. Unanesthetized mice were exposed to whole body heating (41.2°C for 1 hour) and then returned to room temperature (26°C) for recovery. Immediately after termination of whole body heating, heated mice displayed excessive hyperthermia (body core temperature ~42.5°C). Four hours after termination of heat stress, heated mice displayed (i) systemic inflammation; (ii) ischemic, hypoxic, and oxidative damage to the hypothalamus; (iii) hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis impairment (reflected by plasma levels of both adrenocorticotrophic-hormone and corticosterone); (iv) decreased fractional survival; and (v) thermoregulatory deficits (e.g., they became hypothermia when they were exposed to room temperature). These heatstroke reactions can be significantly attenuated by human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+cells therapy. Our data suggest that human umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells therapy may improve outcomes of heatstroke in mice by reducing systemic inflammation as well as hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis impairment.

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Hachtel, J. A., S. Yu, A. R. Lupini, S. T. Pantelides, M. Gich, A. Laromaine, and A. Roig. "Gold nanotriangles decorated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: a compositional and microstructural study." Faraday Discussions 191 (2016): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00028b.

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The combination of iron oxide and gold in a single nanoparticle results in both magnetic and plasmonic properties that can stimulate novel applications in bio-sensing, medical imaging, or therapeutics. Microwave assisted heating allows the fabrication of multi-component, multi-functional nanostructures by promoting selective heating at desired sites. Recently, we reported a microwave-assisted polyol route yielding gold nanotriangles decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles. Here, we present an in-depth microstructural and compositional characterization of the system using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). A method to remove the iron oxide nanoparticles from the gold nanocrystals and some insights on crystal nucleation and growth mechanisms are also provided.

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Guinel, M., L. Allard, A. Delattre, and P. Reiss. "Aberration-Corrected STEM Imaging and In Situ Heating Experiments on Stable Colloidal Solutions of FePt Nanoparticles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, S2 (July 2011): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611003473.

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38

Hmiz, Dhulfiqar J., Gholamhossein Davarynejad, Bahram Abedi, and Ihsn J. Ithbayyib. "Effect of the Root Zone Temperature and Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Main Branches and some other Chemical Characteristics of Tomato Fruit." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (September 18, 2019): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.153.

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In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH, E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating. Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1 when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

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Hmiz, Dhulfiqar J., and Ihsan J. Ithbayyib. "Effect of the Root Zone Temperature and Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Main Branches and some other Chemical Characteristics of Tomato Fruit Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 34, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.1.14.

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In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH, E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit ,increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating. Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1 when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

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Gu, Tianbao, Torsten Berning, and Chungen Yin. "Application of a New Statistical Model for the Description of Solid Fuel Decomposition in the Analysis of Artemisia apiacea Pyrolysis." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185789.

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Pyrolysis, one of the key thermochemical conversion technologies, is very promising to obtain char, oil and combustible gases from solid fuels. Kinetic modeling is a crucial method for the prediction of the solid conversion rate and analysis of the pyrolysis process. We recently developed a new statistical model for the universal description of solid fuel decomposition, which shows great potential in studying solid fuel pyrolysis. This paper demonstrates three essential applications of this new model in the analysis of Artemisia apiacea pyrolysis, i.e., identification of the conversion rate peak position, determination of the reaction mechanism, and evaluation of the kinetics. The results of the first application show a very good agreement with the experimental data. From the second application, the 3D diffusion-Jander reaction model is considered as the most suitable reaction mechanism for the description of Artemisia stem pyrolysis. The third application evaluates the kinetics of Artemisia stem pyrolysis. The evaluated kinetics vary with the conversion degree and heating rates, in which the activation energies and pre-exponential factors (i.e., lnA vs. Ea) show a linear relationship, regardless of the conversion and heating rates. Moreover, the prediction of the conversion rate using the obtained kinetics shows an excellent fit with the experimental data.

