Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sténose Aortique'
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Capoulade, Romain. "Déterminants métaboliques de la progression de la sténose aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30762/30762.pdf.
Full textAortic stenosis is the most common cardiovascular disease in developed countries after coronary artery disease and systemic arterial hypertension. Unfortunately, no medical therapies have been proven to decrease either the progression of valve stenosis or the resulting adverse effects on myocardial remodeling or function. Surgical aortic valve replacement is currently the sole option for the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. To develop efficient pharmacological approaches to slow the progression of aortic stenosis, it is crucial to elucidate the factors and mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Aortic stenosis, which is characterized by a progressive calcium deposition in aortic valve leaflets and annulus, has long been considered as a degenerative disease. However, recent studies have suggested that aortic stenosis was an active process likely related to atherosclerosis. Aortic stenosis appears as a complex disease involving several processes related to visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome, as well as deregulation of the phosphor-calcic metabolism. Furthermore, these processes involved at the valvular level appear to be also implicated at the level of the aorta and the left ventricle. Assessment of the pathophysiological mechanisms involded both at the valve, aorta and ventricle, as well as their interactions, would better know and understand calcific valvular disease and identify new therapeutic targets in this population. The general objective of my PhD project is to identify and determine the respective impact of different metabolic factors related to visceral obesity on the progression of the valve stenosis, as well as left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction.
Dahou, Abdellaziz. "Nouveaux marqueurs pronostiques dans la sténose aortique à bas débit." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27931.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries. Low-flow AS is not uncommon. Approximately, 5 to 10 % of patients with severe aortic stenosis have a low cardiac output with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF< 50%; i.e. classical low-flow), and about 10-25% have a low-flow AS despite preserved LVEF (> 50%, i.e. paradoxical low-flow). The presence of a low cardiac output is often accompanied by a low gradient and small aortic valve area (AVA) and can thus distort the assessment of AS severity and lead to non-adequate therapeutic decision. Two main challenges are posed by these patients. The first is to differentiate a truly severe AS from a pseudo-severe AS, i.e. a failing left ventricle unable to fully open valve slightly or moderately stenotic. This distinction is crucial because the aortic valve replacement will be beneficial only in the case of true-severe AS, according to the literature. The second challenge is to accurately quantify myocardial damage to better stratify the risk. Unfortunately, traditional parameters derived from rest or stress echocardiography that are used to assess the severity of AS and myocardial dysfunction are not adequate in low flow state. Therefore, quantification of the disease severity and the ensuing therapeutic management may not be appropriate in a large proportion of these patients. The general objective of this doctoral project is to determine which of the echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and blood biomarkers will allow us to better assess severity of AS and myocardial impairment and independently predict morbidity and mortality. The ultimate aim is to improve the algorithms of risk stratification and the therapeutic decision making in these patients.
Kadem, Lyes. "Etude des paramètres hémodynamiques influençant la détermination d'une sténose aortique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22101.
Full textLe, Ven Florent. "Impact pronostique du débit cardiaque dans la sténose valvulaire aortique." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0116/document.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in occidental countries. Despite proper use of the guidelines, some patients can present adverse outcomes after surgery: some of them remain symptomatic, some die prematurely, or suffer from a persistant left ventricular dysfunction. It has been demonstrated that patients presenting an AS with low flow (i.e. low stroke volume), impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and a low transvalvular mean gradient, have poor prognosis, with increased risk during aortic valve replacement surgery. It has also been demonstrated that, in AS, a low flow can occur despite a preserved LVEF. The main goals of this PhD were to evaluate the impact of flow (more precisely left ventricular stroke volume) on the prognosis of patients with AS, the evolution of flow after intervention, and the factors that influence it. The results show that left ventricular stroke volume, before or after intervention, or its evolution after TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation), are powerful independant predictors of mortality
Clisson, Marine. "Impact des résistances vasculaires sur l'évaluation échocardiographique de la sténose aortique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67941.
Full textCalcifying aortic stenosis is the most common cardiovascular disease in developed countries after coronary artery disease and systemic hypertension. Evaluation of the hemodynamic severity of aortic stenosis is very simple except when there may be a discrepancy between echocardiographic indices of severity, in 30 to 60% of patients. The occurrence of this discrepancy is well known and accepted in the case of patients with low flow with or without reduction of the left ventricule ejection fraction. On the other hand, in patients with normal cardiac output, this discrepancy is attributed to measurement errors and the stenosis is considered non-severe. However, we have recently shown that at least 50% of patients in this situation may have severe aortic stenosis and in need for aortic valve replacement to avoid a very dark fate. This discrepancy could be strongly related to the concomitance of systemic arterial hypertension and / or decreased arterial compliance. The presence of one or two of these factors could pseudo-normalize the transvalvular gradient and thus mask the severity of the aortic stenosis. Our team has recently demonstrated that patients with systemic arterial hypertension or decreased arterial compliance had a less severe aortic stenosis assessed by echocardiography while the amount of calcium, measured by computed tomography, on the aortic valve was identical to that of normotensive patients and with normal compliance. Unfortunately, in this study, blood pressure and compliance measurements were made at the peripheral level. We hypothesized that measurement of central compliance would better explain discordance between echocardiographic markers of aortic stenosis severity. We thus performed a study in 224 patients with aortic stenosis who underwent a Dopplerechocardiography and a measure of peripheral and central compliance with the use of SphygmoCor® .
Tastet, Lionel. "L'hypertension artérielle systolique et la progression de la calcification valvulaire aortique chez les patients atteints de sténose aortique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26657.
Full textCalcific aortic stenosis is the most common cardiovascular disease in Western countries after coronary artery disease and hypertension. So far, there is no effective medical therapy able to stop or slow the progression of aortic stenosis. The only available treatments are surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. In this context, it is crucial to develop efficient pharmaceutical therapy able to slow the stenosis progression and thus prevent such invasive intervention. In the past, aortic stenosis was thought to be a simple degenerative process of the aortic valve linked to aging. However, the advances performed during the last two decades showed that aortic stenosis is a highly complex and actively regulated disease, especially involving pathological processes close to atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, identified the key factors involved in the disease progression is essential to understand the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. In this regard, hypertension is a common comorbidity of aortic stenosis and previous findings suggest that it may have an impact both on the development and progression of aortic stenosis. The primary hypothesis of this MSc project was that systolic hypertension, the most prevalent form of hypertension in patients with aortic stenosis, leads to faster progression of aortic valve calcification. Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the impact of systolic hypertension on the progression of aortic valve calcification assessed by multidetector computed tomography in patients with aortic stenosis.
Côté, Nancy. "Étude des mécanismes d'inflammation, de fibrose et de calcification impliqués dans le développement de la sténose aortique. Importance des systèmes rénine-angiotensine et ecto-purinergique dans la sténose aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29635/29635.pdf.
Full textArbesu, Y. Miar Anais. "Cellule interstitielle de valve et sténose aortique : impact de la voie du facteur tissulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S062/document.
