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1
Smith, Daniel M., and Sarah E. Martiny. "Stereotype Threat in Sport: Recommendations for Applied Practice and Research." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0134.
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Stereotype-threat theory holds that activation of a negative stereotype has a harmful effect on performance in cognitive and motor domains. This paper provides a literature review of stereotype-threat research in the motor domain followed by recommendations for sport psychology practitioners. The review discusses the most widespread stereotypes that exist in sport, the effects of stereotype activation on performance in different sports, and mechanisms that explain why stereotype threat decreases performance. Recommendations for practitioners include individual- and organizational-level approaches, with the former subdivided into interventions aimed at prevention or coping.
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Taylor, Jackie. "Women's Leisure Activities, Their Social Stereotypes and Some Implications for Identity." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 66, no. 4 (April 2003): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260306600404.
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An understanding of leisure as an area of occupational performance that can contribute to the individual's personal and social development is important to the occupational therapist. The knowledge bases from other disciplines, such as sociology and psychology, have much to offer in developing this understanding. Social identity and stereotype theories and symbolic interactionism suggest that leisure stereotypes may exist and could have an impact on identity. In order to test this concept, 12 leisure activities were used as a means to assess whether leisure stereotypes exist for women. Stereotypes consisting of between 4 and 11 words were obtained using the checklist method, with 40 participants contributing to each stereotype (120 participants contributed in total). The stereotypes were found to include characteristics that were both positively and negatively valued and, consequently, they had a range of favourableness ratings. All but one, golf, were positively evaluated images. The implications of these results are discussed, in the context of relevant theories from sociology, psychology and feminist literature.
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Stanciu, Adrian, and Christin-Melanie Vauclair. "Stereotype Accommodation: A Socio-Cognitive Perspective on Migrants’ Cultural Adaptation." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 7 (May 23, 2018): 1027–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118777300.
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Cognitive heuristics, or people’s stereotypes, are central to human interaction. Yet, the literature has been concerned with inter-ethnic stereotypes held by migrants and therefore has insufficiently addressed what might happen to individuals’ cognitive heuristics in the process of acculturating to host cultures. The authors discuss this gap in the literature by drawing on the culture learning perspective and work on cultural adaptation to examine migrants’ cognitive cultural adaptation. The concept of stereotype accommodation is introduced as a cognitive process whereby migrants incorporate the stereotype-relevant information learned in their host cultures into their preexisting stereotypes. Furthermore, a framework is presented for how cross-cultural differences, learning opportunities, individual differences, and cognitive resources might contribute to stereotype accommodation. The conclusion of this analysis is that, like any other individuals, migrants hold cognitive heuristics about varying groups in society and, moreover, these can be influenced and potentially modified by the mental short-cuts that are relevant in their host cultures.
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Tsamadi, Dimitra, Johanna K. Falbén, Linn M. Persson, Marius Golubickis, Siobhan Caughey, Betül Sahin, and C. Neil Macrae. "Stereotype-based priming without stereotype activation: A tale of two priming tasks." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 7, 2020): 1939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820925396.
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An extensive literature has demonstrated stereotype-based priming effects. What this work has only recently considered, however, is the extent to which priming is moderated by the adoption of different sequential-priming tasks and the attendant implications for theoretical treatments of person perception. In addition, the processes through which priming arises (i.e., stimulus and/or response biases) remain largely unspecified. Accordingly, here we explored the emergence and origin of stereotype-based priming using both semantic- and response-priming tasks. Corroborating previous research, a stereotype-based priming effect only emerged when a response-priming (vs. semantic-priming) task was used. A further hierarchical drift diffusion model analysis revealed that this effect was underpinned by differences in the evidential requirements of response generation (i.e., a response bias), such that less evidence was needed when generating stereotype-consistent compared with stereotype-inconsistent responses. Crucially, information uptake (i.e., stimulus bias, efficiency of target processing) was faster for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent targets. This reveals that stereotype-based priming originated in a response bias rather than the automatic activation of stereotypes. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered.
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Cheeseborough, Thekia, Nicole Overstreet, and L. Monique Ward. "Interpersonal Sexual Objectification, Jezebel Stereotype Endorsement, and Justification of Intimate Partner Violence Toward Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684319896345.
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Sexual objectification and Jezebel stereotype endorsement, a racialized characterization of Black women as promiscuous, have been linked to harmful violence attitudes toward women. Although Black women’s experiences of sexual objectification may be compounded by racialized stereotypes, research has yet to examine how these processes intersect to influence justification of intimate partner violence toward women. This study fills this gap in the objectification literature by examining associations between interpersonal sexual objectification, endorsement of racialized stereotypes, and justification of violence toward women in a sample of Black men and women. Participants were 432 Black Americans who completed an online survey. Among Black men, we found that greater objectifying behaviors and greater endorsement of the Jezebel stereotype were associated with greater justification of violence toward women. We did not find evidence of an interaction between these two processes. Among Black women, we found an interaction between objectification experiences and stereotype endorsement, such that justification of violence was highest for Black women who endorsed the Jezebel stereotype and had more frequent experiences of sexual objectification. Violence prevention work, such as perpetrator rehabilitation programs and victim support groups, should explicitly address how stereotypical images of Black women impact their experiences of violence.
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Niemann, Yolanda Flores. "Stereotypes about Chicanas and Chicanos." Counseling Psychologist 29, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000001291003.
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A review of the literature on stereotypes about Chicanas/os reveals that people of Mexican descent are perceived predominantly in derogatory terms, with the few positive terms primarily related to the centrality of the family for this ethnic community. This review also indicates that Chicanas/os themselves often endorse these stereotypes. However, the extant literature has not examined the counseling process in relation to consensual, social stereotypes of this ethnic group. This article serves to bridge that gap in the literature. Counselors are strongly encouraged to be cognizant of how stereotypes may affect Chicanas/os, especially in areas related to identity, risky behavior, stereotype threat, education, gender roles, and stigmatization. Counselors are encouraged to increase racial awareness as part of the mental health development of their Chicana/o clients. Counselors are particularly challenged to examine how their own conscious and unconscious stereotypes may affect the counselor-client relationship. Future research directions are also discussed.
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Zhao, Yongping, Yufang Zhao, and Jinfu Zhang. "Transmitting Stereotype-relevant Information In Conversation: Evidence from Chinese Undergraduates." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 7 (August 18, 2016): 1069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.7.1069.
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In the field of communication, previous researchers who employed the serial reproduction method have mainly used written communication and fictional story assessment techniques. To extend the literature, we conducted 2 studies to explore the communication of stereotyperelevant information using the face-to-face oral serial reproduction method. A research report containing stereotypical information about Tchambuli men (Study 1, N = 40), and a fictional story containing stereotypical information about a football player (Study 2, N = 40), were transmitted through 10 separate chains involving 4 people each. Results in both studies showed that people transmitted more stereotype-consistent than stereotype-inconsistent information, regardless of whether they were retelling a research report or a fictional story. Thus, face-to-face oral serial communication contributes to the maintenance of shared stereotypes.
