Journal articles: 'Stereolithography SLA'

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Huang, Jigang, Qin Qin, and Jie Wang. "A Review of Stereolithography: Processes and Systems." Processes 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091138.

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Being the earliest form of additive manufacturing, stereolithography (SLA) fabricates 3D objects by selectively solidifying the liquid resin through a photopolymerization reaction. The ability to fabricate objects with high accuracy as well as a wide variety of materials brings much attention to stereolithography. Since its invention in the 1980s, SLA underwent four generations of major technological innovation over the past 40 years. These innovations have thus resulted in a diversified range of stereolithography systems with dramatically improved resolution, throughput, and materials selection for creating complex 3D objects and devices. In this paper, we review the four generations of stereolithography processes, which are scanning, projection, continuous and volumetric stereolithography. For each generation, representative stereolithography system configurations are also discussed in detail. In addition, other derivative technologies, such as scanning–projection, multi-material, and magnetically assisted stereolithography processes, are also included in this review.

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Tilendo, Amierson Castro, and Bryan B. Pajarito. "Reinforcement of Stereolithography Resin with Silica-Based Fillers." Materials Science Forum 890 (March 2017): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.74.

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This study investigated the improvement of hardness and flexural properties of a commercial stereolithography (SLA) resin by reinforcement with silica-based fillers. Three types of fillers were studied: synthetic amorphous silica, milled fiberglass, and geothermal scale powder. Particle size and aspect ratio of fillers were estimated from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, while chemical structure was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Fillers were added to SLA resin at 0, 10, and 20 vol%. Hardness and flexural properties of SLA composites are higher than unfilled resin. Moreover, both hardness and flexural properties of SLA composites are improved according to type (milled fiberglass > synthetic amorphous silica > geothermal scale powder) and loading (20 vol% > 10 vol%). The observed effect of filler type and loading on hardness and flexural properties of SLA composites is due to aspect ratio, intrinsic properties and dispersion of filler.

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Pham, D. T., and C. Ji. "A study of recoating in stereolithography." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440603762554659.

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Recoating in a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) involves dipping the part being built into a vat containing liquid resin and sweeping a blade over the top of the part. There are two problems with the recoating opearation in existing SLA systems. Firstly, the process is slow because the blade sweep speed is usually restricted to minimize disturbances to the resin surface and also because, after each sweep, the machine has to wait idly for any disturbances to subside and the resin surface to become level before scanning by the laser can be performed. In a part made up of hundreds or thousands of layers, these measures considerably lengthen the build time. The second problem is the difficulty of ensuring that the thickness of the generated layers is even and accurate in parts that incorporate upward-facing concave areas. For such parts, recoated layers may be either thinner or thicker than specified. In the worst case, the part may become delaminated or the blade may strike the cured resin during recoating, resulting in build failure. This paper reports on an experimental study of the recoating operation. The paper discusses the setting of parameters controlling the operation and proposes guidelines for producing good quality SLA parts while reducing build times.

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Zheng, Yihao, Yancheng Wang, Roland K. Chen, Sagar Deshpande, Noah S. Nelson, Steven R. Buchman, and Albert J. Shih. "Tissue transformation mold design and stereolithography fabrication." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2015-0133.

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Purpose To obtain a vascularized autologous bone graft by in-vivo tissue transformation, a biocompatible tissue transformation mold (TTM) is needed. An ideal TTM is of high geometric accuracy and X-ray radiolucent for monitoring the bone tissue formation. The purpose of this study is to present the TTM design and fabrication process, using 3D reconstruction, stereolithography (SLA) and silicone molding. Design/methodology/approach The rat mandible, the targeted bone graft, was scanned by micro-computed tomography (CT). From the micro-CT images, the 3D mandible model was identified and used as the cavity geometry to design the TTM. The TTM was fabricated by molding the biocompatible and radiolucent silicone in the SLA molds. This TTM was implanted in a rat for in vivo tests on its biocompatibility and X-ray radiolucency. Findings SLA can fabricate the TTM with a cavity shape that accurately replicates that of the rat mandible. The bone formation inside of the silicone TTM can be observed by X-ray. The TTM is feasible for in vivo tissue transformation for vascularized bone reconstruction. Research limitations/implications Research of the dimensional and geometrical accuracy of the TTM cavity is required in the future study of this process. Practical implications The TTM fabricated in this presented approach has been used for in-vivo tissue transformation. This technique can be implemented for bone reconstruction. Originality/value The precision fabrication of the TTMs for in-vivo tissue transformation into autogenous vascularized bone grafts with complex structures was achieved by using SLA, micro-CT and silicone molding.

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Pan, Wenyang, Thomas J. Wallin, Jérémy Odent, Mighten C. Yip, Bobak Mosadegh, Robert F. Shepherd, and Emmanuel P. Giannelis. "Optical stereolithography of antifouling zwitterionic hydrogels." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 17 (2019): 2855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb00278b.

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This paper reports the rapid 3D printing of tough (toughness, U_T, up to 141.6 kJ m⁻³), highly solvated (ϕ^water ∼ 60 v/o), and antifouling hybrid hydrogels for potential uses in biomedical, smart materials, and sensor applications, using a zwitterionic photochemistry compatible with stereolithography (SLA).

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Mukhtarkhanov, Muslim, Asma Perveen, and Didier Talamona. "Application of Stereolithography Based 3D Printing Technology in Investment Casting." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100946.

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Advanced methods for manufacturing high quality parts should be used to ensure the production of competitive products for the world market. Investment casting (IC) is a process where a wax pattern is used as a sacrificial pattern to manufacture high precision casting of solid metal parts. Rapid casting is in turn, a technique that eases the IC process by combining additive manufacturing (AM) technologies with IC. The use of AM technologies to create patterns for new industrial products is a unique opportunity to develop cost-effective methods for producing investment casting parts in a timely manner. Particularly, stereolithography (SLA) based AM is of interest due to its high dimensional accuracy and the smooth surface quality of the printed parts. From the first appearance of commercially available SLA printers in the market, it took a few decades until desktop SLA printers became available to consumers at a reasonable price. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to analyze the state-of-the-art and applicability of SLA based 3D printing technology in IC manufacturing, as SLA based AM technologies have been gaining enormous popularity in recent times. Other AM techniques in IC are also reviewed for comparison. Moreover, the SLA process parameters, material properties, and current issues are discussed.