Full textDefined as the narrowing of the aortic valve, aortic stenosis (AS) is the third cardiovascular pathology in industrialized countries. Affecting mainly people aged over 65 years, AS represents a major public health problem because of the aging of the population. After initially been considered as a passive degenerative process, it is now established that AS is an "atherosclerosis-like " disease characterized by the processes of inflammation, fibrosis, neo-angiogenesis and calcification. Some proteins of the coagulation pathway such as tissue factor (TF) are known to have a pro-fibrotic role and actively participate in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Their implication in AS seems, therefore, probable and remain to be identified.Prevalent cellular component of the aortic valve, VICs have five distinct subpopulations: embryonic progenitor cells (EPCs), progenitor cells (pVICs) quiescent (qVICs), activated (aVICs) and osteoblastic (obVICs). During the valvulogenesis, EPCs allow the cellularization of the valve, differentiating into qVICs. These cells maintain the valvular homeostasis and, in case of damage, are activated (aVICs) to effectively repair the valve tissue. The valvular inflammation and VICs activation initiate the secretion of pro-calcifying proteins inducing the differentiation of aVICs into obVICs. Finally, pVICs, naturally present within the valve (called resident) or from the blood circulation (called hematopoietic), seem to promote cell renewal and may be involved in the angiogenic and osteoblastic processes.Although described, these subpopulations have never been studied longitudinally, in respect to their behavior in vitro. Our first objective was to perform this investigation. Our second objective was to study the potential role of TF pathway in the deleterious mechanisms of AS.As part of the longitudinal follow-up of VICs from control and pathological human aortic valves to the in vitro culture performed on plastic and collagen, we first showed that different subpopulations were present in these valves with different locations and proportions according to the pathophysiological state of the tissue. After enzymatic digestion, all subpopulations are found but, in culture, hematopoietic pVICs disappeared, whichever the support. Thus, we validated the primary culture model of VICs while highlighting its limitations: lack of hematopoietic pVICs, spontaneous osteoblastic differentiation and activation of VICs in culture.As part of the study the involvement of FT in the AS development, we showed its colocalization with thrombin and calcifications of pathological valves. We showed that the expression and activity of TF were constitutively more important in VICs from fibrocalcified valves than control ones and that IL-1β for pathological VICs and that its expression could be induced by IL1 beta. In addition, TF activation in the by its ligand FVII, induced, directly and via the PAR-2 receptor, different signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and the processes of fibrosis and calcification. Thus, our findings suggest that the FT expressed by VICs mediates fibrocalcific processes of aortic stenosis
Mohty, Dania. "Les déterminants métaboliques de développement et de progression de la sténose aortique calcifiée." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR3311.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS), is the most frequent disease in western countries after hypertension and coronary artery disease. Due to the aging of the population, its prevalence will dramatically increase within the next decade. Previous studies have shown that AS is an inflammatory disease and it has multiple similarities with vascular atherosclerosis. Therefore, it may be possible to alter the natural evolution of this disease using dietary and/or pharmacological interventions, avoiding or delaying surgery. It is crucial thus, to determine the metabolic factors that potentially contribute to the development and the progression of AS. In a recent experimental animal study, Drolet et al. Were able to induce true AS in a wild type mouse that received a high fat and carbohydrate diet. Briand et al. From the same team, also demonstrated in a human study that patients with moderate to severe AS and presenting a metabolic syndrome (MS) had a 2 fold more hemodynamic progression of AS than patients without MS. Therefore, the aim of our present project was to investigate the potential metabolic factors that may explain the association between the MS and the progression of AS. In the first article of this project, we reported a significant association between the percentage of the small and dense LDL particles and the hemodynamic progression of AS; also a significant correlation was found between these small LDL particles and the inflammatory activity within the aortic valve explanted at the time of aortic valve replacement. In this study, the inflammatory activity and the remodelling score of the AV also correlated with the accumulation of oxidized LDL in the AV. In the second article, we demonstrated that low plasma level of adiponectin were significantly associated with the hemodynamic progression of AS. Moreover, adiponectin level was inversely correlated with the valvular inflammatory activity. These findings may explain the association between MS and the rapid AS progression. Finally, in the third article, we found that plasma resistin level was correlated with valvular calcification and inflammation of the AV in elderly patients with AS. These results showed clearly a significant relations between the metabolic disturbances and calcified AS. Thus, AS should not be considered as a simple degenerative disease related to aging and to the wear and shear stress. It is a true atherosclerotic process. We particularly demonstrated that some metabolic disturbances related to the visceral obesity may play an important role in the hemodynamic AS progression
Maréchaux, Sylvestre. "Aspects physiopathologiques et pronostiques de l'insuffisance mitrale fonctionnelle et de la sténose aortique." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S041.
Full textDall'Acqua, Tiziana. "Embolies coronaires calcaires dans le rétrécissement aortique calcifié." Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STET6418.
Full textBerthelot, Richer Maxime. "Discordance de la gradation de la sévérité de la sténose aortique : prédicteurs échocardiographiques de bénéfice de survie associé au remplacement valvulaire aortique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26037.
Full textRosa, Mickael. "Athérosclérose et sténose valvulaire aortique : implication des macrophages et des cellules interstitielles de valve dans les calcifications cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S046.
Full textCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most often outcome of atherosclerosis processes. CVD are the first leading cause of death rate with an increasing incidence due to ageing populations and expansion of risk factors such as diabetes mellitus or obesity. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is the most frequent valvulopathy in developed countries sharing common points with vascular atherosclerosis. More than only risk factors, valvular and vascular lesions share common pathophysiological processes implicated in the development of the disease such as inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and calcification. This last process appears in late stages of atherosclerosis diseases and play critical roles via implication in plaque stability or thickening of the aortic valve. Macrophages are cells deriving from infiltrated monocytes, playing an important role in the inflammatory state of lesions via classical (M1) or alternative phenotypes (M2) phenotypes. Nevertheless, this dichotomy does not reflect completely the variety of their plasticity and different phenotypes induced by the microenvironment of monocytes/macrophages (lipid riche zone, iron riche zone or calcium rich zone). In the aortic valve, valvular interstitial cells (VIC) are the most prominent cell type found in the aortic valve. These cells play a major role not only in the valve tissue homeostasis but also in the calcification processes leading to AVS. In a first part, the aim of this thesis is to elucidate the ability of macrophages to differentiate into osteoclasts, cell type responsible for bone matrix remodeling, inside atherosclerosis plaques. In a second part, this work will focus on the calcification processes occurring in the aortic valve via the study of the role of leptin in valvular calcification (association study) and then in a transcriptomic analysis of VIC isolated from calcified versus non calcified aortic valves (genome-wide expression study). Our results about macrophages show that ex vivo cell surrounding vascular calcification are alternative M2 macrophages. In vitro, these cells are no able to differentiate into true osteoclasts nor to resorb calcium deposits. Concerning the role of leptin on VIC, the results show that serum leptin is higher in patients with AVS, leptin and its receptors are expressed in the aortic valves and leptin enhances the osteoblast différenciation of VIC in an Akt and ERK dependant manner. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis allowed to highlight a new pathway deregulated in VIC. This enzyme is underexpressed in VIC isolated from calcified aortic valves and in the calcified zonesAbstract4of stenosed aortic valves. Otherwise, treating VIC with the product of this enzyme in a procalcifying medium inhibits calcification processes.This thesis highlights new insights into the calcification processes occurring in atherosclerosis lesions and calcified aortic valves. These results describe that M2 macrophages cannot differentiate into osteoclasts and reverse calcification formation inside atherosclerosis plaques. In parallel, it would be interesting to study the macrophages phenotypes surrounding calcium deposits in stenosed aortic valves. Then, it will be interesting to decipher the origin of leptin and its precise mechanism of action on VIC. Finally this work points out a new metabolic pathway implicated in the development of valvular calcification which could be a medical treatment of SVA
Nader, Joseph. "MicroARNs, marqueurs de la pathologie valvulaire aortique." Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0062.