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Funder, David C. "Base rates, stereotypes, and judgmental accuracy." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 1996): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00041236.
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AbstractThe base rate literature has an opposite twin in the social psychological literature on stereotypes, which concludes that people use their preexisting beliefs about probabilistic category attributes too much, rather than not enough. This ironic discrepancy arises because beliefs about category attributes enhance accuracy when the beliefs are accurate and diminish accuracy when they are not. To determine the accuracy of base rate/stereotype beliefs requires research that addresses specific content.
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Beilock, Sian L., and Allen R. McConnell. "Stereotype Threat and Sport: Can Athletic Performance Be Threatened?" Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 2004): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.4.597.
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Stereotype threat occurs when knowledge of a negative stereotype about a social group leads to less-than-optimal performance by members of that group. Although the stereotype threat phenomenon has been extensively studied in academic and cognitively-based tasks, it has received little attention in sport. This article reviews the existent literature on stereotype threat and discusses its implications for sports performance. The causal mechanisms of stereotype threat in sport are examined, followed by a discussion of why the cognitive processes thought to govern negative stereotype-induced performance decrements in academic and cognitively based tasks (e.g., GRE or SAT tests) may not unequivocally extend to sport skills. Finally, factors that should moderate the impact of stereotype threat in sport are outlined. Because stereotype threat has important consequences for athletics (e.g., impairing athletic performance, maintaining the underrepresentation of minority athletes in certain sports), it is a phenomenon that deserves greater attention in sport and exercise psychology research.
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Marcus, Justin, Barbara Ann Fritzsche, Huy Le, and Michael Dennis Reeves. "Validation of the work-related age-based stereotypes (WAS) scale." Journal of Managerial Psychology 31, no. 5 (July 4, 2016): 989–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-11-2014-0320.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on developing and validating a multidimensional measure of work-related age-based stereotypes (WAS) scale. Design/methodology/approach – Based upon a review of the literature, a three-dimensional stereotype content model including both negative (incompetence, inadaptability) and positive (warmth) stereotypes of older workers was created. Construct, convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity for the WAS scale were examined across three independent samples constituting both lab-based experimental studies and a field-based survey (total n=1,245). Findings – Across all samples, the WAS evidenced good construct, convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity. Originality/value – As evidenced by a review of the literature, the WAS is unique in that it measures both negative and positive stereotypes of older workers. Implications for research are discussed.
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Pruysers, Scott, and Julie Blais. "Why Won't Lola Run? An Experiment Examining Stereotype Threat and Political Ambition." Politics & Gender 13, no. 02 (October 18, 2016): 232–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x16000544.
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Among the most well-documented and long-standing gender gaps in political behavior are those relating to political ambition, as men have consistently been shown to express a significantly higher level of political ambition than women. Although this gap is well established, the reasons for the differences between men and women remain largely unknown. One possible explanation is that negative stereotypes about women's political ability are responsible. Stereotype threat, as it is referred to in the psychology literature, is a phenomenon where individuals of a social group suffer cognitive burdens and anxiety after being exposed to negative stereotypes that relate to their identity. These disruptions have been shown to alter attitudes and behavior. In order to test this possibility, we employed an experimental design whereby we randomly assigned 501 undergraduate students into threat and nonthreat conditions. While men exhibited higher levels of political ambition in both conditions, women in the nonthreat condition expressed significantly higher levels of political ambition than those women who were exposed to negative stereotypes. The results of this study therefore suggest that the gender gap in political ambition may be partly explained by negative stereotypes about women in politics.
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Vassileva, Magdalena. ""Collectivism and industriousness in Japanese national character – dynamics and tranformations "." Lyuboslovie 21 (November 22, 2021): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/rewm1157.
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The interpretation of the term "national character" is quite controversial. It is difficult to find unanimity among the researchers on the issue because for years it has been interpreted differently and falls within the scope of different scientific fields: anthropology, ethno psychology, folklore, sociology, psychology, psycholinguistics. Interpretations of "national character" are found even in fiction. An additional obstacle is the lack of certainty in the definitions of concepts such as "cultural-ethnic stereotype", "national stereotype" and "national character". Sometimes in the specialized literature they are used synonymously. This article does not claim to be exhaustive on the topic, but we will try: 1) To outline the concept of "national character"; 2) To present research concerning the national character of the Japanese; 3) To present the author's thoughts on the dynamics and transformations of two features of the Japanese national character – collectivism and industriousness.
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Gillespie, Jennifer Z., Patrick D. Converse, and S. David Kriska. "Applying Recommendations from the Literature on Stereotype Threat: Two Field Studies." Journal of Business and Psychology 25, no. 3 (April 3, 2010): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9178-1.
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Nicolas, Gandalf, Allison L. Skinner, and Cheryl L. Dickter. "Other Than the Sum: Hispanic and Middle Eastern Categorizations of Black–White Mixed-Race Faces." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 4 (June 29, 2018): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618769591.
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The racial categorization literature, reliant on forced-choice tasks, suggests that mixed-race targets are often categorized using the parent faces that created the racially mixed stimuli (e.g., Black or White) or their combination (e.g., Black–White multiracial). In the current studies, we introduce a free-response task that allows for spontaneous categorizations of higher ecological validity. Our results suggest that, when allowed, observers often classify Black–White faces into alternative categories (i.e., responses that are neither the parent races nor their combination), such as Hispanic and Middle Eastern. Furthermore, we find that the stereotypes of the various categories that are mapped to racially mixed faces are distinct, underscoring the importance of understanding how mixed-race targets are spontaneously categorized. Our findings speak to the challenges associated with racial categorization in an increasingly racially diverse population, including discrepancies between target racial identities and their racial categorizations by observers as well as variable stereotype application to mixed-race targets.
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Covey, Herbert C. "A Return to Infancy: Old Age and the Second Childhood in History." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 36, no. 2 (March 1993): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3fny-20em-7l4y-5fgm.
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Throughout Western history scholars and writers have characterized old age as a period of a second childhood and childish behavior. The second childhood stereotype has endured and finds expression in numerous works of literature, in a variety of historical contexts including ancient through contemporary times. Explanations for this stereotype were linked to the humoral theory of aging, the perceived and actual dependency of older people for care, dementia, and other ties between childhood and old age. The second childhood was also interpreted as a stage of life where the lifecycle returned to its beginning. The stereotype, while predominantly viewed as negative, may also be viewed in a positive light and underscores the duality and ambiguity that characterized the way older people have been viewed in Western history. The stereotype, while enduring, may have been more prevalent during certain periods, such as those periods when older people were devalued. Cultural representations and more importantly interpretations have also varied within historical context.
