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Journal articles on the topic 'Stereotype theory'
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Arifatin, Fais Wahidatul. "Gender Stereotype in Joyce Lebra’s The Scent of Sake." NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 1, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/notion.v1i2.976.
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Gender stereotype should be understood as negative beliefs shared by a particular group due to over-simplification and generalization. In this study, gender stereotype is used to mean negative beliefs toward women, which is based on their sexual or gender identity instead of their personal quality and individual competence. The writer try to show that in The Scent of Sake by Joyce Lebra is considered as a novel depicting the issue of gender stereotype in Japanese family culture, especially in managing the sake business which is represented trough Rie as the main character. Hence, in this study try to answer What are gender stereotypes experienced by Rie as reflected in Joyce Lebra’s The Scent of Sake and how does Rie struggle against gender stereotype as reflected in the novel. The research design used by the writer is literary criticism; it is liberal feminism especially the theory of Mary Wollstonecraft. The results of the study show that women as represented by Rie, is stereotyped in the family’s sake business through many negative stigmas. Such stereotypes have given negative influences toward Rie in terms of marginalization in management, in educational access and women’s lack of decision making in marriage. To reduce the effects, Rie struggles against gender stereotype by performing the stereotypes. Through considerable struggles, Rie has proven that women should not be viewed as inferior to men. Rie has tried very hard to play an active role as a subject in her own family’s business of sake production.
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Smith, Daniel M., and Sarah E. Martiny. "Stereotype Threat in Sport: Recommendations for Applied Practice and Research." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0134.
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Stereotype-threat theory holds that activation of a negative stereotype has a harmful effect on performance in cognitive and motor domains. This paper provides a literature review of stereotype-threat research in the motor domain followed by recommendations for sport psychology practitioners. The review discusses the most widespread stereotypes that exist in sport, the effects of stereotype activation on performance in different sports, and mechanisms that explain why stereotype threat decreases performance. Recommendations for practitioners include individual- and organizational-level approaches, with the former subdivided into interventions aimed at prevention or coping.
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Sanchez, Diana T., Kimberly E. Chaney, Sara K. Manuel, and Jessica D. Remedios. "Theory of Prejudice and American Identity Threat Transfer for Latino and Asian Americans." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218759288.
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Latinos and Asian Americans confront similar stereotypes as they are often presumed to be foreigners and subjected to American identity denial. Across six studies (total N = 992), we demonstrate that Latinos and Asians anticipate ingroup prejudice and specific types of subordination (e.g., American identity threat) in the face of outgroup threats that target one another (i.e., stigma transfer). The studies explore whether stigma transfer occurred primarily when shared Latino and Asian stereotype content was a salient component of the prejudice remark (e.g., foreigner stereotypes; Study 3), or when outgroup prejudice targeted a social group with shared stereotype content (Study 4), though neither appeared to substantively moderate stigma transfer. Minority group members who conceptualize prejudiced people as holding multiple biases (i.e., a monolithic prejudice theory) were more susceptible to stigma transfer suggesting that stereotype content is not necessary for stigma transfer because people assume that prejudice is not singular.
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Alexander, Michele G., Marilynn B. Brewer, and Robert W. Livingston. "Putting Stereotype Content in Context: Image Theory and Interethnic Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 6 (June 2005): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271550.
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Leach, Colin Wayne, Luciana Carraro, Randi L. Garcia, and Jessica J. Kang. "Morality stereotyping as a basis of women’s in-group favoritism: An implicit approach." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215603462.
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Four studies used three different implicit methods (the BriefIAT, Affect Misattribution Procedure, and Lexical Decision Task) to measure women’s gender stereotypes of violence, strength, competence, trustworthiness, and sociability. Analyses of response latencies in Study 1 ( N = 100) showed that these stereotypes were based more in in-group favoritism than out-group derogation. Consistent with recent evidence that morality is central to the positive evaluation of in-groups, it was the implicit stereotype of women as more trustworthy that best predicted their implicit in-group favoritism across studies, r(249) = .27. Only by examining such specific stereotype content could we assess the moral stereotype of trustworthiness as distinctly tied to in-group favoritism. Alternative analyses of the two global dimensions of group evaluation (i.e., agency/competence and communion/warmth) obscured differences between the more specific stereotypes. Implications for theory and research on stereotype content, as well as the group favoritism of disadvantaged groups, are discussed.
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Massey, Douglas S., and Mary J. Fischer. "STEREOTYPE THREAT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: New Findings from a Racially Diverse Sample of College Freshmen." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x05050058.
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The theory of stereotype threat was developed to account for persistent minority underachievement in American colleges and universities. It hypothesizes that members of minority groups underperform academically because of unconscious fears of living up to negative group stereotypes. While evidence pertaining to stereotype threat has been positive, it mostly comes from small experimental studies of selected undergraduate subjects at a few universities. In this paper we test the theory of stereotype threat on a large, representative population of college and university students. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, which surveyed nearly 4,000 students at twenty-eight academic institutions, we construct scales to measure stereotype threat and use them to predict grades. We uncover a clear process of disidentification in response to minority stereotyping and show how it, along with other theoretically specified mechanisms, undermines the grade performance of minorities.
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Wu, Sherry Jueyu, Xuechunzi Bai, and Susan T. Fiske. "Admired Rich or Resented Rich? How Two Cultures Vary in Envy." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 7 (May 21, 2018): 1114–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118774943.