Full textObjective: Aortic valve stenosis is, nowadays, the most frequent valvular heart disease. Its evolution remains different between tricuspid and bicuspid valves, with an earlier and more rapid calcification in the bicuspid patients. MicroRNA are emergent genetic intra- and extra-cellular regulator of the expression of mRNA. The aim of our study is to compare the microRNA expression between both valvular groups.Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study on a small sample of tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valve, on which we studied the expression of 6 microRNAs (miR-26a, -30b, -92a, -141, -195 and -223). The study was approved by the local ethic committee. Results: On this reduced sample, only miR-92a and -141 were significantly overexpressed in bicuspid aortic valves (0.3 v/s 0.85, p=0.0006; 0.03 v/s 0.06; p=0.005) respectively for tricuspid and bicuspid valves. As a second step, we studied the expression of these 2 microRNAs in a larger cohort of 47 valves. Only miR-92a was significatively overexpressed in bicuspid aortic valves (0.06 v/s 0.03; p<0.0001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between transvalvular preoperative mean gradient and the expression of mi-92a, as a direct clinical correlation between the tissular expression and a preoperative clinical assessment of the AS severity (r = 0.3257, p = 0.04). Conclusion: miR-92a is overexpressed in bicuspid aortic valves. Further studies are necessary to measure its seric expression and correlate it to the clinical findings, in order to present this microRNA as a potential seric biomarker of rapid aortic valve calcification
Shen, Mylène. "Impact du phénotype de la valve aortique et de l'âge sur la relation entre la calcification valvulaire aortique et la sévérité hémodynamique de la sténose aortique : étude PROGRESSA." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27147.
Full textAssessment of aortic stenosis (AS) by Doppler echocardiography leads to discordant severity grading in around 30% of patients. Computed tomography which measures aortic valve calcification, an indication of anatomic severity, can then be useful to corroborate AS severity. Previous studies have shown a good correlation between hemodynamic severity measured by Doppler echocardiography and anatomic severity defined by aortic valve calcification measured by computed tomography. However, the impact of aortic valve phenotype (bicuspid versus tricuspid) and age on this relation between hemodynamic severity and anatomic severity remains unknown. Yet, these two factors are highly implicated in AS development. Indeed, patients with a bicuspid aortic valve have a predisposition to develop AS, and this, generally earlier than patients with a tricuspid aortic valve. The main hypothesis of the study is that aortic valve phenotype and age influence the relationship between haemodynamic severity and aortic valve calcification of AS. The main objective of the study is to assess the impact of aortic valve phenotype and age on the relationship between haemodynamic severity and aortic valve calcification of AS.
Clavel, Marie-Annick. "Nouvelles avenues dans le diagnostic et le traitement de la sténose aortique à bas débit." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29149/29149.pdf.
Full textCôté, Claude. "Impact des désordres métaboliques et rôle de l'inflammation dans la physiopathologie de la sténose aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25707/25707.pdf.
Full textFrieden, Philipp. "Évolution du fardeau de la sténose aortique dans la province de Québec entre 2000 et 2015." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68082.
Full textAortic stenosis is the third most common cardiovascular disease in high income countries after arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease and is the valvular disease that requires the most interventions. The prevalence of aortic stenosis has been shown to increase with age and is becoming a major public health concern. However, data on the epidemiological burden of AS are contradictory, with some studies reporting an increase in incidence and others rather suggesting a decrease. The treatment of aortic stenosis faces a major paradigm shift with the introduction of percutaneous aortic valve implantation. The introduction of this procedure has changed the management of patients who were previously inoperable or at high surgical risk. The burden of aortic stenosis in the province can therefore be influenced both by demographic factors and by changes in aortic stenosis management. Faced with the heterogeneity of the evolution of the burden of aortic stenosis elsewhere in the world and the change in the management of the disease in recent years, it is imperative to assess the evolution of the burden of aortic stenosis in the province of Quebec. The main hypothesis of the study is that, because of the increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in high-income countries and the aging of the province's population, the burden of aortic stenosis has increased in the province of Quebec between the fiscal years 2000-2001 and 2015-2016. The main objective of the study is therefore to examine the evolution of the prevalence, incidence, all-cause mortality and use of aortic valve interventions in the province of Quebec from the fiscal years 2000-2001 to 2015-2016.
Messika-Zeitoun, David. "Apport de l'imagerie dans l'évaluation, la prise en charge et la physiopathologie de la sténose aortique." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077259.
Full textManagement of patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) relies on accurate assessment of AS severity. Echocardiography is the reference method but requires a careful methodology. Even nowadays, the use of the non-imaging continuous-wave Doppler transducer and the right parasternal view must be performed to accurately evaluate AS hemodynamic severity. The left ventricular outflow diameter should be precisely measured using the zoom. In case of technical difficulties the regression 5. 7 x body surface area + 12. 1 provides a useful safeguard. Works from our team and others clearly show the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of patients with AS. CT can provide an accurate evaluation of the aortic valve area and can be considered as an alternative to transesophageal echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. CT can also provide objective and quantitative measurement of the degree of aortic valve calcification (AVC). The relationship between AVC and hemodynamic severity measured by echocardiography is curvilinear suggesting that these measures are complementary, and indeed, AVC provides independent outcome information. Measurement of AVC is a useful tool to monitor the progression of AS and can provide unique pathophysiological insights. CT is also crucial for the workup of patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. It provides measurement of the aortic annulus and demonstrates its complex and oval shape
Magne, Julien. "Les marqueurs d'imagerie de la fonction ventriculaire gauche dans la sténose aortique : Une perspective d'épidémiologie clinique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LIMO0084.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease worldwide, and its prevalence increases with age. Echocardiography is the first-line imaging tool for diagnosing AS and its impact on the left ventricle (LV). However, imaging markers for accurate assessment of LV function remain debated in this context. The overall aim of this study was to identify, from a clinical epidemiological perspective, imaging markers of left ventricular function that would enable better risk stratification in patients with AS, with a view to ultimately improving their management and outcome. In a meta-analysis of individual data, we demonstrated that measurement of LV global longitudinal strain can stratify the risk of patient mortality, even in the absence of symptoms or when the LV ejection fraction is preserved. Our work also highlighted the value of other imaging markers, such as first-phase ejection fraction and mechanical dispersion, in assessing and stratifying the risk of patients with AS. In contrast to the strategy of offering early intervention to all asymptomatic patients with tight AS, the use of these imaging markers will enable us to better characterize the true impact of AS on LV function, and identify subgroups of patients at higher risk of cardiovascular events. We could thus better individualize management and optimize the timing of valve intervention. Nevertheless, this approach needs to be tested and validated to ensure its efficacy and safety
Arangalage, Dimitri. "Déterminants de la progression et de la réponse myocardique dans le rétrécissement aortique calcifié." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC183.
Full textCalcific aortic stenosis (AS) is characterized by a slowly progressive fibrocalcific remodeling of aortic valve leaflets, and by a left ventricular (LV) remodeling. There is currently no effective medical treatment capable of preventing disease progression, and the only treatment is surgical or percutaneous valve replacement. The objectives of this thesis were to identify determinants of AS progression and LV remodeling, to study a new modality of evaluation of AS severity, and to analyze through an experimental approach the initiating mechanisms of valve calcification. The results of this work can be summarized as follows: - The plasmatic level of galectin-3 was not associated with the degree of AS severity or the functional status of patients. Galectin-3 had no prognostic value for the occurrence of AS-related events. The results observed are not in favor of the use of this biomarker for the management of patients with asymptomatic AS. - In a prospective cohort of patients with at least mild AS, epicardial fat volume was independently associated with an adverse remodeling of the LV. This result suggests that epicardial fat may be a determinant of pathological LV remodeling through a local interaction. - The use of fusion imaging increased the rate of discordant AS severity parameters. This result was more pronounced in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve. Considering current classification and thresholds defining AS severity, and their well-proven prognostic value, the results of this study do not favor the use of fusion imaging to assess AS severity. - The accumulation of senescent erythrocytes in aortic valve leaflets, consecutive to unhealed endothelial injury, is a noxious condition that promotes the differentiation of valvular interstitial cells towards an osteoblastic phenotype and favor calcium deposition leading to AS. The pathophysiology of initiation of valvular calcification and AS progression is complex and multifactorial. The discovery of potential therapeutic targets and the optimization of the management of patients with AS require the combination of clinical studies to identify the determinants of AS progression and myocardial response, and a fundamental approach to characterize mechanisms involved in the disease
Girerd, Nicolas. "Impact de la sévérité de la sténose aortique et de son interaction avec la disproportion patient-prothèse sur la mortalité opératoire suivant le remplacement valvulaire aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26870/26870.pdf.
