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1
Silviu, ANDRIEȘ-TABAC. "CRONICA ELABORĂRII NOILOR SIMBOLURI HERALDICE ŞI VEXILOLOGICE ALE MUNICIPIULUI CHIŞINĂU ŞI ALE SECTOARELOR LUI (II)." DIALOGICA. Revistă de studii culturale și literatură Vol. 8, . 2/2021 (2021): 14–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5446401.
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La 2 martie 2020, Preşedintele Republicii Moldova a semnat Decretul nr. 1475-VIII privind în- registrarea unor simboluri teritoriale ale municipiului Chişinău. Prin acest act, au fost înregistrate în Armorialul General al Republicii Moldova însemnele urbane aprobate prin Decizia Consiliului Municipal Chişinău nr. 5/2 din 19 decembrie 2019: stema şi drapelul municipiului Chişinău şi stemele şi drapelele sectoarelor lui: Botanica, Buiucani, Centru, Ciocana şi Râşcani. Noua stemă municipală este una de factură „stemă mare”, păstrează ca „stemă mică” vechile arme de la 1930, reluate în uz în 1990 într-o altă versiune grafică, şi le completează cu sus- ținători (două turnuri de apă), deviză („Prin noi înşine”) şi augmentează smaltul coroanei municipale din argint în aur. Noul drapel municipal, în care predomină câmpul alb, reprezintă o versiune ajustată a drapelului aflat în uz neoficial din 1998. Stemele şi drapelele sectoarelor municipiului Chişinău reprezintă o premieră pentru sim- bolurile urbane din Republica Moldova. Ele au fost elaborate în complex, sunt similare ca structură şi introduc, pe lângă emblematica specifică, culori personalizate diferite pentru fiecare sector.
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Tiron, Tudor-Radu. "O STEMĂ INEDITĂ A FAMILIEI CANANO (PRIVIRE TEHNICĂ ASUPRA UZANŢELOR HERALDICE DE ALTĂDATĂ)." Cercetări Numismatice 8 (2002): 495–503. https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.8.42.
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Tiron, Tudor-Radu. "O STEMĂ INEDITĂ A FAMILIEI CANANO (PRIVIRE TEHNICĂ ASUPRA UZANŢELOR HERALDICE DE ALTĂDATĂ)." Cercetări Numismatice 8 (2002): 495–503. https://doi.org/10.46535/cn.8.42.
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Hyman, Larry M. "Tone in Runyankore Verb Stem Reduplication." Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus 62, no. 2 (2022): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5842/62-2-901.
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In this paper I describe the surprisingly extensive range of choices Runyankore speakers have in “devaluative-frequentative” verb stem reduplication (“to sort of do X, to do X here and there, to do X a lot”). Analyzed as stem-compounding, both single (stem1-stem2) and multiple (stem1-stem2-stem3...) reduplication are possible of a stem such as furumuka “dash out” (furumuka-furumuka(-furumuka...)), with the possibility of left-aligned truncation (furu-furumuka, furumu-furumuka), right-aligned truncation (furumuka-muka, furumuka-rumuka) and both (furu-furumuka-muka). In addition, prefinal stems can alternatively end in “replacive [a]” (fura-furumuka, furuma-furumuka). Complementing these variants is a “mixed” system where both stems are truncated (furumu-rumuka), to which additional reduplicated stems can also be added (furu-furumu-rumuka-muka). While each reduplicated stem is free to choose its shape independently of the others (e.g. furu-furuma-furumuka, furuma-furu-furumuka etc.), the same three possible H(igh) stem-tone patterns are observed in different inflections, predictable from the input tones: /H/ on the first stem, /H/ on the last stem, /H/ on the second mora of any stem (au choix). I show that these facts require each stem to be independently derived from the same (complete) morphological and phonological input with tone assigned prior to truncation, thereby directly supporting both reduplication as compounding (Downing 2003) and morphological doubling theory (MDT) (Inkelas & Zoll 2005).
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Sugano, N., Y. Maeda, H. Fuji, et al. "ACCURACY OF STEM ANTEVERSION IN ROBOTIC TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY: A COMPARISON OF CEMENTED AND CEMENTLESS STEMS." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_12 (2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.12.056.
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The purposes of this study were to report the accuracy of stem anteversion for Exeter cemented stems with the Mako hip enhanced mode and to compare it to Accolade cementless stems.We reviewed the data of 25 hips in 20 patients who underwent THA through the posterior approach with Exeter stems and 25 hips in 19 patients with Accolade stems were matched for age, gender, height, weight, disease, and approaches. There was no difference in the target stem anteversion (20°–30°) between the groups. Two weeks after surgery, CT images were taken to measure stem anteversion.The difference in stem anteversion between the plan and the postoperative CT measurements was 1.2° ± 3.8° (SD) on average with cemented stems and 4.2° ± 4.2° with cementless stems, respectively (P <0.05). The difference in stem anteversion between the intraoperative measurements and the postoperative CT measurements was 0.75° ± 1.8° with Exeter stems and 2.2° ± 2.3° with Accolade stems, respectively (P <0.05).This study demonstrated a high precision of anteversion for Exeter cemented stems with the Mako enhanced mode and its clinical accuracy was better with the cemented stems than that with the cementless stems. Although intraoperative stem anteversion measurements with the Mako system were more accurate with the cemented stems than that with the cementless stem, the difference was about 1° and the accuracy of intra-operative anteversion measurements was quite high even with the cementless stems. The smaller difference in stem anteversion between the plan and postoperative measurements with the cemented stems suggested that stem anteversion control was easier with cemented stems under the Mako enhanced mode than that with cementless stems.Intraoperative stem anteversion measurement with Mako total hip enhanced mode was accurate and it was useful in controlling cemented stem anteversion to the target angle.
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Drosos, Georgios I., and Panagiotis Touzopoulos. "Short stems in total hip replacement: evidence on primary stability according to the stem type." HIP International 29, no. 2 (2018): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700018811811.
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Background: As the prevalence of total hip replacement is increasing in younger patients, less invasive implants (short stems) are becoming more favourable. However, despite the advantages of these stems, clinical results with a follow-up of more than 10 years are limited to a very few stem designs. There has been an increase in publications recently – mechanical and clinical studies – concerning the primary stability of short stems. Primary stem stability is an important factor as it reflects final stem stabilisation and is related to the clinical results of the prosthesis. Method: We conducted a systematic review of the literature to retrieve evidence concerning primary implant stability in short stems – as expressed by implant micromotion and stem subsidence – according to our previously proposed short-stem classification. Results: Mechanical in vitro studies on stem micromotion are very few and limited to type 2 “partial collum” short stems. The results are comparable to those of stems with a known long-term excellent clinical course. Clinical results concerning stem migration patterns are also limited to some of the commercially available short stems. Although comparative studies are very few, the results for most of the short stems are similar to those of standard stems. Conclusion: There are promising results concerning biomechanical studies of the initial micromotion of short stems, as well as clinical results of stem migration patterns. Long-term clinical studies are needed in order to confirm these findings. The existing literature concerns very few of the many commercially available implants.
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Kaneuji, Ayumi, Mingliang Chen, Eiji Takahashi, et al. "Collarless Polished Tapered Stems of Identical Shape Provide Differing Outcomes for Stainless Steel and Cobalt Chrome: A Biomechanical Study." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 5 (2023): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050262.
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Cemented polished tapered femoral stems (PTS) made of cobalt–chrome alloy (CoCr) are a known risk factor for periprosthetic fracture (PPF). The mechanical differences between CoCr-PTS and stainless-steel (SUS) PTS were investigated. CoCr stems having the same shape and surface roughness as the SUS Exeter® stem were manufactured and dynamic loading tests were performed on three each. Stem subsidence and the compressive force at the bone–cement interface were recorded. Tantalum balls were injected into the cement, and their movement was tracked to indicate cement movement. Stem motions in the cement were greater for the CoCr stems than for the SUS stems. In addition, although we found a significant positive correlation between stem subsidence and compressive force in all stems, CoCr stems generated a compressive force over three times higher than SUS stems at the bone–cement interface with the same stem subsidence (p < 0.01). The final stem subsidence amount and final force were greater in the CoCr group (p < 0.01), and the ratio of tantalum ball vertical distance to stem subsidence was significantly smaller for CoCr than for SUS (p < 0.01). CoCr stems appear to move more easily in cement than SUS stems, which might contribute to the increased occurrence of PPF with the use of CoCr-PTS.
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Worden, Natalie J., Kristian J. Ash, Nathaniel R. Ordway, et al. "Radiographic and Biomechanical Assessment of Three Implant Designs for Canine Cementless Total Hip Replacement." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33, no. 06 (2020): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715476.
