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1
Cook, Robert S. "Counselor bias against stepfamilies." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1027107.
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Stepfamilies are the fastest growing family type in America. Unfortunately, our society holds unwarranted negative attitudes about and negative stereotypes of stepfamilies and stepfamily members. Research indicates that stepfamilies are not an inherently dysfunctional or deficient type of family. On the contrary, stepfamilies can be as healthy as nuclear families, and they can produce emotionally healthy individuals. Healthy stepfamilies, however, are often different in the roles of family members and the quality of interactions between members. It is this difference between stepfamily functioning and the normative nuclear family expectations of society that appears to perpetuate negative stereotypes of stepfamilies.Some evidence suggests that counselors hold negative stereotypes of stepfamilies. As s-:ich it is likely that they will diagnose and treat stepfamilies from an inappropriate nuclear family model, perceiving stepfamilies to be more pathological than they are and, in treatment, attempting to fit stepfamilies into roles and relationships inappropriate for healthy stepfamily functioning. No research to date, however, has examined whether counselors' attitudes about stepfamilies affect diagnostic and treatment decisions.This dissertation conducted a national survey of counselor attitudes about stepfamilies. It examined three areas where counselor bias may affect service delivery: judgments regarding stepfamily health, diagnostic decisions, and treatment decisions. It found that counselors appear to generate differential ratings of family health and differential diagnostic impressions on the basis of family interaction style (healthy nuclear family versus healthy stepfamily) and on the basis of family label (nuclear family versus stepfamily). These differential ratings and impressions favor a nuclear family style combined with a nuclear family label in comparison to other family style and label combinations. Additionally, the Parent-Child relationships in a nuclear family that acts like a healthy stepfamily were rated to be more in need of treatment and more important to treatment than in other family styles.The results of this study suggest that experienced counseling psychologists may express bias against stepfamilies and against nuclear families that function outside a traditional nuclear model. They appear to use the traditional nuclear family as a standard against which other family interaction styles and types are found lacking.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
2
Bruce, Vanessa Leigh. "Couple Outcomes in Stepfamilies." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367677.
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Stepfamilies are an increasingly common family structure which has been associated with unique challenges for couples early in their relationships. Previous research has shown that both children and couples within stepfamilies have poorer outcomes than those in first marriage (intact) families and that couples within stepfamilies break-up at much higher rates than couples in first marriage families.
The present research consists of two studies that aimed to investigate these differential outcomes for stepfamily couples by examining the longitudinal relationship between a range of both couple and stepfamily specific variables and relationship satisfaction and stability. The broad aims of the research were to compare the relative contribution of general couple factors that have been found to be associated with relationship outcomes for first married couples as opposed to factors that are specific to stepfamilies.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD ClinPsych)
School of Psychology
Griffith Health
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Decker, Lori. "Stepfamilies in therapy is there a difference? /." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998deckerl.pdf.
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Johnson, Deanna L. "Stepfamily development education : what do stepfamilies need to succeed? /." Steps of Success: An Online Stepfamily Support Site, 2005. http://www.stepsofsuccess.org/.
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Phillips, Maddie Elizabeth, and n/a. "Prediction of Couple Outcomes in Stepfamilies." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070713.140903.
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This thesis describes a program of research which aimed to identify the extent to which couple and stepfamily variables were associated with couple relationship adjustment and stability in stepfamily couples. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 consisted of 63 stepfamily couples who were in a committed relationship (married or cohabiting) and who had earlier taken part in an intervention program. It was hypothesised that positive couple relationship outcomes could be predicted by low couple aggression, high couple negativity, low couple withdrawal, high parenting disagreement, and high dysfunctional parenting over a 5-year period. The results did not support the hypotheses possibly due to low power in the design. In Study 2, 122 stepfamily couples who been living together (married or cohabiting) as a stepfamily were assessed on couple and stepfamily factors, and these were tested for their association with couple relationship adjustment and stability, using both self-report questionnaires and interview data. As predicted, stepfamily factors accounted for variance in couple stability above that accounted for by couple factors. Furthermore, stepfamily factors were associated with couple stability independent of couple adjustment. The influence of stepfamily couple relationship adjustment and stability seem distinctive from first-marriage couples. It was concluded that stepfamily relationship education programs for stepfamilies should address the unique needs of stepfamilies such as parenting education for inexperienced stepparents, the development of positive stepparent-stepchild relationships, and the building of stepfamily cohesion.
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Flowerdew, Jennifer. "Reformulating familiar concerns : parents in stepfamilies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/211/.
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Stepfamilies are culturally significant in Britain on account of their media and mythical profile. Through increased rates in separation, divorce and repartnering they have also become increasingly socially significant. Yet this significance is only partially reflected in the research literature. Public versions of stepfamily life have tended to construct the ties of stepkinship in terms of fragility and contingency, assuming they cannot be counted upon in ways that arise 'naturally' through ties of blood. By talking directly to parents in stepfamilies this project seeks to understand how they themselves understand these issues. The research question is: how do parents reformulate their family relationships in the light of separation, divorce and repartnering, and what implications does this have for their handling of contact and inheritance? Central to its concerns are parents' understandings of the qualitative differences in their relationships with their biological and stepchildren, and how these differences maybe accounted for. The study used qualitative research methods and was based on semi-structured interviews with thirty parents living in married and cohabiting couple stepfamilies. Respondents were chosen using theoretical sampling methods. The aim was to select a sample with a range of characteristics and experiences which would enable key comparisons to be made about how stepfwnily life 'works' under different social conditions. Although interviews focussed specifically on issues of 'contact' and inheritance, respondents were also able to discuss issues of most importance to them. Analysis showed clearly that ties and solidarities between stepparents and stepchildren can be strong and enduring. Concerns were expressed by almost all stepparents that their stepchildren and biological children should be treated equally - whether this be on a day-to-day basis or in more lasting terms of inheritance. It also emerged that the experience of growing up as a stepchild provided a useful resource for those who, as adults, themselves moved into the role of stepparent.