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Rich people inhabit a distinct social category that may elicit universal images or perhaps different perceptions in different cultures. Whereas inequality research has mostly focused on lower socioeconomic classes, the current research investigates cultural variations of prejudices about rich groups, toward understanding societal dynamics. Three studies investigate stereotype content and evaluations of rich people in China and the United States, cultures that might be expected to differ. Consistent with U.S. data from the stereotype content model, Study 1 demonstrates mainland Chinese likewise view the rich in general ambivalently as competent but cold. Examining a more specific level, Study 2 identifies both distinctive and overlapping rich subgroups across the two cultures, but both reporting mixed stereotype content. Study 3 tests whether clearer cultural contrasts might occur in implicit (vs. explicit) stereotypes toward rich people: Both U.S. and Chinese respondents, however, expressed positive implicit stereotypes toward the rich compared with middle class, in contrast with their self-reported explicitly ambivalent (or, rarely, negative) wealth stereotypes. This research is the first to examine stereotype content about rich people on the subgroup level, and both implicit and explicit levels, offering theory-based social structure predictors of this culturally shared but somewhat variable stereotype content.
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Vitytė, Birutė. "Stereotyping of Digital Games." Pedagogika 136, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2019.136.11.
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The article analyses the stereotyping characteristics of digital games. It presents research data obtained by the classical Glaser’s strategy version of the Grounded Theory. The results of the research demonstrate that digital games are not often perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon but, instead, they are understood through one or several properties of the game, i.e. through stereotyping.The following dominant stereotypes applicable to digital games (Digital games are addictive; They reduce children’s creativity and skills; Girls do not play. Games are not a feminine thing; Digital games are no art; They promote aggressive behaviour; A game is a game. Science is science; When playing, people do not think; The goal is to make people addicted to the product) are analysed in terms of stereotype forming characteristics associated with digital games, in terms of stereotype formation stages, and in terms of maintaining, changing and denying stereotypes.Feelings, emotions, initial experience influencing any new experiences, and social context are important factors of the stereotype formation process related to digital games. Stereotype formation stages described by other researchers are also characteristic of the stereotypes applicable to digital games. The stereotypes of digital games are maintained through: illusory correlation and assimilation, attributional and automatic processes and, also, by the fact that they often are self-fulfilling prophecies. The existing stereotypes on digital games are resistant but they can still be changed. The researchers have distinguished between the following stereotype change models: bookkeeping, conversion, subtyping, and exemplar-based model, which can also be seen in the stereotype change mechanisms related to digital games.
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Munroe, Wade. "Testimonial injustice and prescriptive credibility deficits." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 46, no. 6 (December 2016): 924–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2016.1206791.
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AbstractIn light of recent social psychological literature, I expand Miranda Fricker’s important notion of testimonial injustice. A fair portion of Fricker’s account rests on an older paradigm of stereotype and prejudice. Given recent empirical work, I argue for what I dub prescriptive credibility deficits in which a backlash effect leads to the assignment of a diminished level of credibility to persons who act in counter-stereotypic manners, thereby flouting prescriptive stereotypes. The notion of a prescriptive credibility deficit is not merely an interesting conceptual addendum that can be appended to Fricker’s theory without need for further emendation. I develop the wider implications of prescriptive credibility deficits and argue that they pose a challenge to Fricker’s conception of (1) the function of credibility assignments in conversational exchange and (2) how a virtuous listener should respond to the potential threat of a prejudicial stereotype affecting her credibility assignments.
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Benincasa, Luciana. "Generalizations, overgeneralizations and intercultural communication: The stereotype of the Greek nation at commemorative ceremonies in schools." Preschool and Primary Education 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ppej.14896.
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This paper has a double aim: (a) to approach a stereotype of the nation as overgeneralization and obstacle to intercultural communication and (b) to suggest ways to start to “escape” from stereotypical thinking. The first aim is pursued through a comparison between two conceptualizations of the level of “programming” of the human mind: (a) Hofstede’s model of the “software” of the human mind and (b) a stereotype of the Greek nation widely used in schools, as it is presented in the literature. Both constitute theories of the patterns of thinking, feeling and potential acting among the members of nation. The first (scientific) theory is explicitly articulated on three levels: individual, group and human nature. The stereotype of the nation may be viewed as a folk theory. Meant to serve the management of everyday life, it does not have to be explicitly formulated or satisfy the requirements of a scientific theory. The school stereotype was subject to thematic analysis. The comparison suggests that this national stereotype tends to abolish the lines that, In Hofstede’s schema, keep the levels of mental programming clearly separate. As a result, the stereotype constitutes an overgeneralization. As such, it is viewed as an obstacle to successful intercultural communication. Thus, I argue for the need of critical self-examination as the means of acquiring awareness of our stereotypes. To this purpose, a few “techniques” and a brief overview of relevant literature.
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Akbarov, S. S. "Absolute homology theory of stereotype algebras." Functional Analysis and Its Applications 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02467068.
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Deckers, Marc. "Im Kulturkontakt gebildete Stereotype als Teil eines kulturellen Lernprozesses – untersucht in den Weblogs von in Deutschland lebenden Amerikanern." Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 521–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/infodaf-2010-0602.
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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer Studie vor, welche die im Kulturkontakt gebildeten Stereotype von in Deutschland lebenden Amerikanern anhand von Weblogs untersucht, die sie verfasst haben. Durch die qualitative Analyse dieser Daten im Stile der Grounded Theory wurde eine Hypothese entwickelt, welche die Nutzung der Stereotype als Elemente des kulturellen Lernens beschreibt. Unter Bezugnahme auf theoretische Erkenntnisse der Stereotypenforschung im Bereich der Kognitionspsychologie wird dargelegt, wie Lerner im interkulturellen Austausch aus Hypothesen heraus Stereotype bilden und überprüfen. Dieses Vorgehen ermöglicht ihnen ein besseres Verstehen fremdkultureller Verhaltensmuster und einen effektiveren Umgang mit diesen. Daher wird in diesem Beitrag auch für eine Nutzbarmachung der in Form von Stereotypen ausgeprägten kulturellen Erfahrungen anderer Lerner für didaktische Verfahren im Landeskunde-Unterricht plädiert.