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Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between radiographic fit/fill measurements and biomechanical performance of three canine cementless total hip implant designs using an in vitro biomechanical testing protocol that replicates compression and torsion. Study Design Eighteen (six/group) canine cadaveric femurs were implanted with one of three cementless total hip implant designs: (1) collarless, (2) collared or (3) lateral bolt stems. Femoral length, canal flare index (CFI), canal fill, stem fit, stem level and stem angle were measured as independent variables. Biomechanical performance was tested using physiological, non-destructive gait loading (loading protocols) and destructive testing (failure protocols). Results During loading protocols, compressive stiffness was influenced by stem level (p < 0.05) and torsional stiffness was influenced by stem level and CFI for collarless stems (p < 0.05). During failure protocols, peak load was influenced by mediolateral (ML) stem angle (p < 0.05) and CFI (p < 0.01) for collarless stems and CFI for lateral bolt stems (p < 0.05). Peak torque was influenced by ML stem angle, craniocaudal stem angle and CFI for collarless stems (p < 0.05) and average ML fill for collared stems (p < 0.05). Conclusion Biomechanical performance of collarless stems in cementless hip arthroplasty is more impacted by radiographic fit/fill than lateral bolt and collared stems. As a result, collarless stems may be more dependent on preoperative fit and intraoperative precision.
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Casassa, L. Federico, Paul A. Gannett, Nicholas B. Steele, and Robert Huff. "Multi-Year Study of the Chemical and Sensory Effects of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Musts and Stems in Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah Wines from the Central Coast of California." Molecules 27, no. 4 (2022): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041270.
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Microwave technology (MW) was applied to musts and stems over three consecutive vintages in Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah wines from California (USA). Stems were added to musts at a rate of 50 and 100% (50% Stems and 100% Stems), either as untreated or after MW (50% MW Stems and 100% MW Stems). Stem additions lowered ethanol (up to 1.15% v/v reduction), but increased pH (up to 0.16 units) and the tannin content of the wines. In 2016, tannins increased by 103% (100% Stems), and 124% (100% MW Stems). In 2017, tannins increased by 39% in stem-added Merlot wines and by 63% (100% Stems) and 85% (100% MW Stems) in Syrah wines. In 2018, tannins in Syrah wines increased by 250% (100% MW Stems) and by 743% (100% Stems). Wines made with 50% Stems exhibited intermediate tannin contents. Must MW increased flavonols (up to 278% in Syrah wines), monoglucosylated, acylated and anthocyanin-derived pigments. Stem additions reduced wine color and polymeric pigment formation in Syrah. Must MW decreased the perception of coarseness and herbaceous flavors in Merlot, whereas stem additions increased herbaceous aromas in Syrah. Despite higher tannin contents in stem-added wines, no concomitant increases in astringency were observed.
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Van Veghel, Mirthe H. W., Gerjon Hannink, Jakob Van Oldenrijk, Liza N. Van Steenbergen, and B. Willem Schreurs. "A comparison of uncemented short versus standard stem length in total hip arthroplasty: results from the Dutch Arthroplasty Register." Acta Orthopaedica 94 (July 7, 2023): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2023.13652.
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Background and purpose: We aimed to compare revision rates between uncemented short and standard stems in total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and the corresponding patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).Patients and methods: We included all short (C.F.P., Fitmore, GTS, Metha, Nanos, Optimys, Pulchra, and Taperloc Microplasty) and standard stems in uncemented THAs registered between 2009 and 2021 in the Dutch Arthroplasty Register. Kaplan–Meier survival and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed with overall and femoral stem revision as endpoints.Results: Short stems were used in 3,352 and standard stems in 228,917 hips. 10-year overall revision rates (4.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.7–6.3 vs. 4.5%, CI 4.4–4.6) and femoral stem revision rates (3.0%, CI 2.2–4.2 vs. 2.3%, CI 2.2–2.4) were comparable for short- and standard-stem THAs. Today’s predominant short stems (Fitmore and Optimys) showed short-term revision rates similar to that of standard-stem THAs. Other, less frequently used short stems had higher 10-year overall (6.3%, CI 4.7–8.5) and femoral stem (4.5%, CI 3.1–6.3) revision rates. Multivariable Cox regression also showed a higher risk for overall (HR 1.7, CI 1.0–2.9) and femoral stem revision (HR 2.0, CI 1.1–3.5) using the latter short stems compared with standard stems. An exploratory analysis of PROMs showed no difference.Conclusion: There was no overall difference in revision rates but a tendency toward increased revision of short stems both for the whole THA and for the stem itself. The less frequently used short stems had increased revision risk. No difference in PROMs was shown.
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Yanoviak, Stephen P., Cheryl Silveri, Christopher A. Hamm, and Manuel Solis. "Stem characteristics and ant body size in a Costa Rican rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 2 (2012): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741100071x.
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Abstract:Climbing plants provide efficient pathways for ants to access patchy arboreal resources. However, plant stems vary greatly in physical characteristics that are likely to influence ant locomotion. We collected, measured and identified ants foraging on 671 stems of climbing plants at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We applied tuna baits to 70% of the observed stems to attract ants to a broad range of stem sizes. We used these data to examine relationships between relative stem roughness, growth form (herbaceous or woody), stem diameter and the body length of foraging ants representing 58 species. The size of the largest ants found on stems generally increased with stem size up to 3.2 mm diameter, whereas the size of the smallest ants present on stems did not vary with stem diameter. The largest ants in the forest (Paraponera clavata) used small stems (<2.7 mm diameter) only when attracted by baits. Average (± SE) ant body length was larger on woody (5.2 ± 0.32 mm) vs. herbaceous (3.3 ± 0.53 mm) stems, but did not differ between rough and smooth stems within these categories. Ant body-size distribution tended toward unimodality on smooth stems. We conclude that small stem diameter acts as a habitat filter based on ant body size, but only for the largest ants in the forest. The filter effect is reduced when ants are attracted to an artificially high quality resource.
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Kwak, Dae-Kyung, Sun-Hee Bang, Sung-Jae Lee, Ji-Hun Park, and Je-Hyun Yoo. "Effect of stem position and length on bone-stem constructs after cementless hip arthroplasty." Bone & Joint Research 10, no. 4 (2021): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.104.bjr-2020-0043.r3.
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Aims There are concerns regarding initial stability and early periprosthetic fractures in cementless hip arthroplasty using short stems. This study aimed to investigate stress on the cortical bone around the stem and micromotions between the stem and cortical bone according to femoral stem length and positioning. Methods In total, 12 femoral finite element models (FEMs) were constructed and tested in walking and stair-climbing. Femoral stems of three different lengths and two different positions were simulated, assuming press-fit fixation within each FEM. Stress on the cortical bone and micromotions between the stem and bone were measured in each condition. Results Stress concentration was observed on the medial and lateral interfaces between the cortical bone and stem. With neutral stem insertion, mean stress over a region of interest was greater at the medial than lateral interface regardless of stem length, which increased as the stem shortened. Mean stress increased in the varus-inserted stems compared to the stems inserted neutrally, especially at the lateral interface in contact with the stem tip. The maximum stress was observed at the lateral interface in a varus-inserted short stem. All mean stresses were greater in stair-climbing condition than walking. Each micromotion was also greater in shorter stems and varus-inserted stems, and in stair-climbing condition. Conclusion The stem should be inserted neutrally and stair-climbing movement should be avoided in the early postoperative period, in order to preserve early stability and reduce the possibility of thigh pain, especially when using a shorter stem. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):250–258.
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Weigel, Detlef, and Gerd Jürgens. "Stem cells that make stems." Nature 415, no. 6873 (2002): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415751a.
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Schreurs, B. W., M. H. W. van Veghel, R. E. van der Koelen, G. Hannink, and W. H. Rijnen. "THE OUTCOME OF 394 CONSECUTIVE CEMENTED EXETER SHORT STEMS USED IN PRIMARY TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTIES WITH A MAXIMUM FOLLOW-UP OF 28 YEARS." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_12 (2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.12.017.
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Although data on uncemented short stems are available, studies on cemented short-stemmed THAs are limited. These cemented short stems may have inferior long-term outcomes and higher femoral component fracture rates. Hence, we examined the long-term follow-up of cemented short Exeter stems used in primary THA.Within the Exeter stem range, 7 stems have a stem length of 125 mm or less. These stems are often used in small patients, in young patients with a narrow femoral canal or patients with anatomical abnormalities. Based on our local database, we included 394 consecutive cemented stems used in primary THA (n=333 patients) with a stem length ≤125 mm implanted in our tertiary referral center between 1993 and December 2021. We used the Dutch Arthroplasty Registry (LROI) to complete and cross-check the data. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to determine 20-year survival rates with stem revision for any reason, for septic loosening, for aseptic loosening and for femoral component fracture as endpoints.The proportion of male patients was 21% (n=83). Median age at surgery was 42 years (interquartile range: 30–55). The main indication for primary THA was childhood hip diseases (51%). The 20-year stem survival rate of the short stem was 85.4% (95% CI: 73.9–92.0) for revision for any reason and 96.2% (95%CI: 90.5–98.5) for revision for septic loosening. No stems were revised for aseptic femoral loosening. However, there were 4 stem fractures at 6.6, 11.6, 16.5 and 18.2 years of follow-up. The stem survival with femoral component fracture as endpoint was 92.7% (CI: 78.5–97.6) at 20 years.Cemented short Exeter stems in primary THA show acceptable survival rates at long-term follow-up. Although femoral component fracture is a rare complication of a cemented short Exeter stem, orthopaedic surgeons should be aware of its incidence and possible risk factors.