Full textBlais, Claudia. "Nouvelles avenues en regard du diagnostic et du traitement de la sténose valvulaire aortique avec bas débit cardiaque." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23795/23795.pdf.
Full textGuivier, Carine. "Modélisations numérique et expérimentale des interactions fluide-structure biologiques : application au diagnostic clinique de la performance valvulaire en présence d'une sténose sous-aortique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22107.pdf.
Full textThe aortic valvular performance (either of a native valve or a prosthetic valve) is currently and efficiently assessed through clinical indices. These indices are estimated by performing velocity measurements based on Doppler echocardiographic methods. But in the presence of a relevant narrowing in the left ventricle outflow tract, called subaortic stenosis (SAS), it is often difficult or impossible to adequately assess the haemodynamic performance of the aortic valve with the use of the conventional Doppler echocardiographic indices. The aim of the work is to find out why the clinical indices fail when a SAS is present, through relevant experimental and numerical models. The second aim is to implement numerical fluid-structure interaction that exists between the valve and the blood flow. A first 2D numerical fluid-structure interaction model and then a 3D one are developed with the commercial CFD software Fluent. An external program is used to manage a sub-iteration loop ensuring a strong coupling between the fluid and the structure. An experimental model, that is equivalent to the numerical one as far as the geometries and the hydrodynamic conditions are concerned is used to validate the numerical simulation. The validation is performed through the comparison of the velocity fields that are obtained numerically on the one hand and experimentally by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) on the other hand. The quantitative and qualitative comparisons between healthy (without SAS) and pathological (with SAS) cases underline the failure that exists in the clinical diagnosis of the valvular performance in the presence of a SAS: the velocities and by consequence the clinical indices are not correlated to the valvular performance. A last theorical model was developed. It is based on the modelisation of potential flow around an airfoil of finite span. Each leaflet of the prosthetic valve is assimilated to an airfoil of finite span. This last model could improve the clinical indices and consequently could bring out changes in the clinical diagnosis of the haemodynamic valvular performance
Grenier, Delaney Jasmine. "Comparaison entre l'aire valvulaire aortique projetée et le score calcique de la valve aortique pour classifier et prédire le devenir des patients atteints d'une sténose aortique à bas débit et bas gradient - TOPAS phase III." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67068.
Full textLow flow, low gradient aortic stenosis (LF-LG-AS) may occur with depressed (classical LF-LG-AS) or with preserved (paradoxical LF-LG-AS) left ventricular ejection fraction. This entity is really difficult to characterize. Indeed, the challenge in this subgroup is to discriminate between a true-severe versus a pseudo-severe AS. It is important to determine the exact severity of AS, because patients with a true-severe AS will benefit from anaortic valve replacement and without intervention, their prognostic will be extremely poor. Unfortunately, rest and stress echocardiographic criteria recommended by the actual guidelines for patients with LF-LG-AS to assess AS severity are far from being optimal, and consequently, a substantial proportion of these patients stays misevaluated and may thus not receive the optimal therapy. Our group found that in patients with LF-LG-AS,projected aortic valve area (AVAProj), measured under rest and stress echocardiography, better predicts underlying AS severity and survival compared to traditional echocardiographic parameters. However, stress echocardiography is not possible in some patients and AS severity often remains indeterminate. The degree of aortic valve calcification, calculated by multi-detector computed tomography may be useful to confirm AS severity, but the optimal cut off values are not well established in patients with LF-LG-AS. The hypotheses related to this study are that projected aortic valve area is equivalent to the degree of aortic valve calcification to 1) evaluate AS severity and 2) to predict all-cause mortality in patients with LF-LG-AS. The general objective is to compare the projected aortic valve area and the degree of aortic valve calcification to evaluate AS severity and to predict mortality in patients with LF-LG-AS.
Susen, Sophie. "Rôle du facteur tissulaire et du facteur Willebrand dans la réponse à différentes formes d'agression : modification des forces de cisaillement, athérosclérose, inflammation." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S056.
Full textCoisne, Augustin. "Déterminants, mécanismes et conséquences de la dysfonction et du remodelage ventriculaire après remplacement valvulaire aortique : rôle des phénomènes inflammatoires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S005/document.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease (VHD) in Western countries. It causes a chronic increase in left ventricular (LV) afterload characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), ischemia and myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and long-term heart failure. Regardless of the severity of stenosis, several factors such as obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance seems to impact the LV remodeling in this condition. These metabolic disorders are associated with a pro-inflammatory state, including adipose tissue, involving mediators perceived in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. To date, surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is the only option that has shown an impact on mortality. This surgery has become less risky and leads to a significant decrease in the left ventricular mass (LVM) in the first year. Nevertheless, some factors, including the existence of a patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM), seem to influence this reverse remodeling after surgery, which may explain the persistence of myocardial fibrosis or symptoms after the surgery. We have made the following hypotheses: a) a pro-inflammatory state mediated by epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and circulating leukocytes would be associated with pathological remodeling in the natural history of AS, b) the existence of a PPM after SAVR would be associated with a poorer prognosis regardless of body weight status, c) the circadian clock would play a role in modulating the myocardial response to a hypertrophic stimulus and myocardial ischemia, d) the onset of postoperative right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, would be associated with poorer prognosis after SAVR. We therefore prospectively included patients with severe AS without LV dysfunction, or another VHD, referred to our Heart Valve Center in Lille University Hospital since 2009 for a first SAVR. Clinical and biological evaluation and pre- and postoperative (before discharge) trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) were performed for all patients. In a sub-group of patients, biological samples (blood and TAE) were collected at the time of surgery to perform transcriptomic analysis on EAT and flow cytometry on the circulating blood cells. TTE was also performed 1-year after SAVR in a sub-group and all patients were followed-up for cardiovascular events. We found that: a) the amount of EAT was independently associated with worse LV remodeling in AS but not with the magnitude of reverse remodeling after SAVR. According to our first results, this more severe LV remodeling seems to be associated with dysregulation of genes involved in the adaptive immune response, in the regulation of the immune response and in the activation of T lymphocyte cells and also with a number of circulating leukocytes and monocytes more important, b) the indexed effective orifice area of the aortic prosthesis calculated by TTE with the unique cut-off of 0.85cm²/m² showed the best accuracy to predict major events after SAVR in lean or overweight patients but not in obese, c) perioperative myocardial injury is transcriptionally orchestrated by the circadian clock in patients undergoing SAVR, with poorer tolerance in patients operated on in the morning, d) heart failure is more frequently observed in patients operated on in the morning, unrelated to the occurrence of acute kidney injury after SAVR, e) the early and severe post-operative decline in RV longitudinal function reverses within a year and is not predictive of long-term outcomes after SAVR. Subsequently, we will continue to explore the link between adipose tissue and the natural course of LV remodeling, cardiovascular events after SAVR in particular the impact of circadian variations on the occurrence of heart failure and the RV function after SAVR
Lemieux, Hervé. "Intérêt du diagnostic d'athérome aortique par échographie transœsophagienne et radiographie thoracique pour le dépistage de sténose coronaire dans les valvulopathies mitrales." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23108.
Full textPagé, Anik. "Effets des anomalies métaboliques associées à l'obésité viscérale sur la géométrie et la fonction ventriculaire gauche des patients atteints de sténose valvulaire aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27747/27747.pdf.