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Nurmayanti, Poppy, Evi Suryawati, Yohannes Firzal, Sinta Ramaiyanti, and Yusni Maulida. "MODEL KONSEPTUAL KEPEMIMPINAN, GENDER, DAN DIVERSITAS." Jurnal EL-RIYASAH 12, no. 1 (July 28, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jel.v12i1.13151.
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This paper presents a conceptual model on leadership, gender, and diversity toward decision making with using role congruity theory. This paper also explore generally whether and why gender may matter for leadership and evaluate views on a feminine/masculine in effectiveness leadership. Recently, considerations of gender and diversity have predominantly focused on differences and similarities between female and male leaders that results from the difference between stereotypes and leadership stereotype. These difference exist worldwide and globalization of management brings to the need to examine this stereotype phenomenon in cross cultural area.
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Weeks, Kelly Pledger, Matthew Weeks, and Nicolas Long. "Generational perceptions at work: in-group favoritism and out-group stereotypes." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-07-2016-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between stereotypes, in-group favoritism, and in-group bolstering effects across generations. Design/methodology/approach Based on the trends found in a qualitative study on generational stereotypes, questions on work ethic, work-life balance, and use of technology were administered to 255 participants identified as Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers. Hypotheses predicted that with a strong stereotype, traditional in-group favoritism will not be found; however, an in-group bolstering effect will emerge. In the absence of a strong stereotype, traditional in-group favoritism is expected. Findings Generally, there was a strong stereotype that Baby Boomers are worse at technology than Generation X and Generation X is worse than Millennials. There was also a strong stereotype that Millennials do not do what it takes to get the job done as much as other generations. In the presence of these stereotypes, traditional in-group favoritism was not found, but in-groups bolstered themselves by rating themselves more favorably than other groups rated them. Although these findings did not hold for every item studied, there was moderate support for all three hypotheses. Practical implications As employees become aware of their biases, they can collaborate better with employees who are different than they are. Practical recommendations are suggested. Originality/value The paper applies theory of in-group favoritism to the perceptions of generational cohorts.
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Shimizu, Yuho, Takaaki Hashimoto, and Kaori Karasawa. "The complementation of the stereotype embodiment theory." Journal of Human Environmental Studies 19, no. 1 (2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4189/shes.19.9.
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Schmader, Toni, and William M. Hall. "Stereotype Threat in School and at Work." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2014): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548861.
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In any diverse society, public policy can help to provide equal access to opportunities for achieving one’s potential in school and work. However, even as policies in the United States have sought to eradicate institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race or sex, women and minorities continue to underperform academically and are systematically underrepresented in the highest earning occupations. Social psychological research suggests that negative stereotypes about women and minorities can create subtle barriers to success through stereotype threat. This occurs when individuals become concerned that they might confirm a negative stereotype about their group. This article outlines current research on the processes that underlie stereotype threat and how this work informs effective policies to reduce its effects. Using an evidence-based analysis, we review the risks and the benefits of four policies to narrow gender and racial gaps in academic and workplace performance: affirmative action, diversity training, creating identity-safe environments, and teaching coping strategies. Policies informed by social psychological theory and research can help recover the lost human potential due to stereotype threat without disadvantaging or cuing backlash among the majority.
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Ferrucci, Patrick, and Edson C. Tandoc. "Race and the Deep Ball: Applying Stereotypes to NFL Quarterbacks." International Journal of Sport Communication 10, no. 1 (March 2017): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0074.
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This study experimentally tested whether White participants (N = 274) applied stereotypes to Black and White professional quarterbacks. Using common stereotypical descriptors established in prior research, this between-subjects experiment found that while the participants did not stereotype White quarterbacks, they did apply the stereotypes of “physically strong” and “naturally gifted” to Black quarterbacks, thus othering, or using race to establish an out group. These results are interpreted through the framework of social-identity theory.
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Nikita, Nidia, Ranti Andela, Ghina Zahra Fauziah, and Zhia Aulia Nazafi. "The Contrast Portrayals of American and Pakistani Culture in The Big Sick Movie." Insaniyat: Journal of Islam and Humanities 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v3i2.11124.
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This study aims to describe the cultural stereotypes between American and Pakistani that are portrayed in The Big Sick (2017) movie. This study uses a qualitative method with a Cultural Studies approach. The analysis is done by looking at the characteristics of American and Pakistani characters by using the theory of characterization from Boggs and the theory of representation by Stuart Hall to present the cultural stereotype issues that appear in the movie (Hall, 1997). The cultural stereotype of the American and Pakistani culture is presented by some American characters (Emily and her family) and some Pakistani characters (Kumail and his family) of The Big Sick movie. The result of the study shows that the characteristics of Pakistani characters are religious and deceitful, while the characteristics of American characters are smart and straightforward. Furthermore, through the analysis of the characters’ characteristics, the writers found the cultural stereotype in the movie. Pakistani characters are associated with conservatism and close-mindedness. On the contrary, American characters are associated with modernism and open-mindedness. It can be concluded that in this movie, American culture is depicted as more positive than Pakistani.
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Davvetas, Vasileios, and Georgios Halkias. "Global and local brand stereotypes: formation, content transfer, and impact." International Marketing Review 36, no. 5 (September 9, 2019): 675–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-01-2018-0017.