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Johnson, Dennis A., and Thomas F. Cummings. "A Plant Stem Inoculation Assay for Assessing Transmission of Phytophthora infestans from Potato Seed Tubers to Emerged Shoots." Plant Disease 97, no. 2 (2013): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-12-0561-re.
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A stem inoculation assay was developed to assess transmission of Phytophthora infestans from the base of belowground potato stems to emerged aboveground shoots. Sporangia of P. infestans subsequently developed on aboveground stems after belowground stems were inoculated with isolates BF05 (US 8 genotype), WA10.1 (US 24), and 110B (US 11) by (i) placing a filter paper square saturated with a spore suspension onto nonwounded belowground stem tissue, (ii) placing a filter paper square saturated with a spore suspension onto wounded belowground stem tissue, and (iii) dipping the base of the cut belowground stem into a spore suspension. Plant stems were then incubated in a humidity chamber at 10 to 21.5°C for 7 to 28 days. Incidence of aboveground stems with sporulation was significantly less when stems were inoculated with isolate 110B than with isolates BF05 and WA10.1 but length of latent period did not differ among the three isolates. Incidence of aboveground stems with sporangia was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for ‘Russet Norkotah’ than for ‘Umatilla Russet’ when inoculated near the point of seed piece attachment. Incidence of aboveground stems with sporulation did not differ among incubation temperatures of 10, 15, and 21.5°C. Latent period significantly increased as temperature decreased. Age of stem did not appear to affect incidence of transmission. Incidence of transmission of P. infestans to aboveground stems from the base of belowground stems was significantly lowered when aboveground stems were treated with selected fungicides 1 h before inoculation.
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Davenport*, Thomas L., and Zhentu Ying. "Translocation of the Mango Florigenic Promoter." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 887D—887. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.887d.
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Floral induction of mango is determined by interaction of a short-lived, florigenic promoter that is up-regulated in leaves during exposure to cool temperatures and an age-dependent vegetative promoter at the time that initiation of shoot growth occurs. Research conducted during the past flowering season demonstrated that 1/4 of a leaf per stem was sufficient to stimulate flowering in 100% of the tested stems. Three or more leaves on a donor stem of an isolated branch also bearing five defoliated stems induced flowering on all six stems. One leaf on the donor stem was sufficient to induce flowering in all of the donor stems and most of the five defoliated stems, and 1/2 leaf on the donor stem stimulated flowering in that stem and in less than 1/2 of the defoliated stems. Stems that did not flower initiated vegetative shoots instead. Flowering occurred on those stems that were inserted into main branches in the same phylotaxic position as the leaf. Evidence suggests that leaves are capable of producing far greater amounts of florigenic promoter during floral inductive conditions than needed for induction of buds and that the promoter can move great distances in phloem aligned in the same phylotaxic position as the source leaf.
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Sloan, R. Crofton, and Susan S. Harkness. "Field Evaluation of Pollen-free Sunflower Cultivars for Cut Flower Production." HortTechnology 16, no. 2 (2006): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0324.
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Thirteen single-stem and 16 branching sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultivars were evaluated in field trials at the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center in Verona for cut flower production. The objective of this study was to assess the production potential of field-grown, pollen-free sunflowers in the Mississippi environment. The stem length, stem diameter, and bloom diameter of the sunflower cultivars were assessed over six planting dates during the summer growing season to determine cultivar market potential. All the single-stem cultivars produced stem diameters greater than 1.4 cm and were too large for general florist usage. The stems and flowers of the branching cultivars were smaller than the single-stem cultivars, and were a better size for many floral arrangements. The yield of stems from the branching cultivars ranged from three to 13 stems per plant over six planting dates. In the branching group, the dark-flowered cultivars produced the greatest number and the longest stems in the trial. Yellow/gold-flowered branching sunflowers in this trial did not produce as many stems and the stem lengths were shorter compared to the dark-flowered sunflowers.
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Race, A., M. A. Miller, and K. A. Mann. "Using ‘subcement’ to simulate the long-term fatigue response of cemented femoral stems in a cadaver model: Could a novel preclinical screening test have caught the Exeter matt problem?" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 224, no. 4 (2009): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim593.
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Previously, cement was formulated with degraded fatigue properties (subcement) to simulate long-term fatigue in short-term cadaver tests. The present study determined the efficacy of subcement in a ‘preclinical’ test of a design change with known clinical consequences: the ‘polished’-to-‘matt’ transition of the Exeter stem (revision rates for polished stems were twice those for matt stems). Contemporary stems were bead blasted to give Ra = 1 μm (matt finish). Matt and polished stems were compared in cadaver pairs under stair-climbing loads (three pairs of size 1; three pairs of size 3). Stem micromotion was monitored during loading. Post-test transverse sections were examined for cement damage. Cyclic retroversion decreased for polished stems but increased for matt stems ( p<0.0001). The implant size had a substantial effect; retroversion of (larger) size-3 stems was half that of size-1 stems, and polished size-3 stems subsided 2.5 times more than the others. Cement damage measures were similar and open through-cracks occurred around both stems of two pairs. Stem retroversion within the mantle resulted in stem—cement gaps of 50—150 μm. Combining information on cyclic motion, cracks, and gaps, it was concluded that this test ‘predicted’ higher revision rates for matt stems (it also implied that polished size-3 stems might be superior to size-1 stems).
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Smailys, Alfredas, Šarūnas Tarasevičius, Uldis Kesteris, Romas Kalesinskas, and Hans Wingstrand. "Exeter total hip arthroplasty with matte or polished stems." Medicina 43, no. 3 (2007): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina43030026.
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Objective. To compare implant survival rates after total hip arthroplasty with Exeter matte or polished stems and to determine the relationship of synovitis/joint effusion to signs of implant loosening and stem type. Material and methods. The first part of the study included retrospective revision rate analysis of 118 primary hip replacements performed during 1991–1995. Two different designs of Exeter stems were used: matte surface stems during 1991–1995 (matte surface group – 47 cases), and polished stems during 1992–1995 (polished stem group – 71 cases). During the second part of the study, 24 patients (11 in polished stem group and 13 in matte stem group) were prospectively examined with radiography and sonography. Sonography was performed in order to evaluate capsular distension, i.e. the distance between prosthetic femoral neck and anterior capsule. Capsular distension depends on synovitis and/or synovia in prosthetic hip. The relationship between capsular distension, stem type, and radiographic signs of loosening was assessed. Results. For the first part of our study, total implant survival was 78% with matte stems and 61% with polished stems 13 years postoperatively (P=0.27). Stem survival was 82% for matte stems, and 88% for polished stems (P=0.54). In the second part of study, a significant relationship between increased capsular distension and cup loosening was determined (P=0.04). We did not find significant difference in capsular distension when compared matte and polished stems. Conclusion. Implant survival rates did not differ between the groups. The relationship between capsular distension and cup loosening was statistically significant.
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BUXTON, D. R., G. C. MARTEN, and J. S. HORNSTEIN. "GENETIC VARIATION FOR FORAGE QUALITY OF ALFALFA STEMS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (1987): 1057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-142.
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When normally harvested for hay, the basal portion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems is low in forage quality. This study was conducted to determine whether genetic variation for in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and crude protein (CP) concentration of stems of perennial Medicago spp. could be identified and whether morphological and chemical traits were associated with variation in these characteristics of stems. The lower six nodes and internodes of stems and total herbage from 64 Plant Introduction (PI) accessions and five cultivars of field-grown plants were harvested twice when most plants were at the early seed-pod stage of maturity. Several morphological and growth traits were measured, and both stems and total herbage were evaluated for IVDDM and CP concentration. Covariant analysis was used to adjust in IVDDM and CP concentration of stems for differences in plant maturity. Significant variation for IVDDM and CP concentration in stems existed among the cultivars and among the accessions. Some accessions had significantly higher stem IVDDM or CP concentration than control cultivars. The M. sativa accession, PI 440496, had the fourth highest stem IVDDM and third highest stem CP, with concentrations of 374 and 79 g kg−1, respectively. The number of ridges on stems (stem shape) was significantly correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration with average correlation coefficients of 0.30 and 0.35, respectively. Cell-wall concentration and lignin concentration per unit cell wall of stems were both negatively correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration. Selection for improved nutritive value of stems may have potential for improving the nutritive value of alfalfa herbage.Key words: Alfalfa, forage quality, crude protein, in vitro digestibility, Medicago sativa L.
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McCalden, R., E. Pomeroy, D. Naudie, et al. "NO DIFFERENCE IN SUBSIDENCE BETWEEN MODERN MONOBLOCK AND MODULAR TITANIUM FLUTED TAPERED FEMORAL STEMS." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_12 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.12.049.