7
Phillips, Maddie Elizabeth. "Prediction of Couple Outcomes in Stepfamilies." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367189.
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This thesis describes a program of research which aimed to identify the extent to which couple and stepfamily variables were associated with couple relationship adjustment and stability in stepfamily couples. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 consisted of 63 stepfamily couples who were in a committed relationship (married or cohabiting) and who had earlier taken part in an intervention program. It was hypothesised that positive couple relationship outcomes could be predicted by low couple aggression, high couple negativity, low couple withdrawal, high parenting disagreement, and high dysfunctional parenting over a 5-year period. The results did not support the hypotheses possibly due to low power in the design. In Study 2, 122 stepfamily couples who been living together (married or cohabiting) as a stepfamily were assessed on couple and stepfamily factors, and these were tested for their association with couple relationship adjustment and stability, using both self-report questionnaires and interview data. As predicted, stepfamily factors accounted for variance in couple stability above that accounted for by couple factors. Furthermore, stepfamily factors were associated with couple stability independent of couple adjustment. The influence of stepfamily couple relationship adjustment and stability seem distinctive from first-marriage couples. It was concluded that stepfamily relationship education programs for stepfamilies should address the unique needs of stepfamilies such as parenting education for inexperienced stepparents, the development of positive stepparent-stepchild relationships, and the building of stepfamily cohesion.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
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Ploog, John F. "A plan to help stepfamilies within a local church deal with problems common to stepfamily living." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Rew, Meera. "Family centred social work practice with stepfamilies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62833.pdf.
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Zwicker, Amy Elizabeth. "Understanding divorce in the context of stepfamilies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44701.
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Although the divorce rate in first-marriages has stabilized after years of increase in North America, the divorce rate of remarriages continues to increase. It has been suggested that increased divorce rates in remarriages may be attributable
to higher levels of conflict in stepfamilies (e.g., Hobart, 1991). Drawing from family
systems theory and contextual models of divorce, this study tested the hypotheses that tension levels in stepfamily dyads will predict divorce above and beyond the effects of marital quality alone and that increasing emotional and marital distress will be mechanisms through which the stepfamily system affects marital stability. Data
were collected from 112 couples who were followed for 20 years. Logistic regression analyses tested main and interaction effects of marital quality and (step)parent-child tension levels on divorce probability. Depression and marital quality were also tested as mediators and moderators of the effects of stepfamily relationship quality on
divorce. Results confirmed that marital quality is an important predictor of divorce in stepfamilies, as it is in first-marriages. However, results also revealed that stepparent-child tension moderates the effect of marital quality on divorce. Depression mediated the effects of marital quality on divorce for wives, but not husbands. The importance of using a contextual approach for stepfamily research and clinical interventions is discussed.
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Glover, Marshaun Benjamin. "Father Involvement in Intact Families and Stepfamilies." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32437.
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Father involvement was examined multidimensionally using fathersâ and childrenâ s reports. A total of 61 fathers and 143 children (intact families and stepfather families) from the Avon Brothers and Sisters Study (ABSS) participated in the current study. Measures of father involvement including engagement in shared activity, monitoring, positivity, and negativity were completed by fathers and children. Agreement between father and child reports of involvement
was assessed, involvement was compared between biological fathers and stepfathers, and
involvement was predicted statistically using father and child factors (e.g., age, gender). There were modest significant associations between fathersâ and childrenâ s reports of monitoring of positive events, and father-child positivity. Compared to biological fathers, stepfathers did less monitoring of positive events, and were less positive towards their children. Biological relatedness was a significant predictor of monitoring positive events, monitoring negative events, and positivity. Consistent with previous theoretical and empirical accounts, this study demonstrated that being biologically related to your child influences the level of involvement in fathers.Master of Science
12
Schumacher, Dyke Karin Sue. "SUCCESSFUL STEPFAMILIES: A FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION PROGRAM TO ADDRESS UNIQUE NEEDS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1113921837.
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DeRuyter, John. "The development and evaluation of a psycho-educational workshop for improving stepfamily understanding." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Lam-Chan, Gladys Lan Tak. "Parenting in stepfamilies : examination of social attitudes, parental preceptions in stepparenting and parenting behaviours of stepfamilies in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243704.
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Martin, Valerie 1975 July 31. "Stepfamilies in Canada : numbers, characteristics, stability and childbearing." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115641.
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The following thesis examines stepfamilies in Canada within a socio-demographic framework, using the 2001 General Social Survey (GSS) on families, and is divided into three main sections. First, there is an extended literature review on family theory and the emergence of stepfamilies. This section provides the background for a discussion of why stepfamilies are still often perceived as problematic and, therefore, stigmatized; we also define different stepfamily forms. The question of how to measure stepfamilies is a major concern in this research. Indeed, depending on whether one takes a residential or an inter-residential perspective, the number of households involved in stepfamily life changes substantially. We first present a cross-sectional perspective by describing the stepfamilies examined at survey. The main focus here is to compare stepfamilies with intact and lone parent families in order to see the extent and nature of the differences between them. Our results suggest that stepfamilies do not differ as much as expected from intact families with regard to certain socioeconomic variables, such as income. The next stage involves an analysis of stepfamilies in a longitudinal perspective in order to better understand stepfamily dynamics. In doing so, we focus on stepfamily instability and the likelihood of having a common child, applying the method of event history analysis. In this longitudinal perspective, we find that stepfamilies face a high risk of experiencing a separation and that this risk increases substantially over time; we also find that stepfamily couples living in a common-law union have a higher risk of separation than those who are married. The arrival of a common child within a stepfamily appears to be determined mainly by the age of the mother and of existing children. The younger the mother and the younger the children, the more likely a stepfamily is to witness the arrival of a common child. The most compelling finding of this research lies in the differences observed in the outcomes of male and female respondents with regard to their stepfamily dynamics.
