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1
Henderson, J. V., and N. K. Waran. "Reducing Equine Stereotypies Using an Equiball™." Animal Welfare 10, no. 1 (2001): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600023277.
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AbstractIt is believed that environmental enrichment techniques can play an important part in creating suitable captive environments for horses. There has, however, been little scientific investigation into the effectiveness of ‘stable-toys’ which claim to reduce the performance of equine stereotypies. This study investigated the effect of a foraging device known as ‘The Equiball™’ on equine stereotypies. Six horses were given their evening feed in an Equiball, and the occurence of stereotypic behaviour recorded using scan sampling of video observations. Pre-enrichment, horses spent a mean (± SD) of 5.27 ± 8.17 per cent of their time in the stable performing stereotypies; and significant individual variation in mean time performing stereotypic behaviour was found (P < 0.05). Several peaks in stereotypy over the day were found, the two main ones corresponding to the times before feeding. A reduction in stereotypic behaviour in five horses, and a small increase in stereotypic behaviour in one horse was observed during enrichment. During enrichment, there was an overall trend for stereotypic behaviour to decrease (P < 0.1). When used in conjunction with other measures such as behaviour therapy, companionship, increased exercise, and so on, the Equiball may help to create an environment less likely to lead to the development of stereotypic behaviours.
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Fureix, Carole, Aleksandra Gorecka-Bruzda, Emmanuel Gautier, and Martine Hausberger. "Cooccurrence of Yawning and Stereotypic Behaviour in Horses (Equus caballus)." ISRN Zoology 2011 (May 12, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/271209.
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Determinants of yawning are still uncertain. As yawning seems to be triggered by stress and emotional contexts, we investigated specific correlates of yawning and stereotypic behaviours in horses. Study 1 investigated correlations in time between yawning and stereotypic behaviour in stereotypic horses from the same facility; study 2, involving riding school horses, investigated the cooccurrence of yawning and stereotypic behaviour at the individual level and in response to environmental factors (feeding time). Results showed that (1) stereotypic horses yawned more than the nonstereotypic horses, (2) yawning increased at the same time periods as stereotypic behaviours did, and (3) yawning frequency was positively correlated with stereotypic behaviour frequencies (study1). Different hypotheses are discussed: direct/indirect causal relationship and other factors susceptible to trigger both yawning and stereotypies. This study, underlining for the first time a cooccurrence of yawning and stereotypic behaviour, opens a promising line of investigation of this puzzling behaviour.
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Hemmings, A. J., S. D. McBride, and N. C. Smith. "The putative reward function of equine stereotypic behaviour." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041239.
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AbstractA review of physiology and behaviour–based studies on the function of stereotypic behaviour indicates contradiction and inconsistency within the literature. By considering appropriate neurochemical data alongside an existing model of motivation (Hughes and Duncan, 1988), a greater understanding of the function of stereotypy may be gained. The Hughes and Duncan model (1988), described stereotypies as highly motivated appetitive behaviours performed repeatedly in an environment where consummatory goals are denied. Moreover, appetitive behaviours activate reward circuitry such as the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens and are thus considered to have a reward value associated with their performance (Carr, 2002; Jones et al., 1990). Stress induced sensitisation of reward circuitry may result in appetitive ‘stereotypies’ having increased reward value, perhaps becoming consummatory in their own right. In such a scenario, stereotypic behaviour could function as a coping tool, allowing the animal to counter the effects of an aversive environment.
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Kulkarni, Tushar Pramod. "Analysis of stereotypic behaviour and enhanced management in captive Northern Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis housed at Zoological Garden Alipore, Kolkata." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 4 (2020): 15426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5622.12.4.15426-15435.