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Purpose The dominant paradigm in international branding research treats perceived brand globalness (PBG) and localness (PBL) as attributes algebraically participating in brand assessment and disregards the perception of brands as humanlike entities actively embedded in consumers’ social environments. Challenging this view and drawing from stereotype theory, the purpose of this paper is to suggest that PBG/PBL trigger the categorization of products under the superordinate mental categories of global/local brands which carry distinct stereotypical content. Such content transfers to every individual product for which category membership is established and shapes brand responses. Design/methodology/approach One experimental study (Study1, n=134) tests the process of global/local brand stereotype formation, identification and content transfer. Subsequently, two consumer surveys test the impact of brand stereotypes on brand approach/avoidance tendencies (Study2, n=328) and consumer–brand relationships (Study3, n=273). Data were analyzed with experimental techniques and structural equation modeling. Findings The findings suggest that upon categorization under the global or local brand class, individual brands are charged with the stereotypical content of the class. Global brands are predominantly stereotyped as competent while local brands are predominantly stereotyped as warm. Localness-induced warmth has uniformly positive effects, whereas globalness-induced competence acts as a double-edged sword which can both help and harm the brand. Originality/value This research contributes by proposing a novel conceptualization of global and local brands as groups of intentional marketplace agents stereotyped along their intentions and abilities, empirically establishing the process through which individual brands are assigned stereotypical judgments and demonstrating how these judgments impact critical brand outcomes and consumer–brand relationships.
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Wright, Jennifer, and Ryan Nichols. "The Social Cost of Atheism: How Perceived Religiosity Influences Moral Appraisal." Journal of Cognition and Culture 14, no. 1-2 (January 30, 2014): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342112.
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AbstractSocial psychologists have found that stereotypes correlate with moral judgments about agents and actions. The most commonly studied stereotypes are race/ethnicity and gender. But atheists compose another stereotype, one with its own ignominious history in the Western world, and yet, one about which very little is known. This project endeavored to further our understanding of atheism as a social stereotype. Specifically, we tested whether people with non-religious commitments were stereotypically viewed as less moral than people with religious commitments. We found that participants’ (both Christian and atheist) moral appraisals of atheists were more negative than those of Christians who performed the same moral and immoral actions. They also reported immoral behavior as more (internally and externally) consistent for atheists, and moral behavior more consistent for Christians. The results contribute to research at the intersection of moral theory, moral psychology, and psychology of religion.
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Griffin, Rachel Alicia, and Molly Wiant Cummins. "“It's a Struggle, It's a Journey, It's a Mountain That You Gotta Climb”." Qualitative Communication Research 1, no. 3 (2012): 257–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/qcr.2012.1.3.257.
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Access to education is one of the only or most realistic means in the United States to improving one's opportunities and agency over a lifetime. That so many Black men are severed from this opportunity, early and often, is distressing at best and deadly at worst. Addressing this systemic issue, this essay centrally positions Black male voices to narrate their educational experiences at the intersections of race and gender. Guided by critical race theory coupled with Black misandry, this essay positions “gendered racism” as a communicative phenomena that can be further understood through qualitative narratives that speak to intersectional identities, power, oppression, and resistance. Drawing from the analysis of five focus group discussions, we highlight three subcategories that surfaced in relation to stereotypes including: (a) Omnipresence of Stereotype Threat, (b) Everyday Struggles with Stereotypes, and (c) Negotiating Stereotypes and Stereotype Threat. Each of these is presented by shifting Black male voices from the margins of inquiry to the center in the hopes that their insightful and instructive reflections will be taken into serious account.
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Christiansen, Neil D., Martin F. Kaplan, and Chris Jones. "RACISM AND THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT PROCESS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF STEREOTYPES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.2.129.
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Based on a framework suggested by information integration theory, this study examined how prejudice affects the use of stereotypes when forming social judgments. Participants reviewed applications for a minority scholarship and rated their liking for each applicant. Embedded in the applications were trait descriptions that varied in the amount, stereotypicality, and valence of the information provided. Evaluations by high-prejudice participants were more negative than those of low-prejudice participants only when the applicant was described by a single negative stereotype; when descriptions contained more information that was negative and stereotypic racism was not a factor. In addition, responses of both groups became more extreme when more traits were provided, especially when traits were positive. Taken together, the results suggest similarly negative predispositions toward minorities, with those of more prejudiced individuals requiring less negative stereotypical information to be activated. Future applications of methodology suggested by information integration theory in the study of racism are discussed.
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Koenig, Anne M., and Alice H. Eagly. "Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107, no. 3 (2014): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037215.
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Harrison, Richard T., Tiago Botelho, and Colin M. Mason. "Women on the edge of a breakthrough? A stereotype threat theory of women’s angel investing." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 38, no. 8 (July 9, 2020): 768–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242620927312.
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The extent to which women participate in the angel investment market has become an important topic of research and policy interest. Based on UK survey data, we demonstrate that there are systematic but not unequivocal differences between women and men investors on a number of key investor and investment characteristics. We also report indicative evidence that members of women-only networks do differ from women who join mixed networks. Drawing on these results, we develop a stereotype threat theory perspective on women’s angel investing which highlights the cues, consequences, outcomes and responses to stereotype threat. Specifically, we theorise that stereotype threat influences women’s widely reported lower participation in the angel investment market. In addition, stereotype threat theory helps explain both women’s overall active involvement in the angel investment market and their participation in women-only investor networks. We conclude that there is a case for women-only angel networks and training programmes to mitigate the performance and participation consequences of stereotype threat.
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Connelly, Caitlin. "Self-Perceptions of Aging, Cognitive Function, and Physical Activity." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3261.