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Reynolds, Tana R. "The Presence and Impact of Loss in Stepfamilies." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438633168.
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Roberson, Mary Larson. "How Parenting Stress and Discouragement Impact Functioning Within Stepfamilies." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4295/.
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The study analyzed how parenting stress and discouragement affect stepfamily functioning. Whether the parent was a biological parent or stepparent, whether the stepparent was a stepmother or stepfather, or whether the marriage had been formed more or less than two years was also considered. One assumption made was that increased parenting stress and discouragement will lead to decreased family functioning. Other assumptions were that there will be more increased parenting stress and discouragement and decreased family functioning found in stepparents than biological parents, in stepmothers more than stepfathers, and in parents in families formed less than two years more than those in families formed more than two years. Complete data was collected from 30 subjects. Three instruments were used in the study. The Parenting Stress Index measures how much stress parents experience in areas relating to how they see their child and how they see themselves as parents. The Discouragement Scale for Adults was developed to measure the Adlerian concept of discouragement in an adult population. The Family Assessment Device measures how a family functions.
18
Hentschel, Margaret A. "Stepfamilies giving hope and help while opposing worldly wisdom /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), access this title online, 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p091-0066.
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Schumacher, Dyke Karin. "Successful stepfamilies a family life education program to address unique needs /." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1113921837.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Family Studies and Social Work, 2005.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iii, 127 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-46).
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Kennett, Jennifer S. "Perceived parental roles in stepfamilies, implications for family cohesion and functioning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61572.pdf.
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Burn, Keith. "A study of stepfathering : involvement and meaning making in contemporary stepfamilies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006696/.
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Stepfamilies are complex and diverse. Until recently there has been little research that has explored stepfathers' perspectives concerning their involvement in stepfamilies. A number of fatherhood researchers have suggested similarities between stepfathers and biological fathers in the provision of nurture and care for stepchildren. This exploratory study was designed to develop knowledge and understanding of stepfathers' involvement in the care of stepchildren, from their own perspectives. In-depth interviews were carried out with thirty-five stepfathers. The aim was to identify what being a stepfather means to men, by examining the ways in which they make commitments to, take responsibilities for, and are sensitive to their stepchildren. Stepfathers' involvement in stepfamilies, in terms of their care for and about stepchildren, was examined across a range of activities in different types of stepfamilies. The study also examined the resources stepfathers drew upon in their stepfathering and the constraints they faced, and how the men shaped their own identities in stepfamilies. The findings suggest three models of stepfathering. The first group expressed the least clarity about their roles, had little involvement in stepfamilies. The second group demonstrated a traditionally masculinist approach to parenting. They were 'moderately involved' in stepfamilies, with clearly defined roles for mothers, stepfathers, and non-resident fathers. Men in the third group demonstrated a pluralistic imagery of family life, a less gendered interpretation of fathering, and a more equitably gendered pattern of couple relations. They were actively involved in sharing the care for stepchildren with the children's mothers and non-resident fathers. They made commitments, negotiated responsibilities, were sensitive to stepchildren's needs, and had made changes to their traditional work-oriented, primary-earner role, in order to do more care for the next generation.
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Ford, Linley. "Stepfamily assessment and intervention." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/302.
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This thesis presents a summary of the structural characteristics, contextual influences, cognitive processes, behavioural practices; and developmental factors shown by previous research to be associated with adjustment within stepfamily relationship systems. This thesis also presents research that firstly, examines a method of assessing stepfamily adjustment and secondly, evaluates the effectiveness of a program designed to improve stepfamily adjustment for couples.
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Anderson, Grant. "Support for stepfamily adults and the integration of stepfamilies into the church." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1993. http://www.tren.com.
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ACCORDINI, MONICA. "AN OVERVIEW OF THERAPISTS' REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT STEPFAMILIES: THE ITALIAN AND AMERICAN CASE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/708.
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Il presente lavoro di tesi affronta il tema della psicoterapia con le famiglie ricomposte ed in particolare si pone l’obiettivo di indagare le rappresentazioni che i terapeuti italiani e americani hanno di tale tipologia famigliare. A tal proposito 125 terapeuti italiani e 45 terapeuti americani sono stati invitati a compilare un questionario rispetto agli strumenti e ai metodi adottati in terapia, agli obiettivi e alle azioni terapeutiche nonché alla concezione di famiglia sottesa a tali interventi.
Dall’analisi dei risultati emerge una rappresentazione piuttosto confusa da parte dei terapeuti italiani rispetto alle famiglie ricostituite. L’assenza di una formazione specifica sul tema dà origine ad una rappresentazione incerta e ambigua della terapia con i nuclei famigliari ricomposti, tutta incentrata sull’essere del terapeuta piuttosto che sulla famiglia in trattamento.
