Journal articles: 'Stereotypes (Social psychology) Sex differences (Psychology) Social influence'

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Patrčević, Sonja, and Maja Ernečić. "RAZVOJ DJECE U ISTOSPOLNIM OBITELJIMA – ČINJENICE, PREDRASUDE I ULOGA DRUŠTVA." Annual of Social Work 27, no. 3 (April 24, 2021): 563–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/ljsr.v27i3.291.

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DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN IN SAME-SEX FAMILIES – FACTS, PREJUDICES AND THE ROLE OF SOCIETY Changes in the family structure which have been present in recent decades generated new forms of families, among which are same-sex families. These changes are mainly not accompanied by the same speed of changes in society through a change of the system of values, public perceptions and policies. Many same-sex couples raise children who were born in previous heterosexual relationships, realise parenthood through different reproduction techniques, and in some societies, which are more modern and mature than ours and which are pro-European and western oriented, adoption of children by same-sex couples was already legitimized a long time ago. A series of research studies connected to same-sex families and parenthood was conducted to date. The results of most scientific studies have shown that there are no significant changes between children who grow up in heterosexual unions and those who grow up in same-sex unions related to their mental and physical well-being, social competencies, behavioural adjustment, gender identity and role, sexual orientation, social relations and academic achievement. It seems that family processes, quality of parenthood and quality of the parent-child relationship influence the developmental outcomes far more than the family structure does. The influence of stigmatization seems to be controversial as the results are contradictory. The influence of stigmatization is negatively connected to mental health and quality of life of same-sex couples. In spite of that, their children develop into healthy persons in the homophobic society they grow up in. Nevertheless, society burdened by stereotypes and prejudice represents a certain social risk for same-sex families. Opposing scientific research which shows very few noticeable differences between the children of same-sex and heterosexual couples to social beliefs that are not based on scientific facts is important for the social survival of these different families. Scientific literature should be the only relevant factor in designing policies that position same-sex families within a wider social context. It is precisely due to this that this paper provides an overview of scientific research studies that are focused on the potential influences of same-sex unions on the children’s growing up,with an emphasis on the sexual and psychosocial development of the children. The presented results should form a basis for all discussions about the influence of same-sex parenthood on children and only they are relevant for policy-making based on scientific facts.

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Leaper, Campbell, and Jean Berko Gleason. "The Relationship of Play Activity and Gender to Parent and Child Sex-typed Communication." International Journal of Behavioral Development 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549601900401.

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The influence of contextual factors on parent-child interactions, and the role of these factors in the incidence of gender differences in communication, was examined. Twelve daughters and twelve sons (mean age = 43 months) visited a university laboratory on separate occasions, once with their mothers and once with their fathers. During both visits, the parent-child pair played with a relatively masculine-stereotyped toy set, oriented toward construction play (a take-apart car), and a relatively feminine-stereotyped toy set, oriented toward social-dramatic play (props for a grocery store). Transcripts of the parent and child speech acts were coded while listening to audiotape recordings of the interactions. The results indicated that the play activity, and not the speaker's gender, significantly affected both parents' and children's use of different speech acts. Parent gender was an additional predictor of children's speech. All of the significant effects had large effect sizes. The findings support theoretical models and other research reports that emphasise the importance of activity settings in the sex-typing process.

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Harris, Mary B. "Sex Differences in Stereotypes of Spectacles1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21, no. 20 (October 1991): 1659–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00497.x.

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Friedman, Heidi, and Leslie A. Zebrowitz. "The Contribution of Typical Sex Differences in Facial Maturity to Sex Role Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 4 (August 1992): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167292184006.

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Beckwith, J. B. "TERMINOLOGY AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON GENDER." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, no. 4 (January 1, 1994): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.4.329.

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While the feminization of psychology seems remote, socially relevant research is relatively achievable. In the present paper, terminology is initially reviewed, and distinctions are drawn between concepts of sex, gender, and sexuality. Traditional areas of psychological activity in relation to gender differences, gender identity, gender stereotypes, gender and sexuality are noted, and issues of social relevance are highlighted. Possibilities for socially relevant research include investigation of power differences, the subjective experience of oppression, objectification of women's bodies, and the pattern of connections and disconnections between sex, gender, sexuality, and position on feminism.

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Chalabaev, Aïna, Philippe Sarrazin, David Trouilloud, and Lee Jussim. "Can Sex-Undifferentiated Teacher Expectations Mask an Influence of Sex Stereotypes?ï¿½Alternative Forms of Sex Bias in Teacher Expectations." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39, no. 10 (October 2009): 2469–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00534.x.

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Finkel, Eli J., and Paul W. Eastwick. "Arbitrary Social Norms Influence Sex Differences in Romantic Selectivity." Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (October 2009): 1290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02439.x.

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Halpern, Diane F. "The influence of sex-role stereotypes on prose recall." Sex Roles 12, no. 3-4 (February 1985): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287602.

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Rubini, Vittorio, and Elena Antonelli. "Self‐gender schemata and the processing of social information." European Journal of Personality 6, no. 5 (December 1992): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410060504.