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Kazemi, Mehdi, and Abdolreza Rahimi. "Stereolithography process optimization for tensile strength improvement of products." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2015-0049.

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Purpose Stereolithography (SLA) is a broadly used technology in the field of rapid prototyping. One of the disadvantages of SLA is poor mechanical properties of its products. To approach the mechanical properties of original part, the mechanical properties of SLA part, such as tensile strength, should be optimized. In this process, there are many parameters that affect the tensile strength of parts. However, the “layer thickness”, “fabrication orientation” and “post curing time” are the most significant ones. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of these parameters on tensile strength of SLA parts. Design/methodology/approach According to the obtained results from experiments based on the “full factorial” method, an empirical equation was developed for the tensile strength in terms of the effective parameters by using regression analysis. Considering this empirical equation, the process parameters were optimized to maximize the tensile strength by using genetic algorithm. Finally, the tensile tests of the specimens were simulated via the general-purpose finite element package of ABAQUS. Findings The outputs of the numerical simulations were in good agreement with experimental results. Both experimental and numerical results show that the increase of layer thickness and the decrease in post curing time increase the tensile strength. Furthermore, the tensile strength of parts produced in vertical orientation is higher than that of parts produced in horizontal orientation. Originality/value This is a complete study about the tensile strength of the SLA parts from experimental and analytical viewpoints.

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Dietrich, Christian Andreas, Andreas Ender, Stefan Baumgartner, and Albert Mehl. "A validation study of reconstructed rapid prototyping models produced by two technologies." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/01091-727.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the accuracy (trueness and precision) of two different rapid prototyping (RP) techniques for the physical reproduction of three-dimensional (3D) digital orthodontic study casts, a comparative assessment using two 3D STL files of two different maxillary dentitions (two cases) as a reference was accomplished. Materials and Methods: Five RP replicas per case were fabricated using both stereolithography (SLA) and the PolyJet system. The 20 reproduced casts were digitized with a highly accurate reference scanner, and surface superimpositions were performed. Precision was measured by superimposing the digitized replicas within each case with themselves. Superimposing the digitized replicas with the corresponding STL reference files assessed trueness. Statistical significance between the two tested RP procedures was evaluated with independent-sample t-tests (P < .05). Results: The SLA and PolyJet replicas showed statistically significant differences for trueness and precision. The precision of both tested RP systems was high, with mean deviations in stereolithographic models of 23 (±6) μm and in PolyJet replicas of 46 (±13) μm. The mean deviation for trueness in stereolithographic replicas was 109 (±4) μm, while in PolyJet replicas, it was 66 (±14) μm. Conclusions: Comparing the STL reference files, the PolyJet replicas showed higher trueness than the SLA models. But the precision measurements favored the SLA technique. The dimensional errors observed in this study were a maximum of 127 μm. In the present study, both types of reproduced digital orthodontic models are suitable for diagnostics and treatment planning.

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Curti, Carlo, Daniel J. Kirby, and Craig A. Russell. "Stereolithography Apparatus Evolution: Enhancing Throughput and Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Formulation Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050616.

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Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing technologies are growing rapidly. Among these, vat photopolymerisation (VP) techniques, including Stereolithography (SLA) hold much promise for their potential to deliver personalised medicines on-demand. SLA 3D printing offers advantageous features for pharmaceutical production, such as operating at room temperature and offering an unrivaled printing resolution. However, since conventional SLA apparatus are designed to operate with large volumes of a single photopolymer resin, significant throughput limitations remain. This, coupled with the limited choice of biocompatible polymers and photoinitiators available, hold back the pharmaceutical development using such technologies. Hence, the aim of this work was to develop a novel SLA apparatus specifically designed to allow rapid and efficient screening of pharmaceutical photopolymer formulations. A commercially available SLA apparatus was modified by designing and fabricating a novel resin tank and build platform able to 3D print up to 12 different formulations at a single time, reducing the amount of sample resin required by 20-fold. The novel SLA apparatus was subsequently used to conduct a high throughput screening of 156 placebo photopolymer formulations. The efficiency of the equipment and formulation printability outcomes were evaluated. Improved time and cost efficiency by 91.66% and 94.99%, respectively, has been confirmed using the modified SLA apparatus to deliver high quality, highly printable outputs, thus evidencing that such modifications offer a robust and reliable tool to optimize the throughput and efficiency of vat photopolymerisation techniques in formulation development processes, which can, in turn, support future clinical applications.

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Burke, Gavin, Declan M. Devine, and Ian Major. "Effect of Stereolithography 3D Printing on the Properties of PEGDMA Hydrogels." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092015.

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Stereolithography (SLA)-based 3D printing has proven to have several advantages over traditional fabrication techniques as it allows for the control of hydrogel synthesis at a very high resolution, making possible the creation of tissue-engineered devices with microarchitecture similar to the tissues they are replacing. Much of the previous work in hydrogels for tissue engineering applications have utilised the ultraviolet (UV) chamber bulk photopolymerisation method for preparing test specimens. Therefore, it is essential to directly compare SLA 3D printing to this more traditional approach to elucidate the differences in hydrogels prepared by each fabrication method. Polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) is an ideally suited material for a comparative study of the impact that SLA fabrication has on performance, as the properties of traditional UV chamber-cured hydrogels have been extensively characterised. The present study was conducted to compare the material properties of PEGDMA hydrogels prepared using UV chamber photopolymerisation and SLA 3D printing. From the subsequent testing, SLA-fabricated hydrogels were shown to maintain similar thermal and chemical performance to UV chamber-cured hydrogels but had a higher compressive strength and tensile stiffness, as well as increased hydrophilicity. These differences are attributed to the increased exposure to UV light SLA samples received compared to traditionally UV chamber-cured samples.