Per quanto riguarda i terapeuti americani, invece, la maggiore esperienza e formazione al trattamento delle famiglie ricomposte contribuiscono a creare una rappresentazione più specifica e più attenta alle caratteristiche e sfide peculiari che tali famiglie sono chiamate ad affrontare. Il ruolo del terapeuta rimane fondamentale ma in questo caso maggiore attenzione viene rivolta all’esperienza e ai media (internet, libri, conferenze) che ne possono garantire una formazione specifica.The present dissertation deals with the topic of psychotherapy with stepfamilies and, in particular, it aims at investigating the representations Italian and American therapists have about such families. In this respect 125 Italian therapists and 45 American therapists were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the instruments and methods used in therapy, the aims and therapeutic actions as well as the idea of family that underlies such interventions. From the analysis of results, Italian therapists are shown to have a rather confused representation regarding stepfamilies. In fact, the lack of a specific training on the topic contributes to create a vague and ambiguous representation of therapy with remarried families where the main focus is the therapist him/herself rather then the family in treatment. With regards to American therapists, instead, the longer experience and higher training in the treatment of stepfamilies play a major role in shaping a more specific and accurate representation of stepfamily therapy. American therapists seem to have a greater awareness of the specific characteristic and challenges remarried families are faced with. The therapist’s role remains pivotal, however, greater attention is given to experience and to the media (internet, books, conferences) able to provide him/her with a specific training.
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ACCORDINI, MONICA. "AN OVERVIEW OF THERAPISTS' REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT STEPFAMILIES: THE ITALIAN AND AMERICAN CASE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/708.
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Il presente lavoro di tesi affronta il tema della psicoterapia con le famiglie ricomposte ed in particolare si pone l’obiettivo di indagare le rappresentazioni che i terapeuti italiani e americani hanno di tale tipologia famigliare. A tal proposito 125 terapeuti italiani e 45 terapeuti americani sono stati invitati a compilare un questionario rispetto agli strumenti e ai metodi adottati in terapia, agli obiettivi e alle azioni terapeutiche nonché alla concezione di famiglia sottesa a tali interventi.
Dall’analisi dei risultati emerge una rappresentazione piuttosto confusa da parte dei terapeuti italiani rispetto alle famiglie ricostituite. L’assenza di una formazione specifica sul tema dà origine ad una rappresentazione incerta e ambigua della terapia con i nuclei famigliari ricomposti, tutta incentrata sull’essere del terapeuta piuttosto che sulla famiglia in trattamento.
Per quanto riguarda i terapeuti americani, invece, la maggiore esperienza e formazione al trattamento delle famiglie ricomposte contribuiscono a creare una rappresentazione più specifica e più attenta alle caratteristiche e sfide peculiari che tali famiglie sono chiamate ad affrontare. Il ruolo del terapeuta rimane fondamentale ma in questo caso maggiore attenzione viene rivolta all’esperienza e ai media (internet, libri, conferenze) che ne possono garantire una formazione specifica.The present dissertation deals with the topic of psychotherapy with stepfamilies and, in particular, it aims at investigating the representations Italian and American therapists have about such families. In this respect 125 Italian therapists and 45 American therapists were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the instruments and methods used in therapy, the aims and therapeutic actions as well as the idea of family that underlies such interventions. From the analysis of results, Italian therapists are shown to have a rather confused representation regarding stepfamilies. In fact, the lack of a specific training on the topic contributes to create a vague and ambiguous representation of therapy with remarried families where the main focus is the therapist him/herself rather then the family in treatment. With regards to American therapists, instead, the longer experience and higher training in the treatment of stepfamilies play a major role in shaping a more specific and accurate representation of stepfamily therapy. American therapists seem to have a greater awareness of the specific characteristic and challenges remarried families are faced with. The therapist’s role remains pivotal, however, greater attention is given to experience and to the media (internet, books, conferences) able to provide him/her with a specific training.
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Meade, Patricia Ann. "An interest satisfaction approach to successful blended family life." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), access this title online, 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p099-0004.
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Higginbotham, Brian J. Adler-Baeder Francesca M. "The remarriage belief inventory testing the factorial structure and validity with a remarried sample /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/HIGGINBOTHAM_BRIAN_18.pdf.
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Reck, Katie. "Evaluating the Smart Steps For Stepfamilies: Embrace the Journey Program, a Hierarchical Examination." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2040.
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Over the past decade, relationship education has grown as a means of enhancing couple relations. This study examines the experiences of 2,828 ethnically diverse and low-income adults who participated in the Smart Steps for Stepfamilies: Embrace the Journey program, a 12-hour stepfamily education program. Self-report measures of relationship quality, couple commitment, and relationship instability were gathered prior to and immediately after the Smart Steps intervention as well as six weeks, six months, and one year post-program. Results suggest that stepfamily participants experienced increases in relationship quality; however, these increases reduced to near pre-program levels one year after the programs completion. Results further showed no changes in couple commitment or relationship instability measures nor among differing participant groups including Latinos, European Americans, low-income, moderate- income, married, unmarried, those in a first marriage, second remarriage, and higher order remarriage. Finally a cost-analysis of the program was conducted. Application of these findings and policy implications are discussed.