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Strass, Haley A., and David L. Vogel. "Do Stereotypical Media Representations Influence White Individuals’ Perceptions of American Indians?" Counseling Psychologist 46, no. 5 (July 2018): 656–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000018788532.
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In this study, we examined exposure to stereotypical movie portrayals of American Indians, motivations to respond without prejudice, and awareness of White privilege on racist attitudes. European American participants ( N = 232) were randomly assigned to watch stereotypical representations of American Indians or control videos. Hierarchical regression results revealed that higher internal motivations to respond without prejudice and awareness were associated with lower levels of racist attitudes. Higher external motivations to respond without prejudice were associated with higher levels of modern racist attitudes. For participants high in awareness, there was no significant difference in modern racist attitudes between the control and stereotype conditions. For participants low in awareness, those in the control condition reported lower modern racist attitudes than those in the stereotype condition. Results suggest awareness is an important predictor of lower racist attitudes but needs to be reconceptualized within the counseling literature. Social justice implications and limitations are discussed.
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Oliveira, Eduardo, and Carlos Cabral Cardoso. "Stereotype threat and older worker’s attitudes: a mediation model." Personnel Review 47, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-11-2016-0306.
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Purpose Taking a social identity approach, the purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which age-based stereotype threat mediates the relationships between older workers’ negative age-based metastereotypes and two negative work attitudes: organizational disidentification and work disengagement. Design/methodology/approach A two-wave cross-sectional design was adopted to collect data from 423 blue-collar older workers of the Portuguese manufacturing sector. Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediation model. Findings The analyses show that age-based stereotype threat partially mediates the relationship between negative age-based metastereotypes and negative work attitudes. Moreover, findings suggest that older workers respond to negative age-based metastereotypes through threat reactions, and undesirable work attitudes. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by showing the importance of negative age-based metastereotypes and age-based stereotype threat in workplace dynamics. It also provides evidence that age threats impair the relationship older workers keep with their organization and their work.
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Smith, Michael R., and Geoffrey P. Alpert. "Explaining Police Bias." Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 10 (October 2007): 1262–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807304484.
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Although recent empirical research has shown that Blacks and Hispanics are consistently overrepresented among police stops, searches, and arrests, few criminologists have attempted to provide a theoretical explanation for the disparities reported in the research literature. This article proposes a theory of individual police behavior that is grounded in social— psychological research on stereotype formation and that assumes a nonmotivational but biased response to minority citizens by the police. Accordingly, stereotype formation and its consequences are largely unintentional and are driven by social conditioning and the illusory correlation phenomenon, which results in the overestimation of negative behaviors associated with minority group members. After specifying the theory, the article presents a research agenda for empirically testing and verifying its propositions.
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Oliveira, Eduardo, and Carlos Cabral-Cardoso. "Older workers’ representation and age-based stereotype threats in the workplace." Journal of Managerial Psychology 32, no. 3 (April 10, 2017): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-03-2016-0085.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which negative age-based metastereotypes mediate the relationship between the representation of older workers and two forms of stereotype threat in the workplace: own-reputation and group-reputation. Adopting a social identity perspective, this paper also explores whether age diversity beliefs moderate the relationship between negative age-based metastereotypes and stereotype threats. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional design was adopted with bootstrapped mediation and moderation analyses. The data were collected from 567 older workers working in 15 manufacturing companies. Findings The analyses provide support for partial mediation and for a moderation effect of age diversity beliefs in the relationship between negative age-based metastereotypes and own-reputation threat. The results hold while controlling for age, objective organizational age diversity, and organizational tenure. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study include its cross-sectional nature and the need for further work regarding older workers’ metastereotypes about middle-aged workers. Practical implications For stereotype threat interventions to be effective they must identify beforehand the target and the source of the threat. Moreover, interventions should aim for the development of a sense of identity on the organization as it may pave the way for members of different age groups to build bonds and for intergenerational boundaries to be blurred. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by showing the importance of negative age-based metastereotypes in workplace age dynamics. It also provides further support for a multi-threat approach to the experience of age-based stereotype threats in the workplace.
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Blasiman, Rachael N., and Christopher A. Was. "Why is working memory performance unstable? A review of 21 factors." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 188–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472.
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In this paper, we systematically reviewed twenty-one factors that have been shown to either vary with or influence performance on working memory (WM) tasks. Specifically, we review previous work on the influence of intelligence, gender, age, personality, mental illnesses/medical conditions, dieting, craving, stress/anxiety, emotion/motivation, stereotype threat, temperature, mindfulness training, practice, bilingualism, musical training, altitude/hypoxia, sleep, exercise, diet, psychoactive substances, and brain stimulation on WM performance. In addition to a review of the literature, we suggest several frameworks for classifying these factors, identify shared mechanisms between several variables, and suggest areas requiring further investigation. This review critically examines the breadth of research investigating WM while synthesizing the results across related subfields in psychology.
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Schneider, Andreas, and Tobias Schröder. "Ideal Types of Leadership as Patterns of Affective Meaning." Social Psychology Quarterly 75, no. 3 (July 5, 2012): 268–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272512446755.
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We propose that macro-level ideal types of leadership, as described in the classic work of Max Weber and reflected in the contemporary management literature, are mirrored in micro-level affective meanings. Within Osgood’s three-dimensional affective space, we identify specific patterns corresponding to leadership styles: people evaluate authoritative/transactional leadership as positive, powerful, and neither passive nor active. Charismatic/transformational leadership is perceived as equally positive and powerful but involves a much higher degree of activity-arousal. Finally, coercive leadership is negative, powerful, and active. Based on Heise’s cybernetic symbolic-interactionist affect control theory, we compare cultural representations of business managers in the United States and Germany at different points in time. We demonstrate a shift from transactional to charismatic leadership in the U.S. manager stereotype and a contrasting consolidation of coercive leadership expectations in Germany. We discuss implications for (1) cross-cultural communication and (2) affective meaning as indicator of social change.
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Goldstein, Susan B. "Cross-Cultural Psychology as a Curriculum Transformation Resource." Teaching of Psychology 22, no. 4 (December 1995): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2204_3.
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Many teachers of psychology are turning to the cross-cultural literature in their efforts to address issues of diversity in their courses. This cannot be accomplished, however, by simply inserting findings from cross-cultural research into general psychology courses. Along with changes in course content, we must address ways of presenting this material effectively and the possible impact of these efforts on classroom dynamics. Recommendations are made for more effective use of cross-cultural resources that concern (a) avoiding the marginalization of cross-cultural materials and perspectives, (b) raising awareness about bias within the cross-cultural literature, (c) avoiding the creation or reinforcement of stereotypes, (d) using accurate terminology to make cross-cultural comparisons, (e) distinguishing between emics and etics, and (f) creating a classroom environment in which diversity is valued.
