Academic literature on the topic 'Stereotype theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stereotype theory"
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Arifatin, Fais Wahidatul. "Gender Stereotype in Joyce Lebra’s The Scent of Sake." NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 1, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/notion.v1i2.976.
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Gender stereotype should be understood as negative beliefs shared by a particular group due to over-simplification and generalization. In this study, gender stereotype is used to mean negative beliefs toward women, which is based on their sexual or gender identity instead of their personal quality and individual competence. The writer try to show that in The Scent of Sake by Joyce Lebra is considered as a novel depicting the issue of gender stereotype in Japanese family culture, especially in managing the sake business which is represented trough Rie as the main character. Hence, in this study try to answer What are gender stereotypes experienced by Rie as reflected in Joyce Lebra’s The Scent of Sake and how does Rie struggle against gender stereotype as reflected in the novel. The research design used by the writer is literary criticism; it is liberal feminism especially the theory of Mary Wollstonecraft. The results of the study show that women as represented by Rie, is stereotyped in the family’s sake business through many negative stigmas. Such stereotypes have given negative influences toward Rie in terms of marginalization in management, in educational access and women’s lack of decision making in marriage. To reduce the effects, Rie struggles against gender stereotype by performing the stereotypes. Through considerable struggles, Rie has proven that women should not be viewed as inferior to men. Rie has tried very hard to play an active role as a subject in her own family’s business of sake production.
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Smith, Daniel M., and Sarah E. Martiny. "Stereotype Threat in Sport: Recommendations for Applied Practice and Research." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0134.
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Stereotype-threat theory holds that activation of a negative stereotype has a harmful effect on performance in cognitive and motor domains. This paper provides a literature review of stereotype-threat research in the motor domain followed by recommendations for sport psychology practitioners. The review discusses the most widespread stereotypes that exist in sport, the effects of stereotype activation on performance in different sports, and mechanisms that explain why stereotype threat decreases performance. Recommendations for practitioners include individual- and organizational-level approaches, with the former subdivided into interventions aimed at prevention or coping.
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Sanchez, Diana T., Kimberly E. Chaney, Sara K. Manuel, and Jessica D. Remedios. "Theory of Prejudice and American Identity Threat Transfer for Latino and Asian Americans." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218759288.
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Latinos and Asian Americans confront similar stereotypes as they are often presumed to be foreigners and subjected to American identity denial. Across six studies (total N = 992), we demonstrate that Latinos and Asians anticipate ingroup prejudice and specific types of subordination (e.g., American identity threat) in the face of outgroup threats that target one another (i.e., stigma transfer). The studies explore whether stigma transfer occurred primarily when shared Latino and Asian stereotype content was a salient component of the prejudice remark (e.g., foreigner stereotypes; Study 3), or when outgroup prejudice targeted a social group with shared stereotype content (Study 4), though neither appeared to substantively moderate stigma transfer. Minority group members who conceptualize prejudiced people as holding multiple biases (i.e., a monolithic prejudice theory) were more susceptible to stigma transfer suggesting that stereotype content is not necessary for stigma transfer because people assume that prejudice is not singular.
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Alexander, Michele G., Marilynn B. Brewer, and Robert W. Livingston. "Putting Stereotype Content in Context: Image Theory and Interethnic Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 6 (June 2005): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271550.
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Leach, Colin Wayne, Luciana Carraro, Randi L. Garcia, and Jessica J. Kang. "Morality stereotyping as a basis of women’s in-group favoritism: An implicit approach." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215603462.
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Four studies used three different implicit methods (the BriefIAT, Affect Misattribution Procedure, and Lexical Decision Task) to measure women’s gender stereotypes of violence, strength, competence, trustworthiness, and sociability. Analyses of response latencies in Study 1 ( N = 100) showed that these stereotypes were based more in in-group favoritism than out-group derogation. Consistent with recent evidence that morality is central to the positive evaluation of in-groups, it was the implicit stereotype of women as more trustworthy that best predicted their implicit in-group favoritism across studies, r(249) = .27. Only by examining such specific stereotype content could we assess the moral stereotype of trustworthiness as distinctly tied to in-group favoritism. Alternative analyses of the two global dimensions of group evaluation (i.e., agency/competence and communion/warmth) obscured differences between the more specific stereotypes. Implications for theory and research on stereotype content, as well as the group favoritism of disadvantaged groups, are discussed.
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Massey, Douglas S., and Mary J. Fischer. "STEREOTYPE THREAT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: New Findings from a Racially Diverse Sample of College Freshmen." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x05050058.
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The theory of stereotype threat was developed to account for persistent minority underachievement in American colleges and universities. It hypothesizes that members of minority groups underperform academically because of unconscious fears of living up to negative group stereotypes. While evidence pertaining to stereotype threat has been positive, it mostly comes from small experimental studies of selected undergraduate subjects at a few universities. In this paper we test the theory of stereotype threat on a large, representative population of college and university students. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, which surveyed nearly 4,000 students at twenty-eight academic institutions, we construct scales to measure stereotype threat and use them to predict grades. We uncover a clear process of disidentification in response to minority stereotyping and show how it, along with other theoretically specified mechanisms, undermines the grade performance of minorities.
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Wu, Sherry Jueyu, Xuechunzi Bai, and Susan T. Fiske. "Admired Rich or Resented Rich? How Two Cultures Vary in Envy." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 7 (May 21, 2018): 1114–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118774943.