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Dutta, Sujan, and Daniel Cohn. "Temperature and pH responsive 3D printed scaffolds." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 48 (2017): 9514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb02368e.

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This study focused on developing novel materials for 3D printed reverse thermo-responsive (RTR) and pH-sensitive structures, using the stereolithography (SLA) technique and demonstrated the double responsiveness of the constructs printed.

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Rossi, Sergio, Alessandra Puglisi, Laura Maria Raimondi, and Maurizio Benaglia. "Stereolithography 3D-Printed Catalytically Active Devices in Organic Synthesis." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010109.

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This article describes the synthesis of stereolithography (SLA) 3D-printed catalyst-impregnated devices and their evaluation in the organocatalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of N–Me–indole with trans-β-nitrostyrene. Using a low-cost SLA 3D printer and freeware design software, different devices were designed and 3D-printed using a photopolymerizable resin containing a thiourea-based organocatalyst. The architectural control offered by the 3D-printing process allows a straightforward production of devices endowed with different shapes and surface areas, with high reproducibility. The 3D-printed organocatalytic materials promoted the formation of the desired product up to a 79% yield, although with longer reaction times compared to reactions under homogeneous conditions.

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Healy, Andrew V., Evert Fuenmayor, Patrick Doran, Luke M. Geever, Clement L. Higginbotham, and John G. Lyons. "Additive Manufacturing of Personalized Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms via Stereolithography." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120645.

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The introduction of three-dimensional printing (3DP) has created exciting possibilities for the fabrication of dosage forms, paving the way for personalized medicine. In this study, oral dosage forms of two drug concentrations, namely 2.50% and 5.00%, were fabricated via stereolithography (SLA) using a novel photopolymerizable resin formulation based on a monomer mixture that, to date, has not been reported in the literature, with paracetamol and aspirin selected as model drugs. In order to produce the dosage forms, the ratio of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) to poly(caprolactone) triol was varied with diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (Irgacure TPO) utilized as the photoinitiator. The fabrication of 28 dosages in one print process was possible and the printed dosage forms were characterized for their drug release properties. It was established that both drugs displayed a sustained release over a 24-h period. The physical properties were also investigated, illustrating that SLA affords accurate printing of dosages with some statistically significant differences observed from the targeted dimensional range, indicating an area for future process improvement. The work presented in this paper demonstrates that SLA has the ability to produce small, individualized batches which may be tailored to meet patients’ specific needs or provide for the localized production of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

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Tsang, Chi Him Alpha, Adilet Zhakeyev, Dennis Y. C. Leung, and Jin Xuan. "GO-modified flexible polymer nanocomposites fabricated via 3D stereolithography." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 13, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1836-x.

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Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) induced enhancement of elastomer properties showed a great deal of potential in recent years, but it is still limited by the barrier of the complicated synthesis processes. Stereolithography (SLA), used in fabrication of thermosets and very recently in “flexible” polymers with elastomeric properties, presents itself as simple and user-friendly method for integration of GO into elastomers. In this work, it was first time demonstrated that GO loadings can be incorporated into commercial flexible photopolymer resins to successfully fabricate GO/elastomer nanocomposites via readily accessible, consumer-oriented SLA printer. The material properties of the resulting polymer was characterized and tested. The mechanical strength, stiffness, and the elongation of the resulting polymer decreased with the addition of GO. The thermal properties were also adversely affected upon the increase in the GO content based on differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis results. It was proposed that the GO agglomerates within the 3D printed composites, can result in significant change in both mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposites. This study demonstrated the possibility for the development of the GO/elastomer nanocomposites after the optimization of the GO/“flexible” photoreactive resin formulation for SLA with suitable annealing process of the composite in future.

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Zhu, Ji Hong, Wei Hong Zhang, and Xiao Jun Gu. "On the Topology Optimization Design for the Stereolithography Based Investment Casting Model." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1464.

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The purpose of this paper is to avoid the crack problem of the ceramic shell during the burnout procedure of the rapid investment casting using stereolithograghy (SLA) model. Since the coefficient of thermal expansion of the SLA model is much higher than the coefficient of the ceramic shell, the internal structural patterns have to be properly designed to reduce the stress level in the ceramic shell. A topology optimization method is proposed here to find better microstructure designs to satisfy both the strength of the ceramic shell and the stiffness of the SLA model itself. Taking the arrayed microstructure into account, the pseudo-densities of the SLA model elements to describe the material layout are defined and assumed as the design variables. By deriving the design sensitivities, the topology optimization problem is solved with reasonable numerical results generated.

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Niese, Bernd, Philipp Amend, Uwe Urmoneit, Stephan Roth, and Michael Schmidt. "Experimental Investigation of Laser Sintering of Conductive Adhesive for Functional Prototypes Produced by Embedding Stereolithography." Advanced Materials Research 1038 (September 2014): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1038.75.

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Embedding stereolithography (eSLA) is an additive, hybrid process, which provides a flexible production of 3D components and the ability to integrate electrical and optical conductive structures and functional components within parts. However, the embedding of conductive circuits in stereolithography (SLA) parts assumes usage of process technologies, which enables their direct integration of conductive circuits during the layer-wise building process. In this context, a promising method for in-situ generation of conductive circuits is dispensing of conductive adhesive on the current surface of the SLA part and its subsequent sintering. In this paper, the laser sintering (λ = 355 nm) of conductive adhesive mainly consisting of silver nanoparticles is investigated. The work intends to evaluate the curing behavior of the conductive adhesive, the beam-matter-interactions and the thermal damage of the SLA substrate. The investigations revealed a fast and flexible laser sintering process for the generation of conductive circuits with sufficient electrical conductivity and sufficient current capacity load. In this context, a characterization of the conductive structures is done by measuring their electrical resistance and their potential current capacity load.