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Corrie, Lesley. "Attachment in the stepfamily : a social work perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53307.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since demographers are predicting that by the year 2010 stepfamilies will be the most prevalent type of family in the USA, it is not surprising that stepfamily members in South Africa also constitute a significant proportion of the clients of therapists, counsellors and social workers. From a developmental approach the present study examined attachment in stepfamilies with children in middle childhood. The literature review was focused on research fmdings related to the issues examined in the study. Information was collected using multiple informants and multiple methods. These included interviews, questionnaires and checklists of attachment behaviour symptoms. Because differences in perspectives were expected, information was sought from parents and target children in order to obtain a broad view of family attachment. The research design was qualitative and quantitative in nature. The main fmdings revealed that, although stepfamily members considered their families to be attached, factors such as the stepparent-stepchild relationship, length of marriage and unrealistic expectations had a negative influence on attachment. Findings confirm that attachment to the parents remain the primary source of security and that the child's willingness to participate in the partnership, influence attachment. The results clearly demonstrate that the children did not necessarily hold similar perceptions of the attachment in the family as the parents. Attachment theory provided a framework for understanding the complexities in stepfamily relationships. A synopsis of social work intervention with stepfamilies was developed based on an extensive literature study. Structured techniques within the five forms of play were used to consciously replicate healthy parent-child relationships in order to facilitate attachment. A central feature of the interventions discussed, is the active participation of the parent with whom the child is expected to learn to form an attachment relationship.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die lig van demograwe se voorspelling dat stiefgesinne teen die jaar 2010 die mees algemene gesinsvorm in die VSA gaan wees, is dit nie vreemd dat in Suid-Afrika stiefgesinne reeds 'n beduidende persentasie van terapeute, beraders en maatskaplike werkers se ladings uitmaak nie. Vanuit 'n ontwikkelings benadering is ondersoek ingestel na binding in stiefgesinne met 'n kind/ers in die middelkinderjare. Die literatuurstudie het verband gehou met veranderlikes wat in hierdie navorsing bestudeer is. Inligting is ingewin deur gebruik te maak van meervoudige respondente en metodes. Dit het onderhoude, vraelyste en 'n oorsiglys van bindingsgedrag ingesluit. Aangesien daar verwag is dat gesinslede se persepsies sal verskil, is kinders en ouers genader ten einde 'n breë oorsig te verkry van gesinsbinding. Beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodes is gebruik. Bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat lede van stiefgesinne opvallend ooreenstem oor die binding in die gesin. Stiefouer-stiefkind verhoudings, die duur van die huwelik en onrealistiese verwagtinge is van die veranderlikes wat blyk 'n invloed te hê op die vorming van binding. Bevindinge bevestig dat kinders in die middelkinderjare se primêre binding steeds met die ouers is, maar dat hierdie binding afhanklik is van die kind se bereidheid om te deel in hierdie vennootskap. Resultate dui ook onteenseglik daarop dat die kinders en ouers nie noodwendig saamstem in hulle beoordeling van binding in die stiefgesin nie. Bindingsteorie het 'n raamwerk gebied vir die bestudering van die kompleksiteit van stiefgesin verhoudinge. Praktykgerigte maatskaplikwerk-hulpverleningstrategie~ is ontwikkel, gegrond op 'n uitgebreide literatuurstudie. Die strategieë is gestruktureerd en gegrond op vyf spelvorme met ondersteunende tegnieke. Deur normale bindingsgedrag tussen ouer en kind na te boots, word binding gefasiliteer. Die sentrale kenmerk van hierdie hulpverleningstrategieë is die aktiewe betrokkenheid van die stiefouer.
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Capreol, Martha Jean. "Social support and social strain among husbands and wives in stepfamilies : a multilevel analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ48614.pdf.
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Haberstroh, Chris L. "The Perceived Relationships of Young Adults Reared in Stepfamilies with their Grandparents and Stepgrandparents." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935672/.
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This study proposed that the perceived quality of the custodial grandparent/grandchild relationship in step families will not be interrupted by the parental separation and remarriage and that the determinants of the quality of this relationship would be similar to that associated with the grandchild/grandparent relationship in intact families. The research by Shoire and Hayslip (1988) who studied grandparenting indicates that four variables are significant in this perceived relationship (in order of magnitude): kinship position (maternal versus paternal), grand parenting style, parent/grandparent bond, and influence the grandparent has on the grandchild. There same four variables were proposed to predict the perceived quality of the custodial grandparent/grandchild relationship in step families. Grandparenting style, as defined bu Shore and Hayslip (1988), is comprises of three variables, parentlike behaviors provided, services provided, and visitation patterns. To have a continuous rather than nominal value for grandparenting style and to determine which aspect of grandparenting style is most important, these three variables, parentlike behaviors, services, and visitation were used in place of grandparenting style. Therefore, this study proposed that the following variables would predict perceived quality of the custodial grandparent/grandchild relationship: kinship position,parentlike behaviors provided, services provided, visitation patterns, parent/grandparent bond, and influence the grandparent has on the grandchild. Second, this study proposed that while some variables that predict the perceived custodial stepgrandparent/stepgrandchild relationship would correspond to the variables that predict the perceived custodial grandparent/grandchild relationship, some different variables would be important in predicting the perceived quality of the custodial stepgrandchild/stepgrandparent relationship.
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Lang, Donna Jean. "Stepfamily stories : how stories about rituals communicate a sense of family /." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2010. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/83/.
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Rothrauff, Tanja C. "Beliefs about intergenerational assistance following divorce and remarriage does race and ethnicity matter? /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4283.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 11, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hayward, Clare A. "Children's views of their stepfamily : an investigation of children's attributions towards members of their stepfamilies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275540.
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Thompson, David E. ""I set the tone" : the role of biological mothers in the successful formation of stepfamilies." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1345.
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Schramm, David Glade Adler-Baeder Francesca M. "Economic hardship, stressors, and marital quality among stepcouples an examination of direct and indirect effects /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2007/FALL/Human_Development_and_Family_Studies/Dissertation/SCHRAMM_DAVID_15.pdf.
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Stutzman, T. Shane. "Developing a strategy to integrate blended families into Eastside Baptist Church, Orlando, Florida." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p053-0309.
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Thesis (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Seminary, 2006.Includes abstract and vita. Includes project in ministry report. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-155, 97-104).