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Previous research has found that subjects possessing a self‐gender schema in line with gender stereotypes (i.e. sex‐typed individuals) are quicker than non‐sex‐typed subjects in deciding whether a stereotypically masculine or feminine trait adjective is self‐descriptive or not. The results of memory tasks are more contradictory. In this study we have supposed that gender‐schematic subjects can most effectively process gender‐linked information even if it does not relate to the self. More specifically, we hypothesized (a) that sex‐typed subjects are quicker than non‐sex‐typed subjects in deciding whether a trait adjective can be better attributed to men or women and (b) that they recall a greater number of masculine and feminine adjectives and have greater gender‐based clustering indices compared with non‐sex‐typed individuals. Subjects previously identified as Sex‐typed, Androgynous, Indifferentiated, and Cross‐sex‐typed were presented with adjectives referring to stereotypic masculine and feminine traits. The results showed that sex‐typed subjects, regardless of their sex, were faster than the other groups in deciding whether a certain trait applied more to a man than to a woman. No significant differences between the groups of subjects were found as to the number of masculine and feminine items being correctly recalled or to gender‐based clustering indices.

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Poeschl, Gabrielle. "A hundred years of debates on sex differences: Developing research for social change." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6399.

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After women secured the right to vote some hundred years ago, the assertions about their innate inferiority gradually began to vanish, giving way to theories about the countless aspects which apparently differentiated them from men. In this paper, we follow the evolution of research on sex differences, starting with the work of the first female psychologists who questioned the theories that justified women’s subordinate positions in society. We trace the main developments of the studies on sex differences, their relationship with social roles, gender stereotypes, and gender identity, and describe the strategies used to highlight the role of society rather than of biology in shaping men and women’s personalities and behaviors. We describe the controversies this area of research gave rise to, the debates over its political implications, and the changes observed over time in women’s social positions and within research perspectives. Finally, we discuss the mutually reinforcing effects of social organization and lay conceptions of gender and reflect on how the field of research on sex differences has contributed to building a fairer society.

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Kudrna, Laura, Adrian Furnham, and Viren Swami. "The influence of social class salience on self-assessed inTelligence." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 6 (July 1, 2010): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.6.861.

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Previous research on self-assessed intelligence (SAI) has been focused on sex differences to the exclusion of other pertinent factors, including objective and subjective social class differences. In this study, 343 participants completed an online questionnaire in which the salience of social class identity was manipulated and measures of self-assessed overall intelligence, participant sex, and objective and subjective social class status were obtained. Results showed that participants of a high social class had a significantly higher SAI when their social class identity was salient, but there was no significant difference in the SAI of low social class groups with or without their social class identity salient. Results also revealed significant sex differences in SAI, but only among participants of a high social class. Overall, these results suggest that social class salience may be an important factor in shaping SAI.

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Vishwanatha, Kalyani, Camilla Hakelind, Anders Steinvall, Johan Svensson, and Mats Deutschmann. "Interpersonal complementarity and gender: Contextual influences on perception of personality." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9812.

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Contextual influences have long been recognized as an important factor explaining individual differences in perception of personality traits. In this study we investigated whether interpersonal complementarity creates a context for the perception of personality traits, and whether gender stereotypes play a role in the process. Participants were 205 students taking a personality psychology course. They evaluated personality traits in the context of observing an interpersonal exchange that reflected complementarity. Among the respondents, 103 made the evaluation based on a gender stereotypical exchange (dominant male–submissive female) and 102 based their evaluation on a gender counterstereotypical exchange (dominant female–submissive male). Results reveal that interpersonal context had a stronger influence on ratings of conscientiousness, openness, and emotional stability traits than it did on extraversion and agreeableness trait ratings. Furthermore, openness and conscientiousness were particularly susceptible to gender-based stereotypes in the context of interpersonal complementarity. These results suggest that both interpersonal complementarity and gender stereotypes influence the perception of personality traits, but that they do so in a way that is unique to each trait.

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Leman, P. J., and G. Duveen. "Gender identity, social influence and children’s arguments." Swiss Journal of Psychology 62, no. 3 (September 2003): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.62.3.149.

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This paper explores the relationship between gender, processes of argumentation and cognitive change in children’s social interaction. Hundredandtwenty children (average age, 9.5 years) discussed a moral dilemma with a same age peer. The style of children’s conversations differed between same sex (boy-boy and girl-girl) pairs and boy-girl pairs. These stylistic differences suggest that the social organisational factors or status relations that stem from a child’s gender group membership can act to obstruct the effective communication and acceptance of certain arguments (or more epistemic aspects of influence) in conversation. Further analysis of conversations points to the importance of addressing differences in perspectives when reaching agreement. Results are discussed with reference to children’s representations and resolutions of socio-cognitive conflict.

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Edlund, John E., Jeremy D. Heider, Austin Lee Nichols, Randy J. McCarthy, Sarah E. Wood, Cory R. Scherer, Jessica L. Hartnett, and Richard Walker. "Sex differences in jealousy: the (lack of) influence of researcher theoretical perspective." Journal of Social Psychology 158, no. 5 (November 27, 2017): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1365686.