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Subsidence remains a concern when utilizing modern tapered fluted titanium (TFT) femoral stems and may lead to leg length discrepancy, impingement, instability and failure to obtain stem osseointegration. This study aims to compare stem subsidence across three modern TFT stems. Our secondary aim was to investigate the influence of bicortical contact or ‘scratch fit’ on subsidence, as well as the role of intraoperative imaging in maximizing this bicortical contact and preventing stem subsidence.A retrospective review of 271 hip arthroplasties utilizing modern TFT stems in a single institution was performed. Three stem designs were included in the analysis: one monoblock TFT stem (n=91) and two modular TFT stems (Modular A [n=90]; Modular B [n=90]). Patient demographics, Paprosky femoral bone loss classification, bi-cortical contact, utilization of intra-operative imaging and stem subsidence (comparison of initial post-operative radiograph to the latest follow up radiograph - minimum three months) were recorded.There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of subsidence between the three stems (Monoblock: 2.33mm, Modular A: 3.43mm, Modular B: 3.02mm; p=0.191). There was no statistical difference in subsidence >5mm between stems (Monoblock: 9.9%, Modular A: 22.2%, Modular B: 16.7%). Subgroup analysis based on femoral bone loss grading showed no difference in subsidence between stems. Increased bicortical contact was strongly associated with reduced subsidence (p=0.004). Intra-operative imaging was used in 46.5% (126/271) of cases; this was not correlated with bicortical contact (p=0.673) or subsidence (p=0.521). Across all groups, only two stems were revised for subsidence (0.7%).All three modern TFT stems were highly successful and associated with low rates of subsidence, regardless of modular or monoblock design. Surgeons should select the stem that they feel is most clinically appropriate.
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Klasan, Antonio, Martin Bäumlein, Philipp Dworschak, et al. "Short stems have lower load at failure than double-wedged stems in a cadaveric cementless fracture model." Bone & Joint Research 8, no. 10 (2019): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.810.bjr-2019-0051.r1.
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Objectives Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) have a higher incidence with cementless stems. The highest incidence among various cementless stem types was observed with double-wedged stems. Short stems have been introduced as a bone-preserving alternative with a higher incidence of PFF in some studies. The purpose of this study was a direct load-to-failure comparison of a double-wedged cementless stem and a short cementless stem in a cadaveric fracture model. Methods Eight hips from four human cadaveric specimens (age mean 76 years (60 to 89)) and eight fourth-generation composite femurs were used. None of the cadaveric specimens had compromised quality (mean T value 0.4 (-1.0 to 5.7)). Each specimen from a pair randomly received either a double-wedged stem or a short stem. A materials testing machine was used for lateral load-to-failure test of up to a maximal load of 5000 N. Results Mean load at failure of the double-wedged stem was 2540 N (1845 to 2995) and 1867 N (1135 to 2345) for the short stem (p < 0.001). All specimens showed the same fracture pattern, consistent with a Vancouver B2 fracture. The double-wedged stem was able to sustain a higher load than its short-stemmed counterpart in all cases. Failure force was not correlated to the bone mineral density (p = 0.718). Conclusion Short stems have a significantly lower primary load at failure compared with double-wedged stems in both cadaveric and composite specimens. Surgeons should consider this biomechanical property when deciding on the use of short femoral stem. Cite this article: A. Klasan, M. Bäumlein, P. Dworschak, C. Bliemel, T. Neri, M. D. Schofer, T. J. Heyse. Short stems have lower load at failure than double-wedged stems in a cadaveric cementless fracture model. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:489–494. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2019-0051.R1.
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Furnes, O., S. H. Låstad Lygre, G. Hallan, and A. M. Fenstad. "THIRTY YEARS’ FOLLOW-UP OF THREE COMMONLY USED FEMORAL STEMS IN THE NORWEGIAN ARTHROPLASTY REGISTER: 1987–2021." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_12 (2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.12.013.
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The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register (NAR) started collecting data on total hip arthroplasty (THA) in 1987. Very long-term results of implants for THA are scarce. We aimed to show long-term results for the three most used femoral stems, operated from 1987.We included the uncemented Corail femoral stem (n=66,309) and the cemented Exeter stem (n=35,050) both of which are currently in frequent use. In addition, we included the Charnley stem (n=32,578, in use until 2014). To ensure comparable conditions, stems fixated with low viscosity cement and stems revised due to infections were excluded. Differences in risk of revision (all reasons and stem revisions) were assessed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses with adjustment for possible confounding from age, sex and diagnosis (OA, other). Stem revision was defined as a revision caused by loosening of the stem, dislocation, osteolysis in the femur, or periprosthetic femur fracture, and in which the femoral component was removed or exchanged.The median and max follow-up for Corail, Exeter and Charnley were 6.3 (33.1), 8.0 (34.2) and 13.1 (34.3) respectively. Thirty years survival estimates for Corail, Exeter and Charnley stems were 88.6% (CI:85.8–90.9%), 86.7% (83.7–89.2%) and 87.1% (85.4–88.5%) respectively with stem revision as endpoint, and 56.1% (CI:53.1–59.1%), 73.3% (70.5–76.1%) and 80.2% (78.4–82.0%) with all THA revisions as endpoint. Compared to the Corail, the Exeter (HRR=1.3, CI:1.2–1.4) and the Charnley (HRR=1.9, CI:1.7–2.1) had a significant higher risk of stem revision. Women 75 years and older had better results with the cemented stems. Analyses accounting for competing risk from other causes of revision did not alter the findings.The uncemented Corail stem performed well in terms of stem revisions for stem-related revision causes compared to two frequently used cemented stems with very long follow-up. The differences between the three stems were small.
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M. Arkadiev, Peter. "Stems in Lithuanian verbal inflection (with remarks on derivation)." Word Structure 5, no. 1 (2012): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2012.0017.
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This paper deals with the three stems traditionally postulated in the description of Lithuanian verbal inflection, viz. the Present stem, the Past stem and the Infinitive stem. These stems play a major role in the subgrouping of verbs into inflectional classes. The status of each of the stems as ‘morphomic’ or ‘inflectional’ is assessed in the light of data from both inflectional and derivational morphology. It is argued on the basis of intricate prosodic and morphophonological data that the Infinitive stem is indeed necessary for an adequate description of the Lithuanian verbal system, and also that a separate Past Passive Participle stem relevant for deverbal derivation can be postulated.
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Knutsen, Ashleen R., Nicole Lau, Donald B. Longjohn, Edward Ebramzadeh, and Sophia N. Sangiorgio. "Periprosthetic Femoral Bone Loss in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Systematic Analysis of the Effect of Stem Design." HIP International 27, no. 1 (2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/hipint.5000413.
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Introduction Periprosthetic bone loss may lead to major complications in total hip arthroplasty (THA), including loosening, migration, and even fracture. This study analysed the influence of femoral implant designs on periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) after THA. Methods The results of all previous published studies reporting periprosthetic femoral BMD following THA were compiled. Using these results, we compared percent changes in bone loss as a function of: femoral stem fixation, material, and geometry. Results The greatest bone loss was in the calcar region (Gruen Zone 7). Overall, cemented stems had more bone loss distally than noncemented stems, while noncemented stems had more proximal bone loss than cemented stems. Within noncemented stems, cobalt-chromium (CoCr) stems had nearly double the proximal bone loss compared to titanium (Ti) alloy stems. Finally, within noncemented titanium alloy group, straight stems had less bone loss than anatomical, tapered, and press-fit designs. Discussion The findings from the present study quantified percent changes in periprosthetic BMD as a function of fixation method, alloy, and stem design. While no one stem type was identified as ideal, we now have a clearer understanding of the influence of stem design on load transfer to the surrounding bone.
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Ricotti, R. G., D. Flevas, R. Sokrab, J. M. Vigdorchik, T. P. Sculco, and P. K. Sculco. "PERIPROSTHETIC FRACTURE RATES USING COLLARED STEMS IN UNCEMENTED PRIMARY TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY WITH A POSTERIOR APPROACH." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_12 (2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.12.015.
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Periprosthetic femur fracture (PFF) is a major complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA) that carries significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Currently, uncemented stems are highly preferred in primary THA, but have been associated with higher risk of PFF compared to cemented stems. The use of collared stems in uncemented primary THA has shown promise in reducing PFF rates postoperatively.This retrospective study included 2,294 uncemented primary THAs using the posterior approach performed by two attending surgeons from January 2016 to December 2022. Both surgeons switched from a collarless femoral stem design to a collared design in May 2020. Data was collected regarding stem design, frequency of PFF, and requirement for revision surgery. Periprosthetic fractures were identified and confirmed using medical records and/or radiographic imaging. Fracture rates and percentages between collared and collarless stems were then analyzed. A Fisher's Exact Test was performed to determine if there was a significant association between collared and collarless stem use on PFF rates.A total of 2,294 uncemented primary THAs performed by 2 surgeons were eligible for analysis. 903 (39.4%) patients received a collared stem, and 1,391 (60.6%) patients received a collarless stem. In total, 14 (0.6%) PFFs occurred over the study period. There was 1 fracture (0.1%) out of 903 collared stems, and 13 fractures (0.9%) out of 1,391 collarless stems (p = 0.012).Collared stems were associated with a significant decrease in PFF rate when compared to collarless stems in uncemented primary THA. Future studies are encouraged to continue to investigate PFF and other complication rates with the use of a collared stem design.