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In the wild, giraffes live complex social lives exhibiting fission-fusion social systems. They have sophisticated communication which likely forms a crucial component regulating subgroup dynamics. They spend a large part of their day browsing and traveling over large distances. In captivity, lack of continuous browsing opportunities and limited space can lead to various abnormal and stereotypic behaviours. These stereotypic behaviours can have cascading detrimental health consequences. A behavioural analysis of stereotypic behaviours in giraffes under human care was conducted to evaluate sources of variation within a population and provide management recommendations. The aim of this investigation was threefold: 1. to examine current behaviour of giraffes in Zoological Garden Alipore, Kolkata to advise on their enhanced management; 2. to highlight any behavioural abnormalities and recommend enrichment mechanisms; and 3. to compare the observed stereotypic behaviours with behaviour described in other zoological institutions and in the wild to provide a focal trajectory in the development of guidelines. Four individuals (two adult males, one adult female, and one male calf) were observed outdoors for seven days, three times a day for 30 minutes by instantaneous scan sampling method. During the observation period, the giraffe exhibited oral stereotypy more than any other behaviour recorded, though this was recorded disproportionally between individuals. The giraffe spent a larger amount of time exhibiting oral stereotypy compared to feeding/foraging activities. The study suggests incorporating diet and feeding strategies with provision of natural browse as well as offering enrichment methods to increase the foraging time using various time-engaged feeding devices to mitigate the observed abnormal stereotypic behaviour. Additionally, recommendations are made for expanding the size of the open enclosure to meet guidelines by the Central Zoo Authority, as a minimum.
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Parker, M. "Equine stereotypies: Current theories and future directions." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030817.
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Spontaneous stereotypic behaviour is conceptualised as topographically invariant, repetitive, rigid behaviour patterns, typically thought to be an artefact of captivity (Mason and Rushen 2006). In horses, stereotypic behaviours are commonly reported, probably owing to the high numbers of domesticated animals maintained under restrictive conditions (Parker et al., 2008a; Waters et al. 2002). Spontaneous stereotypies displayed by the horse include both oral (e.g., cribbing/windsucking) and locomotor (e.g., weaving and box-walking). There are a variety of extant theories as to what causes these behaviours, ranging from boredom to genetic predisposition and everywhere in-between. Affecting up to 35% of domestic horses in the UK, stereotypies represent a significant challenge for owners and a clear understanding of their aetiology is important in order to move to reduce the incidence. Recent advances in our understanding of the behavioural and neurobiological processes involved in the development and maintenance of drug-induced stereotypies in laboratory animals may provide us with a useful model for a better understanding of the spontaneous equivalent.
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Nascimento, Teresa, and Mauro Bianchi. "Stereotypes, emotions, and behaviours in intergroup context in Portugal." Análise Psicológica 39, no. 1 (2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1754.
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Stereotype content has been much studied since the classic study by Katz and Braly (1933). The results obtained in these studies have been fundamental to building more complex experiments in order to explore the formation, purpose and maintenance of stereotypes. In Portugal, to our knowledge, the existing studies are quite scarce, and in some cases non-existent, particularly related to some social groups of interest. Furthermore, continuous social changes may bring variation in the meaning and importance of each attribute. The goal of this study is to explore and pre-test the stereotype content of 12 social groups in Portugal. Ninety-eight participants recruited online via social media responded to 35 stereotypic traits and their valence, 21 emotions and 12 behavioural tendencies related to these social groups. The results allow not only the selection of, for each group, the stereotypic traits, emotions, and behavioural tendencies that are significantly different from the midpoint of the scale, but also the identification of traits, emotions and behavioural tendencies that best seem to differentiate the different groups.
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Keller, Roberto, Tatiana Costa, Daniele Imperiale, et al. "Stereotypies in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can We Rely on an Ethological Model?" Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060762.
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Background: Stereotypic behaviour can be defined as a clear behavioural pattern where a specific function or target cannot be identified, although it delays on time. Nonetheless, repetitive and stereotypical behaviours play a key role in both animal and human behaviour. Similar behaviours are observed across species, in typical human developmental phases, and in some neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability. This evidence led to the spread of animal models of repetitive behaviours to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these dysfunctional behaviours and to gain better insight into their role and origin within ASD and other disorders. This, in turn, could lead to new treatments of those disorders in humans. Method: This paper maps the literature on repetitive behaviours in animal models of ASD, in order to improve understanding of stereotypies in persons with ASD in terms of characterization, pathophysiology, genomic and anatomical factors. Results: Literature mapping confirmed that phylogenic approach and animal models may help to improve understanding and differentiation of stereotypies in ASD. Some repetitive behaviours appear to be interconnected and mediated by common genomic and anatomical factors across species, mainly by alterations of basal ganglia circuitry. A new distinction between stereotypies and autotypies should be considered. Conclusions: Phylogenic approach and studies on animal models may support clinical issues related to stereotypies in persons with ASD and provide new insights in classification, pathogenesis, and management.