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Fai, Leong Kah, Chua Chee Kai, and Tan Chee Hock. "Microblasting characteristics of jewellery models built using stereolithography apparatus (SLA)." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 14, no. 6 (June 1998): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01304624.

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Surace, Rossella, Vito Basile, Vincenzo Bellantone, Francesco Modica, and Irene Fassi. "Micro Injection Molding of Thin Cavities Using Stereolithography for Mold Fabrication." Polymers 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111848.

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At the present time, there is a growing interest in additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and their integration into current process chains. In particular, the implementation of AM for tool production in micro injection molding (µ-IM), a well-established process, could introduce many advantages. First of all, AM could avoid the need for the time-consuming and expensive fabrication of molds for small series of customized products. In this work, the feasibility, quality, and reliability of an AM/µ-IM process chain were evaluated by designing and fabricating mold inserts for µ-IM by stereolithography (SLA) technology; the mold inserts were characterized and tested experimentally. The selected geometry is composed of four thin cavities: This particular feature represents an actual challenge for both the SLA and µ-IM perspective due to the large surface-to-volume ratio of the cavity. Two different materials were used for the mold fabrication, showing sharply different performance in terms of endurance limit and cavity degradation. The obtained results confirm that the µ-IM process, exploiting an SLA fabricated mold insert, is feasible but requires great accuracy in material choice, mold design, fabrication, and assembly.

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Ma, Xue Liang. "Research on Application of SLA Technology in the 3D Printing Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.938.

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This paper introduces the basic principle of stereolithography technology, characteristics of laser rapid prototyping technology and its application in various fields, the laser rapid prototyping technology has been in the modeling industry, machinery manufacturing, aerospace, military, architecture, film and television, home appliances, light industry, medicine, archaeology, cultural art, sculpture, jewelry and other fields has been widely applied.

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Huber, Christian, Gerald Mitteramskogler, Michael Goertler, Iulian Teliban, Martin Groenefeld, and Dieter Suess. "Additive Manufactured Polymer-Bonded Isotropic NdFeB Magnets by Stereolithography and Their Comparison to Fused Filament Fabricated and Selective Laser Sintered Magnets." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081916.

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Magnetic isotropic NdFeB powder with a spherical morphology is used to 3D print magnets by stereolithography (SLA). Complex magnets with small feature sizes in a superior surface quality can be printed with SLA. The magnetic properties of the 3D printed bonded magnets are investigated and compared with magnets manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF), and selective laser sintering (SLS). All methods use the same hard magnetic isotropic NdFeB powder material. FFF and SLA use a polymer matrix material as binder, SLS sinters the powder directly. SLA can print magnets with a remanence of 388 mT and a coercivity of 0.923 T. A complex magnetic design for speed wheel sensing applications is presented and printed with all methods.

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Santoliquido, Oscar, Francesco Camerota, Marco Pelanconi, Davide Ferri, Martin Elsener, Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, and Alberto Ortona. "Structured Alumina Substrates for Environmental Catalysis Produced by Stereolithography." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 8239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178239.

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Modern catalysts for internal combustion engine applications are traditionally constituted by honeycomb substrates on which a coating of the catalytically active phase is applied. Due to the laminar flow of the gases passing through their straight channels, these structures present low heat and mass transfer, thus leading to relatively large catalyst sizes to compensate for the low catalytic activity per unit of volume. Better conversion efficiency can be achieved if three-dimensional periodic structures are employed, because of the resulting gases’ tortuous paths. Furthermore, the increased catalytic activity implies a reduction in the overall catalyst volume, which can translate to a decreased usage of precious metals as active phase. By exploiting the ceramic Stereolithography technique (i.e., SLA) it is nowadays possible to accurately 3D print complex alumina-based lattices to be used as ceramic substrates for catalysis. In this work, closed-walls lattices consisting of a rotated cubic cell of 2 mm dimensions were designed, 3D printed via SLA and finally washcoated with V2O5-WO3-TiO2. The samples were tested for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 in a heated quartz glass reactor and the performance of the innovative 3D-printed substrate was compared with the catalytic efficiency of the conventional cordierite honeycombs.

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Economidou, Sophia N., Cristiane Patricia Pissinato Pere, Andrew Reid, Md Jasim Uddin, James F. C. Windmill, Dimitrios A. Lamprou, and Dennis Douroumis. "3D printed microneedle patches using stereolithography (SLA) for intradermal insulin delivery." Materials Science and Engineering: C 102 (September 2019): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.063.

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Leong, Kah Fai, Chee Kai Chua, Gim Siong Chua, and Chee Hock Tan. "Abrasive jet deburring of jewellery models built by stereolithography apparatus (SLA)." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 83, no. 1-3 (November 1998): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(98)00041-7.

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Grzeszczak, Ana, Susanne Lewin, Olle Eriksson, Johan Kreuger, and Cecilia Persson. "The Potential of Stereolithography for 3D Printing of Synthetic Trabecular Bone Structures." Materials 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133712.

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Synthetic bone models are used to train surgeons as well as to test new medical devices. However, currently available models do not accurately mimic the complex structure of trabecular bone, which can provide erroneous results. This study aimed to investigate the suitability of stereolithography (SLA) to produce synthetic trabecular bone. Samples were printed based on synchrotron micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images of human bone, with scaling factors from 1 to 4.3. Structure replicability was assessed with micro-CT, and mechanical properties were evaluated by compression and screw pull-out tests. The overall geometry was well-replicated at scale 1.8, with a volume difference to the original model of <10%. However, scaling factors below 1.8 gave major print artefacts, and a low accuracy in trabecular thickness distribution. A comparison of the model–print overlap showed printing inaccuracies of ~20% for the 1.8 scale, visible as a loss of smaller details. SLA-printed parts exhibited a higher pull-out strength compared to existing synthetic models (Sawbones ™), and a lower strength compared to cadaveric specimens and fused deposition modelling (FDM)-printed parts in poly (lactic acid). In conclusion, for the same 3D model, SLA enabled higher resolution and printing of smaller scales compared to results reported by FDM.