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Mella, Piero. "In every organization, gender stereotypes reduce organizational efficiency and waste productive energy: a systems thinking perspective." Kybernetes 51, no. 13 (April 19, 2022): 156–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2021-0283.
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PurposeStereotypes are simplified and widely shared visions held by a social group regarding a place, object, event or recognizable set of people united by certain characteristics or qualities. They are “dangerous” mental models because they are widely disseminated, devious and capable of acting even unconsciously in individuals, social groups and organizations altering the rationality of assessments and choices and producing discrimination and prejudice. Stereotypes acritically extend from a characteristic of a significant percentage of a category to the totality of individuals. The process of generalization triggered by a stereotype produces the error of discrimination and prejudice. There are numerous forms of stereotypes, but this study takes into account gender stereotypes because they act pervasively, often subtly, to reduce “productivity”. People who are aware of being discriminated perceive an unsatisfactory fulfillment of their motivations, which reduces their incentive to improve their performance. Since productivity measures the efficient use of energy from working in production processes, the author believes that wherever gender stereotypes are at play, there is a productive “waste of energy”, an inefficiency in work activity with harmful effects for organizations of all kinds, including families.Design/methodology/approachThe work aims to demonstrate that wherever gender stereotypes are at play, a “waste of energy” manifests itself in terms of productivity, representing an inefficiency in work activity with harmful effects for organizations of all kinds, including families. To describe the negative effects stereotypes produce in organizations, some models are presented based on the methods and language of systems thinking. These models, although typically qualitative, are capable of exploring the most accepted theories in the literature: tournament theory, the Pygmalion effect, the Galatea effect, self-fulfilling prophecies, the Queen bee syndrome, the role congruency theory, the glass ceiling theory (“think manager, think male” and “family responsibilities wall”). The paper follows a predominantly organizational and corporate approach, although the copious literature on stereotypes belongs largely to the area of social psychology and organization studies.FindingsThe paper does not consider the psychological origin of stereotypes but highlights their use as routines-shortcuts for evaluations and decisions demonstrating that, when adopted in social systems and within organisations, stereotypes produce different forms of discrimination: in social rights, in work, in careers and in access to levels of education and public services, reducing performance and limit potential. The paper also examines some ways gender and culture stereotypes can be opposed, presenting a change management strategy and some concrete solutions proposed by the process–structure–culture model for social change (PSC model).Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of the work is that it focuses on gender stereotypes, choosing not to consider the “intersection effect” of these with other stereotypes: racial stereotypes, religious stereotypes, color stereotypes, age stereotypes, sex and sexual orientation stereotypes, and many others, whose joint action can cause serious inefficiencies in organizational work.Practical implicationsAs stereotypes are a component of social culture and are handed down, by use and example, from generation to generation, the maintenance over time of stereotypes used by individuals to evaluate, judge and act can be seen as an effect of the typical action of a combinatory system of diffusion, which can operate for a long time if not effectively opposed. Il PSC model indicates the strategy for carrying out this opposition.Social implicationsWith regard to gender stereotypes, it should be emphasized that in organizations and social systems, “gender diversity” should be considered an opportunity and not as a discriminating factor and thus encouraged by avoiding harmful discrimination. In fact, this diversity, precisely because of the distinctive characteristics individuals possess regardless of gender, can benefit the organization and lead to an increase in organizational and social performance. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2020) Goal 5: Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is examined in this context.Originality/valueThis study views the action of gender stereotypes as especially harmful “mental models”, highlighting the distortions they cause in the allocation of productive energy in society, groups and organizations. The paper follows a predominantly organizational and corporate approach, although the copious literature on stereotypes belongs largely to the area of social psychology. Using the “logic” and “language” of systems thinking, theories and models that describe and interpret the distorting effects of organizational choices based on stereotypes rather than rational analysis are highlighted. The action of stereotypes and their persistence over time can also be described using combinatory systems theory. With this paper, the author hopes that by acting on the three wheels of change highlighted by the PSC model, through legal provisions, control tools and actions on the culture operated by educational and social aggregative institutions, it should not be impossible to change the prevailing culture so that it becomes aware of the harmful influence of gender stereotypes and other discriminatory mental models and come to reject them. The author hopes this paper will help to understand the need to make this change.
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Swann, William B., and Jolanda Jetten. "Restoring Agency to the Human Actor." Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, no. 3 (May 2017): 382–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616679464.
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A cursory read of the social psychological literature suggests that when people find themselves in strong situations, they fail to display agency. The early classic studies of conformity, obedience, and bystander intervention, for example, are renowned for showing that when challenged by strong situational pressures, participants acquiesced—even if it meant abandoning their moral principles or disregarding their own sensory data. Later studies of learned helplessness, ego depletion, and stereotype threat echoed this “power of the situation” theme, demonstrating that exposure to (or the expectation of) a frustrating or unpleasant experience suppressed subsequent efforts to actualize goals and abilities. Although this work has provided many valuable insights into the influence of situational pressures, it has been used to buttress an unbalanced and misleading portrait of human agency. This portrait fails to recognize that situations are not invariably enemies of agency. Instead, strong situational forces often allow for, and may even encourage, expressions of human agency. We examine the nature, causes, and consequences of this phenomenon. We endorse a broader approach that emphasizes how responding to situational pressure can coexist with agency. This new emphasis should create greater convergence between social psychological models and the experience of agency in everyday life.
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Durán Segura, Mercedes, David Cantón Cortés, and Cándida Castro Ramírez. "Changing patterns in women´s driving." International Journal of Psychological Research 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.878.
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Until relatively recently, the task of driving a vehicle was almost exclusively one for men. Only in the last few decades have women taken en masse to driving. This review analyses the driving behaviour of men and women and attempts to establish whether women are better or worse drivers than men. It is paradoxical that according to the stereotype, women are less skilful at carrying out manoeuvres such as parking. However, it is said that women are more cautious at the wheel. The statistics show that men tend to be over-represented in traffic accidents although women are said to get distracted more easily, for example by looking at themselves in mirrors. This study discusses to what extent women's driving patterns differ from those of men, how they have changed in recent decades and what the future predicts, taking into account the accident data of these groups. We contrast the popular belief, which portrays women as bad drivers, with data compiled from the literature on evolutionary and constitutional differences and the differing vulnerability of the two genders. We analyse whether differences exist in the frequency of driving between men and women, evaluating the characteristics, types of journey, accident data and, among other issues, styles of driving: caution vs. aggression at the wheel.
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Gilmore, Amanda K., and Paul B. Harris. "Socioeconomic Stereotypes among Undergraduate College Students." Psychological Reports 103, no. 3 (December 2008): 882–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.3.882-892.