Full textCôté, Nancy. "Impact de la préhypertension sur la pathologie de la sténose aortique : implication du système rénine-angiotensine, de l'interleukine-6 et du stress oxidatif." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27283/27283.pdf.
Full textHervault, Maxime. "Les différences liées au sexe dans la physiopathologie de la sténose valvulaire aortique : impact du phénotype valvulaire, de l’âge, et des hormones sexuelles." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67785.
Full textAortic valve stenosis (AS) is a degenerative pathology of the aortic valve that affects 2 to 4% of the population over 65 years of age, and 4,6% of people over 75 years of age. This pathology results in a thickening and stiffening of the aortic valve leaflets, leading to an impaired opening, and closing of the valve. The risk factors for developing AS are bicuspid valve (a congenital anomaly affecting 1 to 2% of the general population), age, dyslipidemia, and male sex. The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of AS are relatively well known. Mechanisms involved in inflammation, fibrosis, calcification, survival, and cell proliferation are found. However, despite an important bibliography on the pathophysiology of AS, very little research has been done on the impact of sex and sex hormones on the progression of AS. It has recently been shown that for the same hemodynamic severity of AS, men have a higher degree of calcification and a lower proportion of fibrosis of their valve than women. Thus, the objective of this master is to study the impact of sex, valve phenotype and age on the degree of calcification and valve remodelling in human patients for whom we had their clinical characteristics as well as CTscan data and explanted valves. Results obtained shown that women, regardless of valve phenotype or age, will have a lower degree of valve calcification and a greater fibrotic remodelling of their valves than men. In addition, in bicuspid patients, young women have a less calcified aortic valve compared to older women.
Soquet, Jérôme. "Modulation médicamenteuse des calcifications valvulaires dans un modèle ovin de xénogreffe aortique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS061.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most frequent and the most lethal valvular heart disease in the elderly in high-income countries
Garcia, Flores Julio. "Nouvelles approches pour la détermination de la sévérité de la sténose aortique à partir des vitesses du flux sanguin mesurées par imagerie de résonance magnétique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29190/29190.pdf.
Full textAortic valve stenosis is the most common cardiovascular disease after coronary artery diseases and hypertension. Doppler-echocardiography (DE) is the standard method for the evaluation of the severity of aortic stenosis (AS). Valve effective orifice area (EOA) measured by the continuity equation is one of the most frequently used stenotic indices. However, TTE measurement of aortic valve EOA is not feasible or not reliable in a significant proportion of patients. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as a non-invasive alternative method to evaluate EOA using velocity measurements. The objectives of this thesis were: 1) To compare the DE-derived EOA and CMR-derived EOA using the continuity equation (CE) and 2) To propose new CMR methods to assess EOA and the AS severity; 3) To determine the feasibility of the measurement of the parameters of valve opening and closing kinetics by CMR and 4) To validate new CMR methods to estimate vorticity magnitude. Our work showed a good agreement between the DE-derived EOA and CMR-derived EOA using the CE. This agreement was, however, only due to error compensations. We therefore developed and validated a new CMR method based on the acoustical source term (AST) to estimate the valve EOA and then to introduce a simplified version not requiring vorticity field derivation. This study showed that AST-derived EOA calculated from CMR velocity field measurements is a reliable method to estimate valve EOA and can be useful to confirm AS severity when DE examination is inconclusive. Hence, CMR provides a non-invasive and reliable alternative to DE for the quantification of AS severity. Our work also demonstrated the excellent feasibility and reproducibility of CMR for the measurement of valve kinetic parameters in patients with AS. Furthermore, these parameters compare favorably with conventional indices of stenosis severity to predict risk of poor prognosis. However, the use of CE to estimate EOA may be subject to measurement errors. Furthermore, a validation of new CMR methods for estimate vorticity magnitude was presented. Vorticity and vortical structures play a fundamental role affecting the evaluation of energetic aspects of cardiovascular function. In conclusion, our work demonstrates the feasibility, reliability, and utility of new CMR methods and parameters to identify and quantify the dysfunction of native. New CMR methods estimating vorticity were validated in vivo.
Nguyen, Virginia. "Identification des déterminants de la progression et des marqueurs pronostiques dans le rétrécissement aortique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC308.
Full textAortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in Westerncountries AS (2%–7% of the population after 65 years old) for which valve replacement is theonly curative treatment. Current guidelines recommend surgery in patients with severe ASand either symptoms or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF<50%). However,treatment of asymptomatic patients remains controversial due, on the one side, to the riskof sudden death without preceding symptoms and irreversible myocardial dysfunction and,on the other side, to the risk of surgery and prosthetic valve complications. Identifyingsubsets of asymptomatic AS patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction whomay benefit from early or prophylactic surgery is therefore a critical clinical challenge
Dahou, Abdellaziz. "Intérêt de la déformation longitudinale globale du ventricule gauche chez les patients atteints de sténose aortique à bas débit et bas gradient avec basse fraction d'éjection." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25322.
Full textAortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries. Approximately, 5 to 10 % of patients with severe aortic stenosis have a low cardiac output with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The presence of a low cardiac output can distort the assessment of the severity of the aortic stenosis and thus lead to non-adequate therapeutic decision. Two main challenges are posed by these patients. The first is to differentiate a truly severe AS from a pseudo-severe AS, i.e. a failing left ventricle unable to fully open valve slightly or moderately stenotic. This distinction is crucial because the aortic valve replacement will be beneficial only in the case of true-severe AS. The second challenge is to accurately quantify myocardial damage. To this effect, the contractile reserve is important to assess because patients who do not have contractile reserve have a high risk of operative mortality following AVR. Unfortunately, traditional parameters derived from rest or stress echocardiography that are used to assess the severity of AS and myocardial dysfunction are not adequate in low flow state. Therefore, quantification of the disease severity and the ensuing therapeutic management may not be appropriate in a large proportion of these patients. The main objective of this project is to determine the usefulness of left ventricular longitudinal deformation measured at rest and during stress echocardiography with dobutamine for risk stratification and its impact on prognosis and management of patients with low-gradient aortic stenosis with impaired LVEF. Our hypothesis is as follows: The left ventricular global longitudinal strain is superior to the LVEF to predict mortality in patients having LF-LG AS with low EF included in the TOPAS study.
Auffret, Vincent. "Aide à la décision pour le remplacement valvulaire aortique percutané." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B035.
Full textAortic stenosis represents the most frequent acquired valvular heart disease, affecting up to 10% of octogenarians. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is booming and confronts clinicians with new issues that constitute a major field of research. Our work falls within the framework of computer-assisted medico-surgical interventions, and aims at proposing computer-assisted decision support systems. The present Thesis is composed of four parts. The first part focuses on the medical problematic surrounding TAVI, as well as the current French TAVI field on the basis of an article describing temporal trends in patients’ and procedural’s characteristics from 2010 to 2015 in the FRANCE 2 and FRANCE TAVI nationwide registries. This first part identifies medical issues that operators currently face, especially the optimal selection of TAVI candidates, and the reduction of procedural complications within the current trends towards treatment of patients with lower baseline surgical-risk profile. The second part deal with population-based studies, through standard statistical methods, to identify predictors of TAVI outcomes or selected procedural complications in order to facilitate procedural planning. Three articles compose this part. The first focuses on predictors of short-term cerebrovascular events post-TAVI, the second deals with conduction disturbances post-TAVI while the third aims at identifying predictors of global poor outcomes. We demonstrate the benefits of these analyses, which will remain necessary in the future, but also address their limitations, which support the use of new methods to store, sort, retrieve, and even augment relevant information to facilitate operators’ decision, especially at the pre-procedural step.The purpose of Part 3 is to address a case-based reasoning (CBR) decision-support system that could benefit from the identification of these prognostic factors and ultimately integrate them into a global and ergonomic interface for decision support. We have worked in the framework of the European project H2020 EurValve on the development of a CBR whose problematic is,for the time being, limited to the optimal choice of the approach, type and size of prosthesis. Our work focused on an analytical step in the design of this type of system dealing with the study and improvement of the similarity measure used to identify nearest neighbours (previously treated cases and their therapeutic "solution") of the current problem (case which clinicians are planning to treat). Finally, the last part focuses on increasing the information available for preoperative decision support through patient-specific numerical simulation. After a state of the art of the methods used in the field of TAVI, we worked on the elaboration and parameterization of a simulation model of the insertion of the stiff guidewire in the left ventricle (one of the first steps of the procedure that can condition the positioning of the prosthesis and thus the final result). In order to perform a first validation of this patient-specific simulation using preoperative 3D CT imaging, the proposed approach is based on the extraction of the region of interest in the 3D volume (segmentation) and its mapping to intraoperative 2D fluoroscopy through 3D / 2D registration. Our work on these image processing methods needed to implement and validate our simulation strategy is also discussed in this section. Finally, we present a potential clinical application of the simulation model regarding the influence of the shape of the guide and its insertion conditions on its stability and the pressure forces exerted on the left ventricle
Debry, Nicolas. "Complications ischémiques et hémorragiques des procédures de réparation valvulaire aortique percutanée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS040.