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Ayo, Yvonne. "Ways in which the cultural identities of mixed heritage individuals are maintained in mixed ethnic stepfamilies." Thesis, University of East London, 2015. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/7139/.
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There has been an increasing amount of research into mixed heritage individuals, both adults and adolescents. More recently, some research has emerged on mixed heritage families, but there is hardly any research on mixed ethnicity stepfamilies. As a systemic clinician of mixed heritage, my research interest has stemmed from my personal experience of living in a stepfamily with visible differences, where my fathers Nigerian culture was not discussed. In my clinical job, work with families from culturally mixed backgrounds and have developed a keen interest in their experiences of maintaining the different cultures. I used discourse analysis to examine the various ways in which stepfamilies talked about their differences. Five stepfamilies were recruited. The biological parents (all mothers) and their partners and children participated in the study. The study revealed considerable variation in the talking and maintenance of cultural heritages within the stepfamilies, but four main findings emerged. In some stepfamilies, there was little or no talking, whilst in others, talking about the process of becoming a stepfamily occurred. The stepfamilies had various experiences of living with their visible differences, which included ideas of not having any differences or minimising differences. The extended family's role also played an important part that changed over time. The biological fathers 'presence' was particularly significant to the children, most of whom maintained contact with their fathers. The study has revealed stepfamily life's complexities and the numerous ways in which the mixed heritage children/stepchildren navigated the different households to maintain their cultural heritages.
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Preece, Melady. "Exploring the stepgap : how parents' ways of coping with daily family stressors impact stepparent-stepchild relationship quality in stepfamilies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ56604.pdf.
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Day, Ann. ""In the dark" : voices of parents in marginalised stepfamilies : perceptions and experiences of their parenting support needs." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21432/.
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The fastest growing family type in the UK is the stepfamily with social parenting an increasingly normal practice. Parenting policy and practice, which has increased exponentially over the last two decades, has historically been modelled on the biological nuclear family model with marginalised families the main recipients. The possibility that parents in marginalised stepfamilies might have separate and discrete parenting support needs to biological parents seems to be overlooked in policy, practice and research. Rather, the historical legacy of deficit, dysfunction and a ‘whiff’ of poor parenting in marginalised stepfamilies lingers on. The focus of the research was to determine marginalised parents’ perceptions and experiences of parenting in their stepfamily and their parenting support needs. An interpretivist research paradigm with an inductive research strategy was utilised, based on a situated methodology, which was a pragmatic approach to gathering a sample of marginalised parents, who are often difficult to access. Theoretical sampling elicited fifteen parents from ten couples. The choice of loosely structured in-depth interviews enabled previously silent voices to be heard. Thematic analysis of the data revealed accounts that were interwoven throughout with strong moral undertones which seemed to categorise their lives. The parenting issues were different and more complex than those they had encountered before. The parents adopted biological family identities, but these didn’t fit with their social roles and often rendered them powerless in their relationships with stepchildren. This appeared to have a cumulative effect which impacted on the already fragile couple relationship. Despite the parents easy articulation of the parenting issues there was a contrasting unease and ambivalence in discussing parenting support needs. Parenting support seemed to be an irrelevance that could be disregarded. Ultimately the moral significance of the parents marginalised class positions appeared to be central to their lives, which has important implications for policy and practice.
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Robinson, Julie. "Resilience in remarried families." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/659.
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Remarried families are no longer the exception in society. Statistics reveal that this type of family structure is increasing. The need for family resilience research in varying family forms has been highlighted. Given the distinctive structure of the remarried family, there are specific dilemmas and challenges that need to be resolved on the journey towards family integration. Despite these challenges, many families benefit from their new family structure and show marked resiliency and ability to adapt. South African family resilience research is scarce. This study aimed to identify, explore and describe the resiliency factors that enable families to adjust and adapt as a result of being a stepfamily. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin, Thompson, & McCubbin, 2001) was used to conceptualize level of adaptation. Participants consisted of both adults and adolescents, in order to gain perspectives of adapting to a remarried family from differing individual family members’ stages of development. Participants consisted of 19 parents and 16 adolescents, equaling a total of 35 participants. Triangulation was employed, with an exploratory, descriptive approach. A biographical questionnaire with an open-ended question, in conjunction with a number of structured questionnaires were used to gather the data. These questionnaires were: The Family Hardiness Index (FHI), the Family Time and Routine Index (FTRI), the Social Support Index (SSI), the Family Problem-Solving Communication (FPSC) Index, the Family Crisis-Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES), the Relative and Friend Support Index (RFS), and the Family Attachment and Changeability Index 8 (FACI8). In this study the FACI8 was used as a measure to determine the level of family adaptation. Non-probability purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the biographical information. Correlation and regression analysis was used to analyze the quantitative data, and content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results of the quantitative component of the study indicated that there were three significant positive correlations with the FACI8 for both adults and adolescents. These variables were family hardiness (measured by the FHI), family problem solving communication (measured by the FPSC), and family time together and routines (measured by the FTRI). The Social Support subscale of the F-COPES showed a positive correlation with the FACI8 for the adults. The results of the qualitative component of the study revealed that various common themes emerged between the adult and adolescent participants’ responses. These common themes were spirituality; boundaries; respect, love, understanding, compassion and acceptance; communication; flexibility and tolerance; time together, bonding, and routines; and social support. There were four remaining themes that the adults identified as important factors helping them manage being part of a stepfamily. These four remaining themes were equality; forgiveness and acceptance of the past; commitment and being positive; and financial support. The value of the research was discussed. Finally, limitations of the study were discussed, and suggestions were made for future research involving remarried families.