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Classism, i.e., socioeconomic stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination that college students direct toward their peers, was examined. A sample of 53 undergraduate students (36 women and 17 men), ages 18 to 22 years ( M=19.0, SD = 1.2), were recruited from psychology courses. Utilizing a computer-administered questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned to rate a fictitious student whose family income was specified as among the lowest or highest at the college. Upper Income targets were rated as more sociable, judgmental, attractive, more likely to use alcohol and drugs, and more likely to belong to a fraternity or sorority. Lower Income targets were rated as more likable, agreeable, conscientious, intelligent, creative, and better able to maintain close friendships. Research directed toward the middle class could help fill a gap in the classism literature. Research on classism in higher education could clarify this potentially divisive issue among undergraduates.
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Lai, Lei. "The Model Minority Thesis and Workplace Discrimination of Asian Americans." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iops.12015.
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In the focal article, Ruggs et al. (2013) observed that there is a dearth of racial discrimination research beyond the traditional White–Black or White–nonWhite comparisons in the industrial–organizational (I–O) literature and urged researchers to treat each minority race separately because individuals may have unique experiences with discrimination based on different racial stereotypes associated with their race/ethnicity. I agree with the above assessments. Moreover, I argue that the overlook of negative consequences of positive stereotypes of some marginalized groups, such as Asian Americans, is another “missed opportunity” that has not been addressed in the focal article. Specifically, the traditional paradigm, which tends to exclusively focus on how negative stereotypes of a marginalized group (e.g., Blacks, individuals with disabilities) lead to workplace discriminations against them, may be too narrowly focused. In this commentary, I use Asian Americans as an example to illustrate how seemingly positive stereotypes, the model minority thesis, may also lead to workplace discrimination of Asian Americans, an often overlooked minority group in the discrimination literature.
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Westfall, R. Shane, Murray Millar, and Mandy Walsh. "Effects of Self-Esteem Threat on Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes." Psychological Reports 123, no. 6 (July 4, 2019): 2551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294119860255.
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Certainly one of the first things that we notice when meeting someone new is how physically attractive that they are. Although the vast majority of studies in the literature suggest favoritism for physically attractive humans, some research indicates that negative biases may occur as well. This discrepancy in the literature may simply indicate the failure of differing experimental methods to adequately tap the same construct; however, it is also a likely indicator of moderating factors at work. This study employs an episodic memory task to demonstrate the moderating effects of self-esteem threat on physical attractiveness attributions. Furthermore, results indicate that attractiveness-based stereotypes are susceptible to fluctuations in self-esteem, such that individuals experiencing a threat to self-esteem become more reliant on stereotyping.
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Dafflon Novelle, Anne. "Les représentations multidimensionnelles du masculin et du féminin véhiculées par la presse enfantine francophone 1Mes remerciements vont aux deux experts anonymes qui ont fait des commentaires très constructifs sur des versions antérieures de ce manuscrit." Swiss Journal of Psychology 61, no. 2 (June 2002): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.61.2.85.
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Multidimensional representations of gender in French language publications for children. Gender stereotypes in French language literature for children have not been extensively studied. This study analyses stories with household heroes, in French language publications aimed at pre-school age children. The aim is to evaluate multidimensional representations of gender in these publications. Results reveal major quantitative and qualitative asymmetries in the representations of the two sexes, often to the detriment of the female. Males outnumber females, who more often play secondary roles as compared to males who are more often depicted in the central role; girls are less frequently represented in the illustrations accompanying these stories than boys. Females are depicted in a more stereotyped manner, and are more confined to domestic and in private locations. Additionally, women play a smaller variety of professional roles than men. The asymmetries highlighted in this study are discussed in terms of the influence that may be exercised over children’s construction of their gender identity, and influence particularly on the self-esteem and future aspirations of girls.
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Amodio, David M., and Mina Cikara. "The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice." Annual Review of Psychology 72, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 439–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050928.
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The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
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Appelbaum, Steven H., Richard Wenger, Carolina Pachon Buitrago, and Ravneet Kaur. "The effects of old-age stereotypes on organizational productivity (part two)." Industrial and Commercial Training 48, no. 5 (June 6, 2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-02-2015-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine common stereotypes regarding old-age workers and the effect of these stereotypes on organizational productivity, as well as to suggest practical solutions for accommodating old-age workers and increasing productivity in all employees. Design/methodology/approach – This three part paper will present a thorough review of relevant literature (1991-2014, with the exception of two studies from 1976) that were conducted on the topics of old-age stereotyping, the effect of old-age stereotyping on organizational productivity, and methods for adequately motivating and managing old-age workers. Studies concerning psychology theories are also examined in order to provide a framework for practical solutions, as well as demographic statistics on population age and employment trends. Findings – This paper identifies a number of old-age stereotypes that have decreased organizational productivity in empirical studies, including reluctance to change, decreased learning ability, intelligence and memory, poor health and accidents, higher organizational costs, decreased motivation, and low innovation and productivity. Findings also suggest that old-age workers can positively affect productivity, and that low productivity is often a result of stereotyping. Research limitations/implications – The prevalence of old-age stereotyping and its impact on organizational productivity may differ by culture, industry, type of employment, education level, and other factors, and thus further research may be necessary. The literature reviewed may not adequately represent worldwide organizational trends, as the literature is largely comprised of studies performed in North America and Europe. Practical implications – Solutions based on these findings are taken directly from the literature or derived from literature on psychology theories, which include self-determination theory, socioemotional selectivity theory, and selective optimization and compensation theory. The practical solutions proposed address work environment, motivation, rewards, flexibility, and the loss and gain of resources in old-age workers. Social implications – The proportion of old-age workers is increasing and it is therefore necessary to determine ways to adequately integrate old-age workers in the workforce. Furthermore, this can raise productivity in all employees. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates that old-age stereotyping is both prevalent and detrimental within an organizational context. These findings and solutions can potentially be used by organizations in order to increase individual and overall productivity.