Full textIschemic and haemorrhagic complications during percutaneous aortic valve interventionsPercutaneous aortic valve repair including balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) and TAVI has experienced significant improvements over the past twenty years, allowing patients with severe aortic stenosis (SAS) to benefit from a curative treatment, mostly with a minimalist approach under local anesthesia associated with a drastic reduction of procedural complications.However, the management of specific clinical emergency situations or of high-risk patients is still poorly explored and requires an accurate assessment of the ischemic and hemorrhagic complications of percutaneous procedures.In the first part of this thesis, we confirmed that some urgent complex clinical situations such as cardiogenic shock secondary to SAS, or the need for urgent extracardiac surgery in SAS patients still constitute a grey zone where the optimal treatment is unclear and requires further investigations. During cardiogenic shock or urgent extracardiac surgery, the risk of hemorrhagic and especially ischemic complications and short-term mortality remain very high. During cardiogenic shock, complications are mainly related to the timing of the BAV. When urgent extracardiac surgery is required, routine BAV does not improve the prognosis of SAS patients compared to medical treatment.In the second part of this thesis, we compared the axillary and carotid access in intermediate or high-risk patients contraindicated to transfemoral route for TAVI. These accesses have similar rates of ischemic complications and mortality, but carotid artery has more local hemorrhagic complications.The third and final part of this thesis analyse the significant incidence of microbleeds during the TAVI procedure. Their appearance seems to be related to the duration of the procedure and the lack of correction of the von Willebrand factor deficiency acquired during SAS; these lesions have no impact on the neurological evolution in the short term.Studies are underway to better define the link between the risk of cerebral hemorrhage, the vWF factor and cardiac valvular or circulatory assist device
Amahzoune, Brahim. "Mise au point d'une prothèse valvulaire implantée par voie endovasculaire : Effet du sertissage et déploiement sur les feuillets valvulaires et application aux voies pulmonaires dilatées." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767945.
Full textAmahzoune, Brahim. "Mise au point d’une prothèse valvulaire implantée par voie endovasculaire : effet du sertissage et déploiement sur les feuillets valvulaires et application aux voies pulmonaires dilatées." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114864/document.
Full textPercutaneous valve implantation (PVI) is a new with fast growing expansion procedure. Nevertheless, this promising technic has some reefs. Impairment of the implanted device at deployment is one of them. Valvular implantation in dilated right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is another limit of the procedure. In our work, we studied the valvular traumatism after prosthesis deployment. Subsequently, we evaluated a new device for RVOT size reduction, in order to widen PVI indications.Firstly, We compared 2 types of valved-stent (VS) (balloon expandable and self-expandable). We compared the occurrence of valvular leaflets injury after crimping and deployment of both types of prosthesis. We showed the occurrence of pericardial leaflet injuries, induced by devices crimping. Otherwise, the presence of sharp histologic lesions with balloon expandable VS, suggests a prosthesis expansion role, in genesis of valvular injuries, as well. We couldn’t show any impairment of valvular tissue mechanical properties after leaflets crimping and deployment. In another part of our work, experimental asymmetric enlargement of the RVOT with creation of severe pulmonary regurgitation, were performed in an ovine model. Size reduction of the enlarged RVOT and PVI were successfully achieved through an endovascular and right transventricular access. Valve function was satisfactory in all correctly implanted VS (one case of inversion). No migration or fractures of the size reducer or VS were seen before animal sacrifice, after 2 months follow-up. Since feasibility of RVOT enlargement and RVOT reduction has been demonstrated, a long-term study is necessary before considering a human implantation. At last but not least, deterioration on valvular leaflets after prosthesis handling is an effect to consider. Taking into account its potential impact on prosthesis durability, it requires further deep investigations
Lavisse, Charlotte. "Implication des macrophages M1/M2 dans les pathologies vasculaires et valvulaires humaines." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S063/document.
Full textCardiovascular disease, as a result of atherosclerosis, are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and see their incidence and severity increase with the expansion of their major risk factors, such as age, obesity and diabetes. Aortic valve stenosis, valve disease most frequently encountered in Western countries mainly in the old subject, shares strong similarities with vascular atherosclerosis. Indeed, atherosclerotic plaques and valvular lesions are the site of inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis and calcification processes. Macrophages, from monocytes infiltrated tissue differentiation, play a key role in the development of vascular atherosclerotic lesions and their future. Their role in the inflammatory state of the lesions is now well established with recent publications that report on plastic properties of macrophages, according to their microenvironment. Two major subtypes of macrophages have been described in the atherosclerotic plaques, classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. Their respective role in thrombogenicity, proteolysis and angiogenesis processes involved in plaque instability, have been less studied. In contrast, macrophages are not disclosed in the valve, compared to the valvular interstitial cells (VIC), which are crucial for the maintenance of homeostasis and the valvular function and are involved in the fibrosis and rigidity of the valvular leaflets. My thesis aims to study the roles of macrophages M1/M2 in vascular and valvular pathologies in humans. We focused on their roles in the instability of atherosclerotic plaque (haemostatic or clotting process and vascular remodeling) and valvular fibrosis and their phenotypic modulation by other cell types present in the lesions, neutrophils (PNN) in the plaque or VIC in the valve.Our results suggest that the M1 and M2 macrophages may differently modulate major pathophysiological processes of atherosclerosis. In addition, M1 macrophages from diabetic patients have a deleterious phenotype that could explain the increased vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques observed in these subjects. About valvular pathology, after characterized histologically M1/M2 in human aortic valves, we have shown that the M1 macrophages are involved in the progression of fibrosis through the modulation of their secretory repertoire by VIC.This work provides new clues about the pathophysiological processes involved in vascular and valvular diseases. It focuses on the deleterious role of M1 macrophages in diabetic subjects in vascular pathology and also identifies an unknown function of M1 in the progression of fibrosis associated with "cross-talk" with VIC. It will be necessary later to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions, which is expected to consider new therapeutic approaches to modulate the effect of this cell subtype in these diseases
Nguyen-Duc, Long Hung. "Tracking de dispositifs et de structures pour le traitement endovasculaire des pathologies aortiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S142/document.