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Sevillano, Verónica, and Susan T. Fiske. "Animals as Social Objects." European Psychologist 21, no. 3 (July 2016): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000268.

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Abstract. Nonhuman animals are typically excluded from the scope of social psychology. This article presents animals as social objects – targets of human social responses – overviewing the similarities and differences with human targets. The focus here is on perceiving animal species as social groups. Reflecting the two fundamental dimensions of humans’ social cognition – perceived warmth (benign or ill intent) and competence (high or low ability), proposed within the Stereotype Content Model ( Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002 ) – animal stereotypes are identified, together with associated prejudices and behavioral tendencies. In line with human intergroup threats, both realistic and symbolic threats associated with animals are reviewed. As a whole, animals appear to be social perception targets within the human sphere of influence and a valid topic for research.

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Yzerbyt, Vincent, Olivier Corneille, and Claudia Estrada. "The Interplay of Subjective Essentialism and Entitativity in the Formation of Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Review 5, no. 2 (May 2001): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0502_5.

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In line with our subjective essentialist view of stereotypes (Yzerbyt, Rocher, & Schadron, 1997), we propose that two classes of factors that mutually reinforce each other influence the perception of groups. The perception of a strong level of similarity and organization among group members (i.e., group entitativity) suggests the existence of a deep essence that would account for the detected regularities. Conversely, the existence of naïve theories regarding the presence of an underlying core encourages the search for resemblances and connections within the group. After a short presentation of the recent literature dealing with the concepts of entitativity and essentialism, we review a series of studies from our laboratory showing the impact of entitativity on essentialism as well as the influence of essentialism on entitativity. We also provide empirical evidence for this bidirectional process from both the outsider and the insider perspective. Finally, we examine the potential role of cultural differences both in the ascription of a fundamental nature to an entitative assembly of people and in the use of a priori naïve theories to create surface similarity among group members. As a set, these efforts point to the importance of taking into account the constant dialogue between perceiver's theory-based explanations and group member's perceptual characteristics if one wishes to understand group stereotypes.

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Blanchar, John C., and David J. Sparkman. "Individual Differences in Miserly Thinking Predict Endorsement of Racial/Ethnic Stereotypes." Social Cognition 38, no. 5 (October 2020): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.5.405.

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The “cognitive miser” metaphor is a classic characterization of mental life wherein cognitive efficiency is favored over careful and reflective thinking. A presumed implication is that reliance on intuitive processing in the absence of reflective thinking should encourage stereotyping. However, research to date has not adequately tested whether proclivities to engage reflective thinking correspond with less stereotype endorsement, nor if their influence occurs independent of cognitive ability and epistemic motivation. In two studies, we conducted straightforward tests of this hypothesis by measuring individual differences in miserly or reflective thinking, cognitive ability, and epistemic motivation as unique predictors of stereotype endorsement. We utilized objective, performance-based measures of reflective thinking via the Cognitive Reflection Test. The results provide the first direct evidence for the cognitive miser hypothesis. Individual differences in miserly thinking predicted endorsements of racial/ethnic stereotypes independent of cognitive ability and epistemic motivation.

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Tagler, Michael J. "Sex Differences in Jealousy: Comparing the Influence of Previous Infidelity Among College Students and Adults." Social Psychological and Personality Science 1, no. 4 (July 8, 2010): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550610374367.

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Paessler, Katja. "Sex Differences in Variability in Vocational Interests: Evidence from Two Large Samples." European Journal of Personality 29, no. 5 (September 2015): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2010.

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Greater male variability has been established in cognitive abilities and physical attributes. This study investigated sex differences in variability in vocational interests with two large samples (N > 40 000 and N > 70 000). The results show that although men varied more in Realistic and Enterprising interests, women varied more in Artistic and Conventional interests. These differences in variability had considerable influence on the female–male tail ratios in vocational interests that have been found to contribute to reported gender disparities in certain fields of work and academic disciplines. Moreover, differences in means and variability interacted non–linearly in shaping tail–ratio imbalances. An age–specific analysis additionally revealed that differences in variability diminished with age: Older samples showed smaller differences in variance in Realistic, Artistic, and Social interests than younger samples. Thus, I found no evidence that greater male variability applies for vocational interests in general. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Perugini, Marco, and Juliette Richetin. "In the land of the blind, the one‐eyed man is king." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 8 (December 2007): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.649.

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A cautionary note is reported on the results and conclusions of McCrae et al. (this issue). The main counter argument to a straightforward interpretation of mean differences at a national level is the arbitrary nature of the metrics for personality traits. It is argued that this fundamental property lies behind potential threats to the interpretation of mean scores, such as frame‐of‐reference and accessibility effects. An empirical example of how accessibility can also have an influence on correlations is reported. The main message is that one should be very cautious in assuming that mean personality self‐reports are necessarily more accurate than national stereotypes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Massey, Sean G. "Valued differences or benevolent stereotypes? Exploring the influence of positive beliefs on anti-gay and anti-lesbian attitudes." Psychology and Sexuality 1, no. 2 (June 3, 2010): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2010.484593.