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Rich people inhabit a distinct social category that may elicit universal images or perhaps different perceptions in different cultures. Whereas inequality research has mostly focused on lower socioeconomic classes, the current research investigates cultural variations of prejudices about rich groups, toward understanding societal dynamics. Three studies investigate stereotype content and evaluations of rich people in China and the United States, cultures that might be expected to differ. Consistent with U.S. data from the stereotype content model, Study 1 demonstrates mainland Chinese likewise view the rich in general ambivalently as competent but cold. Examining a more specific level, Study 2 identifies both distinctive and overlapping rich subgroups across the two cultures, but both reporting mixed stereotype content. Study 3 tests whether clearer cultural contrasts might occur in implicit (vs. explicit) stereotypes toward rich people: Both U.S. and Chinese respondents, however, expressed positive implicit stereotypes toward the rich compared with middle class, in contrast with their self-reported explicitly ambivalent (or, rarely, negative) wealth stereotypes. This research is the first to examine stereotype content about rich people on the subgroup level, and both implicit and explicit levels, offering theory-based social structure predictors of this culturally shared but somewhat variable stereotype content.
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Vitytė, Birutė. "Stereotyping of Digital Games." Pedagogika 136, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2019.136.11.
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The article analyses the stereotyping characteristics of digital games. It presents research data obtained by the classical Glaser’s strategy version of the Grounded Theory. The results of the research demonstrate that digital games are not often perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon but, instead, they are understood through one or several properties of the game, i.e. through stereotyping.The following dominant stereotypes applicable to digital games (Digital games are addictive; They reduce children’s creativity and skills; Girls do not play. Games are not a feminine thing; Digital games are no art; They promote aggressive behaviour; A game is a game. Science is science; When playing, people do not think; The goal is to make people addicted to the product) are analysed in terms of stereotype forming characteristics associated with digital games, in terms of stereotype formation stages, and in terms of maintaining, changing and denying stereotypes.Feelings, emotions, initial experience influencing any new experiences, and social context are important factors of the stereotype formation process related to digital games. Stereotype formation stages described by other researchers are also characteristic of the stereotypes applicable to digital games. The stereotypes of digital games are maintained through: illusory correlation and assimilation, attributional and automatic processes and, also, by the fact that they often are self-fulfilling prophecies. The existing stereotypes on digital games are resistant but they can still be changed. The researchers have distinguished between the following stereotype change models: bookkeeping, conversion, subtyping, and exemplar-based model, which can also be seen in the stereotype change mechanisms related to digital games.
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Munroe, Wade. "Testimonial injustice and prescriptive credibility deficits." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 46, no. 6 (December 2016): 924–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2016.1206791.
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AbstractIn light of recent social psychological literature, I expand Miranda Fricker’s important notion of testimonial injustice. A fair portion of Fricker’s account rests on an older paradigm of stereotype and prejudice. Given recent empirical work, I argue for what I dub prescriptive credibility deficits in which a backlash effect leads to the assignment of a diminished level of credibility to persons who act in counter-stereotypic manners, thereby flouting prescriptive stereotypes. The notion of a prescriptive credibility deficit is not merely an interesting conceptual addendum that can be appended to Fricker’s theory without need for further emendation. I develop the wider implications of prescriptive credibility deficits and argue that they pose a challenge to Fricker’s conception of (1) the function of credibility assignments in conversational exchange and (2) how a virtuous listener should respond to the potential threat of a prejudicial stereotype affecting her credibility assignments.
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Benincasa, Luciana. "Generalizations, overgeneralizations and intercultural communication: The stereotype of the Greek nation at commemorative ceremonies in schools." Preschool and Primary Education 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ppej.14896.
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This paper has a double aim: (a) to approach a stereotype of the nation as overgeneralization and obstacle to intercultural communication and (b) to suggest ways to start to “escape” from stereotypical thinking. The first aim is pursued through a comparison between two conceptualizations of the level of “programming” of the human mind: (a) Hofstede’s model of the “software” of the human mind and (b) a stereotype of the Greek nation widely used in schools, as it is presented in the literature. Both constitute theories of the patterns of thinking, feeling and potential acting among the members of nation. The first (scientific) theory is explicitly articulated on three levels: individual, group and human nature. The stereotype of the nation may be viewed as a folk theory. Meant to serve the management of everyday life, it does not have to be explicitly formulated or satisfy the requirements of a scientific theory. The school stereotype was subject to thematic analysis. The comparison suggests that this national stereotype tends to abolish the lines that, In Hofstede’s schema, keep the levels of mental programming clearly separate. As a result, the stereotype constitutes an overgeneralization. As such, it is viewed as an obstacle to successful intercultural communication. Thus, I argue for the need of critical self-examination as the means of acquiring awareness of our stereotypes. To this purpose, a few “techniques” and a brief overview of relevant literature.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stereotype theory"
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Briesacher, Alex Barton. "Integrating Stereotype Threat into Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1415367303.
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Liekweg, Joseph R. "An Analysis of Competing Stereotype Threat Theories." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/787.
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This paper investigates the literature on stereotype threat theory. Looking for an explanation for achievement gaps in standardized testing and mathematics, Claude Steele and Elliot Aronson conducted a study in 1995 which introduced the term “stereotype threat” to the psychological community. It was hypothesized by Steele and Aronson that stereotype threat is cause by the anxiety that results from a fear of conforming to a negative stereotype that directly affects an individual in a domain with which they identify. Stereotype threat can have extremely detrimental effects on individuals. Since the original study in 1995, numerous studies have been conducted to further address gender and racial achievement gaps. Some of the studies have yielded results in support of Steele’s theory, and some have called into questions certain aspects of Steele’s theory. This paper specifically analyses Steele’s theory and its ability to stand up against specific criticisms.
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Wright, Seth. "Competence, Warmth, And Expectations: An Integration Of Status Characteristics Theory And The Stereotype Content Model." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556454.