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Beck, Ronald Lee. "Effective blended family ministry in the twenty-first century church." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2009. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Gibbs, Russell Alan. "Using television as a community outreach to blended families." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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Guerrero, Lydia, and Sonia Marlene Valadez. "Stepparents: Social support systems and factors that contribute to role fulfillment." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2868.
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Forty-five stepparents responded to four scales: Perceived Social Support Friend Scale, Perceived Social Support Family Scale, Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale and the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale. The study found a significant positive correlation between family and friend support and stepparents' role fulfillment.
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Martins, Tiago. "O pai/padrasto em famílias recompostas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59142/tde-26112018-154311/.
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Mudanças recentes na composição e nas relações internas das famílias brasileiras decorreram, entre outros fatores, do número crescente de separações e divórcios e do ingresso maciço das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, de inovações científicas e tecnológicas, como métodos eficazes de contracepção e de reprodução assistida, além de medidas na área da saúde que aumentaram a expectativa de vida da população. O conjunto dessas alterações contribuíram para redefinir a condição feminina, as relações de gênero entre homens e mulheres e as formas de exercício da maternidade e paternidade. Em decorrência dessas transformações, aumentou o número de famílias recompostas constituídas por casais que vivem em segunda união e cuja forma de organização é bastante complexa, sobretudo no que diz respeito às relações com filhos da primeira união dos cônjuges. Em algumas famílias recompostas um homem é pai de filho(s) de união(ões) anterior(es), padrasto do(s) filho(s) da companheira atual e com a qual também pode ter filhos. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar o exercício da paternidade e as relações conjugais em famílias recompostas constituídas por segunda união de parceiros que têm filho(s) de casamento(s) anterior(es) e eventualmente da segunda união para analisar como homens, que são pais e padrastos, vivenciam a relação de paternidade com filho(s), considerando que aquele(s) da primeira união mora(m) com a ex-esposa, e quais os vínculos que mantêm, enquanto padrasto, com o(s) filho(s) de sua companheira atual. Foram entrevistados sete homens vivendo em segunda união e que são pais e padrastos. Os dados foram coletados com o pai/padrasto mediante entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado, gravada e transcrita na íntegra, e foram analisados de acordo com a abordagem teórica da antropologia e da psicologia. Os resultados indicam flexibilização das tarefas domésticas e dos cuidados com os filhos, mudanças nas vivências e no exercício da paternidade, procura dos padrastros em manterem boas relações com enteados e com os filhos biológicos com quem não residem.Recent changes in the composition of Brazilian families were the result of, amongst other factors, the growing number of separations and divorces, the massive entry of women into the market, scientific and technological innovations, like the effective methods of contraception and assisted reproduction as well as measures in the health area that have increased the life expectancy of the population. All these changes contributed to the redefinition of the feminine condition, the gender relations between men and women, and the forms of exercise of motherhood and fatherhood. As a result of these transformations, there was an increase in the number of reconstituted families made up of couples living in second marriage and whose organization is quite complex, especially regarded to relations with children from the first marriage of the spouses. In some recomposed families, a man is the father of previous children, stepfather of the children of the current partner and with whom he may also have children. The objective of this research is to investigate the exercise of fatherhood and conjugal relationships in families who are composed of second union of partners who have children from previous marriage(s) and eventually from second marriage to analyze how men, who are fathers and stepfathers, experience the relationship of fatherhood with children, considering that the one(s) from the first union lives with the ex-wife, and what ties they have as a stepfather of the children of the current companion. Seven men who are fathers and stepfathers and living in second union were interviewed. Data were collected with the father/stepfather through interviews with semi-structured script, recorded and transcribed in its integrity, and analyzed according to the theoretical approaches of anthropology and psychology. The results indicated a flexibilization of the domestic tasks and children caring, changes in the experiences and the exercise of paternity, movement of the stepfathers towards a good relation with the stepchildren, maintenance of the relationship with the consanguineous children.
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Mobley, Vicki Marie. "‘One shape does not fit all’ an exploratory investigation of adults’ and children’s views of the stepparent and parent roles in stepfamilies." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/7149.