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Williams,, Robert J., Karen Standen, and Lina A. Ricciardelli. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REPORTED RIGHT-LEFT CONFUSION BY ADULTS: A ROLE FOR SOCIAL DESIRABILITY?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 21, no. 4 (January 1, 1993): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1993.21.4.327.

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Self-reports of difficulty in discriminating right from left (R/L), a measure of the influence of social desirability, and motor performance on a discrimination task (a map test) were compared in males and females. Significantly more females reported some degree of R/L confusion and there was a significant negative correlation between females' self-reports and social desirability scores. No such relationship was found for men's scores and no sex differences were evident during performance on the motor task.

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Cheung, Tak Sing. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ON SELF-ESTEEM: A HONG KONG CASE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1986.14.2.161.

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This paper reports a piece of research that is addressed to the controversial issue whether there are sex differences in the effect of academic achievement on self esteem. The study is a large scale survey based on a representative sample of all the secondary school students in Hong Kong. The results showed that male subjects generally had a higher score on self esteem than female ale subjects, and that while the self-esteem of male subjects were susceptible to the influence of academic achievement, the same was not true for their female counterparts. Similar findings were established in a recent study carried out in Norway. Explanations were given to account for the similarity.

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Ibrahim, Abdel-Sattar. "Social Reinforcement Orientation Approach to Personality." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.743.

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Using the new Social Reinforcement Orientation Checklist, this paper reviewed data collected from four different cultures to verify the validity of the hypothesis that orientation toward use of social reinforcing actions in dealing with others can be regarded as a consistent personality tendency. The checklist has 50 items such as smiling broadly, shaking hands with others, etc., to be rated by a respondent on a 3-point scale to indicate the extent of using each item in daily social interactions. The checklist has satisfactory reliability, identifying consistent and stable personality differences in using reinforcement. Several studies of the correlations of checklist scores with personality traits of interpersonal attraction, sex differences, birth order, and occupation. High checklist scorers scored higher than low scorers on dominance, extraversion and sociability, indicating that the motivational basis of the tendency toward social reinforcement may lie in the desire for social influence and sociability. Also, high checklist scorers are perceived as more attractive than low scorers. There were consistent group differences in social reinforcement orientation indicating that some groups such as women, lastborn brothers, and students are more encouraged to use social reinforcement than comparable groups of men, firstborn brothers, and teachers. Social reinforcement can then be viewed as a consistent personality tendency that shapes an individual's conduct and so can be related to differences in personality and groups.

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Bauer, Nichole M. "Rethinking stereotype reliance: Understanding the connection between female candidates and gender stereotypes." Politics and the Life Sciences 32, no. 1 (2013): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/32_1_22.

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Increasing numbers of female candidates are running for Congress in American national elections. Despite the rise in female candidates running for office, women are not significantly increasing their presence in the House and Senate. A much hypothesized influence over the electoral fates of female candidates is the role of gender stereotypes. However, political science scholars have struggled to pinpoint the effect of stereotypes on vote choice, if there is any effect. This essay compares the way social psychology and political science scholars theoretically, conceptually and empirically test for gender stereotype influence over evaluations of female candidates and politicians. Differences emerge in the theoretical assumptions made in the two disciplines, the types of measures used in research, and the empirical tests conducted to demonstrate the presence or absence of stereotypes in evaluations of women. The discussion explores how scholars studying female candidates and politicians can integrate insights from social psychology to clarify the role of stereotypes in candidate evaluation and choice.

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Braza, Francisco, José R. Sánchez-Martín, Paloma Braza, Rosario Carreras, José M. Muñoz, Aitziber M. Azurmendi, and Iñaki Verdier. "Girls' and Boys' Choices of Peer Behavioral Characteristics at Age Five." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 10 (November 1, 2012): 1749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1749.

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We analyzed age differences in the behavioral profiles of the girls and boys chosen as play partners by same- and cross-sex peers at age 5 and the influence of these choices on subsequent behavior at 9 in a sample of 107 Spanish children. Girls chose girls who had an interest in resources and affective leadership, whereas boys chose boys interested in sport and rejected those preferring role-taking play. Both girls and boys who were preferred by boys at 5 showed low levels of maladaptive behaviors. We suggest that children's selection of the type of play and behavior of their same-sex peers could be considered a relevant mechanism for explaining the adaptive role of sex segregation during childhood.

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Watkins, Christopher D., Lisa M. DeBruine, Anthony C. Little, and Benedict C. Jones. "Social Support Influences Preferences for Feminine Facial Cues in Potential Social Partners." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 6 (January 1, 2012): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000162.

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Most previous studies of individual differences in women’s and men’s preferences for sexually dimorphic physical characteristics have focused on the importance of mating-related factors for judgments of opposite-sex individuals. Although studies have suggested that people may show stronger preferences for feminine individuals of both sexes under conditions where social support may be at a premium (e.g., during phases of the menstrual cycle where raised progesterone prepares women’s bodies for pregnancy), these studies have not demonstrated that perceptions of available social support directly influence femininity preferences. Here we found that (1) women and men randomly allocated to low social support priming conditions demonstrated stronger preferences for feminine shape cues in own- and opposite-sex faces than did individuals randomly allocated to high social support priming conditions and (2) that people perceived men and women displaying feminine characteristics as more likely to provide them with high-quality social support than those displaying relatively masculine characteristics. Together, these findings suggest that social support influences face preferences directly, potentially implicating facultative responses whereby people increase their preferences for pro-social individuals under conditions of low social support.