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McBride, S. D., and D. Cuddeford. "The Putative Welfare-Reducing Effects of Preventing Equine Stereotypic Behaviour." Animal Welfare 10, no. 2 (2001): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600023848.
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AbstractThe common practice of preventing equine stereotypic behaviour in the UK may be of concern, from a welfare perspective, if these behaviours constitute a coping response to a suboptimal environment. The aim of this study was to assess the putative function of these behaviours by measuring behavioural and physiological parameters i) before and after stereotypy prevention; ii) before and after stereotypy performance; and iii) in response to opiate antagonist (naloxone) administration.The crib-strap significantly (P = 0.05) elevated mean plasma Cortisol levels in crib-biting horses; a similar, although not significant trend (P = 0.07) was also observed for the weaving group during the anti-weave bar treatment. Both crib-strap and anti-weave bar significantly (P < 0.05) elevated plasma Cortisol levels in the control horses. Although the latter result prevented a definite conclusion being drawn about the function of equine stereotypies, the results did indicate that the use of the crib-strap and anti-weave bar is stressful to the horse.Plasma Cortisol level was significantly (P = 0.04) higher immediately prior to the onset of stereotypy followed by a significant reduction post-stereotypy. This suggested that both crib-biting and weaving have a coping function to reduce stress levels in the animal.Naloxone significantly reduced crib-biting by 84 per cent (P = 0.05) but it did not reduce weaving behaviour, indicating that crib-biting is a reward behaviour. However, resting behaviour was also significantly (P = 0.02) increased in crib-biting horses, suggesting that the stereotypy reduction was due to a sedative effect of the opiate antagonist. The latter was not measured, however, in control or weaving animals, and thus may be interpreted differently. The welfare implications of these results are discussed.
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Avimova, Kseniya P., and Dmitry B. Sandakov. "The influence of the stereotypic forms of activity in mice behaviour in standard behavioural tests." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Biology, no. 3 (October 22, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-1722-2021-3-47-58.
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Laboratory animals often develop abnormal repetitive (stereotypic) behaviour that can influence both physiology and behavioural test results. Such abnormal behaviours usually develop in suboptimal environment and increase over time. To explore the development of stereotypic forms of activity night home-cage behaviour of laboratory mice was analysed and collated with the behaviour in open field (OFT), hole-board (HBT) and tail suspension (TST) tests twice within 16 weeks. Mice expressed few stereotypies and their duration lessened over time from median 8.2 to 1.0 %. In contrast, grooming behaviour increased significantly from 29.5 to 49.6 %. Home-cage grooming correlated with the latency of locomotion start in OFT and with the immobility time in TST. Intensity and stability of stereotypic activity and grooming influenced the duration of grooming in OFT: the mice with unstable stereotypies groomed more than others, and mice with the lowes home-cage grooming level also groomed in OFT the most. Intensity and stability of night grooming influenced the behaviour in TST: the mice with unstable level of grooming were the most mobile in this test. Abnormal home-cage activity may indicate impaired welfare, and that, in turn, may affect test activity, so researchers need to keep it in mind when planning animal behaviour experiments.
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McBride, S. D., and A. Hemmings. "Causal factors of equine stereotypy." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 35–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041227.
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AbstractThe commonality in neural mechanism (transmitter and brain region) underpinning stereotypy and that associated with motivation of goaldirected behaviours lends support to the idea that the former is derived from the latter. Hughes and Duncan postulated this theory behaviourally within their proposed 1988 model of motivation. This review re–interprets the Hughes and Duncan model to neurochemically describe the motivational development of stereotypic behaviour in the horse.
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Grindrod, J. A. E., and J. A. Cleaver. "Environmental Enrichment Reduces the Performance of Stereotypic Circling Behaviour in Captive Common Seals (Puoca Vitulina)." Animal Welfare 10, no. 1 (2001): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600023253.
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AbstractThe captive environment is often barren, predictable and under-stimulating so that the behavioural needs of animals in captivity may be thwarted. The welfare of animals may be compromised, which can result in the expression of abnormal behaviours. Stereotypic behaviours, such as the circling or pacing behaviour observed in captive pinnipeds, may become apparent. A simple, cheap and effective method of adding complexity to a captive environment is the use of environmental enrichment techniques. A number of enrichment devices were used in this study, focusing primarily on occupying more time in feeding/foraging behaviours of common seals, Phoca vitulina. The performance of stereotypic circling behaviour was significantly reduced during the enrichment period, suggesting it had improved the welfare of all the animals in this study.