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Adults and children often experience difficulty when they begin to live in a stepfamily. Previous research suggests that problems arise in regard to the parenting and stepparenting roles adopted by the adults in stepfamilies. There is also evidence that adults and children perceive these roles differently. This thesis investigates adults' and stepchildren's perceptions and expectations of the ideal stepparent and parent roles in terms of discipline/control and warmth/support dimensions of parenting; the perceptions and expectations of adults of the roles compared with those of children; adults' and children's understandings of these roles; and the relationship between the ideal stepparent role and satisfaction in stepparent-child and parent-child relationships, and overall stepfamily satisfaction. There are two research projects in this thesis: a self-report questionnaire study and a semi-structured interview study. Twenty-six stepfamilies with 52 adults and 51 children completed a number of quantitative measures in which they rated behaviours for the ideal stepparent and parent roles, and their satisfaction with stepfamily relationships and overall stepfamily situation. Individual face-to-face semistructured interviews were also conducted with members of 20 of these stepfamilies including 40 adults and 44 children, where emphasis was placed on understanding the meaning participants gave to these roles in order to understand the significance of these roles for adults and children. The results indicate that the stepparent role is perceived differently, in varying degrees, from the parent role both by adults and children. However, the differences were more strongly held by children than adults. In the questionnaire study, the ideal parent role was rated significantly higher on warmth/support and discipline/control than the stepparent role by both adults and children. Children compared to adults, rated the ideal stepparent role significantly lower on warmth/support and discipline/control than the parent role. On the other hand, stepchildren's perceptions of an ideal active role for stepparents in terms of stepparent discipline/control were associated with increased satisfaction in relationships with both parents and, to greater extent, stepparents; and overall satisfaction with the stepfamily situation. Stepchildren's perceptions of an ideal active role for stepparents in terms of the stepparent warmth/support were also associated with increased satisfaction in relationships with parents. There was no association, however, between adults' perceptions of an ideal active role for stepparents and satisfaction in relationships with step/children, or the overall stepfamily situation. In the interview study, the views of the participants fell broadly into two positions: those perceiving the parent and stepparent ought ideally to share the parenting role, and those perceiving that the parent ought ideally to maintain the primary parenting role. A majority of adults appeared to hold the ideal of a shared parenting role. However, many of these participants recognised that this was not possible due, in part, to children's responses. A minority of adults believed that the biological parent ideally maintained responsibility for both the warmth/support and discipline/control roles. Converse to adults' views, the majority of children perceived that the biological parent ought ideally to maintain both the warmth/support and discipline/control roles, although some children thought that a greater parenting role was possible for the stepparent if some conditions were met. There is some preliminary indication that there may also be diversity in views between simple and complex stepfamily members. Some children in complex stepfamilies perceived a more active disciplinary role for stepparents than children in simple stepfamilies in that an active role was perceived as affording consistency and fairness among stepsiblings. Implications for stepfamily systems and clinical work with stepfamilies are discussed along with future research directions.Whole document restricted until September 2012 but available by request. Items in ResearchSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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Al-Abbad, Wasmia. "Adolescents' perceptions of the stepparent role and their role: How it impacts adolescent adjustment to living in stepfamilies and their academic achievement." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284300.
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This study aims at understanding stepfamily functioning from an adolescent's viewpoint in Kuwait to offer additional understanding of how members in stepfamilies interact. Stepfather-adolescent interaction as compared to the stepmother-adolescent interaction will be the main focus. Adolescent's satisfaction and communication with stepparent are the measures applied to assess the adolescent's adjustment to living with a stepparent. Additionally, how stepfamily satisfaction and communication relate to adolescents' school achievement is explored. A self-report questionnaire consisting of three sections was used, with separate forms for stepfather and stepmother households. Section one obtained demographic information of the subjects and their family. Section two is the stepparent-adolescent communication scale based on Barnes and Olson Inventory (1982). Section three is the satisfaction scale based on Olson and Wilson Inventory (1982). The sample consisted of 215 adolescents, of which 31 males and 82 females live with a stepfather and 32 males and 70 females live with a stepmother. Pearson product moment correlations were tested for significance of adolescents' perception of their satisfaction with the stepfamily and communication with stepparent, and GPA for each stepparent group to determine if there were significant relationships between the dependent variables. T-tests for two independent population means were used for comparative analysis between stepfather and stepmother households to determine if adolescents' stepfamily satisfaction, communication with stepparent, and GPA was the same in both households. For each dependent variable namely, adolescents' satisfaction, communication with stepparent, and GPA, a two-way analysis of variance based on adolescent's gender and grade level at time of transition to stepparent family as representative of their developmental stage was performed for each stepparent group. Lastly, Chi-Square analyses of other family factors and the dependent variables were performed. The results indicated a significant correlation between adolescents' satisfaction and communication with stepparent in both types of stepfamilies. Additionally, adolescents' average satisfaction response and GPA was significantly higher in stepfather households than in stepmother households. Other family demographic factors that related to adolescents' adjustment to the stepfamily environment were number of siblings, stepfather education level, and number of wives. Limitations of the study and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Underhill, Marissa M. "Stepparent-Child Relationship Quality and Young Adult Outcomes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703397/.
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This study set out to test the effects of relationship quality with a stepfather on other familial relationships, romantic relationships, and usual outcome measures for products of parental divorce. OLS regression tests were conducted using responses from over a thousand participants from the New Family Structures Study (N=1,696). Respondents were organized by self-reported level of relationship quality with their stepfathers. Various qualities of stepfather families were then regressed against other family types—single parent, intact, and others. Results show that respondents with high-quality stepfather relationships were able to develop relationships with their biological mothers at stronger levels than people from intact families. This supports resilience theory, which posits that the exposure to risk coupled with positive, promotive factors allows a person to grow beyond his or her original trajectory. The findings of this study assert stepfamilies that encourage good stepfather-stepchild relationships can assuage some of the negative outcomes typical for children of divorce.
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Egginton, Braquel Rachel. "The Power of Three: A Latent Class Analysis of the Three Parent-Child Relationships in Stepfamilies and Their Influence on Emerging Adult Outcomes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7452.
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Research on stepfamilies strongly supports the importance of positive parent-child relationships on child outcomes. However, most of this research has focused on one or two of these relationships failing to acknowledge the interconnected impact of all three parental figures. To fill this gap, I used latent class analysis and identified six classes of parent-child relationship constellations. The national sample in this study (n=1,159) were all participants in The Stepfamily Experiences Project (STEP). Parent-child relationship quality indicators were based on participants' retrospective reports on the warmth/closeness, communication, and level of active parenting they experienced in their stepfamily household. After identifying classes I examined how class membership was affected by resident parent relationships status, EA sex, stepparent sex, years spent in a stepfamily, the age the EA entered the stepfamily and the time spent with the nonresident parent. Finally, I examined how class membership impacted depression, drug use, and hooking up. Ultimately, the analysis indicated that there is much complexity in the stepfamily experience and its potential influence on later life outcomes.
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Pflieger, Jacqeline Cornett. "Parental processes and young adults' romantic relationships in traditional, divorced, and remarried family structures." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/PFLIEGER_JACQUELINE_6.pdf.
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