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Appelbaum, Steven H., Richard Wenger, Carolina Pachon Buitrago, and Ravneet Kaur. "The effects of old-age stereotypes on organizational productivity (part one)." Industrial and Commercial Training 48, no. 4 (April 4, 2016): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-02-2015-0015.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine common stereotypes regarding old-age workers and the effect of these stereotypes on organizational productivity, as well as to suggest practical solutions for accommodating old-age workers and increasing productivity in all employees. Design/methodology/approach – This three part paper will present a thorough review of relevant literature (1991-2014, with the exception of two studies from 1976) that were conducted on the topics of old-age stereotyping, the effect of old-age stereotyping on organizational productivity, and methods for adequately motivating and managing old-age workers. Studies concerning psychology theories are also examined in order to provide a framework for practical solutions, as well as demographic statistics on population age and employment trends. Findings – This paper identifies a number of old-age stereotypes that have decreased organizational productivity in empirical studies, including reluctance to change, decreased learning ability, intelligence and memory, poor health and accidents, higher organizational costs, decreased motivation, and low innovation and productivity. Findings also suggest that old-age workers can positively affect productivity, and that low productivity is often a result of stereotyping. Research limitations/implications – The prevalence of old-age stereotyping and its impact on organizational productivity may differ by culture, industry, type of employment, education level, and other factors, and thus further research may be necessary. The literature reviewed may not adequately represent worldwide organizational trends, as the literature is largely comprised of studies performed in North America and Europe. Practical implications – Solutions based on these findings are taken directly from the literature or derived from literature on psychology theories, which include self-determination theory, socio-emotional selectivity theory, and selective optimization and compensation theory. The practical solutions proposed address work environment, motivation, rewards, flexibility, and the loss and gain of resources in old-age workers. Social implications – The proportion of old-age workers is increasing and it is therefore necessary to determine ways to adequately integrate old-age workers in the workforce. Furthermore, this can raise productivity in all employees. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates that old-age stereotyping is both prevalent and detrimental within an organizational context. These findings and solutions can potentially be used by organizations in order to increase individual and overall productivity.
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Appelbaum, Steven H., Richard Wenger, Carolina Pachon Buitrago, and Ravneet Kaur. "The effects of old-age stereotypes on organizational productivity (part three)." Industrial and Commercial Training 48, no. 6 (July 4, 2016): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-02-2015-0016.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine common stereotypes regarding old-age workers and the effect of these stereotypes on organizational productivity, as well as to suggest practical solutions for accommodating old-age workers and increasing productivity in all employees. Design/methodology/approach – This three part paper will present a thorough review of relevant literature (1991-2014, with the exception of two studies from 1976) that were conducted on the topics of old-age stereotyping, the effect of old-age stereotyping on organizational productivity, and methods for adequately motivating and managing old-age workers. Studies concerning psychology theories are also examined in order to provide a framework for practical solutions, as well as demographic statistics on population age and employment trends. Findings – This paper identifies a number of old-age stereotypes that have decreased organizational productivity in empirical studies, including reluctance to change, decreased learning ability, intelligence and memory, poor health and accidents, higher organizational costs, decreased motivation, and low innovation and productivity. Findings also suggest that old-age workers can positively affect productivity, and that low productivity is often a result of stereotyping. Research limitations/implications – The prevalence of old-age stereotyping and its impact on organizational productivity may differ by culture, industry, type of employment, education level, and other factors, and thus further research may be necessary. The literature reviewed may not adequately represent worldwide organizational trends, as the literature is largely comprised of studies performed in North America and Europe. Practical implications – Solutions based on these findings are taken directly from the literature or derived from literature on psychology theories, which include self-determination theory, socio-emotional selectivity theory, and selective optimization and compensation theory. The practical solutions proposed address work environment, motivation, rewards, flexibility, and the loss and gain of resources in old-age workers. Social implications – The proportion of old-age workers is increasing and it is therefore necessary to determine ways to adequately integrate old-age workers in the workforce. Furthermore, this can raise productivity in all employees. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates that old-age stereotyping is both prevalent and detrimental within an organizational context. These findings and solutions can potentially be used by organizations in order to increase individual and overall productivity.
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De Souza, Daniel, Mateus Alves Silva, and Adriano Beiras. "Violence in intimate relationship between women. Integrative literature review." Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology 55, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): e1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v55i2.1556.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is widely portrayed from a heterosexual point of view, and there are few representations of violence in homosexual intimacy. This article analyzes the literature on intimate partner violence in relationships between women who have sex with women. Methodologically, the study corresponds to an integrative literature review that analyzed 60 articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, available in the SCIELO databases; CAPES journals; Virtual Health Library; Redalyc and Dialnet, published between 2012-2019. The findings are analyzed descriptively using an instrument developed by the authors, called the review protocol. The results are presented into five categories that discuss cultural aspects related to IPV in this population. 1st) Gender; 2nd) Intergenerational violence; 3rd) Minority stress; 4th) Substance abuse and 5th) Barriers to coping with IPV, which show the intergenerational influence on intimate violence and that gender stereotypes make intimate violence between women invisible by making them think of themselves as non-aggressors at the same time. Women are crossed by intersectionalities that accentuate the stress experienced by being a sexual minority, and the barriers to coping with IPV involve the State's lack of preparation to deal with non-heterosexual IPV.
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Murstein, Bernard I. "On Exchange Theory, Androcentrism and Sex Stereotypy." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1151.
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Wood's article (1995) was evaluated for its comments on exchange theory and male-female differences in relationships. The author, in disagreement with Wood, believes that despite its androcentric origins, exchange theory, of itself, is not androcentric. Moreover, it is neither necessarily oriented toward personal gain nor lacking in process, as Wood claims. Last, the research literature does not warrant talking about men and women as having basically different ways of relating. A review of works by others and the author is marshalled in support of the author's claims.
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Merizzi, Alessandra. "Clinical supervision in older adult mental health services." Working with Older People 23, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-09-2019-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how supervision is applied in the context of National Health Service services for older adults, with particular regard to the profession of clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Design/methodology/approach The clinical supervision theories that are considered in this exploration are the Seven-Eyed Model (Hawkins and Shohet, 2012) and the Cyclical Model (Page and Wosket, 2015). The discussion also integrates an overview of psychological dynamics as presented by the existing literature with the author’s reflections on the influence of ageing stereotypes in the therapeutic work with older adults. Findings The theoretical models of clinical supervision considered can offer a robust framework and pathway for supervisory work in psychology and psychotherapy for older people. However, this alone seems insufficient and needs to be combined with the supervisor’s knowledge on psychology of ageing as well as their own self-reflection on internalised ageing stereotypes. Practical implications The paper suggests a need for health care professionals, providing clinical supervision on older adult therapeutic work, to be familiar with the aspects analysed. Originality/value Clinical supervision handbooks overlook aspects related to age as an issue of difference. This paper adds value to the clinical work with older people through a novel attempt to link implications of ageing stereotypes with the therapeutic and supervisory practice.
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Turner-Bowker, Diane M. "Gender stereotyped descriptors in children's picture books: Does ?curious Jane? exist in the literature?" Sex Roles 35, no. 7-8 (October 1996): 461–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01544132.
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Landy, Frank J. "Stereotypes, Bias, and Personnel Decisions: Strange and Stranger." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 4 (December 2008): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00071.x.