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Rebong, Raymund E., Kelton T. Stewart, Achint Utreja, and Ahmed A. Ghoneima. "Accuracy of three-dimensional dental resin models created by fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, and Polyjet prototype technologies: A comparative study." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 3 (March 6, 2018): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/071117-460.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the dimensional accuracy of fused deposition modeling (FDM)–, Polyjet-, and stereolithography (SLA)–produced models by comparing them to traditional plaster casts. Materials and A total of 12 maxillary and mandibular posttreatment orthodontic plaster casts were selected from the archives of the Orthodontic Department at the Indiana University School of Dentistry. Plaster models were scanned, saved as stereolithography files, and printed as physical models using three different three-dimensional (3D) printers: Makerbot Replicator (FDM), 3D Systems SLA 6000 (SLA), and Objet Eden500V (Polyjet). A digital caliper was used to obtain measurements on the original plaster models as well as on the printed resin models.Methods: Results: Comparison between the 3D printed models and the plaster casts showed no statistically significant differences in most of the parameters. However, FDM was significantly higher on average than were plaster casts in maxillary left mixed plane (MxL-MP) and mandibular intermolar width (Md-IMW). Polyjet was significantly higher on average than were plaster casts in maxillary intercanine width (Mx-ICW), mandibular intercanine width (Md-ICW), and mandibular left mixed plane (MdL-MP). Polyjet was significantly lower on average than were plaster casts in maxillary right vertical plane (MxR-vertical), maxillary left vertical plane (MxL-vertical), mandibular right anteroposterior plane (MdR-AP), mandibular right vertical plane (MdR-vertical), and mandibular left vertical plane (MdL-vertical). SLA was significantly higher on average than were plaster casts in MxL-MP, Md-ICW, and overbite. SLA was significantly lower on average than were plaster casts in MdR-vertical and MdL-vertical. Conclusions: Dental models reconstructed by FDM technology had the fewest dimensional measurement differences compared to plaster models.

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Jin, Jie, Hao Li, and Shen Hao Wang. "Preparation and Properties Study of Porous Carbon Template Based on SLA." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.320.

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Prototypes with micro-pore structure were manufactured by stereolithography technology. The prototypes were injected with mixture of wood flour as porogen and thermosetting phenolic resin as raw, then were pyrolysed after curing and prepared porous carbon templates. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope were employed to analyze the phase and microstructures of the carbon templates. The pyrolysis reaction is analyzed, and the causes of the three-dimensional pore system in porous carbon template are given.

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Romeis, Manuel, and Dietmar Drummer. "A Dyciandiamine-Based Methacrylate-Epoxy Dual-Cure Blend-System for Stereolithography." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183139.

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In this research, an epoxy-based dual-cure system is developed and characterized for SLA additive manufacturing. Dual-cure systems consist of UV-curable acrylates and thermal active components. The second curing step offers an additional degree of freedom to design specific material properties. In this study, a blend of varying concentrations of an epoxy/curing agent mix, respectively, DGEBA, DICY and photocurable methacrylate, was used to create a material that is printable in the SLA process into a UV-cured or green part and subsequently thermally cured to achieve superior thermal and mechanical properties. Calorimetric measurements were performed to determine the reactivity of the thermal reaction at different concentrations of epoxy. The fully cured specimens were tested in mechanical and dynamic mechanical measurements, and the results showed a significant improvement in tensile stress and glass transition temperature with rising epoxy concentrations. Fractured surfaces from tensile testing were investigated to further characterize the failure of tested samples, and thermal degradation was determined in TGA measurements, which showed no significant changes with an increasing epoxy concentration.

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Espino, Michaela Tayag, Brian Jumaquio Tuazon, Gerald Sanqui Robles, and John Ryan Cortez Dizon. "Application of Taguchi Methodology in Evaluating the Rockwell Hardness of SLA 3D Printed Polymers." Materials Science Forum 1005 (August 2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1005.166.

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Stereolithography (SLA) is an Additive Manufacturing technology which converts liquid resins to solid parts layer-by-layer by selectively curing the liquid resin using a (laser) light source. The mechanical properties SLA 3D printed parts are not yet determined or estimated before printing. Thus, this study aims to identify the optimum 3D printing configuration based on the indentation hardness properties of SLA-printed polymer parts. Taguchi approach was used in identifying the optimum 3D printing configuration wherein different factors were considered to meet the requirements of the orthogonal arrays. Five pieces of 3D printed test blocks with 9 indentation points on the surface were prepared for each factor. The tests followed ASTM D785 – 03 using Rockwell Scale B. The result for the optimum 3D printing configuration of SLA 3D printed material were concluded as the values with the highest Rockwell Hardness Number.

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Phillips, Brennan T., Josh Allder, Grady Bolan, R. Sean Nagle, Allison Redington, Tess Hellebrekers, John Borden, Nikolai Pawlenko, and Stephen Licht. "Additive manufacturing aboard a moving vessel at sea using passively stabilized stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing." Additive Manufacturing 31 (January 2020): 100969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100969.

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Revilla-León, Marta, Mohammad Mujtaba Methani, Dean Morton, and Amirali Zandinejad. "Internal and marginal discrepancies associated with stereolithography (SLA) additively manufactured zirconia crowns." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 124, no. 6 (December 2020): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.09.018.

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Xu, Xiaoyan, Alvaro Goyanes, Sarah J. Trenfield, Luis Diaz-Gomez, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Simon Gaisford, and Abdul W. Basit. "Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of a bladder device for intravesical drug delivery." Materials Science and Engineering: C 120 (January 2021): 111773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111773.