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Lebatteux, E., M. E. Rosbotham, A. Northrop, and K. L. Howells. "Comparative methods of preventing stereotypic behaviour in horses." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041422.
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Over fifteen per cent of domesticated horses exhibit a form of stereotypic behaviour (Luescher, McKeown and Halip, 1991). These behaviours can represent or develop into health and welfare disequilibrium and crib–biting and weaving are two of the most commonly performed behaviours of this type. As these behaviours have been described as having no obvious function (Mason, 1991), procedures concerned with their ultimate prevention have been promoted within the equine industry. The aim of this study was to review the success of the physical, pharmacological, dietary, environmental and surgical methods available to horse owners for the prevention of equine stereotypies.A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed between riding schools, trekking centres and livery yards throughout the Northern counties of England along with horse owning BSc Equine students at Myerscough College, Lancashire. Of the total, 200 were distributed by post and the remainder researcher administered.
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Hemmings, A., S. D. McBride, and C. E. Hale. "Opioid circuitry and the aetiology of equine oral stereotypy." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020755.
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Stereotypic behaviour is generally attributed to a dysfunction of the basal ganglia, although confusion exists as to whether altered function stems from the dorsal (Caudatus and putamen) or ventral regions (nucleus accumbens). In rodents, imbalanced basal ganglia opioid physiology leads to enhanced efferent neural transmission from only the dorsal striatum to cortex. However, in horses performing oral stereotypy (crib-biting), neural alterations in dopamine receptor density have been recorded in both dorsal and ventral striatal regions (McBride and Hemmings, 2005) suggesting that both projections may be altered in the stereotypy phenotype. Indeed, if stereotypies are considered to stem from highly motivated appetitive behaviours, it seems probable that ventral elements of the basal ganglia ‘reward’ circuitry should also be involved If this is the case, then stereotypy performance has potentially rewarding consequences and could thus be employed as a coping strategy. To further address the issue of dorsal versus ventral striatum involvement in the equine oral stereotypy phenotype, comparisons of opioid receptor physiology between crib-biters and control horses were performed.
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Garrison, L. K., and F. J. White. "Group Formation and Behavioural Changes with Release to Free-Ranging in Red Ruffed Lemurs, Varecia Variegata Rubra." Animal Welfare 2, no. 3 (1993): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600015888.
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AbstractThe social behaviour, ranging, and stereotypic behaviours of four red ruffed lemurs (one female, three males) was observed during group formation and release into a 2.25ha natural habitat enclosure at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC). The female was immediately dominant to all males and there was no female-male affiliation during the initial stages of group formation. The group became identifiable as a unit after release to free-ranging when affiliation and group vocalizations began. Affiliation and vocalizations continued during subsequent recagings. Male dominance rank reflected relative age, but was subject to reversals. The stresses involved in release and group formation, however, can temporarily produce new aberrant behaviours which are soon replaced by normal behaviours. Once released into the large enclosure, stereotypic behaviours became infrequent but did not disappear. Other novel behaviours such as catatonic huddle and all male huddles were observed during release. Natural habitat enclosures can be important tools in the psychological well-being of captive primates.
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Liu, Xuan, Wen Shan, and Shenghua Jin. "Civilised Behaviour: A Chinese Indigenous Intergroup Perception Dimension." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 9, no. 2 (2015): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prp.2015.7.
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In order to check whether (un)civilised behaviour can be a valid indigenous intergroup comparison dimension for Chinese people, three studies were conducted based on stereotypic explanatory bias (SEB). Study 1 examined the media representation of Chinese and Western (un)civilised behaviours, and the SEB results suggested ingroup derogation of Chinese people regarding civilised behaviour. Study 2 aimed to use a more empirical approach to further analyse Chinese intergroup bias for civilised behaviour at both implicit and explicit levels. Chinese participants’ SEB results indicated ingroup derogation and outgroup favouritism were at the implicit level; however, ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation were at the explicit level. Study 3 was designed to examine how stereotypes that were verified in Study 2 would be changed by manipulating the presentation of extreme, stereotype-relevant information in the form of an internet blog. These findings suggest that (un)civilised behaviour can be a valid indigenous intergroup comparison dimension for Chinese people who perceive themselves as a disadvantaged group compared to Westerners on this dimension. Finally, theoretical contribution and practical implications for social change are discussed.