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Over the last fifty years, researchers in Status Characteristics Theory (SCT) have conclusively demonstrated that within task groups, status differences between members influence the emergence of a power and prestige hierarchy within the group. According to the theory, this is accomplished through the activation of stereotypical expectations of group members' abilities. However, relatively little research has directly examined the cognitive process associated with expectation formation. During this same period, scholars within diverse subfields of psychology have suggested that there are two fundamental dimensions along which social judgments are made. These two dimensions have been referred to by various names, including instrumentality and expressivity, agency and communality, and competence and warmth. The most recent exploration of this idea can be found in the field of cognitive science as part of the Stereotype Content Model (SCM). The purpose of the current research is to integrate the basic propositions of SCT with the cognitive process outlined in SCM. In doing so, I hope to situate SCT within an expansive body of existing research, while suggesting a number of potentially useful directions for future research in SCT.
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Young, Kelcei. "And the Stereotype Award Goes to...: A Comparative Analysis of Directors using African American Stereotypes in Film." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609173/.
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This study examines African American stereotypes in film. I studied six directors, Kathryn Bigelow, Spike Lee, the Russo Brothers, Ryan Coogler, Tate Taylor, and Dee Rees; and six films Detroit, BlacKkKlansman, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, The Help, and Mudbound. Using the framework of critical race theory and auteur theory, I compared the common themes between the films and directors. The main purpose of my study is to see if White or Black directors predominantly used African American stereotypes. I found that both races of directors rely on stereotypes for different purposes. With Black directors, the stereotype was explained further through character development, while the White directors used the stereotype at face value with no further explanation.
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Nadler, Dustin Ryan. "AUTONOMY SUPPORT: MODERATING STEREOTYPE THREAT IN AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/757.
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This study examined the role of autonomy support (AS) in the relationship between stereotype threat (ST) and performance on a subset of the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) using a 2 x 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that: 1. There would be significantly fewer correct answers in ST conditions compared to non-ST conditions, 2. There would be a significantly higher number of correct answers in AS conditions compared to non-AS conditions, 3.The relationship between ST conditions and performance would be moderated by AS conditions 206 African American college students from a mid-sized Midwestern university participated in the study. Performance, measured by the overall number of correct items answered from a set of 14 problems from the RSPM and also difficult and easy subsets of these problems, was the dependent variable and participants also completed a survey. Participants in ST conditions performed better than those in non-ST conditions. There was no difference in performance for participants in AS and non-AS conditions. High academic identified participants in AS conditions performed significantly better than similar participants in non-AS conditions on all items. Low academic identified participants in ST conditions performed better than those in non-ST conditions, only on easy items. These results provide information on the role of AS and item difficulty in stereotype threat situations.
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Shaw, Kevin. "“You play like a girl” : An investigation of the gender-typing of Esports as well as the effect of gender stereotypes on player performances." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för rörelse, kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6804.
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Purpose and research questions: The purpose of this study has been to critically examine Esports through a gender perspective. The study therefore investigated the gender-typing of Esports and if these stereotypes affect players’ performance. The research questions were: Do players gender-type Esports to be a neutral, feminine, or masculine sport? Do gender stereotypes in Esports affect female players’ performance? Do gender stereotypes in Esports affect male players’ performance? Method: A quantitative research design was used, and two different surveys were sent out to respondents. Both surveys contained the exact same information and questions on the first page. These were aimed at answering questions regarding gender-typing (i.e. if the respondents perceived Esports to be a neutral, feminine or masculine activity and how appropriate they perceived Esports to be for women respectively men). The survey’s second page had identical questions on both surveys, however the respondents got to see different texts of information (stereotypes) depending on which survey they participated in. The first survey (Group 1) included two different conditions groups (women = stereotype threat; men = stereotype lift) and primed the respondents with the stereotype that “women are inferior to men in Esports”. The second survey (Group 2) also included two different condition groups (men = stereotype threat; women = stereotype boost) and primed the respondents with the alternative stereotype manipulation that “women are equally as good as men in Esports”. After participating in the surveys, the respondents played three games of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive that were then analyzed against the respondents’ three most recent matches before partaking in the study. As such, the players’ performance could be evaluated and a result could be determined (i.e. either an improvement or impairment in performance). A control group (Group 3) that did not partake in the surveys was used as a reference group and to evaluate the participants’ performances. As a total, 290 persons participated in the study, of which 50 were women and 240 men. Results: The results showed that the players perceived Esports to be more of a masculine sport. For the stereotype effects on players’ performance, an ANOVA of the results showed that stereotype threat had a statistically significant effect on female players’ performance (p = .008), whereas stereotype boost did not. For the men, the results showed that neither stereotype threat nor lift had any statistically significant effect on male players’ performance. Conclusion: The findings suggest that players gender-type different aspects of Esports in different ways. The participants perceived Esports to be more of a masculine activity but on the other hand to be almost equally as appropriate for women and men. As a whole, the respondents perceived Esports to be more of a masculine sport than neutral or feminine. The findings from this study also suggest that women in Esports are more affected by gender stereotypes than men are, and that negative gender stereotypes about women’s ability may impair