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Kwon, Hong Kyu, and Jung Sik Kim. "Hybrid Tooling Using High Speed Cutting and Ceramic Filled SLA (StereoLithography Apparatuses) Technologies." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.351.

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Getting to the market first” is extremely critical in this competitive business environment. The speed at which products are developed and released to the market is tightly linked to profitability and market share. Many companies that have been very skeptical of Rapid Tooling technologies developed so far are now working on hybrid tooling (HT) that can really meet the market standards. This paper describes how the HT process has been successfully established and effectively applied with ceramic filled SLA (StereoLithography Apparatuses) technologies.

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Alketbi, Afra S., Yunfeng Shi, Hongxia Li, Aikifa Raza, and TieJun Zhang. "Impact of PEGDA photopolymerization in micro-stereolithography on 3D printed hydrogel structure and swelling." Soft Matter 17, no. 30 (2021): 7188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00483b.

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Molecular insights into PEGDA photopolymerization in SLA 3D printing are revealed through spectroscopic, microscopic and computational studies. The impact of processing parameters on microscale swelling dynamics of hydrogels is investigated.

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Unkovskiy, Alexey, Franziska Schmidt, Florian Beuer, Ping Li, Sebastian Spintzyk, and Pablo Kraemer Fernandez. "Stereolithography vs. Direct Light Processing for Rapid Manufacturing of Complete Denture Bases: An In Vitro Accuracy Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051070.

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The topical literature lacks any comparison between stereolithography (SLA) and direct light processing (DLP) printing methods with regard to the accuracy of complete denture base fabrication, thereby utilizing materials certified for this purpose. In order to investigate this aspect, 15 denture bases were printed with SLA and DLP methods using three build angles: 0°, 45° and 90°. The dentures were digitalized using a laboratory scanner (D2000, 3Shape) and analyzed in analyzing software (Geomagic Control X, 3D systems). Differences between 3D datasets were measured using the root mean square (RMS) value for trueness and precision and mean and maximum deviations were obtained for each denture base. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. A heat map was generated to display the locations of the deviations within the intaglio surface. The overall tendency indicated that SLA denture bases had significantly higher trueness for most build angles compared to DLP (p < 0.001). The 90° build angle may provide the best trueness for both SLA and DLP. With regard to precision, statistically significant differences were found in the build angles only. Higher precision was revealed in the DLP angle of 0° in comparison to the 45° and 90° angles.

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Totu, Eugenia Eftimie, Corina Marilena Cristache, Selim Isildak, Ozlem Tavukcuoglu, Aida Pantazi, Marius Enachescu, Roxana Buga, Mihai Burlibasa, and Tiberiu Totu. "Structural Investigations on Poly(methyl methacrylate) Various Composites Used for Stereolithographyc Complete Dentures." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.4.5087.

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The present paper is focused on analyzing if appropriate adhesion between the polymeric matrix and titania filler nanoparticles is obtained for the PMMA-TiO2 photo-curable dental material, suitable for application in RP - stereolithography (SLA) for complete denture manufacturing. It was found that different amounts, between 0.2% and 2.5 % (w/w%), of added titanium oxide nanoparticles slightly modify the structural behavior of the PMMA polymeric matrix. The material characterization was carried out using FT-IR and microscopy techniques.

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Ye, Hang, Abhishek Venketeswaran, Sonjoy Das, and Chi Zhou. "Investigation of separation force for constrained-surface stereolithography process from mechanics perspective." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 4 (June 20, 2017): 696–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2016-0091.

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Purpose One of the major concerns of the constrained-surface stereolithography (SLA) process is that the built-up part may break because of the force resulting from the pulling-up process. This resultant force may become significant if the interface mechanism between the two contact surfaces (i.e. newly cured layer and the bottom of the resin vat) produces a strong bonding between them. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the separation process between the cured part and the resin vat by adopting an appropriate and simple mechanics-based model that can be used to probe the pulling-up process. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the time-histories of the pulling-up forces are measured using FlexiForce® force sensors. The experimental data are analyzed and used to estimate the constitutive parameters of the separation mechanism. Here, the separation mechanism is modeled based on the concept of cohesive zone model (CZM) that is well-studied in the field of fracture mechanics. By using the experimentally measured pulling-up force, this paper proposes a very efficient inverse technique to estimate the constitutive parameters for the CZM. The constitutive laws for the CZM facilitate in relating the separation force at the interface between the cured part and the resin vat in terms of the pulling-up velocity. Unlike work proposed earlier, computationally expensive full-scale finite element runs are not essential in the current work while estimating the required parameters of the constitutive laws. Instead, mechanics-based computationally efficient surrogate model is proposed to readily estimate these constitutive parameters. Findings Two constitutive laws are compared on the basis of their predictions of the separation force profile. Excellent match is obtained between the measured and the predicted separation force profiles. Originality/value This paper selects a suitable mechanics-based model that can characterize the separation process and proposes a computationally efficient scheme to estimate the required constitutive parameters. The proposed scheme can be used to reliably predict the separation force for the constrained-surface SLA process, leading to improved productivity and reliability of the SLA processes in fabricating the built-up parts.

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Weng, Zixiang, Yu Zhou, Wenxiong Lin, T. Senthil, and Lixin Wu. "Structure-property relationship of nano enhanced stereolithography resin for desktop SLA 3D printer." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 88 (September 2016): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.035.

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Karakurt, Ilbey, Ayça Aydoğdu, Sevil Çıkrıkcı, Jesse Orozco, and Liwei Lin. "Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of ascorbic acid loaded hydrogels: A controlled release study." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 584 (June 2020): 119428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119428.

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Relinque, J. J., Ismael Romero-Ocaña, Francisco J. Navas-Martos, F. J. Delgado, M. Domínguez, and S. I. Molina. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Acrylic Resin-Al Powder Composites Suitable for Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081642.