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Kharmanda, Ghais, Imad Antypas, and Aleksey Dyachenko. "Evaluating the performance of hollow stems used in total hip replacement by 3D finite element analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 12004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017512004.
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A 3D finite element analysis is carried out to evaluate the performance of our different developed hollow stems compared to the classical solid one. The hollow stems were developed considering the topology and shape optimization. Three types of optimized hollow stems were provided: KAD (Kharmanda-Antypas-Dyachenko) stem with a single hole, OAM (Optimized Austin-Moore) stem with double holes and IAM (Improved Austin-Moore) stem with three holes. A multi-objective formulation was developed as a performance scale for all kinds of studied stems (solid and hollow). This study is carried out according to the daily loading cases and considering that all used components (ball, stem, cortical and cancellous) are assumed to be made of isotropic and homogeneous materials. In the numerical applications, it is first shown the significant advantage of the three hollow stems compared to the solid one considering a performance function scale. Next, when comparing all hollow stems (KAD, OAM and IAM) in details, it is shown that the KAD stem for the daily loading cases, leads to the most homogeneous von-Mises stress distribution in both cortical and cancellous tissues.
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Osawa, Akira. "Fine-resolution analysis of stem form and its implication to the mechanism of plant self-thinning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 4 (1992): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-053.
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Stem forms of trees were examined in detail using a fine-resolution analysis. The results were then used to examine the use of stem form in explaining mechanisms of self-thinning in even-aged tree populations. The analysis indicated that stems of forest trees generally consist of four segments of variously shaped parts. The stems have forms that change from a cylinder, to a cone, to a paraboloid, and then to a solid of revolution that tends to diverge toward infinite stem area at the base. A scale-dependent structure of stem form was also noted. At coarse scale, stems can be approximated by the generalized form with changing shapes along the axes. At fine scale, however, stems (excluding the top and the base of a tree) have a pagoda-like structure that is determined by piling blocks of paraboloid frusta of various sizes, and there are jumps in stem diameter at boundaries of the stem segments. Therefore, there is little evidence that the widely used elastic similarity model portrays stem forms accurately.
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Innocenti, Bernardo, Edoardo Bori, and Silvia Pianigiani. "Biomechanical Analysis of the Use of Stems in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty." Bioengineering 9, no. 6 (2022): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9060259.
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Adequate fixation is fundamental in revision total knee arthroplasty; consequently, surgeons must determine the correct set-up for each patient, choosing from numerous stem solutions. Several designs are currently available on the market, but there are no evidence-based quantitative biomechanical guideline yet. Therefore, several stems were designed and analyzed using a previously-validated finite-element model. The following parameters were studied: stem design characteristics (length and shape), added features (straight/bowed stem), fixation technique, and effect of slots/flutes. Bone stress and Risk of Fracture (RF) were analyzed in different regions of interest during a squat (up to 120°). For the femoral stem, the results indicated that all parameters influenced the bone stress distribution. The maximum von Mises stress and RF were always located near the tip of the stem. The long stems generated stress-shielding in the distal bone. Regarding the tibial stem, cemented stems showed lower micromotions at the bone-tibial tray interface and at the stem tip compared to press-fit stems, reducing the risk of implant loosening. The results demonstrated that anatomical shapes and slots reduce bone stress and risk of fracture, whereas flutes have the opposite effect; no relevant differences were found in this regard when alternating cemented and press-fit stem configurations. Cemented tibial stems reduce antero-posterior micromotions, preventing implant loosening.
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Whipker, Brian E., and P. Allen Hammer. "Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-grown Limonium sinuatum (L.)." HortScience 29, no. 6 (1994): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.638.
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Field studies were conducted on the potential of annual statice as an outdoor cut-flower crop for the Midwestern United States. Data was collected on seven cultivars in 1989 and 42 in 1990. In 1989, total fresh stem weight, stem count, and average stem weight differed significantly among cultivars. Yellow cultivars had more stems harvested than the rose, apricot, and blue cultivars, but stems of the yellow cultivars weighed less. The number of stems harvested over time tended to be concentrated in the first 8 weeks after flowering begins. In 1990, the average stem fresh weight was significantly different among the apricot, blue, and rose cultivars, but the number of stems harvested was significantly different only between the blue and rose cultivars.
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Anderson, Philip Mark, Tizian Heinz, Dominik Rak, et al. "Accuracy of Positioning and Risk Factors for Malpositioning Custom-Made Femoral Stems in Total Hip Arthroplasty—A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 9 (2023): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091285.
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Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is commonly performed using off-the-shelf implants. In the case of a severe mismatch between the anatomy of the proximal femur and the geometry of the stem, the use of custom-made stems might become necessary. The goal of this study was to investigate the precision of the implantation of custom-made stems of one manufacturer (CTX stem, AQ Implants) and to determine risk factors for malpositioning. All patients receiving a custom-made CTX stem between 2014 and 2020 at six high-volume academic centers were retrospectively recruited. The achieved position of the stem, as determined by stem version, stem coronal angle, and implantation depth on radiographs, was compared to the plan. The influence of radiographic and demographic parameters on the position was investigated. The results revealed a high variability of the achieved implant position in relation to the preoperative plan. While the stem coronal angle only differed slightly from the intended position, the stem version and the implantation depth showed a high frequency and amount of deviation. Right stems showed significantly higher positions than planned. Surgeons must be aware of this potential problem when implanting custom-made stems.
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Momin, M. Abdul, Paul A. Wempe, Tony E. Grift, and Alan C. Hansen. "Effects of Four Base Cutter Blade Designs on Sugarcane Stem Cut Quality." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 5 (2017): 1551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12345.
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Abstract. The cut quality of sugarcane stems during harvesting is of considerable importance, as any damage inflicted on the stems and root systems affects ratooning and reduces yield. In current conventional cutting systems for sugarcane, relatively little attention has been paid to optimizing the cutting dynamics by investigating various blade designs and configurations. One limitation of impact cutting methods is the relatively rapid blunting of the blade edges through wear, leading to stem damage. This study aimed at investigating the effects on sugarcane cut quality of four base cutter blade designs: a conventional straight blade, a 30° angled blade, a serrated blade, and a straight blade with laser cladding on its underside. Blades of each type were installed at a 45° angle on a base cutter fitted to a John Deere 3520 sugarcane harvester. Stem damage, root system damage, and stubble height were considered as cut quality indicators, and blade wear was evaluated as the percentage of metal mass loss after completing each harvesting operation. In this study, the extent of stem and root system damage was classified into nine categories: (1) undamaged stem, not uprooted, (2) undamaged stem, partially uprooted, (3) undamaged stem, uprooted, (4) partially damaged stem, not uprooted, (5) partially damaged stem, partially uprooted, (6) partially damaged stem, uprooted, (7) severely damaged stem, not uprooted, (8) severely damaged stem, partially uprooted, and (9) severely damaged stem, uprooted. The highest percentage of stems damaged during harvesting (approx. 38%) and the highest percentage of root systems damaged (approx. 36%) occurred with the angled blade. The percentages of undamaged stems for the straight, angled, serrated, and laser clad blades were 76.9%, 62.1%, 83.1%, and 72.3%, respectively; partially damaged stems were 11.25%, 21.97%, 11.29%, and 17.73%, respectively; and severely damaged stems were 11.9%, 15.9%, 5.65%, and 9.9%, respectively. Except for the angled blade, all the blades cut almost 80% of stems without affecting the root system, and only 5% of stems were uprooted. Indices for stem damage and uprooting damage were calculated to evaluate the cut quality on a scale from -1.00 (least damage) to +1.00 (greatest damage). For both indices, the serrated blade had values closest to the target value of -1.00, implying the least damage to stems and root systems. Greater stubble heights (110 mm) were observed for the angled blade, with 76% of cut stems above the target 75 mm threshold, which was selected based on the farmer’s suggestion. Comparatively less stubble height was obtained with the serrated and laser clad blades, and roughly 60% of stems were cut in the ideal range (&lt;75 mm). Blade wear percentages per ha of harvested area, based on metal mass loss, were found to be 0.76% for the laser clad blade, 0.83% for the serrated blade, and 0.84% for the straight blade. No mass loss data were collected for the angled blade as it caused such a high level of stem damage that its test was discontinued. The results of this study classified the levels of stem and root system damage occurring in the field during harvesting and their effects on ratooning for four base cutter blade designs. Fundamental guidelines for optimal blade configurations associated with sugarcane harvesting are provided. Keywords: Blade wear, Stem damage, Stubble height, Sugarcane harvester.