female players’ performance. Finally, the findings suggest that the awareness as well as the occurrence of gender stereotypes in Esports are widespread among players. However, players in Esports consider themselves to not fully endorse these stereotypes but believe that other players do, especially the negative stereotypes about women’s ability in Esports. This finding generates an interesting area for further research and investigation.Syfte och frågeställning: Syftet med denna studie har varit att kritiskt granska Esport ur ett genusperspektiv. Studien undersökte därmed könsstereotypningen (”gender-typing”) av Esport samt huruvida dessa stereotyper påverkar spelares prestationer. Frågeställningarna var: Könsstereotypar spelare Esport som en neutral, feminin eller maskulin sport? Påverkar könsstereotyper inom Esport kvinnliga spelares prestationer? Påverkar könsstereotyper inom Esport manliga spelares prestationer? Metod: En kvantitativ forskningsdesign användes, och två olika enkäter skickades ut till respondenter. Båda enkäterna innehöll exakt samma information och frågor på den första sidan. Dessa var ämnade att besvara frågor kring könsstereotypning (dvs. om respondenten ansåg Esport var en neutral, feminin eller maskulin aktivitet samt hur lämpligt de ansåg Esport vara för kvinnor respektive män). Enkätens andra sida hade identiska frågor på båda enkäterna men respondenterna fick ta del av olika texter av information (stereotyper) beroende på vilken enkät de deltog i. Den första enkäten (Grupp 1) inkluderade två olika tillståndsgrupper (kvinnor = stereotype threat; män = stereotype lift) och grundade respondenterna med stereotypen att ”kvinnor är sämre än män inom Esport”. Den andra enkäten (Grupp 2) inkluderade även den två olika tillståndsgrupper (män = stereotype threat; kvinnor = stereotype boost) och grundade respondenterna med den alternativa manipulationen av stereotypen att ”kvinnor är lika bra som män inom Esport”. Efter att ha deltagit i enkäterna spelade respondenterna tre matcher av Counter-Strike: Global Offensive som sedan analyserades mot respondenternas tre senaste matcher innan de deltog i studien. Som sådant, kunde spelarnas prestationer utvärderas och ett resultat kunde fastställas (dvs. antingen en förbättring eller en försämring i prestation). En kontrollgrupp (Grupp 3) som inte deltog i enkäterna användes som referensgrupp och för att utvärdera deltagarnas prestationer. Totalt deltog 290 personer i studien varav 50 var kvinnor och 240 män. Resultat: Resultatet visade att spelarna uppfattade Esport som mer av en maskulin sport. Angående stereotypeffekterna på spelarnas prestationer visade en ANOVA av resultaten att stereotype threat hade en statistisk signifikant effekt på kvinnliga spelares prestationer (p = .008), medan stereotype boost inte hade det. För männen så visade resultaten att varken stereotype threat eller lift hade någon statistisk signifikant effekt på manliga spelares prestationer. Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att spelare könsstereotypar olika aspekter av Esport på olika sätt. Deltagarna uppfattade Esport som mer av en maskulin aktivitet men å andra sidan som lika lämpligt för kvinnor och män. Som helhet uppfattade respondenterna Esport som mer av en maskulin sport än neutral eller feminin. Resultatenfrån denna studie tyder även på att kvinnor inom Esport påverkas mer av könsstereotyper än män och att negativa könsstereotyper om kvinnors förmåga kan försämra kvinnliga spelares prestationer. Slutligen, resultaten tyder på att medvetenheten samt förekomsten av könsstereotyper inom Esport är utbredd bland spelarna.Spelarna inom Esport anser dock inte att de själva stödjer dessa stereotyper fullt ut men tror att andra spelare gör det, särskilt de negative stereotyperna om kvinnors förmågor inom Esport. Detta resultat genererar ett intressant område för vidare forskning och undersökningar.
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Rodman, Chloe. "Americans’ Perceptions of Chinese Cultural Status and Morality: An Extension of the Stereotype Content Model." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1948.
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This study experimentally examines how Americans’ structural perceptions of people from China predict stereotypes and emotions toward them using the theoretical perspective of the Extended SCM. We first ran a pilot study to ensure that our manipulations of the structural perceptions of Chinese power, goal compatibility, and cultural status were effective. We then conducted a between-participants experiment in which 105 students from a small liberal arts college read pseudo-news article excerpts. These articles were used to manipulate the structural perceptions of Chinese power and Chinese cultural status while emphasizing a competitive relationship between the United States and China throughout all experimental conditions. We assessed the causal relationships between outgroup cultural status, the stereotype of morality, and the intergroup emotion of contempt, as well as the causal relationships between outgroup power, the stereotype of competence, and contempt. Through ANOVA and regression analyses, we found no significant effect of cultural status on morality or contempt and no significant effect of power on competence or contempt. We expect that the low mean level and variability of contempt expressed by participants (M = 1.31, SD = .55) limited the results of this experiment. Future studies should make structural perception stimuli more influential on participants by using well-known authority figures to present structural information of outgroups. Also, researchers should measure contempt using less intense emotions, such as disdain and disrespect, which may limit social desirability and positivity biases in self-report surveys.
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Gregory, Stacie LeSure. "African American Female Engineering Students' Persistence in Stereotype-threatening Environments: A Critical Race Theory Perspective." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4260.
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Due to the social context of engineering classrooms, stereotype threat (STT) may play an essential role in the dearth of African American females in engineering. Empirical studies have confirmed the deleterious effects STT has on students' performance. However, acceptance of STT as more than a laboratory phenomenon necessitates an in-depth understanding of how stigmatized groups experience being socially devalued and negatively stereotyped. In this qualitative investigation, Intersectionality and the Critical Race Theory tenet of counter-storytelling were applied to capture the voices of 10 African American women to comprehend how they resisted or overcame STT and persisted in engineering degree programs. Data were triangulated from two different semi-structured interviews and reading reactions submitted by each participant. Findings reveal four characteristic themes shared by the participants: (a)Proof Stereotype Threat Exists; (b) Primary Contributors of Stereotype Threat; (c) Secondary Factors; and (d) Tools for Persisting. Based on participants’ narratives, 6 recommendations are offered to assist African American female students combat STT and persist in engineering.
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Bakker, Andrea I. "Aiming for Success or Bracing for a Failure? The Influence of Stereotype Threat on Women's Math Achievement Goals." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1176899976.