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Pereira, Marcos Emanoel, José Luis Álvaro Estramiana, and Inge Schweiger Gallo. "Essentialism and the Expression of Social Stereotypes: A Comparative Study of Spain, Brasil and England." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 2 (November 2010): 808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002468.

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Over the past few years, one of the most productive directions in the study of the activation and application of stereotypes has been provided by the essentialist concept of categorization. The research presented here studied the impact of two dimensions of essentialist beliefs - naturalism and entitativity-by using data collected from Brazil, Spain and England. The aim was to test whether there was a greater degree of essentialization among the naturalizable categories (sex, age and race) than among the entitative categories (economic condition, religion, political orientation, nationality and social condition). The results not only showed that participants hold more essentialist beliefs with regard to naturalistic categories but also showed the differences in the degree of essentialization across the three cultures. A discussion is conducted on the implications of the present findings, and on the heuristic value of the theoretical model (of the bidimensional nature of essentialism) adopted by this research.

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Graziano, William G., Lauri A. Jensen-Campbell, Laura J. Shebilske, and Sharon R. Lundgren. "Social influence, sex differences, and judgments of beauty: Putting the interpersonal back in interpersonal attraction." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 3 (September 1993): 522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.522.

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Dijkstra, Jan Kornelis, and Christian Berger. "Friendship Selection and Influence Processes for Physical Aggression and Prosociality: Differences between Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Contexts." Sex Roles 78, no. 9-10 (September 13, 2017): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0818-z.

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V. Aidman, Eugene, and Steve M. Carroll. "Implicit individual differences: relationships between implicit self‐esteem, gender identity, and gender attitudes." European Journal of Personality 17, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.465.

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The study examined whether the magnitude of same‐sex‐favouring implicit gender bias depends on individual differences in self‐esteem and gender identity as theorized by Greenwald et al. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was used to measure implicit self‐esteem, gender identity, and gender attitudes. Explicit self‐esteem and gender identity were measured with questionnaires. The IAT revealed a strong automatic preference for female words in 34 female undergraduates but, surprisingly, no significant gender bias in 32 males. Individual levels of this gender bias were predicted in both sexes by IAT‐derived implicit measures of self‐esteem and gender identity, as well as by their interaction. Neither declared gender identity nor explicit self‐esteem added to the prediction. The results are discussed in terms of balanced identity design and the potential influence of method effects on the findings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Cambras, T., L. Castejón, and A. Díez-Noguera. "Social interaction and sex differences influence rat temperature circadian rhythm under LD cycles and constant light." Physiology & Behavior 103, no. 3-4 (June 2011): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.010.

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Tamada, Taro. "The influence of sex differences and social environment on the occurrence of psychosomatic disorders." Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 26, no. 1 (March 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01674820500072438.

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Umberson, Debra, Rachel Donnelly, and Amanda M. Pollitt. "Marriage, Social Control, and Health Behavior: A Dyadic Analysis of Same-sex and Different-sex Couples." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146518790560.

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Prior research based on studies of heterosexual populations suggests that men’s health benefits more from marriage than women’s, in part because women do more than men to influence the health habits of their spouse. We extend this work by using dyadic survey data from 838 spouses in 419 gay, lesbian, and heterosexual marriages to consider differences in social control tactics across same-sex and different-sex couples—that is, how spouses monitor and regulate each other’s health habits. Results suggest that although gender differences in social control are common, gendered patterns sometimes differ depending on whether one is in a same-sex or different-sex marriage. Results also point to the importance of health habits as strong drivers of relationship dynamics across gay and lesbian as well as heterosexual marriages.

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Andersson, Egil. "PUPILS' EXPERIENCES OF SCHOOL AND FAMILY LIFE. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTONIA AND RUSSIA." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 25, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1997.25.3.201.

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In spite of common regime under the Soviet Union, Russia and Estonia have different traditions and cultural backgrounds, which may influence the parents' upbringing of the children.The focus of this study is teenagers' perception of their upbringing and the perceived demands on them from adults as well as from peers. In total 1.040 pupils, ranging in age from 12 to 14, took part. Of these, 548 were from Estonia and 492 from Russia. The pupils answered a questionnaire including questions about interests, parents' demands, schoolwork and social relations with their families and with their peers. Factor analyses of data were made separately for the two countries as well as for the whole study and the pupils' answers in Estonia and Russia were compared, with country and sex as independent variables. Some of the results indicate cultural differences as well as differences in external living conditions.

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Boot, Inge, Jochen Peter, and Johanna M. F. van Oosten. "Liking a Sexual Character Affects Willingness to Have Casual Sex." Journal of Media Psychology 28, no. 2 (April 2016): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000145.