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41

Moriyama, Tomoyuki, Hajime Fushihara, and Koichiro Oku. "Effects of Basal Stem Heating on Fruit Set, Yield and Fruit Quality in Forcing Culture of Eggplant." Horticultural Research (Japan) 10, no. 4 (2011): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/hrj.10.545.

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Zutter, Brian, Matthew Mecklenburg, Ho Leung Chan, and B. C. Regan. "Correlation of Joule Heating and Electromigration-induced Mass Transport within Nanoscale Co Interconnects by In Situ STEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (July 30, 2020): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620013604.

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Moriyama, Tomoyuki, and Koichiro Oku. "Development of Basal Stem Heating System with Plastic Tunnel and Branch Duct in Forcing Culture of Eggplant." Horticultural Research (Japan) 11, no. 4 (2012): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/hrj.11.531.

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Potter, Brian E., and Jeffrey A. Andresen. "A finite-difference model of temperatures and heat flow within a tree stem." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-226.

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The authors present a finite-difference numerical model of heat flow within a horizontal section of a tree stem. Processes included in the model are solar radiative heating, infrared emission and absorption, convective heat exchange between tree surface and the atmosphere, and conduction inside the tree. Input variables include wood density, wood thermal conductivity, wood specific heat, wind speed, air temperature, and insolation. The model produces time series of temperature for grid points inside the tree stem. Based on comparison with observations from two case studies, the model appears capable of reproducing relative timing and amplitude of temperature patterns at the cardinal aspects. Sensitivity tests show that insolation and convection parameters, as well as the physical properties of the tree, can all have a strong influence on model results.

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45

Allard, Lawrence F., Wilbur C. Bigelow, Steven A. Bradley, and Jingyue(Jimmy) Liu. "A Novel Heating Technology for Ultra-High Resolution Imaging in Electron Microscopes." Microscopy Today 17, no. 4 (June 26, 2009): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929509000030.

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Capabilities for in-situ studies of materials at elevated temperatures and under gaseous environments have received increasing attention in recent years [1]. With the advent of electron microscopes that provide routine imaging at the atomic level (e.g. aberration-corrected TEM and STEM instruments), it is of particular interest to be able to record images at high temperatures while retaining the inherent resolution of the microscope; that is, the resolution is not limited by drift in the heating holder or other instabilities associated with its operation. A number of commercial and experimental heating devices have been used over the years; some holders are designed with miniature furnaces that heat entire grids [2], while a more recent development used a tiny spiral filament coated with a carbon film as the heater element [3]. These devices, while very useful for some applications (particularly in “environmental microscopes” that employ differential pumping to allow gases at some elevated pressure to be injected around the specimen), are invariably not as stable as might be desired for sub-Ångström imaging experiments. They are also limited by the speed at which the sample can be heated to temperature for stable operation. In collaboration with Protochips Inc. (Raleigh, NC), our laboratory is developing a novel new technology for in-situ heating experiments that overcomes a number of performance problems associated with standard heating stage technologies [4].

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Joswiak, David J. "Height Measurement of Interplanetary Dust Particles by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)." Microscopy Today 8, no. 6 (August 2000): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052883.

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Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) comprise an important source of extraterrestrial materials available for study of our solar system and originate from either the asteroid belt or from short period comets. IDPs from cometary sources are particularly important as they constitute the only physical samples of comets available; all known meteorites are derived from the asteroids, the Moon or Mars. By measuring the densities of IDPs and using an appropriate atmospheric entry heating model, it is possible to determine whether an individual IDP has been derived from an asteraidal or cometary source region. Calculating the density of an IDP requires knowledge of both its mass and volume, which can be determined by using a combination of secondary and transmission electron microscopy techniques. We have developed methods to measure both of these parameters and thus routinely measure densities for individual IDPS in the size range of 5-15 μm.

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Speyer, R. F., W. M. Kriven, and S. H. Risbud. "Precursors to crystallization in amorphous CdGeAs2." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100143845.