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Ekelund, Botilda, and Erica Stepien. "Revisorn - en medveten social konstruktion? : En studie om hur revisorer aktivt arbetar för attpåverka den stereotypa bild som finns av dem." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129591.
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Introduktion Tidigare forskning kan identifiera en tydlig revisorsstereotyp.Trots att revisorer i viss mån har arbetat för att motarbetastereotypen, kvarstår samma stereotyp idag som för 40 årsedan. Skiljer sig omgivningens stereotyp från hur revisornuppfattar sig själv, föreligger ett förväntningsgap. Brist påforskning kring hur revisorerna upplever stereotypen och hurde bemöter den, motiverar vår studie. Syfte Studien syftar till att utforska hur revisorer uppfattar denstereotypa bilden om revisorer samt hur och varför de arbetarför att påverka omgivningens föreställningar om revisorer. Metod Denna kvalitativa studie har genomförts genom tolvsemistrukturerade intervjuer. Samtliga respondenter ärrevisionsmedarbetare med olika befattningar och arbetar pånågon av de fyra världsledande revisionsbyråerna. Slutsatser Vi kommer fram till att revisorer uppfattar stereotypen omrevisorer som i huvudsak negativ och icke överensstämmandemed revisorns egen bild av sig själv. Vi har identifierat ett nyttförväntningsgap – skillnader i förväntningar om hur en revisorär. Revisorer arbetar aktivt för att motarbeta stereotypeneftersom det medför fördelar för dem i yrkeslivet. Trotsmotarbetandet kvarstår stereotypen och därmedförväntningsgapet. I viss mån sker dessutom ett omedvetetagerande som tyder på att stereotypen förstärks eller ignoreras.Introduction Previous research identifies an evident auditor stereotype.Although auditors to some extent have attempted to change thestereotype, the stereotype as it appeared 40 years ago stillremains. Differences between the stereotype and the auditors’perceptions of themselves causes an expectation gap. The lackof research regarding how auditors perceive the stereotype aswell as how they treat it, motivates our study. Purpose The purpose is to examine how auditors perceive the stereotypeof auditors as well as how and why they are working to changethe surroundings perceptions of auditors. Method This qualitative study is based on twelve semi-structuredinterviews. All respondents are audit staff with differentpositions that work in one of the Big 4 accounting firms. Conclusions We conclude that auditors mainly perceive the stereotype ofauditors negative and not consistent with their own images ofthemselves. We have identified a new expectation gap –differences in expectations about the auditor’s traits. Auditorsare working actively to counter the stereotype as it entailsbenefits to them in their professional life. To some extent,auditors are also unconsciously acting in a way that suggeststhat the stereotype is reinforced or ignored.
Books on the topic "Stereotype theory"
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Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application. New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Film and stereotype: A challenge for cinema and theory. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
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Constructing co-cultural theory: An explication of culture, power, and communication. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1998.
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Leyens, Jacques Philippe. Stereotypes and social cognition. London: Sage Publications, 1994.
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Die verordnete Kultur: Stereotypien der australischen Literaturkritik. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1990.
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Stubbs, Margaret L. Sex education and sex stereotypes: Theory and practice. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, Center for Research on Women, 1989.
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Stubbs, Margaret L. Sex education and sex stereotypes: Theory and practice. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, Center for Research on Women, 1989.
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J, Doka Kenneth, ed. Men don't cry-- women do: Transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Philadelphia, Penn: Brunner/Mazel, 2000.
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Hallam, Julia. Nursing the image: Media, culture, and professional identity. London: Routledge, 2000.
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Gans, Evelien, and Remco Ensel, eds. The Holocaust, Israel and 'the Jew'. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089648488.
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This book is the first comprehensive study of postwar antisemitism in the Netherlands. It focuses on the way stereotypes are passed on from one decade to the next, as reflected in public debates, the mass media, protests and commemorations, and everyday interactions. The Holocaust, Israel and 'the Jew' explores the ways in which old stories and phrases relating to 'the stereotypical Jew' are recycled and modified for new uses, linking the antisemitism of the early postwar years to its enduring manifestations in today's world. The Dutch case is interesting because of the apparent contrast between the Netherlands' famous tradition of tolerance and the large numbers of Jews who were deported and murdered in the Second World War. The book sheds light on the dark side of this so-called 'Dutch paradox,' in manifestations of aversion and guilt after 1945. In this context, the abusive taunt 'They forgot to gas you' can be seen as the first radical expression of postwar antisemitism as well as an indication of how the Holocaust came to be turned against the Jews. The identification of 'the Jew' with the gas chamber spread from the streets to football stadiums, and from verbal abuse to pamphlet and protest. The slogan 'Hamas, Hamas all the Jews to the gas' indicates that Israel became a second marker of postwar antisemitism. The chapters cover themes including soccer-related antisemitism, Jewish responses, philosemitism, antisemitism in Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch- Turkish communities, contentious acts of remembrance, the neo-Nazi tradition, and the legacy of Theo van Gogh. The book concludes with a lengthy epilogue on 'the Jew' in the politics of the radical right, the attacks in Paris in 2015, and the refugee crisis. The stereotype of 'the Jew' appears to be transferable to other minorities. Now also available as paperback!
Book chapters on the topic "Stereotype theory"
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Levy, Becca R. "Stereotype Embodiment Theory." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_604-1.
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Hamilton, David L., and Steven J. Sherman. "Illusory Correlations: Implications for Stereotype Theory and Research." In Stereotyping and Prejudice, 59–82. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_3.
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Ryan, Ann Marie, and Paul R. Sackett. "Stereotype threat in workplace assessments." In APA handbook of testing and assessment in psychology, Vol. 1: Test theory and testing and assessment in industrial and organizational psychology., 661–73. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14047-036.