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Abstract. The aim of the present study was to investigate individual differences in the influence of the likability of a sexual female main character on women’s willingness to have casual sex with a stranger. Specifically, we studied the moderating role of relationship status (Experiments 1 and 2) and satisfaction with one’s relationship or with being single (Experiment 2). Women (aged 18–30), who were single or in a relationship, watched an erotic scene with a likable or unlikable sexual female main character who had casual sex. In both experiments, women in a relationship were less willing to have casual sex than single women, after they had seen a likable sexual female character. However, an unpredicted effect was found in Experiment 2. After seeing an unlikable sexual female character, women who were dissatisfied with their relationship or with being single were more willing to have casual sex than their satisfied counterparts.

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Ma, Hing Keung, Ping Chung Cheung, and Daniel T. L. Shek. "The relation of prosocial orientation to peer interactions, family social environment and personality of Chinese adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 31, no. 1 (January 2007): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406073504.

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This study investigated the relation of peer interactions, family social environment and personality to prosocial orientation in Chinese adolescents. The results indicated no sex differences in general prosocial orientation and inclination to help others, but sex differences in inclination to maintain an affective relationship and inclination to co-operate and share with others. In general, prosocial orientation was associated negatively with peer negative influence and peer delinquent behavior, and positively with peer positive influence. Prosocial orientation was associated with positive family social environment. In addition, prosocial orientation was associated negatively with psychoticism and neuroticism, but positively with social desirability. The findings suggested that positive peer interactions, good family social environment and positive personality tended to increase the prosocial orientation of adolescents. From the perspective of the theory of planned behavior, the present findings in prosocial orientation were in line with similar findings in prosocial behavior in previous studies. Uses of the construct of prosocial orientation and implications of its correlates were discussed.

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Clarke, Dave, and Racquel Singh. "THE INFLUENCE OF PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND HOSPITAL DOCTORS' PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 33, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.3.259.

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This study examined the influence of pessimistic explanatory style (PES) on the relation between stressful events and psychological distress, first as a moderator with an interaction term, and secondly as a mediator between stressful events and psychological distress. A demographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg & Williams, 1991), the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; Holmes & Masuda, 1974), and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Peterson, 1995) were completed by 121 hospital doctors, 70 men and 51 women, aged 23–65 years (M = 37.2, SD = 1.2). There were no significant differences in mean GHQ psychological distress scores between groups for sex, domestic status, employment status or grade. Stressful events were positively associated with PES, and both were positively associated with psychological distress. In the absence of a significant interaction component, multiple regression analyses did not support explanatory style as a moderator, but did support it as a mediator in the relationship between stressful events and psychological distress. Findings were discussed in terms of helping doctors to alter their explanatory styles and possibly attenuate the influence of stressful events on their psychological distress.

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Kruschwitz, J. D., U. Lueken, A. Wold, H. Walter, and M. P. Paulus. "High Thrill and Adventure Seeking is Associated with Reduced Interoceptive Sensitivity: Evidence for An Altered Sex–Specific Homeostatic Processing in High–Sensation Seekers." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 5 (September 2014): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1946.

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The personality trait of sensation seeking (SS) has been traditionally linked to the construct of exteroception, that is, sensing of the outside world. Little is known about the relationship between SS and interoception, that is, sensing originating in the body. Interoceptive sensations have strong affective and motivational components that may influence behaviours such as risk taking in SS. This investigation examined whether interoceptive differences contribute to different behavioural characteristics in SS. Using an inspiratory resistive load breathing task, the response to an aversive interoceptive stimulus as a basic homeostatic process was studied in 112 subjects (n = 74 women and 38 men). A linear mixed–model approach was used to examine the influence of thrill and adventure seeking (TAS) on the interoceptive response across three levels of breathing resistances (10, 20, and 40 cm H2O/L/second). High–TAS relative to low–TAS individuals were less responsive in evaluating intensities of perceived choking with increasing inspiratory resistive loads. This effect was driven by male, but not female, high–TAS individuals and was particularly associated with reduced interoceptive sensitivity in men. The conceptualization of SS as primarily driven by exteroceptive stimuli can be expanded to a view of an altered homeostasis in SS, specifically in men. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Stieger, Stefan, Tina Eichinger, and Britta Honeder. "Can Mate Choice Strategies Explain Sex Differences?" Social Psychology 40, no. 1 (January 2009): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.1.16.

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Online deception is a phenomenon on the Internet, facilitated by restrictions on communication channels. As communication on the Internet is largely exchanged in textual form, deception about personal data such as sex, age, and appearance can be difficult to detect. Research on online deception has been focused thus far on what deceivers lie about and what motivates them to do so. Little is known about how persons feel when they are deceived in an online environment and about whether sex differences exist in the intensity of those feelings. Furthermore, research on online deception largely lacks a theoretical basis. In the current studies, differences between the sexes with respect to their reaction to online deception about sex, age, and appearance were analyzed in a framework of sex-specific mating strategies predicted by evolutionary theory. The results of a structured online interview showed that sex-specific differences in reaction to online gender switching and appearance deception can be explained by mating strategies. Gender switching was found to be more disturbing when committed by a chat partner of the same sex than when committed by a chat partner of the opposite sex. Appearance deception was found to be more disturbing when committed by chat partners of the opposite sex. The data on age deception were not in line with the theory of mate-choice strategies. Even a second online questionnaire study could not entirely clarify the issue but did reveal interfering factors (such as online harassment, legal issues, life expectancy) that probably influence the effect driven by evolution.