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Abstract Stereotype embodiment theory suggests that internalized aging stereotypes will influence subsequent physical and cognitive health for older adults. This is proposed to occur through behavioral, physiological, and psychological pathways. Guided by stereotype embodiment theory, this study examined the how self-perceptions of aging are associated with cognitive function and the mediating role of physical activity as a behavioral pathway. The sample consists of 7,990 community-dwelling older adults age 65 from the Health and Retirement Study. Cross-sectional data analyses were conducted using bivariate and multivariate linear regression. Positive self-perceptions of aging were significantly associated with better cognitive function. Physical activity partially mediated the association between self-perceptions of aging and cognitive function. Findings suggest that self-perceptions of aging are important for cognitive function and physical activity may help to explain this relationship. Self-perceptions of aging may serve a possible intervention point to increase physical activity engagement and improve cognitive function.
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Chusna, Inayatul. "Stereotip Dunia Ketiga dalam Film Bride and Prejudice." Buletin Al-Turas 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v22i1.3013.
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Abstract The focus of this research is to expose the representation of the Third World (India) in a transnational film, Bride and Prejudice. By using the theory of representation and some concepts in postcolonial studies, the representation of the Third World are revealed through the characters of the First and Third World and their relationship. The representation of the Third World that creates center and peripheral, and the image of Center as everything confirm the stereotypical representation of the Third World. The love story of the film between the First and Third World characters actually creates prejudices which once again reflecting the First and Third World stereotypes. The genre of the film, the transnational genre, expected to give space for the Third World to be visualized equal cannot remove the stereotypical representation. Bride and Prejudice becomes a transnational film that presents colonial voices. Keywords: Postcolonialism, Representation, First and Third World, Stereotype. ------- Abstrak Fokus penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang representasi dunia ketiga (India) dalam sebuah film transnasional, Bride dan Prejudice. Dengan menggunakan teori representasi dan beberapa konsep kajian poskolonial, representasi dunia ketiga digambarkan melalui hubungan dunia pertama dan ketiga para tokoh film tersebut. Representasi dunia ketiga yang menyebabkan terjadinya pusat dan pinggiran, dan penggambaran pusat sebagai pengokohan stereotip representasi dunia ketiga. Cerita cinta dalam film tersebut, antara para tokoh dunia pertama dan ketigapada dasarnya menimbulkan praduga yang menggambarkan stereotipe dunia pertama dan ketiga. Genre film ini, genre transnasional, diharapkan dapat memberikan ruang bagi dunia ketiga mengenai kesetaraan tidak dapat menghapus stereotip terhadapnya. Bride dan Prejudice menjadi sebuah film transnasional yang merepresentasikan suara-suara kolonial. Katakunci: poskolonial, representasi, dunia pertama dan ketiga, stereotip.
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Froehlich, Laura, Sarah E. Martiny, Kay Deaux, Thomas Goetz, and Sog Yee Mok. "Being smart or getting smarter: Implicit theory of intelligence moderates stereotype threat and stereotype lift effects." British Journal of Social Psychology 55, no. 3 (April 27, 2016): 564–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12144.
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R., Aprilya Indah, and Dewi Haryani Susilastuti. "DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEREOTYPE TOWARD LGBT AS MINORITY ON AMERICAN ONLINE NEWS." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v7i1.62510.
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This research discusses the stereotypes of LGBT in the United States, which appear on American online news. This research works under Post-Nationalist American Studies by applying the gender socialization approach and stereotype theory. Qualitative research aims to seek the differences of stereotypes experienced by LGBT in the United States. The online news portals selected include The New York Times, Washington Post, and USA Today. These news portals are chosen due to their neutrality and trustworthiness as online news portals for American society. By examining the data, the researcher found that the stereotypes experienced by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender in the United States are different from one another. The findings and discussion show that Transgender stereotypes in the United States are more negative rather than others. In short, LGBT is mostly considered as a unity; however, it faces different challenges due to their minority status in the middle of American society.
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Baldwin, Hannah. "Was it you who died, or your brother?" HUMOR 32, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2018-0084.
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Abstract This paper seeks to apply Christie Davies’ target theory to the classical jokebook Philogelos and more specifically, its most common protagonist, the scholastikos, whose central flaw is stupidity caused by his inability to interact with material reality, similar to modern “dotty professor” jokes. This paper seeks to build a model of how scholastikos jokes work, how the stereotype is constructed and perpetuated, how this differs from other “stupid” stereotypes used elsewhere in the Philogelos (largely ethnic-based stereotypes), and possible social and cultural anxieties bound up in the character of the scholastikos. It will explore the relationship between ancient and modern targets in light of Christie Davies’ target theory and extend this model of how humour functions to transhistorical case studies.
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Swab, Gabrielle, Golshan Javadian, and Vishal K. Gupta. "Stereotype Threat Theory: Do we have a good theory for organizational research?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 10492. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.10492abstract.
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Sidorenko, Vladimir. "Stereotyping of Thinking as a Cultural Knowledge Transmission Factor." Logos et Praxis, no. 2 (December 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2020.2.9.