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Newton, K. M. "Homi K. Bhabha: ‘The Other Question: The Stereotype and Colonial Discourse’." In Twentieth-Century Literary Theory, 293–301. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25934-2_54.
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Stroebe, Wolfgang, and Chester A. Insko. "Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination: Changing Conceptions in Theory and Research." In Stereotyping and Prejudice, 3–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_1.
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Martin, Jennifer L. "Factors Contributing to Microaggressions, Racial Battle Fatigue, Stereotype Threat, and Imposter Phenomenon for Nonhegemonic Students: Implications for Urban Education." In Microaggression Theory, 102–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642.ch7.
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Frey, Christel. "Der Stereotypie-Begriff." In Die intrapersonelle Balance-Theorie im Führungsverhalten, 56–78. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-97704-5_5.
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Devos, Thierry. "Stereotypes and intergroup attitudes." In APA handbook of multicultural psychology, Vol. 1: Theory and research., 341–60. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14189-018.
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Quaglioni, Diego. "Bodin e la teoria climatica in epoca moderna." In Studi e saggi, 25–47. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-160-0.03.
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It was Federico Chabod who recognized in Jean Bodin's theory of climate the merging, in the middle of the sixteenth century, of the «scattered seeds» of an essentially naturalistic idea of nation, still far from the modern conception of the nation as «a spiritual fact». Bodin (1529-1596) was one of the greatest exponents of French legal humanism. Reworking and updateing in his major works (Methodus, 1566; République, 1576-1586; Universae naturae theatrum, 1596) a long dating back theme, Bodin presented the characters of nations as dependent on climatic situations: the cold north with the torpid ingenuity of the inhabitants, the hot south with subtle ingenuity, and the middle zone of temperate nations. That theory, which soon became a stereotype until its reworking in Montesquieu's Esprit des lois, actually played a more decisive role in the genesis of the modern concept of nation, made visible for the first time, albeit in a symbolic and imaginary way.
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Anderson, Eric, and Adam White. "Sport's use in excluding, reproducing stereotypes, and othering." In Sport, Theory and Social Problems, 148–57. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY:: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315515816-11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Stereotype theory"
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Zhang, Wei, Jing-dong Chen, and Jiao Xue. "The Research on the Mutual Benefit Stereotype of Network Theory and Empirical Based on the Relationship Value." In 2010 International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications (iTAP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itapp.2010.5566400.
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Luo, Wen-Jing, Ko-Chiu Wu, and Saiau-Yue Tsau. "Gender stereotype of male nurse in a virtual reality game: Exploring the effect of MBTI in decision-making process through game theory." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icasi.2018.8394273.
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Hewner, Michael, and Maria Knobelsdorf. "Understanding computing stereotypes with self-categorization theory." In the 8th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1595356.1595368.
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Gnezdechko, Oksana Oksana gnezdechko. "Humour Stereotypes and their role in the emergence of interethnic and international conflicts." In All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97470.
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The article examines the main ethnic stereotypes, prerequisites and ways of their formation in a humorous discourse presented by the genre of anecdote. The main means of ethnic prejudices of humorous stereotypes expression, the reasons and methods of their formation are analyzed. A new principle of their classification is given according to the consideration of stereotypes from the standpoint of psycholinguistics. The paper also presents the schemes of humor perception by Russian and German ethnic groups. Using the material of anecdotes as the main form of modern humorous culture, it is shown how these schemes work and how ethnic stereotypes manifest themselves in an anecdote, how the relevance of stereotypes affects the change and disappearance of certain anecdotes from national everyday life. The means of expressing ethnic prejudices in the discourse under consideration are negative-evaluative communicative strategies of value differentiation, distance, and discrediting foreigners.
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Gnezdechko, Oksana Oksana gnezdechko. "Humour Stereotypes and their role in the emergence of interethnic and international conflicts." In All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97470.
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The article examines the main ethnic stereotypes, prerequisites and ways of their formation in a humorous discourse presented by the genre of anecdote. The main means of ethnic prejudices of humorous stereotypes expression, the reasons and methods of their formation are analyzed. A new principle of their classification is given according to the consideration of stereotypes from the standpoint of psycholinguistics. The paper also presents the schemes of humor perception by Russian and German ethnic groups. Using the material of anecdotes as the main form of modern humorous culture, it is shown how these schemes work and how ethnic stereotypes manifest themselves in an anecdote, how the relevance of stereotypes affects the change and disappearance of certain anecdotes from national everyday life. The means of expressing ethnic prejudices in the discourse under consideration are negative-evaluative communicative strategies of value differentiation, distance, and discrediting foreigners.
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Lin, Wen Yue, Ang Lay Hoon, Mei Yuit Chan, and Shamala Paramasivam. "Gender Representation in Malaysian Mandarin Textbooks." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.12-3.
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A number of scholars have studied gender representation in textbooks, but only a few studies focus on application of multimodal discourse analysis in exploring gender representation. The present study aims to analyze gender representation in two series of four L2 Mandarin textbooks written for Malaysian learners. The ratio of female and male characters as well as the representation of genders in visual and verbal resources are examined in this study. This study applies quantitative and qualitative method by calculating the frequency and occurrence and analyzing the representation of female and male. A multimodal discourse analysis is carried out, including linguistic and visual analysis, to figure out whether there is gender stereotype by investigating verbal and non-verbal (visual) resources of sampled textbooks. Both the ratio and the depiction of female and male characters are analyzed by using ATLAS.ti software. The findings have revealed that the ratio of female and male characters is generally unbalanced in sampled textbooks. Gender stereotypes exist dominantly in depiction of female and male characters, especially in social settings and domestic settings. The implications of this study are discussed in the context of second language teaching and learning to highlight the awareness of gender representation in L2 Mandarin textbooks.