Full textThis work is part of computer-assisted endovascular navigation. The aim of this thesis is to study and to propose new solutions for the localization and the tracking of moving endovascular devices within anatomical structures, which can be considered fixed or moving. The objective is to facilitate the endovascular intervention, by maximizing the accuracy and reliability of procedures, while minimizing the use of X-rays and contrast agents. The works concern : - The study of registration approaches to align pre-operative 3D data describing the anatomical structures and intra-operative 3D electromagnetic data (positions of a catheter equipped with a magnetic sensor at its tip). In the context of the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), two fiducial-free registration methods that exploit only the endovascular trajectories (with total or partial correspondence hypothesis) have been proposed. The tests were performed on an AAA phantom. Although the localization accuracy of electromagnetic systems is still limited, these could be used to assist endovascular navigation (e.g., catheterization of collateral arteries). - The elaboration of a method to track calcifications and markers in fluoroscopic sequences, in the context of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures. We proposed a method of tracking by adaptive appearance model (TMAA). The approach was evaluated on 13 fluoroscopic sequences as part of TAVI native valve procedures and 5 fluoroscopic sequences as part of TAVI valve-in-valve procedures. The average localization error was less than 1 mm and the average processing time was 32.23 ms/frame. The evaluation of this method and its application on patient data has made it possible to show the precision and the compatibility of the tracking with a clinical use
Annabi, Mohamed Salah. "La fraction amino-terminale du peptide natriurétique de type B pour prédire le devenir des patients ayant une sténose aortique à bas débit : sa supériorité au peptide natriurétique de type B et son rôle pour aider la décision thérapeutique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33293.
Full textBackground: In classical low-flow, low gradient aortic stenosis (CLF-AS i.e. with low left ventricular [LV] ejection fraction), aortic valve intervention (AVI) is recommended if true severe AS (TSAS) is confirmed. However, there is little evidence on the prognostic values of the clinical activation ratio of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP-ratio) versus aminoterminal-proBNP (NT-proBNP-ratio) as surrogates of LV impairment to risk-stratify the patients. Methods: BNP and NT-proBNP-ratios were calculated by dividing the actual serum level by the upper predicted value for age and sex. Their prognostic values were studied using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Cox proportional hazards regression adjusting for TSAS, initial treatment (AVI or conservative management [ConsRx]), age, sex and the euroSCORE (model-1), and taking time to death as an endpoint. The survival benefit of AVI according to the degree of LV impairment was studied using the best biomarker. Results: BNP-ratio significantly predicted one-year (area under the ROC curve [AUC]) 0.62±0.04, p=0.026) but not three-year mortality, and a BNP-ratio>7.4 tended to predict time to death (adjusted HR=2.14 [1.00-4.58], p=0.05). NT-proBNP-ratio significantly predicted one and three-year mortality (AUC=0.67±0.04 and 0.66±0.05, both p=0.001), and independently predicted time to death (HR=1.39 /per one increment of LogNT-proBNP-ratio, [1.11-1.74], p=0.004). In a head-to-head comparison, the AUCs for one and three-year mortality were higher with NT-proBNP-ratio versus BNP-ratio (p<0.009). NT-proBNP-ratio but not BNP-ratio independently predicted mortality and significantly improved model-1 (Likelihood ratio test Chi2=15.953, p=0.0003). The category-free net reclassification index of NT-proBNP-ratio when added to model-1 was 0.71 (p=0.008) versus 0.38 (p=0.15) for BNP-ratio. Finally, in patients with NTproBNP-ratio >11 the adjusted HR of death associated with AVI was 0.52 ([0.31-0.85], p=0.009). On the other hand, NT-proBNP-ratio <11 identified patients (54% with peudosevere AS) in whom short-term event-free survival was excellent under conservative management. Conclusion: NT-proBNP-ratio is a powerful independent predictor of death and should be preferred over BNPratio to risk-stratify CLF-AS patients. The assessment of LV function impairment using NT-proBNP-ratio has important clinical implications and should be complementary to the determination of true AS severity.
Vaccaro, Angelica. "Déterminants cliniques de l'hyperactivité sympathique au cours de l'insuffisance cardiaque." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30087/document.
Full textSympathetic nervous system (SNS) abnormalities contribute to the development of some cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF) and stress cardiomyopathies. These abnormalities involve persistent, adverse activation of SNS in HF and episodic sympathetic activation in stress cardiomyopathies. Less is still known about the role of SNS in valvular heart diseases. Our PhD work had as a purpose to analyse, by microneurography, the activity of SNS and its modulation by physiological reflex arcs, during HF, with and without comorbidities (including anemia and kidney failure), in stress cardiomyopathies and during aortic stenosis. SNS hyperactivity participates in the initiation and progression of HF being also a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target. The fundamental mechanisms underlying the activation of SNS in HF remain uncertain. One hypothesis would include a decrease in inhibitory reflexes activity, such as peripheral arterial baroreflex and an increase in excitatory reflexes activity, such as peripheral arterial chemoreflex. With our first work we report that the increased activity of peripheral chemoreflex directly decreases the arterial baroreflex function in HF patients and that this interaction contributes to sympathetic hyperactivity. Our team had already shown that during HF, renal dysfunction and anemia contribute to the increased activity of SNS. Although renal dysfunction and anemia have been widely studied separately in HF, epidemiological data also suggest that renal impairment can coexist with anemia in HF patients in the so called "cardio-renal anemia syndrome". We demonstrated that this syndrome during HF is associated with elevated sympathetic activity mediated by both tonic peripheral chemoreflex activation and arterial baroreflex impairment.The Tako Tsubo (TTC) is a stress cardiomyopathy characterized by acute reversible left ventricular failure. The exact pathophysiology remains unknown but sympathetic hyperactivation seems to play a fundamental role. We reported by microneurography the presence of SNS hyperactivation in the subacute phase of the disease associated with impairment in arterial baroreflex.In developed countries, aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent of all valvular heart diseases. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an emerging therapeutic option in symptomatic patients with severe AS at high surgical risk. AS is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We wanted to assess whether in AS sympathetic hyperactivity existed that could help to explain the poor prognosis of these patients and be the target of TAVI. We have shown that AS patients have an increased SNS activity that is associated with reduced peripheral baroreflex gain. The TAVI normalizes these parameters.On the whole this PhD work identified new mechanisms that contribute to SNS hyperactivity in heart failure, aortic stenosis and Tako Tsubo cardiomyopathy. Since SNS hyperactivity plays a critical role in heart failure, knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie it could allow identification and/or validation of new strategies for its treatment
Harbaoui, Brahim. "Rigidité Vasculaire en cardiologie interventionnelle." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1265/document.