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Research on stereotyping as related to workplace evaluations and decisions has been going on for more than 30 years. Recently, implicit association theory has emerged as a less conscious manifestation of stereotyping mechanisms. In this article, I review the relevance of research on both stereotyping and one of the more popular tests of implicit associations, the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Claims have been made that both stereotyping research and, more recently, IAT research provide theoretical and empirical support for the argument that protected demographic groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women) are the victims of biased personnel decisions and evaluations. My review of the literature suggests that both stereotyping and IAT research study designs are sufficiently far removed from real work settings as to render them largely useless for drawing inferences about most, but not all, forms of employment discrimination.
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López Alvarado, Silvia Lucía, Hanna Van Parys, Elena Jerves, and Paul Enzlin. "Development of sexual assertiveness and its function for human sexuality: a literature review." Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology 54, no. 2 (September 10, 2020): e948. http://dx.doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v54i2.948.
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The aim of this paper was to present a literature review on sexual assertiveness (SA), on factors and life experiences that are associated with its development, and on its function in human sexuality. It was found that demographic variables (e.g., age, education, gender), sexual experiences (e.g., type of partnership, sexual victimization), psychosexual issues (e.g., sexual functioning, body self-esteem, emotion regulation, resourcefulness) and cultural factors (e.g., sexual scripts, gender stereotypes) might positively or negatively contribute to SA. Furthermore, the outcomes of SA for both individuals and intimate relationships are presented. Based on this review, it is concluded that although SA could be fostered by training programs, cultural factors still withhold many individuals from reaching a satisfactory level of SA. Finally, recommendations about how to further the study of SA are presented.
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Kalko, V. V., M. I. Kalko, and O. O. Selivanova. "Stereotyped Zoonyms in Rusin Phraseology." Rusin, no. 65 (2021): 250–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/65/14.
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The article regards stereotypes for presenting zoonyms in Rusin phraseology in the psycho-cognitive aspect of ethnic mentality. The zoonymic metaphors are considered to be double-natured: originally, the animal character epitomizes human features, and then, the human is seen through animalist characteristics. The ability to metaphorically nominate a human in the phraseological world concept is mostly revealed in the names of domestic animals. Stereotyped zoonyms in Rusin phraseology are based on the anthropomorphic analogy: zoonyms are used to analyze a person’s psycho-emotional and physiological states and characteristics. Zoonyms are quite frequent in paradoxes in which folk humor can be easily traced: there they creatively trigger the instances of irony as a basis for generating some witticisms. Zoomorphic metaphors are semantically dominated by lowered emotive estimating features being the most powerful expressive means to lower the addressee’s status. Negatively charged zoomorphic nomination is mainly connected with features of character, behavior, intellect, physique, social status, and psychology, which compare a person with a beast. Zoonyms are used to denote the relations of space, time, measure, and quantity. Stereotypically related phraseology units with zoonym components had been shaped in the Rusin culture through naïve beliefs, traditions and myths. As evaluating stereotypes, zoonyms are found in curses or biddings of grief, jokingly uttered. Presented in linguistically arranged texts, zoonymic stereotypes appear to reveal strong connections between language, culture and ethnic entity, as well as main features of Rusin mentality.
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Adaskina, A. A. "The study of the phenomenon of math anxiety in foreign psychology." Современная зарубежная психология 8, no. 1 (2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2019080103.
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The article presents an overview of foreign studies on the phenomenon of mathematical anxiety. Unlike Russian psychology, where more general concepts are considered: school anxiety, learning anxiety, exam anxiety, foreign psychologists have developed a narrow concept of “mathematical anxiety” (math anxiety) since 1960s. The article discusses the content of this concept, the main directions of the research. This analysis of the academic literature reveals the main reasons for increasing the math anxiety of students: approaches to teaching mathematics, social attitudes and stereotypes, low socioeconomic status of the family. The data show a decrease in operative memory which results in declining effectiveness of performance tasks in teaching mathematics to students with high mathematical anxiety. The article also discusses practical recommendations for reducing math anxiety while teaching mathematical disciplines to schoolchildren and students which include both pedagogical techniques and special psychological techniques and trainings
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Melo, Cláudia, Luís Ruano, Joana Jorge, Tiago Pinto Ribeiro, Guiomar Oliveira, Luís Azevedo, and Teresa Temudo. "Prevalence and determinants of motor stereotypies in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Autism 24, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 569–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319869118.
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Stereotypies are frequently reported in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but remain one of the less explained phenomena. We aimed to describe, through a systematic review and a meta-analysis, the prevalence of motor stereotypies in ASD and study the factors that influence this prevalence. Our literature search included MEDLINE, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Quality and risk of bias were assessed. Thirty-seven studies were included and the median prevalence of motor stereotypies in ASD was 51.8%, ranging from 21.9% to 97.5%. The most frequent determinants associated with a higher number of stereotypies in ASD were a younger age, lower intelligence quotient, and a greater severity of ASD. Moreover, gender did not seem to influence the prevalence of stereotypies. Meta-analytic analysis showed that lower IQ and autism diagnosis (independent of IQ) are associated with a higher prevalence of motor stereotypies (odds ratio = 2.5 and 4.7, respectively). Limitations of the reviewed literature include the use of convenience samples, with small sizes and heterogeneous inclusion criteria, and the predominance of high-functioning autism individuals.
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Oeberst, Aileen, and Susanne Haberstroh. "Do We Relatively or Absolutely Overestimate Rare Events?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 73, no. 4 (January 2014): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000138.
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How good are we at estimating the frequency of rare events? Previous evidence has been mixed: While some studies report well-calibrated frequency judgments, others found rare events to be overestimated. We examined whether the distinctiveness of a rare event fosters overestimation. Distinctiveness may result from exceptional valence, statistical infrequency, or the joint occurrence of two distinct features. Such paired distinctiveness has been found to be particularly salient. We conducted two experiments to investigate the impact of paired distinctiveness and valence on frequency estimations of rare events by combining two paradigms from the decision-making literature and the social psychology literature on stereotypes. The results indicate that rarity alone does not necessarily result in overestimation; rather, the combination of statistical infrequency and small sample sizes (i.e., paired distinctiveness) led participants to overestimate the frequency of a rare event. We were able to rule out alternative explanations such as regression to the mean, but the exact role of outcome valence needs further investigation.
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Craiut, Miruna-Valeria, and Ioana Raluca Iancu. "Is technology gender neutral? A systematic literature review on gender stereotypes attached to artificial intelligence." Human Technology 18, no. 3 (December 28, 2022): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2022.18-3.6.