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PETRENKO, L., and N. KOKARIEVA. "FEATURES OF THE STEM-EDUCATION FORMATION: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Pedagogical Sciences, no. 81 (October 20, 2023): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2524-2474.2023.81.289407.
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Today, innovative technologies get into all spheres of life: medicine, transport, entertainment, education. Specialists who use modern technologies, understand complex technical problems, develop new solutions and possess universal skills are increasingly needed on the labor market. The modern stage of development of the international education system is determined by innovations. Such activity in the scientific field is quite important in today’s conditions, because it makes a significant contribution to the development of an innovative person. STEM-education is the best way to educate the society of the future: students can easily become goal-oriented, educated and reliable members of society. That is why foreign experience is very relevant for the modernization of education. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the formation of STEM education based on foreign experience. The scientific novelty of this work is that it singles out the peculiarities of the implementation of STEM-education abroad and in Ukraine. The scientific novelty consists in structuring and highlighting the peculiarities of the implementation of STEM-education abroad and in Ukraine.The analysis of scientific publications proved that the theoretical foundations of STEM education were considered by M. John, A. Nicholas, V. Rokhlov, H. Fleischman, А. Frolov. The implementation of STEM-technologies and their research was carried out by J. Gerlach, О. Patrykeieva, І. Slipukhina, V. Chornomorets, G. Yakman. It was found that the strategy for the development of STEM-education involves the creation of solid foundations for the formation of physical and mathematical literacy of educators, which is combined with creative thinking; ensuring equality for all students who will be able to acquire innovative skills regardless of gender, nationality or financial status;preparing students for future professions.Bright example of institutions implementing STEM-education is the University of Lower Silesia in Wroclaw. In the world, there is an increase in federations, organizations that help in the development of STEM: Washington STEM (provides resources and support to teachers and students to improve knowledge in this subject), companies (Danish private company The Lego Group) and corporations (USC Rossier School of Education, Intel and Northeastern University). The article examines the peculiarities of the introduction of STEM-education in Ukraine and abroad: the using of organizational and interactive forms of learning: individual, group work, creating projects, combining several subjects for better learning and focusing on students. The next feature is partnership between countries. Cooperation of organizations, help with tools for work, holding webinars. The next feature that we have highlighted is the creation and improvement of new programs, the combination of subjects by direction is implemented in order to improve the level of assimilation of professional disciplines in colleges and universities and the creation of subject cycles in schools. Level education should also be singled out, for example abroad there are 3 levels: STEM1 theoretical programs “Science, Technology and Engineering” and “International Baccalaureate”; STEM2 – STEM1 and 2–3 years of professionally oriented education with the application of biology; STEM3 – STEM2 and 2-3-year professionally oriented education with the application of technology and engineering.Attention was also paid to the gender education. Gender equality means that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into account, recognizing the diversity of different groups of men and women. the using of specialized programs, applications, methods, work in groups or individually, all this creates conditions for training, development, creativity of future specialists. The use of robotics in educational institutions is considered, as there is alreadyan urgent need for specialists for the development, design and programming of innovative machines. Attracting young people to learn robotics is also extremely important for the further development of technology in any progressive nation. S. Papert’s research showed that with the use of robots, pupils and students not only acquire many key skills, especially in the field of creative and critical thinking, but also “metacognitive skills”, learn to learn, communicate. It also highlights the problems that hinder the process of education modernization, possible ways to overcome them, describes a number of European institutions and methods of implementing STEM-education in them.Thus, STEM-education is gaining more and more popularity in today’s world. Focusing on innovative pedagogical approaches, modern European and American educational institutions already have competent specialists who know how to build an effective dialogue with students using new teaching methods. The experience of introducing STEM-technologies into the educational process of the USA and the EU shows that the upbringing of modern and intellectually gifted children is our g uide f or t he f uture, b ecause t he l evel o f e ducation o f s ociety i s t he k ey t o p rogressive d evelopment and competitiveness for the country. The key point in the implementation of new technologies in the classroom is the objective assessment of the student’s progress, not the relationship with the teacher.The conducted research did not cover all aspects of the identified features, therefore it requires a more detailed analysis of the STEM-education system.
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Faveere, A., L. Milne, C. Holder, and S. E. Graves. "COMPARISON OF RATES OF ASEPTIC LOOSENING IN HIGH OFFSET VERSUS STANDARD OFFSET CEMENTLESS FEMORAL STEMS." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_2 (2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.2.028.
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Increasing femoral offset in total hip replacement (THR) has several benefits including improved hip abductor strength and enhanced range of motion. Biomechanical studies have suggested that this may negatively impact on stem stability. However, it is unclear whether this has a clinical impact. Using data from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR), the aim of this study was to determine the impact of stem offset and stem size for the three most common cementless THR prostheses revised for aseptic loosening.The study period was September 1999 to December 2020. The study population included all primary procedures for osteoarthritis with a cementless THR using the Corail, Quadra-H and Polarstem. Procedures were divided into small and large stem sizes and by standard and high stem offset for each stem system. Hazard ratios (HR) from Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age and gender, were performed to compare revision for aseptic loosening for offset and stem size for each of the three femoral stems.There were 55,194 Corail stems, 13,642 Quadra-H stem, and 13,736 Polarstem prostheses included in this study. For the Corail stem, offset had an impact only when small stems were used (sizes 8-11). Revision for aseptic loosening was increased for the high offset stem (HR=1.90;95% CI 1.53–2.37;p<0.001).There was also a higher revision risk for aseptic loosening for high offset small size Quadra-H stems (sizes 0-3). Similar to the Corail stem, offset did not impact on the revision risk for larger stems (Corail sizes 12-20, Quadra-H sizes 4-7). The Polarstem did not show any difference in aseptic loosening revision risk when high and standard offset stems were compared, and this was irrespective of stem size.High offset may be associated with increased revision for aseptic loosening, but this is both stem size and prosthesis specific.
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Kust, Cyril A. "EFFECTS OF SURESTEM PLANT GROWTH MODIFIER ON STEM NUMBER, LENGTH, AND QUALITY OF HYBRID TEA ROSES GROWN IN GREENHOUSES." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 548b—548. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.548b.
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SURESTEM plant growth modifier, applied in foliar sprays at 80.0 g ai/H to regrowing stems following rose stem harvest, increased Royalty variety hybrid tea rose stem number and length and improved stem quality. Stem numbers per harvest were increased in Samantha and Kardinal variety roses, but there were no changes in stem quality or stem length. For rose stems harvested on a growth cycle basis, excellent stem number increases were obtained when SURESTEM was applied about 7 days after 90% of the stems had been harvested. The best time of application was affected by temperature and light conditions in the greenhouse, by natural photoperiod in the absence of artificial lighting, and by stem harvest practices of the growers. The best time of application for plants managed on a continuous stem harvest system has not yet been determined. Commercial producers of long-stem roses are evaluating SURESTEM under an EPA Experimental Use Permit issued April 7, 1992. The EUP program and label also permits the evaluation of SURESTEM on other ornamental crops grown for cut stem production in greenhouses.
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Lv, Danju, Jiali Zi, Xin Huang, et al. "Feature Extraction on the Difference of Plant Stem Structure Based on Ultrasound Energy." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010052.
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Plant growth is closely related to the structure of its stem. The ultrasonic echo signal of the plant stem carries much information on the stem structure, providing an effective means for analyzing stem structure characteristics. In this paper, we proposed to extract energy features of ultrasonic echo signals to study the structure of the plant stem. Firstly, it is found that there are obvious different ultrasonic energy changes in different kinds of plant stems whether in the time domain or the frequency domain. Then, we proposed a feature extraction method, density energy feature, to better depict the interspecific differences of the plant stems. In order to evaluate the extracted 24-dimensional features of the ultrasound, the information gain method and correlation evaluation method were adopted to compute their contributions. The results showed that the mean density, an improved feature, was the most significant contributing feature in the four living plant stems. Finally, the top three features in the feature contribution were selected, and each two of them composed as 2-D feature maps, which have significant differentiation of the stem species, especially for grass and wood stems. The above research shows that the ultrasonic energy features of plant stems can provide a new perspective for the study of distinguishing the structural differences among plant stem species.
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Meyer, Christine, Ellen T. Paparozzi*, Scott J. Josiah, and Erin M. Blankenship. "Assessing Color Change in Woody Floral Stems." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 836A—836. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.836a.