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Stereotyping of thinking is a direct consequence of the rapidly increasing amount of information transmitted in the system of intra-cultural and intercultural communication. Stereotyping distributes the cognitive load on categorization and systematization of cultural knowledge between subjects of communication, allowing them to save physiologically limited mental resources. Stereotyped information is more adapted for direct use in solving problems facing the individual than unprocessed volumes that require understanding. One of the functions of the stereotype is the role of a socio-cultural filter that passes only the information that is consistent with the already formed system of cognitive schemes of its recipient. From the standpoint of linguistics, the prototype theory is confirmed by the analysis of units expressing the degree of prototypicality. At the same time, stable protoand stereotypes are transformed into archetypes, this fact has both a positive and negative effect – instead of effective communication schemes in modern conditions, archetyped programs come to life. Communication schemes can activate religious and other cultural attitudes instead of the actual ones which initially were supposed to be used for solving the problem. The fundamentalism of simple images considered as cultural schemes activates the potential for rejection of proto- and stereotypes, undermining their legitimacy. In the prototype-stereotype-archetype chain, the communicative potential of information components increases along with the growth in external influence on the subject's cognitive system. At the same time, the stereotyping of cultural knowledge can be used for collective programming of a social group, determining its common vector of development. Moreover, repeatedly tested and retransmitted stereotypes pass into the category of archetypes, forming the collective basis of a cultural community. In addition to that, an increase in the dependence of an individual on the transmitted information, including stereotypical information, leads to a decrease in his creative potential, forming in modern society a consumer attitude not only to the material world but also to cultural knowledge.
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Ibbi, Andrew Ali. "Stereotype Representation of Women in Nigerian Films." CINEJ Cinema Journal 6, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2017.166.
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The stereotype representation of women in Nollywood films has attracted criticisms from the society with feminists clamoring for a review of the way women are projected. This study looks at the various issues associated with stereotype representation as a concept in film. The Feminist Media Theory was used as supporting theory for the paper. Part of the recommendations for the paper is the need for research to be properly conducted on the society before screenplays are written, to avoid misleading the public.
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Nouwen, Ward, and Noel Clycq. "The Role of Teacher–Pupil Relations in Stereotype Threat Effects in Flemish Secondary Education." Urban Education 54, no. 10 (May 10, 2016): 1551–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085916646627.
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This study aims to test stereotype threat theory hypotheses using a pupil survey database from Flemish urban secondary education characterized by a stratified tracking system. We relate these systemic features to stereotype threat effects by adding teacher–pupil relations to our analyses. Our results show that stigmatized groups—ethnic minority pupils in vocational education—experience the most negative teacher–pupil relations. To protect their academic self-concept from stereotype threat, they are also most vulnerable to psychological disengagement, discounting negative teacher feedback, and to disidentification from education. Moreover, teacher–pupil relations play an important role in explaining stereotype threat effects.
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Miller, Andrea L. "Stereotype threat as a psychological feature of work–life conflict." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 302–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217735578.
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Much remains unknown about the boundary conditions of stereotype threat and the factors that influence how it manifests in various domains. In particular, non-performance-related responses to stereotype threat have been relatively neglected, and little is known about stereotype threats in domains where group membership is less stable over the life course. Using both correlational and experimental methods, these studies use the work–life conflict domain to contribute to stereotype threat theory along these dimensions. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that stereotype threat based on caregiver status predicts increased use of coping strategies that involve sacrifices in work productivity, family caregiving, and personal well-being. Studies 1 through 3 suggest that formal flexibility accommodation policies (such as the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993) may not be an effective intervention in stereotype threat in the work–life conflict domain; providing informal social cues of support for employees with caregiving responsibilities, however, may be effective.
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Whaley, Arthur L. "Issues of validity in empirical tests of stereotype threat theory." American Psychologist 53, no. 6 (1998): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.679.
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Beresford, Andrew M. "Postcolonial Theory and the Traditional Castilian Lyric: TheMorenitaas Epidermal Stereotype." Hispanic Research Journal 16, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682737.2015.1129833.
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Cooper, Andrea Kay, and David Chin Evans. "Ethnicity and Impressions of Personality Using the Five-Factor Model: Stereotyping or Cultural Sensitivity?" Ethnic Studies Review 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2012.35.1.121.
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The current research investigates whether communities use ethnicity as a cue when forming personality impressions of others. Past research has shown that dress, smiling, hairstyle, and even facial symmetry of targets produce systematic differences in personality impressions across the domains of the Five Factor model of personality. We investigated whether the stated or apparent ethnicity of groups and individuals also produce stereotypic impressions of personality. This study compared impressions across members and non-members of the target groups and examined “cue utility” i.e. whether impressions of the groups agreed with aggregated self-impressions by group members. In all, the results clearly suggest that people utilize ethnicity as a cue when forming impressions of the personalities of groups and individuals, and although those impressions are exaggerated consistent with stereotype theory, they confer some utility in interpersonal perceptions across cultures. Stereotypes are a strategy used to interpret the complex social environment in the absence of more specific information. When that information is available, perceptions of others become more refined and accurate.
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Kite, Mary E. "Age, Gender, And Occupational Label: A Test of Social Role Theory." Psychology of Women Quarterly 20, no. 3 (September 1996): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00305.x.
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Two studies tested the social role theory (Eagly, 1987) prediction that role information would override the age-related agency stereotype. Although results of Study 1 showed that employed people were viewed similarly in agency regardless of target age, interpretation was limited because employed targets were most often imagined to be male and young homemaker targets were most often imagined to be female. To control for this, target gender was added as an independent variable in Study 2. As expected, agency and communion ratings of employed targets and targets who cared for a home did not differ by target age, but agency ratings of average targets were higher for 35-year-old than for 70-year-old targets. Communion ratings for average targets did not differ by target age. Target gender effects on the agency measure replicated Eagly and Steffen's (1984, 1988) results. The importance of context to understanding stereotypes of the elderly is illustrated.
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Javadian, Golshan, and David B. Zoogah. "Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Stereotype Vulnerability and Stereotype Reactance in Organizational Settings: The Contribution of Relative Deprivation Theory." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iops.12168.
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Vasconcelos, Anselmo Ferreira. "Gender and leadership stereotypes theory: is it reaching the boundaries?" Management Research Review 41, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 1336–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2017-0131.