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Artificial Intelligence implies computer systems capable of mimicking human-like intelligence and competencies. In the nowadays society it is an exciting topic, thus, technology’s gender features and roles are of great interest as well. As the literature is still scarce and inconsistent, the present paper aims to develop a systematic literature review on gender stereotypes attached to technology (virtual assistants and robots). The main goals are to emphasize the labels given to technology from a gender perspective, the perceived competencies of the gendered technology, the most relevant variables responsible for the way gender issues are perceived in connection with technology, and the proposed solutions for diminishing the technology gender stereotypes. Forty-five scientific papers have been selected and analyzed. Findings suggest that the most intelligent technologies are designed as females, male-gendered technology performs better in task-solving, and users’ age and technology’s visual representation are important variables in perception.
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Kehl, D. G. "The Distaff and the Staff: Stereotypes and Archetypes of the Older Woman in Representative Modern Literature." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 26, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/f7ky-r6gk-ye7l-pbcd.
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Belles-lettres, dealing with what it means to be human, serve to expose stereotypes, strip them away, and reveal the truth behind the misconceptions, often in terms of archetypes. An all-too-common subject of stereotyping is the aging of women. Much modern fiction and poetry cogently exposes such demeaning stereotypes. References to twenty-five representative poems and nine works of fiction by thirty-five modern authors (American, British, Australian, French) demonstrate that the elderly woman often survives with dignity, even nobility, in a society often insensitive to her plight, that she often ages with grace, retaining her independence, fortitude, and passion for life.
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N, Kayathri. "Rereading of Aaravalli Sooravalli Songs." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-16 (December 12, 2022): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1629.
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Folk literature has many different genres. They are folktales, myths, worships, beliefs, rituals, proverbs, idioms and performing arts. They found that the ideas in the songs and stories presented in the folk literature are aimed at reconstructing the history and so they theorized them. The history of Folk literature helps to reconstruct the history of the grassroot people and to advance identity politics. Narrative songs also have such characteristics but mythological narratives can have an impact on social psychology. Various stories based on the Mahabharata are found in Tamil. They are Archuna's penance, Karnamagarajan's story, Pavalakodi's story, Alli Arasani's garland, Draupadi's story. A story related to this is called Aaravalli Sooravalli songs. In this story seven sisters like Aaravalli Sooravalli created a kingdom for themselves and ruled it. One who oppose their kingdom are enslaved with their magical tricks. Unable to defeat them, Kannan, who helps the Pandavas in the Mahabharata, decides to fight against them to quell the seven sister’s arrogance and the arrogance of Veeman, who says that there is no one to defeat him. Inorder to avoid the war Dharma says that beeman is going to defeat everyone. Here women are portrayed as arrogant and invincible. These types of portrayals appear to evoke male self-reliance in social psychology. This article highlights the stereotypes that make women feel oppressed.
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Margolin, Bruria. "Language and Identity: a Rhetorical Analysis of Palestinian-Israeli Writers’ Language." Psychology of Language and Communication 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10057-012-0018-4.
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Abstract Palestinian-Israeli literature is the literature of a minority that is in a state of political and cultural conflict with the Jewish majority. Thus, Palestinian literature has no clear-cut definition in Israel and is not considered part of the canon of Hebrew literature. To be considered legitimate by the Jewish majority, Palestinian-Israeli writers must disguise their political and cultural conflict with the majority culture and refrain from creating literature that is stereotyped or socially engaged. This article examines the rhetorical devices Palestinian-Israeli writers use to convey their emotions and attitudes toward the Jewish majority without expressing these overtly.
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Williams, Monnica T. "Psychology Cannot Afford to Ignore the Many Harms Caused by Microaggressions." Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619893362.
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In an ongoing debate, Scott Lilienfeld (2019) continues to question the merits and meaning of microaggressions research. Key issues include how to define microaggressions, whether microaggressions cause measurable harm, whether microaggression education is helpful, and defining the most important next steps in the microaggressions research agenda. I discuss the importance of understanding microaggressions in context and as they relate to pathological stereotypes about groups, given that this is critical to identifying them. I summarize some of the many longitudinal studies linking psychological and medical problems to experiences of everyday discrimination. In addition, the literature indicates that victims of microaggressions experience further harms when trying to respond to offenders, but there is little research to support any specific interventions, including those advanced by Lilienfeld. I discuss the importance of believing and supporting those reporting experiences of microaggressions. I conclude that there is a need for more research examining (a) how to reduce the commission of microaggressions, (b) how to best respond to offenders in the moment in a way that mitigates harm for all persons involved, and (c) how clinicians can best help those who are suffering as a result of microaggressions as the next frontier in this important work.
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Soroka, Ewelina, and Marian Zdzisław Stepulak. "Psychiatric, psychological and ethical determinants of the phenomenon of self-stigmatization of mental illness – literature review." Current Problems of Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2020-0006.
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AbstractIntroduction: In psychiatry and psychology stigmatization consists in labelling a person suffering from a disorder with the stigma of mental illness, associated with numerous negative stereotypes that are established in both individual and social mentality.Objective: The aim of the present article is to present the phenomenon of self-stigma from the perspective of psychiatric patients, including patients suffering from schizophrenia, to scientific consideration.The state of knowledge: The available data on this subject suggests that schizophrenia is particularly stigmatized, and the degree of stigmatization of patients with this diagnosis is worsening. Self-stigma plays a significant role in various areas of patients’ lives, sometimes discouraging them to continue therapy. Psychiatric patients have to face not only the symptoms of their disorders, but also stigmatization. In the event patient’s self-stigmatization of mental illness occurs, a responsible psychiatrist and psychologist conducting the therapy has the moral obligation to supervise the process of psychiatric and psychological assistance in the context of the aforelisted issues.Conclusions: The problem of self-stigmatization of a psychiatric patients is a topical issue that is well worth further exploration in order to better understand and help patients more effectively.
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Trimble, Joseph E. "The Virtues of Cultural Resonance, Competence, and Relational Collaboration With Native American Indian Communities: A Synthesis of the Counseling and Psychotherapy Literature." Counseling Psychologist 38, no. 2 (November 18, 2009): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000009344348.
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The article extends the scholarship, observations, and recommendations provided in Joseph Gone’s article, “Psychotherapy and Traditional Healing for American Indians: Prospects for Therapeutic Integration” (2010 [this issue]). The overarching thesis is that for many Indian and Native clients, interpersonal and interethnic problems can emerge when a counselor’s lack of culturally resonant experience and knowledge, deeply held stereotypes, and preconceived notions interfere with the counseling relationship and impede counseling effectiveness. A brief synthesis of the counseling literature themes suggests that there is ample evidence that by using particular culturally resonant techniques, counselors can promote client trust, rapport, and cultural empathy and improve the counselor—client relationship, both in general and with American Indian and Alaska Native clients specifically. Topics consistent with Joseph Gone’s main thesis also are explored that relate to spiritual healing and other counseling considerations involving relational collaborations with Indian and Native communities. Information provided in this article is focused on helping to stimulate effective cross-cultural contacts between mental health counselors and Native American Indians.