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Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used to build either prototypes or final parts. Nevertheless, the manufacture of structural parts has been ruled out owing to the poor mechanical properties of conventional UV-curable resins. Moreover, the inventory of available commercial resins is still limited and they exhibit low thermal and electrical conductivity values. In this work, some composite materials were designed using Al microparticles dispersed within an SLA commercial resin matrix. These composites overcame the difficulties caused by the light scattering effect during the photopolymerisation process in the SLA technology. Dispersion of the filler was characterised by means of SEM/EDX and AFM. The composites exhibited improved thermal and mechanical behaviour in comparison with the pristine resin. The simplicity of the synthesis method used to prepare the composites provides a convenient starting point to explore new ways of designing composites for SLA with improved mechanical and functional properties.

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Konasch, Jan, Alexander Riess, Robert Mau, Michael Teske, Natalia Rekowska, Thomas Eickner, Niels Grabow, and Hermann Seitz. "A Novel Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Process for Drug Delivery Systems with Locally Incorporated Drug Depots." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2019): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120661.

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Here, we present a new hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) process to create drug delivery systems (DDSs) with selectively incorporated drug depots. The matrix of a DDS was generated by stereolithography (SLA), whereas the drug depots were loaded using inkjet printing. The novel AM process combining SLA with inkjet printing was successfully implemented in an existing SLA test setup. In the first studies, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based specimens with integrated depots were generated. As test liquids, blue and pink ink solutions were used. Furthermore, bovine serum albumin labeled with Coomassie blue dye as a model drug was successfully placed in a depot inside a DDS. The new hybrid AM process makes it possible to place several drugs independently of each other within the matrix. This allows adjustment of the release profiles of the drugs depending on the size as well as the position of the depots in the DDS.

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Feng, Zuying, Yan Li, Liang Hao, Yihu Yang, Tian Tang, Danna Tang, and Wei Xiong. "Graphene-Reinforced Biodegradable Resin Composites for Stereolithographic 3D Printing of Bone Structure Scaffolds." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (April 11, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9710264.

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A biodegradable UV-cured resin has been fabricated via stereolithography apparatus (SLA). The formulation consists of a commercial polyurethane resin as an oligomer, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TEGDMA) as a reactive diluent and phenylbis (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (Irgacure 819) as a photoinitiator. The tensile strength of the three-dimensional (3D) printed specimens is 68 MPa, 62% higher than that of the reference specimens (produced by direct casting). The flexural strength and modulus can reach 115 MPa and 5.8 GPa, respectively. A solvent-free method is applied to fabricate graphene-reinforced nanocomposite. Porous bone structures (a jawbone with a square architecture and a sternum with a round architecture) and gyroid scaffold of graphene-reinforced nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering have been 3D printed via SLA. The UV-crosslinkable graphene-reinforced biodegradable nanocomposite using SLA 3D printing technology can potentially remove important cost barriers for personalized biological tissue engineering as compared to the traditional mould-based multistep methods.

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Carella, Giuseppe, U. Galietti, and D. Modugno. "On the Feasibility of Thermoelastic Stress Analysis on Rapid Prototyping Models." Applied Mechanics and Materials 3-4 (August 2006): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.3-4.355.

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This work discusses application of the thermoelastic technique to the stress analysis of Rapid Prototyping (RP) models. The aim is to evaluate the possibility of conducting complete and effective structural tests on prototypes made by means of stereolithography (SLA). The analyzed material is an RP Cure 600 ND epoxy resin. A statistical approach was followed to evaluate the sensitivity of the thermoelastic behaviour of the material to some SLA characteristic parameters. In addition, the effect of load cycle frequency on thermoelastic signal was also analyzed. The experimental work included forty-eight tests on ASTM standardized specimens. A new testing procedure was developed for resin-made models. The new method is based on the application of a loading ramp to SLA standard specimens and on the acquisition of the infrared signal. The thermoelastic constant K is determined using the thermographic signal temporal slope. Results for an engine bracket are presented in the paper.

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Mubarak, Suhail, Duraisami Dhamodharan, Manoj B. Kale, Nidhin Divakaran, T. Senthil, Sathiyanathan P., Lixin Wu, and Jianlei Wang. "A Novel Approach to Enhance Mechanical and Thermal Properties of SLA 3D Printed Structure by Incorporation of Metal–Metal Oxide Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020217.

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Silver (Ag) ornamented TiO2 semiconducting nanoparticles were synthesized through the sol-gel process to be utilized as nanofillers with photo resin to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of stereolithography 3D printed objects. The as-prepared Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles (Ag-TNP) were typified and qualified by XRD, XPS, Raman, and FESEM; TEM analysis dissected the morphologies. The enhancement in the tensile and flexural strengths of SLR/Ag-TNP nanocomposites was noted as 60.8% and 71.8%, respectively, at the loading content of 1.0% w/w Ag-TNP within the SLR (stereolithography resin) matrix. Similarly, the thermal conductivity and thermal stability were observed as higher for SLR/Ag-TNP nanocomposites, equated to neat SLR. The nanoindentation investigation shows an excerpt hike in reduced modulus and hardness by the inclusion of Ag-TNP. The resulted thermal analysis discloses that the introduction of Ag-TNP can appreciably augment the glass transition temperature (Tg), and residual char yield of SLR nanocomposites remarkably. Hence, the significant incorporation of as-prepared Ag-TNP can act as effective nanofillers to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of photo resin.

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Komjaty, Andrei, Elena Stela Wisznovszky (Muncut), and Lavinia Ioana Culda. "Study on the influence of technological parameters on 3D printing with sla technology." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134301003.

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The influence of the technological parameters of the printing through the SLA (Stereolithography) technology is presented. This printing technology is based on the use of a photosensitive resin, which polymerizes in contact with UV rays with a wavelength of 405nm. An Anycubic Photon Mono printer is used, on which parts are printed, in which the dimensional accuracy and the condition of the resulting surfaces will be analyzed. It will study the influence of the polymerization time of the resin (5s - 10s), of the advance step between the successively deposited layers (0.05mm - 0.2mm), as well as the influence of the placement positioning of the reference mark for printing. A Black basic type, monomer with photo-initiator photosensitive resin will be used made by Anycubic,. A Sony alpha 37 DSLR camera with Sony SAL-100M28 100mm F / 2.8 AF Macro lens will be used to capture images for the resulting surfaces.