Full textVascular aging is an inevitable phenomenon. It is accompanied by structural and functional modifications of the cardiovascular system mainly referred to as vascular stiffening. This degenerative process essentially affects the extracellular matrix of the elastic arteries. The loss of elasticity of the vascular tree affects left ventricular function as well as cardiac, renal and cerebral perfusions involving different mechanisms. Vascular stiffness is a powerful risk marker of cardiovascular disease. However, most interventional cardiologists are not familiar with this concept while it may have both important prognostic and therapeutic implications. We tackled two areas of interventional cardiology, where vascular stiffness may open new fields of research; coronary artery disease and interventional treatment of aortic stenosis namely, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). With regards to coronary artery disease there is a need to better understand the pathophysiology of microcirculation and myocardial ischemia. Moreover, the occurrence of acute coronary events is also incompletely understood. Our first approach was epidemiological. We studied the prognostic impact of vascular stiffness on coronary artery disease mortality in a cohort of 1034 hypertensive patients after 30 years of follow-up. Vascular stiffness was assessed both by pulse pressure and by a score related to atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta. A strong link was found between vascular stiffness and the occurrence of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease related deaths. We then developed a way to study the local vascular stiffness at coronary artery level by measuring coronary pulse wave velocity. This technique relies on the use of an intracoronary pressure wire and a patented signal processing algorithm. We measured a coronary pulse wave velocity on 71 coronary arteries in 49 patients. Interestingly, patients with acute coronary syndromes had a lower coronary pulse wave velocity (which means more compliant arteries) when compared to patients with stable coronary artery disease. After an endocoronary stent implantation we noticed an increase of coronary pulse wave velocity in line with an expected stiffening. This work opens a new avenue of research regarding coronary perfusion physiology and plaque complications by studying the interaction of regional vascular stiffness and local coronary stiffness. Regarding TAVI, a procedure that often concerns elderly and frail patients, new factors predicting the benefit of the intervention are needed. We studied aortic calcifications as a surrogate of vascular stiffness. This parameter was measured by CT scan before TAVI. We first showed in 127 consecutive patients with a median follow-up of 907 days that ascending aorta calcifications were a powerful risk marker of cardiac mortality and heart failure after TAVI. This study was then completed by studying the volume of the whole aorta in 164 patients. The volume of calcifications of the whole aorta was a predictor of both all-cause and cardiac mortality. In addition, each segment of aorta taken separately (ascending, descending and abdominal aorta) predicted cardiac mortality. Finally, only ascending aorta calcifications predicted heart failure. These results support the hypothesis that ascending aorta calcifications are a marker of vascular stiffness and contribute to the left ventricular afterload. Moreover the volume of the whole aorta could mirror the global atherosclerosis burden of the patient. This easily measurable parameter could thus represent a new risk stratification tool in patients treated with TAVI. This work on vascular stiffness opens a new field of research in several areas of interventional cardiology. Regarding coronary artery disease, coronary pulse wave velocity could represent a way to better understand coronary perfusion, microcirculation, ischemia and the occurrence of coronary plaque rupture [etc...]
Zenses, Anne-Sophie. "Performance hémodynamique de prothèses valvulaires aortiques percutanées et stratégies d'implantation lors de procédures "valve-in-valve" : études in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0417/document.
Full textTranscatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as an alternative to surgery for patients with severe aortic stenosis and high surgical risk. This technique is extending to a wider population (e.g. with more complex anatomy or lower surgical risk), as well as to patients with degenerated surgical bioprostheses (BPs). However, two major concerns remain limiting. Regarding “classical TAVI”, periprosthetic leaks have been associated with increased mortality. Oversizing is used to secure the device within the aortic annulus which is often non circular. The effects of oversizing and annulus shape on the hemodynamic performance are unknown. Regarding ViV implantations, elevated post-procedural gradients are common and have been associated with increased mortality. The principal factors associated with this residual stenosis as well as with increased risk of mortality, have been BPs label size ≤ 21 mm and mode of failure by stenosis. These factors are not specific enough and there is currently no recommendation for the treatment of small BPs. Besides, the actual hemodynamic benefit associated with ViV has not been evaluated (vs. pre ViV status).The general objective of this work is to understand the interactions between the transcatheter prosthesis and the aortic annulus or the BP to be treated, which impact the hemodynamic performance, especially in complex conditions of implantation, in order to extend the indications of TAVI. In the context of ViV, the objective is to specify the factors associated with the hemodynamic performance and utility of the treatment. The final aim is to provide strategies of implantation in order to optimize the success of the procedure
Ma, Qixiang. "Deep learning based segmentation and detection of aorta structures in CT images involving fully and weakly supervised learning." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS029.
Full textEndovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are endovascular interventions where preoperative CT image analysis is a prerequisite for planning and navigation guidance. In the case of EVAR procedures, the focus is specifically on the challenging issue of aortic segmentation in non-contrast-enhanced CT (NCCT) imaging, which remains unresolved. For TAVI procedures, attention is directed toward detecting anatomical landmarks to predict the risk of complications and select the bioprosthesis. To address these challenges, we propose automatic methods based on deep learning (DL). Firstly, a fully-supervised model based on 2D-3D features fusion is proposed for vascular segmentation in NCCTs. Subsequently, a weakly-supervised framework based on Gaussian pseudo labels is considered to reduce and facilitate manual annotation during the training phase. Finally, hybrid weakly- and fully-supervised methods are proposed to extend segmentation to more complex vascular structures beyond the abdominal aorta. When it comes to aortic valve in cardiac CT scans, a two-stage fully-supervised DL method is proposed for landmarks detection. The results contribute to enhancing preoperative imaging and the patient's digital model for computer-assisted endovascular interventions
Eyendja, christian. "Bases génétiques de la sténose valvulaire aortique calcifiée." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6041.
Full textAortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a valvular heart disease caused by calcification leading to incomplete opening of the aortic valve. Calcification of valve leaflets associated with aging is the most common cause of AVS. AVS pathogenesis involves lipoprotein deposits, chronic inflammation and calcification of the aortic valve leaflets. Our study aims to identify genes associated with AVS in order to better understand its mechanisms and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. We recruited 190 cases with AVS of different severity and 192 controls matched for age and sex. Then we conducted a candidate gene association study using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The candidate genes selected include: (1) those with polymorphisms putatively implicated in previous genetic association studies of AVS (APOB, APOE, ESR1, PTH and VDR); (2) those with validated associations to inflammatory diseases (IL-10, TNFAIP3) or lipid metabolism (LDLR ,PCSK9) in genome-wide association studies and, (3) genes impliated in AVS pathogenesis from studies with animal models and thought to be involved in calcification (BMP2, CCR5, CTGF, LRP5, MXS2, WNT3); tissue remodeling (CTSS, MMP9) or lipid metabolism (SMPD1). For the first two categories of genes, we tested the SNPs reported to be associated in the literature and, in the third category we used a tag-SNP approach which consists of selecting a subset of SNPs to capture variability in the target region. Finally, 81 SNPs in 18 genes were tested. We found a nominal association of BMP2 (OR=1.55, CI: 1.14 – 2.10, p=0.004) and LRP5 (OR=1.47, CI: 1.06 – 2.03, p=0.023) with presence of AVS after adjustment for coronary heart disease. The genes BMP2 and LRP5, which are known to be involved in calcification based on animal models, are associated with AVS. The result of the current study should be validated in a larger independent cohort in the near future and then, it could also be extended to the study of other genes.
Trapeaux, Juliette. "Étude d’un modèle murin de vieillissement sur la sténose valvulaire aortique." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4063.
Full textAortic valve stenosis (AVS) is associated with aging and classical cardiovascular risk factors. Different animal models were recently developed to study AVS and explore new therapies, however, most of these models rely almost exclusively on hypercholesterolemia-related mechanisms for AVS development. Werner syndrome (WS) is a disorder characterized by premature aging. It was recently demonstrated that mutant mice with a deletion of the helicase domain of the Werner gene, the gene responsible for WS, showed hemodynamic profile typical of AVS. We therefore hypothesized that mice with the WrnΔhel deletion could develop AVS earlier than wild-type (WT) mice. We studied the effect of the WrnΔhel mutation by comparing the rate of progression of AVS in homozygous mutant versus WT mice. By twenty-four weeks on a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet, WrnΔhel/Δhel (WrnΔhel) mice showed a stronger decrease of the aortic valve area measured by serial echocardiography than WT mice, supported by histological analyses of valve fibrosis but without developing major signs of atherosclerosis such as lipid infiltration or increased inflammation. Some features linked to endothelial dysfunction also appeared to be increased in WrnΔhel mice. Other echocardiographic measurements were typical of AVS, such as left ventricle hypertrophy in the WrnΔhel group. We also observed stronger aging properties from WrnΔhel mice bone marrow and blood analyses compared to the WT group. Consequently, this experimental aging model could be used for AVS research without the major confounding atherogenic effects of other experimental models.
Benjamim, de Oliveira Adriana. "Évolution échocardiographique et prédicteurs de progression de la sténose valvulaire aortique." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11795.
Full text"Impact des désordres métaboliques et rôle de l'inflammation dans la physiopathologie de la sténose aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25707/25707.pdf.
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