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Dijkman-Caes, Chantal I. M., Marten W. De Vries, Herro F. Kraan, and Alexander Volovics. "Agoraphobic Behavior in Daily Life: Effects of Social Roles and Demographic Characteristics." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3_suppl (June 1993): 1283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1283.

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Agoraphobia is related to demographic characteristics and social roles. To unravel behavioral aspects from demographic characteristics, daily life situations were registered with the Experience Sampling Method for 65 panic patients with and without agoraphobia. Surprisingly, panic patients with and without agoraphobia did not differ as hypothesized in reported frequencies of visits to public places. Panic subjects with agoraphobia did, however, spend significantly more time at home and with their families than did panic patients without agoraphobia and normal controls. When adjusted for demographic variables such as sex, marital status, family life, and employment, no significant differences between panic patients with and without agoraphobia emerged on the avoidance variables of remaining at home or being with a family member. The lack of discrimination of the diagnosis on these crucial behavioral variables highlights the influence of demographic characteristics and social roles on agoraphobia in daily life. Such findings challenge current diagnostic conceptualizations that rely on retrospective reports by patients of the avoidance of public places. Moreover, reliance on retrospective reports obscured the important role of significant others for understanding etiology and course.

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Barel, Efrat, Shosh Shahrabani, and Orna Tzischinsky. "Sex Hormone/Cortisol Ratios Differentially Modulate Risk-Taking in Men and Women." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 147470491769733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917697333.

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The present study aimed to extend the original focus of the dual-hormone hypothesis on testosterone and cortisol involvement in risk-taking to other sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone. The study also examined two alternative models for the proposed relationship between cortisol and sex steroids and for their joint influence on risk-taking: interaction and ratio terms. In all, 40 women and 37 men were tested for circulating sex hormones and provided self-reports on risk-taking. The findings suggest that sex hormone–cortisol ratios differentially modulate risk-taking in men and women: In men, high ratios were associated with risk-taking, whereas in women the opposite pattern was found. The findings are discussed in light of evolutionary assumptions regarding sex differences in neuroendocrine mechanisms, suggesting sex differences in neural sensitivity to sex hormones in risk-taking.

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V�zquez-Barquero, J. L., J. F. Diez Manrique, J. Mu�oz, J. Menendez Arango, L. Gaite, S. Herrera, and G. J. Der. "Sex differences in mental illness: a community study of the influence of physical health and sociodemographic factors." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 27, no. 2 (1992): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00788507.

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Wang, Yan, and Menelaos Apostolou. "In-Law Preferences in China and in Cyprus: Differences and Similarities." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 147470491772530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917725303.

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Across different times and cultures, parents exercise considerable influence over their children’s mate choices. When they do so, parents are looking for specific traits in a prospective daughter- and son-in-law. Using a sample of 674 parents, the current research investigated in-law preferences in China. Participants rated 88 different traits, which were clustered in 10 different preference domains. In-law preferences were found to be contingent on the sex of the in-law and the sex of the parent. The data from the current study were compared with data from a different study which took place in the Republic of Cyprus. It was found that preferences varied in the two samples, but specific cultural differences were identified. It was also found that for both samples, the 10 different domains clustered in two supra-domains. The first supra-domain, where personality traits clustered, was preferred more by both Chinese and Greek-Cypriot parents than the second domain, where the rest of the traits clustered.

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Sagrestano, Lynda M. "Power Strategies in Interpersonal Relationships." Psychology of Women Quarterly 16, no. 4 (December 1992): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00270.x.

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The present study was designed to examine the effects of both power and gender in the use of influence strategies. Women and men responded to three scenarios in which they interacted with an imagined partner in situations with different levels of interpersonal power: more power than their partner (expert), less power (novice), and the same amount of power (equivalent). Partners were either same sex or other sex. Participants used more direct strategies when they were experts and more indirect strategies when they were novices, and women and men were very similar in the strategies they selected. Overall, power differences had a more profound effect than gender in predicting the choice of influence strategies. What are often construed as gender differences in social influence probably are perceived power differences. As such, gender differences in behavior must be understood within a context of status and power.

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Jokela, Markus, Taina Hintsa, Mirka Hintsanen, and Liisa Keltikangas‐Järvinen. "Adult temperament and childbearing over the life course." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 2 (March 2010): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.749.