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Al Deeb, Laila, Khold Al Ahdal, Ghaith Alotaibi, Abdullah Alshehri, Bader Alotaibi, Faris Alabdulwahab, Modhi Al Deeb, Yasser F. AlFawaz, Fahim Vohra, and Tariq Abduljabbar. "Marginal Integrity, Internal Adaptation and Compressive Strength of 3D Printed, Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacture and Conventional Interim Fixed Partial Dentures." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2019.2196.

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The aim was to investigate the marginal fit, internal adaptation and compressive strength of SLA provisionals (SLA) in comparison to CAD-CAM and conventional (CONV) interim fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Thirty interim FPDs were fabricated using CAD-CAM technology (CAD-CAM blocks Ceramill TEMP, PMMA), conventional molding technique (CONV) (TrimPlus, PMMA) and Stereolithography (SLA) method (Form 2, Formlabs, PMMA) (n = 10). Internal adaptation (occlusal, coronal, middle and cervical) and marginal integrity (inner and outer edge) was assessed using micro-computerized tomography (Micro-CT). The failure and compressive strength was assessed by application of a static load at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture. Data was analysed using ANOVA and multiple comparisons test. The maximum and minimum marginal mis-fit was for CONV (283.3± 98.6 nm) and CAD-CAM (68.2± 18.1 m) groups. CAD-CAM (68.2± 18.1 m) and SLA (84.7± 27.5 m) provisionals showed comparable marginal mis-fit (p > 0.05). The mean failure load was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CAD-CAM (687.86± 46.72 N), compared to SLA (534.8± 46.1 N) and CONV (492.7± 61.8 N) samples. Compressive strength for CAD-CAM (2.44± 0.27 MPa) samples was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than SLA (1.80± 0.15 MPa) and CONV (1.65± 0.20 MPa) groups. Marginal fit and internal adaptation of SLA printed FPDs was comparable to CAD-CAM interims. Compressive strength of the SLA interims FPDs can withstand intra-oral loads.

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Fiedor, Paweł, and Joanna Ortyl. "A New Approach to Micromachining: High-Precision and Innovative Additive Manufacturing Solutions Based on Photopolymerization Technology." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132951.

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The following article introduces technologies that build three dimensional (3D) objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, also called additive manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, most important features supporting the conscious choice of 3D printing methods for applications in micro and nanomanufacturing are covered. The micromanufacturing method covers photopolymerization-based methods such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), the liquid crystal display–DLP coupled method, two-photon polymerization (TPP), and inkjet-based methods. Functional photocurable materials, with magnetic, conductive, or specific optical applications in the 3D printing processes are also reviewed.

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SAKAMOTO, Shigehiko, and Keita ARISHIMA. "Study on end milling processes of stereolithography (SLA) resins for rapid prototyping of materials." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2017 (2017): S1310203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2017.s1310203.

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Xiao, Ran, Mingyang Ding, Yuejiao Wang, Libo Gao, Rong Fan, and Yang Lu. "Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of carbon fiber-graphene oxide (CF-GO) reinforced polymer lattices." Nanotechnology 32, no. 23 (March 16, 2021): 235702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abe825.

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Hada, Tamaki, Manabu Kanazawa, Maiko Iwaki, Toshio Arakida, Yumika Soeda, Awutsadaporn Katheng, Ryosuke Otake, and Shunsuke Minakuchi. "Effect of Printing Direction on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Dentures Using Stereolithography Technology." Materials 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153405.

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This study evaluated the effects of the differences in the printing directions of stereolithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D)-printed dentures on accuracy (trueness and precision). The maxillary denture was designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software with an STL file (master data) as the output. Three different printing directions (0°, 45°, and 90°) were used. Photopolymer resin was 3D-printed (n = 6/group). After scanning all dentures, the scanning data were saved/output as STL files (experimental data). For trueness, the experimental data were superimposed on the master data sets. For precision, the experimental data were selected from six dentures with three different printing directions and superimposed. The root mean square error (RMSE) and color map data were obtained using a deviation analysis. The averages of the RMSE values of trueness and precision at 0°, 45°, and 90° were statistically compared. The RMSE of trueness and precision were lowest at 45°, followed by 90°; the highest occurred at 0°. The RMSE of trueness and precision were significantly different among all printing directions (p < 0.05). The highest trueness and precision and the most favorable surface adaptation occurred when the printing direction was 45°; therefore, this may be the most effective direction for manufacturing SLA 3D-printed dentures.

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Le Sage, Gregory Peter. "Thermal Frequency Drift of 3D Printed Microwave Components." Metals 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050580.

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Fabrication of microwave slot array antennas and waveguide bandpass and notch filters using 3D printing has significant advantages in terms of speed and cost even for parts with high mechanical complexity. One disadvantage of Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed, copper plated microwave components is that some SLA resins have a high Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE), quoted in micrometers per meter per degree or 10−6 per degree. Compared to typically used metals such as aluminum (CTE 24 × 10−6·K−1) and copper (CTE 17 × 10−6·K−1), SLA resin can have CTE above 100 × 10−6·K−1. Resonant structures experience significant frequency drift with temperature changes on the order of 10–50 °C. The issue of 3D printed microwave structures changing frequency characteristics significantly with temperature shift has not been addressed or reviewed in current literature. We measured and simulated the effect of temperature change on a slot array, cavity notch filters, and post loaded waveguide bandpass filters. We tested several types of SLA resin, different plating techniques, and also Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) and Binder Infusion metal 3D printing. Performance as a function of temperature is presented for these alternatives.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stereolithography SLA'

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