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Woody floral stems are an emerging specialty crop within the floral industry, and stem color is a key to marketability. This study was conducted to assess stem color change over time in order to determine the optimum window for stem harvest. Plants of `Scarlet curls', `Flame' willow, `Bailey', `Cardinal' and `Yellow twig' dogwood were planted in a randomized complete block design in rows parallel to a windbreak.. Each experimental unit consisted of a group of five plants, each of the same cultivar. Plants were initially tagged at a set height and stem diameter and measured for color. Each stem was also tagged with one of three colored tapes, according to initial color: green for green colored stems, red for stems already showing color change, and pink for intermediate colored stems. Color was assessed initially and on a weekly basis for 10 weeks, starting at the end of September, using the Royal Horticultural Society color chart. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures procedure. `Scarlet curls' and `Flame' stems, already displaying color, attained the darkest color value for their cultivar at an early stage and were at the point of harvest in early November, while stems that were initially green never attained a similar dark color value. `Yellow twig' dogwood stems already displaying color and those beginning to color attained the darkest color value in late November. `Cardinal' stems attained a darker color value more quickly than other dogwood stems. In most cases, stems of `Cardinal' dogwood could be harvested from early October until early December, while early November was the optimum time to harvest `Bailey' dogwood stems. Woody florals planted closest to the windbreak were more variable in color development and, in some cases, appeared to be more vigorous.
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Takegami, Yasuhiko, Taisuke Seki, Yusuke Osawa, and Shiro Imagama. "Comparison of periprosthetic femoral fracture torque and strain pattern of three types of femoral components in experimental model." Bone & Joint Research 11, no. 5 (2022): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.115.bjr-2021-0375.r2.
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Aims Periprosthetic hip fractures (PPFs) after total hip arthroplasty are difficult to treat. Therefore, it is important to identify modifiable risk factors such as stem selection to reduce the occurrence of PPFs. This study aimed to clarify differences in fracture torque, surface strain, and fracture type analysis between three different types of cemented stems. Methods We conducted biomechanical testing of bone analogues using six cemented stems of three different types: collarless polished tapered (CPT) stem, Versys Advocate (Versys) stem, and Charnley-Marcel-Kerboull (CMK) stem. Experienced surgeons implanted each of these types of stems into six bone analogues, and the analogues were compressed and internally rotated until failure. Torque to fracture and fracture type were recorded. We also measured surface strain distribution using triaxial rosettes. Results There was a significant difference in fracture torque between the three stem types (p = 0.036). Particularly, the median fracture torque for the CPT stem was significantly lower than that for the CMK stem (CPT vs CMK: 164.5 Nm vs 200.5 Nm; p = 0.046). The strain values for the CPT stem were higher than those for the other two stems at the most proximal site. The fracture pattern of the CPT and Versys stems was Vancouver type B, whereas that of the CMK stem was type C. Conclusion Our study suggested that the cobalt-chromium alloy material, polished surface finish, acute-square proximal form, and the absence of a collar may be associated with lower fracture torque, which may be related to PPF. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):270–277.
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Křepela, M., and R. Petráš. "Comparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stem shape by means of geometrical methods." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 8 (2012): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4516-jfs.
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In this article the stem shape is compared in three coniferous tree species: Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch. Stem is investigated by means of geometrical methods. Simplified Bookstein coordinates (stem shape diameters) and Procrustes coordinates were used for variability investigation. The material, originating from the Czech and Slovak territories, involved in total 3,346 spruce stems, 3,082 pine stems and 1,403 larch stems. The accordance of mean stem vectors was assessed by means of Hotelling&rsquo;s T<sup>2</sup> two-sample test. For stem shape diameters and Procrustes tangent coordinates, the variability was examined using the method of principal components analysis. The three most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. The relationship between the stem shape and its size was also investigated, and inflection points of morphological stem curve were described for all three tree species.
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Marler, Thomas. "Elemental Profiles in Cycas micronesica Stems." Plants 7, no. 4 (2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7040094.
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Essential nutrients and metals have been quantified in stems of many tree species to understand the role of stems as storage and source organs. Little is known about stored stem resources of cycad tree species. Cycas micronesica tissue was collected from apical and basal axial regions of stems; and pith, vascular, and cortex tissues were separated into three radial regions. Leaves were also sampled to provide a comparison to stems. Minerals and metals were quantified in all tissues. Minerals and metals varied greatly among the six stem sections. Phosphorus varied more among the three radial sections than the other macronutrients, and zinc and nickel varied more than the other micronutrients. Stem carbon was less than and stem calcium was greater than expected, based on what is currently known tree stem concentrations in the literature. Elemental concentrations were generally greater than those previously reported for coniferous gymnosperm trees. Moreover, the stem concentrations were high in relation to leaf concentrations, when compared to published angiosperm and conifer data. The results indicated that the addition of more cycad species to the literature will improve our understanding of gymnosperm versus angiosperm stem nutrient relations, and that the non-woody cycad stem contains copious essential plant nutrients that can be mobilized and deployed to sinks when needed.
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Manica, Cora L., Greta M. Berg, Irina Sheshukova, and Kimberly A. Williams. "Optimizing Glycerin-to-water Ratios for Preserving Eucalyptus Foliage." HortTechnology 34, no. 6 (2024): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05508-24.
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Fresh eucalyptus stems can be preserved via systemic absorption of glycerin, but the optimal rate of glycerin and its effect on foliage color and stem pliability during holding have not been well-described. We harvested stems of Eucalyptus pulverulenta ‘Baby Blue’ and treated them in solutions of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, and 75% glycerin:reverse-osmosis water for 2 weeks. Leaf greenness was measured nine times during this period; the change in stem weights and solution uptake were measured as well. Stem pliability was evaluated after 2 weeks in solution as well as 1 week after holding the stems dry. The 25% and 50% glycerin treatments increased stem weight, whereas the control and 75% treatments decreased stem weight. The glycerin treatments absorbed less than 50 mL solution per three stems during 2 weeks, whereas those in the control absorbed >270 mL water. The color of foliage was similar during the first 5 days in treatment solutions, but stems in 25% and 50% glycerin treatments were less green than those in the control and 75% treatments by day 6, and this trend continued. No difference occurred in stem pliability among treatments after 2 weeks in glycerin solutions; however, after 1 week of holding, the top 9 cm of stems in glycerin treatments were more pliable than those in the control. Based on these results, we recommend a rate of 25% glycerin to preserve eucalyptus foliage for use in botanical artistry.
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Garner, James M., and Allan M. Armitage. "Cooling and Long-day Lighting Influences Growth and Flowering of Phlox paniculata L. ‘Ice Cap’ Used for Cut Flowers." HortScience 43, no. 3 (2008): 707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.707.
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In two studies, rooted cuttings of Phlox paniculata L. ‘Ice Cap’ (summer phlox) were cooled for 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks. Plants were forced in a glasshouse averaging 18 °C nights under extended-day and night-interruption lighting from incandescent lamps providing a minimum of 14 μmol·s−1·m−2 at plant level or continuous lighting from metal halide (HID) lamps providing a minimum of 400 μmol·s−1·m−2 at plant level. The influence of cooling duration on forcing days to flower, flowering stem counts, and flowering stem length was evaluated. Cooling plants promoted longer stems, higher flowering stem yields, and decreased days to flower when forced under long days provided by incandescent lamps, but when forced under HID lamps, days to flower for cooled plants were similar to those of noncooled plants regardless of cooling duration. Phlox forced in extended daylighting flowered in fewer days, had longer stems, and produced more flowering stems than those forced in night-interruption lighting. With continuous HID lighting, stem lengths and stems harvested per plant increased in a linear manner as cooling increased from zero to 16 weeks. Stem lengths ranged from 63.6 cm for noncooled plants to 96.3 cm for those receiving 16 weeks cooling, and flowering stem yields ranged from seven stems per plant for noncooled plants to 13 for those cooled 16 weeks. Phlox forced under HID lights flowered in substantially fewer days and had longer stems than those forced under incandescent lamps.
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Kristensen, T. B., E. Dybvik, O. Furnes, L. B. Engesæter, and J.-E. Gjertsen. "More reoperations for periprosthetic fracture after cemented hemiarthroplasty with polished taper-slip stems than after anatomical and straight stems in the treatment of hip fractures." Bone & Joint Journal 100-B, no. 12 (2018): 1565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.100b12.bjj-2018-0262.r1.
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Aims The aim of this large registry-based study was to compare mid-term survival rates of cemented femoral stems of different designs used in hemiarthroplasty for a fracture of the femoral neck. Patients and Methods From the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register (NHFR), 20 532 primary cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasties, which were undertaken in patients aged > 70 years with a femoral neck fracture between 2005 and 2016, were included. Polished tapered stems (n = 12 065) (Exeter and CPT), straight stems (n = 5545) (Charnley, Charnley Modular, and Spectron EF), and anatomical stems (n = 2922) (Lubinus SP2) were included. The survival of the implant with any reoperation as the endpoint was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and hazard ratios (HRs), and the different indications for reoperation were calculated using Cox regression analysis. Results The one-year survival was 96.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.6 to 96.4) for the Exeter stem, 97.0% (95% CI 96.4 to 97.6) for the Lubinus SP2 stem, 97.6% (95% CI 97.0 to 98.2) for the Charnley stem, 98.1% (95% CI 97.3 to 98.9) for the Spectron EF stem, and 96.4% (95% CI 95.6 to 97.2) for the Charnley Modular stem, respectively. The hazard ratio for reoperation after one year was lower for Lubinus SP2 (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.97), Charnley (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.86), and Spectron EF stems (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.67) compared with the Exeter stem. Reoperation for periprosthetic fracture occurred almost exclusively after the use of polished tapered stems. Conclusion We were able to confirm that implant survival after cemented hemiarthroplasty for a hip fracture is high. Differences in rates of reoperation seem to favour anatomical and straight stems compared with polished tapered stems, which had a higher risk of periprosthetic fracture.