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PurposeThis paper aims to answer whether the notion of the gender and leadership stereotypes theory has already reached its boundaries.Design/methodology/approachTo accomplish such a goal, it relies on the extant literature looking for more robust findings, problems, disruptions and pathways toward building a better understanding of this problematic.FindingsThe evidence gleaned throughout this paper suggests that the interplay between gender and leadership stereotypes theory has reached its boundaries. Moreover, the traditional sex stereotype or gender traits approach within companies seems to be highly limited taking into account that it tends to nurture rivalry and prejudice among people of different genders. Rather than focusing on leader sex approach or egalitarian quotas, in terms of leadership role and despite the fair argument of diversity, the author proposes that it is wiser to concentrate on a meritocratic view.Practical implicationsIt suggests that an androgyny leadership style appears to be welcomed in organizations, yet some shift about this understanding may be occurring. At present, however, female aspirants of leadership roles should work increasingly toward adapting themselves to this profile. In doing so, it is likely that they may be benefited from organizational evaluations in which the merit issue constitutes an imperative.Originality/valueOverall, it is expected to contribute to theory by arguing that the traditional understanding of gender and leadership stereotypes theory is not suitable anymore to deal with the uncertainties and complexities that shape today’s business arenas. On the contrary, it argues that such approach tends only to encourage gender bias and to nurture a somewhat sex war game in detriment of organizations efficiency and productivity.
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Bista, Asmita. "Representation of Conventional Gender Roles in Prasad." Dristikon: A Multidisciplinary Journal 11, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dristikon.v11i1.39130.
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The film Prasad reveals the prevailed gender practices in Nepali society that instigate to perform the stereotyped gender roles to the characters. So, the study aims to investigate how do characters construct the conventional gender identities. Likewise, this article intends to assess the reasons that force the characters to firmly stick to the prescribed gender roles. Similarly, to examine the consequences the characters go through while performing the traditional gender roles, is another objective of this article. To meet these objectives, Gender studies has been used as theoretical tools. Particularly, Judith Butler’s, and R.W. Connell’s idea of gender theory has been used. These theorists propose theory of gender as constructed phenomenon that is achieved through the constant performance. This article contributes to understanding the harmful consequences caused by conventional gender roles to the people. The study concludes that assigning the stereotyped gender roles to the characters, the film Prasad indorses the existing gender stereotype.
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Susino, Marco, and Emery Schubert. "Cultural stereotyping of emotional responses to music genre." Psychology of Music 47, no. 3 (March 10, 2018): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618755886.
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This study investigated whether emotional responses to a music genre could be predicted by stereotypes of the culture with which the music genre is associated. A two-part study was conducted. Participants listened to music samples from eight distinct genres: Fado, Koto, Heavy Metal, Hip Hop, Pop, Samba, Bolero, and Western Classical. They also described their spontaneous associations with the music and their spontaneous associations with the music’s related cultures: Portuguese, Japanese, Heavy Metal, Hip Hop, Pop, Brazilian, Cuban, and Western culture, respectively. Results indicated that a small number of specific emotions reported for a music genre were the same as stereotypical emotional associations of the corresponding culture. These include peace and calm for Koto music and Japanese culture, and anger and aggression for Heavy Metal music and culture. We explain these results through the stereotype theory of emotion in music (STEM), where an emotion filter is activated that simplifies the assessment process for a music genre that is not very familiar to the listener. Listeners familiar with a genre reported fewer stereotyped emotions than less familiar listeners. The study suggests that stereotyping competes with the psychoacoustic cues in the expression of emotion.
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Sioridze, Marine, and Ketevan Svanidze. "Woman as a Stereotypical Image of National and Cultural Identity in the Context of Literary Comparativistics." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.22.
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People live in a world of stereotypes that exist everywhere, in all spheres of human life and activity. A stereotype is a cultural phenomenon, that can be found in any society in the form of centuries-old experience of a given society, transmitted from generation to genera-tion by images transformed in accordance with the era and the level of society develop-ment.The culture and literature of any nation contain a rich gallery of stereotypes. The existence of a stereotype without culture is inconceivable. And culture itself is a certain set of stereotypes that defines and, therefore, limits human actions.One of the priority areas of modern anthropocentric and human sciences is the study of the formation and functioning of gender stereotypes, the identification and analy-sis of their intercultural specificity. Contrary to the objectives of the aforementioned study, our multilateral research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of a woman, as repre-sentations of the stereotypical image of national-cultural identity in different literary eras. The present article deals with the study of the stereotypical image of a woman in medieval Western and Georgian literature.For this purpose we have identified and analyzed the rich material that exists in the culture and literature of different people. Our study is based on the depiction of a stereo-typical image of a woman from a different perspective, for example: woman - king, woman - diplomat, woman – public figure, woman - creator, woman - mother, woman - wife/lover, woman - strong/weak creature, woman - symbol of fidelity, etc.
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Mattan, Andrew J. A., and Tamara A. Small. "Worth a Thousand Words: The Study of Visual Gendered Self-Presentation on Twitter." Canadian Journal of Political Science 54, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423921000032.
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AbstractThe picture superiority effect suggests that a single photograph can communicate a significant amount of political information to voters. Accordingly, politicians must make strategic choices in their self-presentation, particularly when considering how to respond to gender-based stereotypes. Strategic stereotype theory suggests that politicians will either emphasize or rescind gender-based stereotypes depending on whether they believe them to be advantageous to their political image. While the literature on gendered self-presentation is largely confined to television advertising, there is a growing literature focused on the online environment. In this research note, we develop a methodological framework to assess gender-based stereotypes in a purely visual environment. We test the framework using photographs from the Twitter feeds of the main party leaders in the 2018 Ontario election. The note concludes by reflecting on the methodological challenges of examining gender in visual political content online.