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Emerging evidence suggests that temperament may predict childbearing. We examined the association between four temperament traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence of the Temperament and Character Inventory) and childbearing over the life course in the population‐based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study (n = 1535; 985 women, 550 men). Temperament was assessed when the participants were aged 20–35 and fertility history from adolescence to adulthood was reported by the participants at age 30–45. Discrete‐time survival analysis modelling indicated that high childbearing probability was predicted by low novelty seeking (standardized OR = 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.88–0.97), low harm avoidance (OR = 0.90; 0.85–0.95), high reward dependence (OR = 1.09; 1.03–1.15) and low persistence (OR = 0.91; 0.87–0.96) with no sex differences or quadratic effects. These associations grew stronger with increase in numbers of children. The findings were substantially the same in a completely prospective analysis. Adjusting for education did not influence the associations. Despite its negative association with overall childbearing, high novelty seeking increased the probability of having children in participants who were not living with a partner (OR = 1.29; 1.12–1.49). These data provide novel evidence for the role of temperament in influencing childbearing, and suggest possible weak natural selection of temperament traits in contemporary humans. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Mullis, Ronald L., and John J. Moore. "Bidirectional Influence between Parent and Child: Rethinking Assessment of the Transition from Other- to Self-Regulation." Psychological Reports 62, no. 2 (April 1988): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.2.447.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether children eventually achieve the competency to monitor their own task performances (i.e., memory monitoring) by way of prior social interactions with parents (i.e., other- to self-regulation). It was hypothesized that, if cognitive abilities, such as memory monitoring, are internalized via social interactions with parents, then children who are able to gauge their task performance cognitively should require little or no aid from their parents in completing the task To test this hypothesis, interactions of 26 elementary school children and their parents over 10 to 12 mo. were examined. Analysis indicated an incongruence between children's ability to monitor their task performance and the extent to which they required parent assistance to complete the task. Although children internalized the ability to monitor their task performance, no sex, age, or parent-child dyadic differences were found in children's need for parental assistance to complete the task. An explanation of the findings was made in light of previous research and methodological considerations.

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Samson, Lelia. "The Effectiveness of Using Sexual Appeals in Advertising." Journal of Media Psychology 30, no. 4 (October 2018): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000194.

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Abstract. This study empirically investigates the effectiveness of using visual sexual appeals on the memory of men and women. It examines memory for the commercials activated by sexual versus nonsexual visual appeals. A mixed-factorial experiment was conducted. Visual recognition and free recall were recorded in 146 participants (males = 71 and females = 75). The results substantiate the evolutionary psychology claims. Support for the motivational information-processing and the distraction hypothesis was found in male viewers. The results indicate that sexual appeals enhance memory for the advertisements themselves, but they distract men from processing brand-related information. Male participants encoded and recalled less brand-related information from advertisements with sexual appeals. The study offers guidelines for advertisers and marketing producers while also providing insight into gender/sex differences in processing sexual stimuli. It also makes a key theoretical contribution to the field by parsing out the influence of sexual versus nonsexual visual content from the confounding impact of visual sexual versus verbal nonsexual memory.

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Geary, David C. "Sexual selection and sex differences in mathematical abilities." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 2 (June 1996): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042400.

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AbstractThe principles of sexual selection were used as an organizing framework for interpreting cross-national patterns of sex differences in mathematical abilities. Cross-national studies suggest that there are no sex differences in biologically primary mathematical abilities, that is, for those mathematical abilities that are found in all cultures as well as in nonhuman primates, and show moderate heritability estimates. Sex differences in several biologically secondary mathematical domains (i.e., those that emerge primarily in school) are found throughout the industrialized world. In particular, males consistently outperform females in the solving of mathematical word problems and geometry. Sexual selection and any associated proximate mechanisms (e.g., sex hormones) influence these sex differences in mathematical performance indirectly. First, sexual selection resulted in greater elaboration in males than in females of the neurocognitive systems that support navigation in three-dimensional space. Knowledge implicit in these systems reflects an understanding of basic Euclidean geometry, and may thus be one source of the male advantage in geometry. Males also use more readily than females these spatial systems in problem-solving situations, which provides them with an advantage in solving word problems and geometry. In addition, sex differences in social styles and interests, which also appear to be related in part to sexual selection, result in sex differences in engagement iii mathematics-related activities, thus further increasing the male advantage in certain mathematical domains. A model that integrates these biological influences with sociocultural influences on the sex differences in mathematical performance is presented in this article.

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Webster, Jennica R., Gary A. Adams, Cheryl L. Maranto, and Terry A. Beehr. "“Dirty” Workplace Politics and Well-Being." Psychology of Women Quarterly 42, no. 3 (May 2, 2018): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684318769909.

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We build and empirically test an integrative model of gender, workplace politics, and stress by integrating social role theory and prescriptive gender stereotypes with the transactional theory of stress. To examine the effect of gender on the relation between exposure to non-sanctioned political influence tactics (NPITs; e.g., self-serving and socially undesirable behaviors such as manipulation and intimidation) and stress outcomes, we employed a daily diary design with 64 employed adults over the course of 12 working days. In support of our hypotheses, exposure to NPITs––that is, “dirty politics”––elicited a threat appraisal that, in turn, related to the activation of negative emotions. Moreover, unlike men, women who reported higher levels of NPITs experienced heightened levels of threat appraisal and ultimately negative emotions. We demonstrate that pairing social role theory with the transactional theory of stress is a useful approach for researchers interested in better understanding gender differences in the occupational stress process. Anyone interested in reducing stress in the workplace is encouraged not only to reduce the occurrence of NPITs, but also to consider ways to reduce the threat associated with them, especially for women.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stereotypes (Social psychology) Sex differences (Psychology) Social influence'

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