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Bahenský, Petr, Tomáš Hermann, and Renata Malátová. "Breathing pattern during load and its change due to the interventional program of breathing exercise." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-16.
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Purpose: Correct breathing pattern in resting breathing is connected to the overall physical health, whereas the breathing pattern affects the performance in endurance sports. The prin-ciple of breathing economy consists primarily of the involvement of diaphragm as the main breathing muscle. The paper is engaged in the breathing stereotype in resting breathing and breathing under load. The objective of our paper is to verify whether it is possible to influence breathing stereotype by applying a two-month intervention breathing program. Methods: The paper examines changes in the resting breathing stereotype and the breathing stereotype during load in adolescent, healthy runners. Twenty participants took part in the intervention. They underwent initial and final tests of the breathing stereotype at rest and in submaximal load. Eleven of them were members of an experimental group and the remaining nine constituted a control group. The experimental group included seven boys at the age of 16.1 ± 1.3, with height 173.2 ± 6.5 cm and weight 56.8 ± 4.6 kg, and four girls at the age of 16.5 ± 0.5, with height 161.7 ± 3.1 cm and weight 54.3 ± 2.3 kg. The breathing stereotype was measured using muscle dynamometer MD03 before and during a indirect calorimetry test conducted on a bicycle ergometer. The data obtained were evaluated in terms of sub-stantive (Cohen’s d) and statistical significance (α = 0.05). Results: The breathing intervention resulted in positive changes in the breathing stereotype at rest and under load. At rest, the engagement of the abdominal segment increased by 16.2%, that of the thoracic segment and subclavian segment decreased by 3.6% and 12.6%, respectively, when compared to the initial test. In the submaximal load, the engagement of the abdominal segment increased by 4%, and there was a decrease by 2% for both the tho-racic and subclavian segments in comparison to the initial test. The control group showed no significant changes in the engagement of the individual segments of breathing muscles. Conclusion: Our results has proved that a two-month interventional program of breathing ex-ercises, aimed at activation of the diaphragm and other breathing regions, has a substantial influence on the breathing stereotype both at rest and in the submaximal load.
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Kleinberg, Jon, and Sendhil Mullainathan. "Simplicity creates inequity: implications for fairness, stereotypes, and interpretability (invited paper)." In STOC '21: 53rd Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3406325.3465356.
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Requena, Carmen, Paula Álvarez-Merino, and María Plaza-Carmona. "Educational Models against ageism in higher education." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.7986.
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There have allways been old persons, but their number has unprecedentedly grown and it is expected to overtake any other age group in contemporary developed societies. Instead of taking this process as a success of mankind, ageism grows on a par with ageing. It is well documented how standard educational models fail to correct implicit ageistic stereotypes, thus new emerging theoretical models such as generational intelligence and identity in old age put forward experiential methodologies designed to educate both explicit and implicit ageistic stereotypes. Both theoretical models incorporate the subjective first-person perspective on ageing, which complements the standard university curriculum for ageing-related professsionals in health, social or educational sectors. The practical implementation of these educational models involve experiential methodologies such as life stories. A crucial educational element in the practical success of this methodology lies in understanding intergenerational education not only as a gathering of generations, but as the intentional production and evaluation of educational ends. The paper exemplifies these methodologies and contrasts their success in dealing with the complexities involved in educating against explicit and implicit agesitic stereotypes in intergenerational relations. Therefore, the key to intergenerationality lies less in its "generational" element as in its "inter" element.
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Damen, Nicole B., and Christine A. Toh. "Implicit and Explicit Trust Behavior: Does Stereotype Congruence Affect User Trust in a Home Automation Device?" In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86091.
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Although trust is widely accepted as important for technology adoption and usage, it has received little attention in home automation, where users interact closely with these devices to enhance their quality of life. Research is needed to investigate how design considerations such as agent gender and automation location impact trust. This study expands on a pilot study by examining how stereotype congruence impacts implicit and explicit measures of trust in home automation devices. A smart lock simulation was utilized to examine how users interacted with systems that confirm and violate social expectations. The results show that users displayed more trusting behavior towards systems that were stereotype congruent than incongruent. That is, users extended their expectations of stereotypical social behaviors to their interaction with the home automation simulation. In addition explicit trust measures, or directly observable behaviors, differed from implicit trust measures, such as reaction time with the system. These findings provide a foundation for empirically testing and understanding the complex relationship between users and increasingly social automated devices.
Reports on the topic "Stereotype theory"
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DeVigal, Alexis. Stereotype Threat and Effects of Students’ Perception of Their Math Teacher’s Fairness on Their Math Self-Efficacy. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5883.
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Chornodon, Myroslava. FEAUTURES OF GENDER IN MODERN MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11064.
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The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.
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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.
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The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.
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Döring, Thomas. John Maynard Keynes und der Friedensvertrag von Versailles – Eine Rekonstruktion aus Sicht der Verhaltensökonomik. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627239.