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A myriad of crystalline microstructures may be obtained by minute variations in thermal treatment during the devitrification of CdGeAs2 from the glass. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies show that the single crystallization exotherm observed under moderate heating conditions, splits into two superimposed exotherms (a moderately energetic one followed by a substantially energetic one) at very slow heating rates, as shown in Figure 1.It is believed that the first DSC exotherm represents the nucleation and partial growth of a non-stoichiometric. crystalline precursor phase. X-ray diffraction studies of samples sequentially quenched along the DSC exotherm indicated, to reasonable confidence, that the precursor phase was pure germanium, and with absolute confidence that the larger exotherm represents the formation of CdGeAs2 adopting the chalcopyrite structure. The TEM. STEM, and EDS studies described herein substantiate our elucidation of the precursor phase.

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48

Showalter, Robert K. "Postharvest Water Intake and Decay of Tomatoes." HortTechnology 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.97.

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Serious, postharvest decay losses occurred in tomatoes when water in which they were submerged was cooler than the fruit. Tomatoes have extensive intercellular air spaces, a heavily cutinized epidermis, and no stomatal openings. When tomatoes with unbroken skins were submerged in packinghouse dump tank water of lower temperatures, the internal air contracted and water plus decay organisms were drawn into the fruits through the stem scar. Heating dump tank water has been successful in limiting this decay problem.

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Lim, Kyong Ho, Wol Soo Kim, Hyung Kee Lim, and Byeong Sam Kim. "Effective Cutting Methods and Media for Hardwood Cuttings in `Sunaga Wase' Peaches." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 497D—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.497d.

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This experiment was carried out to investigate the effective cutting methods and media for hardwood cuttings in `Sunaga Wase' peach (Prunus persica L.). Using 1-year-old peach stems out of winter pruning, the cutting stems were procurred through several steps on 16 Feb. 1995 and 1996. i) Cut 30 cm in length by pruning scissors and bundled to 10 stems; ii) 1-cm bottom part of cutting stem dipped into IBA (1000 ppm solution) for 5 s and then powdering with Captan WP; iii) upper part of cutting stem coated with Topsin paste; iv) standing the bundled cutting stems in the cutting bench filled with cutting media; v) the temperature maintained at 20 ± 1°C under the level of cutting media by bottom heating and at 5 to 10°C above the media level. Among the cutting media, vermiculite showed the highest rooting percentage, as much as 93.2%, followed by Jiffy pot and rockwool cube. High transplanting survival percentage under field conditions was obtained by the treatment of vermiculite of media + cutting duration for 35 days. Although the treatment of cutting duration for 55 days showed very high percentage of rooting, such as 96.4% in vermiculite, 78.3% in Jiffy pots, and 83.3% of rockwool cube, their percentage of nursery survival after transplanting were reduced remarkably less than 10% in nursery fields covered with black polyethylene film. The nursery trees obtained from each treatment were characteristically 136 to 146 cm in tree height and 22.9 to 26.8 cm in trunk diameter.

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Sengphet, Keokangdong, T. Sato, Mohd Noor Ahmad Fauzi, and R. Othman. "Porous Ceramic Bodies Using Banana Stem Waste as a Pore-Forming Agent." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.131.

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The use of banana stem waste (BW) was evaluated as a pore-forming agent to manufacture a porous clay ceramic body. Raw clay was characterized by XRD, XRF and TGA. After the clay was mixed with banana stem waste, in various proportions, the mixtures were pressed before being fired at different temperatures i.e 1100°C, 1125 and 1150°C, for 3 h with a heating rate of 5°C/min. Pore formation and microstructure in the fired samples were characterized using FE-SEM, whilst bulk densities, porosities and water absorption were determined using the Archimedes method. The mechanical strength was also investigated in order to optimize the fabrication process itself. The results obtained showed shrinkages between 13.08-16.10%, density values ranging between 1.37-1.51g/cm3, whilst porosity was determined to be between 18.5 to 18.78 % and water absorption 9.77-10.06 %, respectively. The tensile strength was in the range of 9.03 to 9.80MPa. These results proved that banana stem waste (BW) is potentially capable to produce porous ceramic materials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stem heating'

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