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Akbarov, S. S. "Kernels and cokernels in the category of augmented involutive stereotype algebras." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 19, no. 06 (June 13, 2019): 2050108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021949882050108x.
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We prove several properties of kernels and cokernels in the category of augmented involutive stereotype algebras: (1) this category has kernels and cokernels, (2) the cokernel is preserved under the passage to the group stereotype algebras, and (3) the notion of cokernel allows to prove that the continuous envelope [Formula: see text] of the group algebra of a compact buildup of an abelian locally compact group is an involutive Hopf algebra in the category of stereotype spaces [Formula: see text]. The last result plays an important role in the generalization of the Pontryagin duality for arbitrary Moore groups.
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Keller, Johannes. "When Negative Stereotypic Expectancies Turn Into Challenge or Threat: The Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus." Swiss Journal of Psychology 66, no. 3 (September 2007): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.66.3.163.
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The impact of negative stereotypic expectations on men’s verbal performance was investigated in an experimental study. The study was designed to test a theoretical perspective that relates self-regulatory processes as postulated in Regulatory Focus Theory (Higgins, 1998) to stereotypic expectancy effects on test performance as previously documented in research on stereotype threat. It is argued that negative stereotypic expectancies (e.g., “Men are bad at verbal tasks”) are more likely to result in a threat experience and poorer test performance when a prevention focus and in turn a special sensitivity to potential negative outcomes is activated whereas negative stereotypic expectancies are more likely to result in a challenge experience and better test performance when a promotion focus has been induced. The results indicate that expectancy effects on test performance are indeed moderated by the mode of self-regulation activated in the testing situation.
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Adom, Kwame, and Golda Anambane. "Understanding the role of culture and gender stereotypes in women entrepreneurship through the lens of the stereotype threat theory." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 12, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-07-2018-0070.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the role of culture and gender stereotypes in the entrepreneurial journey of women entrepreneurs. It specifically focuses on women entrepreneurs in the Nabdam district of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted the qualitative approach and collected data from 20 women entrepreneurs in the Nabdam district in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Data were collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews which were analysed according to identified themes. Findings The key finding of the study is that culture, through gender stereotypes, acts as a “push” motivational factor of women entrepreneurship and breeds more necessity-driven women entrepreneurs than opportunity-driven ones. However, gender stereotyping is found to be a bane to entrepreneurial success of several women-owned enterprises. Due to gender stereotypes, countless women entrepreneurs are sceptical about venturing into “unknown sector” sectors not familiar and operating larger businesses that are likely to yield more profits. Originality/value Currently, there is less research on entrepreneurship and culture/gender stereotypes until now in Ghana, and this study seeks to bridge this gap. The results are discussed linking what is pertaining in other economic landscapes, thus avoiding just national perspectives. This is the first known study conducted in the study area that looks at entrepreneurship through the lens of culture-gender stereotypes.
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Maj, Przemysław. "The circular and linear structure of political values and the three stereotypes about the left, center and right." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2020.25.2.4.
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The aim of the article is to give arguments against the presence of three stereotypes in political science concerning leftism, centrism and rightism. The first one involves the classification of political entities by indicating their place on the left-centre-right axis. The second is based on the belief that leftism, centrism and rightism can be narrowed down to specific levels of competition (e.g. views on the economy or religion). The third stereotype is “dogma” that the conflict over political values was initiated during the French Revolution. The author explains his position with reference to the psychological theory of Shalom H. Schwartz and the circular matrix of meta-value.
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A., Herlianto. "Dari Kolektor Besi Tua Hingga Sosok Religius: Stereotip Orang Madura Melalui Humor." Deskripsi Bahasa 2, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/db.v2i2.355.
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This research aims to describe the stereotype of Madurese through humor. Humor and stereotyping are two inseparable concepts, especially ethnic humor. Madurese humors are discourses that are not neutral; there are interests and intentions behind every discourse of humor that is set. Ethnic humor is formed by exploring the weaknesses of other ethic groups especially related to the character of the ethnic. This is a form of speaker superiority about the ethnic. This study uses a social paradigm, qualitative approach, and interviewing and observing data collection methods. Source of the data comes from documents and informants. Data were analyzed by applying critical discourse analysis of van Dijk. This theory divides a discourse into three part: text, social cognition and context. The results showed at least seven of Madurese stereotypes through humor. Of the seven, it is divided into two categories, which are based on the job: scrap metal collectors, female herbalist, religious man, and satay seller; and based on the characters, namely: dumbness, cleverness, and rudeness. This critical research proves the stereotype through humor is an attempt to perpetuate the culturally alienated position of Madurese race.
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Zeuch, Ulrike. "BRASILIEN IM 17. JAHRHUNDERT." Daphnis 39, no. 3-4 (March 30, 2010): 637–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-90000813.
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Der Beitrag untersucht, welche Stereotype die Portugiesen in Bezug auf das Brasilien der frühen Neuzeit etabliert haben und wie diese durchaus heterogenen Stereotype im 17. Jahrhundert, weiterentwickelt und sukzessive korrigiert worden sind, welche Gründe zu der Fortentwicklung und zu den Korrekturen geführt haben und warum diese Differenzierungsprozesse sich nur zögerlich vollzogen. Herangezogen werden hierfür Reiseberichte über Brasilien bzw. Südamerika allgemein des 17. Jahrhunderts und zwei für den wissenschaftlichen Bericht um 1800 prominente Beispiele (Alexander von Humboldt, Georg Forster).