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Das Ziel der nachfolgenden Ausführungen ist, die Logik der Argumentation von Keynes im Licht der modernen verhaltensökonomischen Forschung zum individuellen Entscheidungsverhalten unter Berücksichtigung psychologischer Befunde zu systematischen Verzerrungen in der Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung von Informationen, der (In-)Stabilität von Präferenzen im Zeitablauf sowie der normativen (Fehl-)Orientierung in Verhandlungssituationen zu rekonstruieren. Es wird zu diesem Zweck an Studien aus dem Bereich der empirischen Verhaltensforschung ebenso wie der experimentellen Ökonomik angeknüpft, um das aus Sicht der betroffenen Akteure – spieltheoretisch formuliert – aus dem Versailler Vertrag resultierende Negativsummenspiel zu plausibilisieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgt zunächst eine Darstellung der zentralen Einsichten und Implikationen des verhaltensökonomischen Ansatzes (Kapitel 2), wobei neben den Ursachen einer begrenzten Rationalität individuellen Entscheidungsverhaltens, der „verzerrenden“ Wirkung kognitiver Heuristiken und Illusionen sowie der Zeitinkonsistenz individueller Präferenzen auch auf die Bedeutung von Fairnessnormen und -einschätzungen für die Effizienz von Verhandlungsergebnissen näher eingegangen wird. Auf der Grundlage dieser allgemeinen Ausführungen zum Ansatz und zu den Ergebnissen der Verhaltensökonomik wird anschließend die von Keynes vorgelegte Analyse des Zustandekommens und der möglichen Folgen des Versailler Vertrages eingehend untersucht, um die vielfältigen Übereinstimmungen zwischen beiden Betrachtungsperspektiven herauszuarbeiten (Kapitel 3). Der Hinweis auf das Vorliegen von Präferenzinkonsistenzen, das Auftretens von sogenannten Ankereffekten, der Wirksamkeit von Stereotypen oder der Situationsgebundenheit des Verhaltens –um nur einige der von Keynes benannten Effekte zu nennen – lassen ihn als einen vergleichsweise „modernen Ökonomen“ er-scheinen. Dies kann zusätzlich durch den Verweis auf institutionen- wie politökonomische Überlegungen untermauert werden, die sich in seiner Bewertung des Vertragswerks ebenso finden wie die Relevanz des „Prinzips der effektiven Nachfrage“ als Quelle zu erwartender ökonomischer Krisenerscheinungen, die Keynes bereits hier im Vorgriff auf die späteren Ausführungen im Rahmen seiner „Allgemeiner Theorie der Beschäftigung, des Zinses und des Geldes“ zumindest implizit anklingen lässt (Kapitel 4).
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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.
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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.
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Tabinskyy, Yaroslav. VISUAL CONCEPTS OF PHOTO IN THE MEDIA (ON THE EXAMPLE OF «UKRAINER» AND «REPORTERS»). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11099.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the main forms of visualization in the media related to photo. The thematic visual concepts are described in accordance with the content of electronic media, which consider the impact of modern technologies on the development of media space. The researches of the Ukrainian and foreign educational institutions concerning the main features of modern photo is classificate. Modifications and new visual forms in the media are singled out. The main objective of the article is to study the visual concepts of modern photo and identify ideological and thematic priorities in photo projects. To achieve the main objective in the article a certain methodology were used. Due to the historical-theoretical description it was possible to substantiate the study of visual concepts. The conceptual-system method was used to study the subject of media photo projects. The main results of the research are the definition of visual concepts of photo on the example of electronic media and the identification of the main thematic features in the process of visual filling of the media space. Based on the study, we can conclude that today the information field needs quality visual content. For successful creation of visual concepts it is necessary to single out thematic features of modern photo and to carry out classifications on ideological and semantic signs. Given the rapid development of digital technologies, the topic of the scientific article we offer is relevant for scientists, journalists, media researchers, visual journalism experts and photojournalists. Modern space is filled with a large number of pictorial materials, which in most cases form specific images, patterns or stereotypes in the mind of the reader (viewer). Also important is the classification of photo used in journalistic publications. That is why there is a need to explore the content and principles of distribution of ideological priorities of photo in the media. The substantiation of scientists about the important place of photography in the modern media space and the future development of visual technologies, which already use artificial intelligence, is relevant.
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Gender mainstreaming in local potato seed system in Georgia. International Potato Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4160/9789290605645.
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This report presents the study findings associated with the project “Enhancing Rural Livelihoods in Georgia: Introducing Integrated Seed Health Approaches to Local Potato Seed Systems” in Georgia. It also incorporates information from the results of gender training conducted within the framework of the USAID Potato Program in Georgia. The study had three major aims: 1) to understand the gender-related opportunities and constraints impacting the participation of men and women in potato seed systems in Georgia; 2) to test the multistakeholder framework for intervening in root, tuber, and banana (RTB) seed systems as a means to understand the systems themselves and the possibilities of improving gender-related interventions in the potato seed system; and 3) to develop farmers’ leadership skills to facilitate women’s active involvement in project activities. Results of the project assessment identified certain constraints on gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system: a low level of female participation in decision-making processes, women’s limited access to finances that would enable their greater involvement in larger scale potato farming, and a low awareness of potato seed systems and of possible female involvement in associated activities. Significantly, the perception of gender roles and stereotypes differs from region to region in Georgia; this difference is quite pronounced in the target municipalities of Kazbegi, Marneuli, and Akhalkalaki, with the last two having populations of ethnic minorities (Azeri and Armenian, respectively). For example, in Marneuli, although women are actively involved in potato production, they are not considered farmers but mainly as assistants to farmers, who are men. This type of diversity (or lack thereof) results in a different understanding of gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system as well. Based on the training results obtained in three target regions—Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, and Marneuli—it is evident that women are keen on learning new technologies and on acquiring updated agricultural information, including on potato production. It is also clear that women spend as much time as men do on farming activities such as potato production, particularly in weeding and harvesting. However, women are heavily burdened with domestic work, and they are not major decision-makers with regard to potato variety selection, agricultural investments, and product sales, nor with the inclusion of participants in any training provided. Involving women in project activities will lead to greater efficiency in the potato production environment, as women’s increased knowledge will certainly contribute to an improved production process, and their new ideas will help to improve existing production systems, through which women could also gain confidence and power. As a general recommendation, it is extremely important to develop equitable seed systems that take into consideration, among other factors, social context and the cultural aspects of local communities. Thus, understanding male and female farmers’ knowledge may promote the development of seed systems that are sustainable and responsive to farmers’ needs and capacities.