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Anderson, Robert G. "Production Characteristics of High-quality Single-stem Roses." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 597a—597. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.597a.
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Commercial-quality cut roses were produced in a single-stem production system from single node cuttings. About 1800 rose cuttings in seven sequential crops were identified from 7500 cuttings grown from Feb. through May, 1995. More than 70% of the cut stems harvested from these cuttings were 46 to 75 cm long. Longer stem roses had significantly more nodes and grew from lower, older nodes than shorter rose stems. Longer stem roses required significantly more days to flower harvest because the number of days to axillary bud break was longer than for shorter rose stems. The number of days for rooting, days from axillary bud break to visible bud, and days from visible bud to flower harvest were similar in longer and shorter rose stems. Axillary buds began to grow before rooting in shorter stems and began to grow a mean of 8 days after rooting in the longest rose stems.
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Scheerlinck, Thierry, Elien De Winter, Amelie Sas, Sjoerd Kolk, Gert Van Gompel, and Jef Vandemeulebroucke. "Hip implants can restore anatomical and medialized rotation centres in most cases." Bone & Joint Open 2, no. 7 (2021): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.27.bjo-2021-0065.r1.
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Aims Hip arthroplasty does not always restore normal anatomy. This is due to inaccurate surgery or lack of stem sizes. We evaluated the aptitude of four total hip arthroplasty systems to restore an anatomical and medialized hip rotation centre. Methods Using 3D templating software in 49 CT scans of non-deformed femora, we virtually implanted: 1) small uncemented calcar-guided stems with two offset options (Optimys, Mathys), 2) uncemented straight stems with two offset options (Summit, DePuy Synthes), 3) cemented undersized stems (Exeter philosophy) with three offset options (CPT, ZimmerBiomet), and 4) cemented line-to-line stems (Kerboul philosophy) with proportional offsets (Centris, Mathys). We measured the distance between the templated and the anatomical and 5 mm medialized hip rotation centre. Results Both rotation centres could be restored within 5 mm in 94% and 92% of cases, respectively. The cemented undersized stem performed best, combining freedom of stem positioning and a large offset range. The uncemented straight stem performed well because of its large and well-chosen offset range, and despite the need for cortical bone contact limiting stem positioning. The cemented line-to-line stem performed less well due to a small range of sizes and offsets. The uncemented calcar-guided stem performed worst, despite 24 sizes and a large and well-chosen offset range. This was attributed to the calcar curvature restricting the stem insertion depth along the femoral axis. Conclusion In the majority of non-deformed femora, leg length, offset, and anteversion can be restored accurately with non-modular stems during 3D templating. Failure to restore hip biomechanics is mostly due to surgical inaccuracy. Small calcar guided stems offer no advantage to restore hip biomechanics compared to more traditional designs. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(7):476–485.
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Meyer, U. M., R. A. Spotts, and F. M. Dewey. "Detection and Quantification of Botrytis cinerea by ELISA in Pear Stems During Cold Storage." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (2000): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1099.
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Botrytis cinerea was detected and quantified in pear stems from six orchards in the Pacific Northwest, and changes in fungal biomass in the stems after 6 and 8 months of cold storage in regular (air) atmosphere were studied. The fungus was detected by plating stem halves on selective medium and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the Botrytis-specific monoclonal antibody BC-12.CA4. Both methods demonstrated that the incidence of B. cinerea increased from 6 to 8 months, but ELISA was more sensitive than standard isolation. Quantitative ELISAs on stems indicated that over 200 μg of B. cinerea biomass per gram of stem tissue was present in the stems of visibly rotted fruits, but usually less than 35 μg/g was present in stems from fruits without visible gray mold. Aureobasidium pullulans, Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium spp. were commonly isolated from stem tissue. A. pullulans was present in 86% of the stems from which B. cinerea was detected. Use of the monoclonal antibody BC-12.CA4 could help in determining the infection path of B. cinerea in pear stems and detection of latent infections, enabling the timing and method of control of stem end rot to be optimized.
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Heineman, K. D., S. E. Russo, I. C. Baillie, et al. "Evaluation of stem rot in 339 Bornean tree species: implications of size, taxonomy, and soil-related variation for aboveground biomass estimates." Biogeosciences 12, no. 19 (2015): 5735–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5735-2015.
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Abstract. Fungal decay of heart wood creates hollows and areas of reduced wood density within the stems of living trees known as stem rot. Although stem rot is acknowledged as a source of error in forest aboveground biomass (AGB) estimates, there are few data sets available to evaluate the controls over stem rot infection and severity in tropical forests. Using legacy and recent data from 3180 drilled, felled, and cored stems in mixed dipterocarp forests in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, we quantified the frequency and severity of stem rot in a total of 339 tree species, and related variation in stem rot with tree size, wood density, taxonomy, and species' soil association, as well as edaphic conditions. Predicted stem rot frequency for a 50 cm tree was 53 % of felled, 39 % of drilled, and 28 % of cored stems, demonstrating differences among methods in rot detection ability. The percent stem volume infected by rot, or stem rot severity, ranged widely among trees with stem rot infection (0.1–82.8 %) and averaged 9 % across all trees felled. Tree taxonomy explained the greatest proportion of variance in both stem rot frequency and severity among the predictors evaluated in our models. Stem rot frequency, but not severity, increased sharply with tree diameter, ranging from 13 % in trees 10–30 cm DBH to 54 % in stems ≥ 50 cm DBH across all data sets. The frequency of stem rot increased significantly in soils with low pH and cation concentrations in topsoil, and stem rot was more common in tree species associated with dystrophic sandy soils than with nutrient-rich clays. When scaled to forest stands, the maximum percent of stem biomass lost to stem rot varied significantly with soil properties, and we estimate that stem rot reduces total forest AGB estimates by up to 7 % relative to what would be predicted assuming all stems are composed strictly of intact wood. This study demonstrates not only that stem rot is likely to be a significant source of error in forest AGB estimation, but also that it strongly covaries with tree size, taxonomy, habitat association, and soil resources, underscoring the need to account for tree community composition and edaphic variation in estimating carbon storage in tropical forests.
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Dadang Mashur, Indah Kusuma, Puput Azizah Heriyana, et al. "PEMANFAATAN BATANG PISANG SEBAGAI MEDIA TANAM DI DESA PULAU GODANG KARI, KECAMATAN KUANTAN TENGAH, KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI." J-ABDI: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 5 (2022): 5019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/jabdi.v2i5.3584.
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Many people ignore the part of the banana stem, even though the banana stem also has various benefits. One of the uses in utilizing banana stems is to use banana stems as a container instead of polybags for planting media. This study aims to see banana stems as a suitable planting medium for plant growth and yield. In community service, socialization was carried out in Pulau Godang Kari Village to implement community service programs by involving the local village community. This study used 2 factors, namely banana stem factors and planting media factors, namely soil fermentation, manure, compost, and rice husks. The results of this study indicate fertility in plants, due to the nutrients contained in the banana stem.
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Prasain, Balaram. "Nepali Verbs: Some Properties." Gipan 3, no. 2 (2017): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gipan.v3i2.48914.
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Nepali verb stems end with i, a, o and ʌ vowels, and voiced and voiceless consonants. From transitivity perspective, they are intransitive and transitive/ditransitive. The verbs are monosyllabic and polysyllabic from syllabicity point of view. Another feature that Nepali verbs have is sound [a] whose presence and absence has direct impact on causative stem formation. The causative stem formation is regular with some phonological restrictions; however, the passive stem formation is very productive. Negativization occurs from both prefixation and suffixation processes. On the basis of features and morphological processes, four types of stems, namely, base stem, passive stem, causative stem and causative passive stem are found.
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Blackford, Marie, Montaine Comby, Liming Zeng, et al. "A Review on Stems Composition and Their Impact on Wine Quality." Molecules 26, no. 5 (2021): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051240.
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Often blamed for bringing green aromas and astringency to wines, the use of stems is also empirically known to improve the aromatic complexity and freshness of some wines. Although applied in different wine-growing regions, stems use remains mainly experimental at a cellar level. Few studies have specifically focused on the compounds extracted from stems during fermentation and maceration and their potential impact on the must and wine matrices. We identified current knowledge on stem chemical composition and inventoried the compounds likely to be released during maceration to consider their theoretical impact. In addition, we investigated existing studies that examined the impact of either single stems or whole clusters on the wine quality. Many parameters influence stems’ effect on the wine, especially grape variety, stem state, how stems are incorporated, when they are added, and contact duration. Other rarely considered factors may also have an impact, including vintage and ripening conditions, which could affect the lignification of the stem.