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Bortolini, TS, and JC Bicca-Marques. "The effect of environmental enrichment and visitors on the behaviour and welfare of two captive hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)." Animal Welfare 20, no. 4 (2011): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600003201.
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AbstractThe welfare of zoo animals depends on a combination of physical, social, dietary and other ecological characteristics of the captive setting. We analysed the influence of the transfer of an adult couple of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) from a small and non-enriched cage that was closed to the public to a larger and enriched exhibit at the visitation area of the Sapucaia do Sul Zoological Park, RS, Brazil. A total of 350 h divided into four stages were spent observing the baboons: (i) in the non-enriched enclosure before the transfer; (ii) soon after the transfer to the enriched enclosure; (iii) six months; and (iv) 12 months after the transfer. The occurrence of stereotypic, social aggressive and social affiliative behaviours was recorded by ‘all occurrences’ sampling. The female showed a decrease in frequency of a stereotypic behaviour (spinning) and an increase in grooming in the enriched enclosure. The male showed a decrease in the frequency of certain stress-related or stereotypic behaviours after transfer, but other stress-related behaviours either increased or remained constant. The male behaviour of throwing faeces was affected by the presence of visitors. We suggest that the well-being of the female was more positively influenced by the new enclosure than that of the male, although gender differences may reflect the normal behavioural repertoire of this sexually dimorphic species.
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EVCİ, Şevket, and Erva ESER. "Can diet impress horse behaviour?" Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2 (2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1292983.
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Along with domestication, various changes in nutrition and digestion have occurred in horses as well as in all species. Our review aims to compile existing studies examining the role of nutrition and digestion in the emergence of undesirable behaviours in domestic horses. The success achieved in species with high adaptability has not been sustained by the change in breeding purposes over the years. Welfare, defined as the physical and mental health of animals. The responses of animals to various stimuli are defined as behaviour. Since the behaviour of animals plays a primary role in monitoring welfare, studies on animal behaviour have intensified. The development of undesirable behaviours complicates the care and management practices and negatively affects the welfare of the animals in the following periods, resulting in negative consequences for both the animal and its environment. Stereotypes, which are among the unwanted behaviours and exhibited in the form of purposeless, repetitive movements, are one of the biggest behavioural problems of horse breeding. Oral stereotypes impede food intake, locomotor stereotypes impede mobility and are instrumental in the emergence of chronic and more complex health problems. Other undesirable behaviours may also harm the horse's keeper and other horses kept together in the same box, resulting in serious injury. It is known that nutrition and nutrients affect the development of undesirable behaviours in horses. It is known that anticipatory behaviour creates a basis for repetitive behaviours as a result of inhibition when feeding time and nutrient content are out of preference or insufficient. The effect of nutrition and nutrient content on the emergence of stereotypes and undesirable behaviours has not been fully addressed and the subject remains up-to-date. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief discussion of studies conducted to assess the effect of nutritional imbalances on stereotypic behaviour in horses. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were applied to the review using systematic review rules.
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Grime, E., A. Northrop, M. E. Rosbotham, and K. L. Howells. "The effect of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving in the stabled horse." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041410.
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The exhibition and aetiology of abnormal behaviour in the equine is a coping response to a sub-optimal environment (McBride and Cuddeford, 2001). Physical prevention of performance of these behaviours could however lead to compromised welfare so alternative welfare enhancement methods have been sought as alternatives. Nicol (1999) indicated that the cause of weaving as a specific stereotypic behaviour is related to the management of the stabled horse. Enrichment devices have been successful in reducing abnormal behaviour and fostering increased expression of more normal behaviours in many animal species but studies have remained limited in relation to the equine. By strategic placement of mirrors in the stable the current study aimed to reduce the stabled horses need to perform stereotypic weaving behaviour without the use of physical restraint in order to enhance the welfare outcome.Four horses, two males and two females were housed individually in 10*12m loose boxes and provided with straw bedding.
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Whittaker, X., H. A. M. Spoolder, S. A. Edwards, S. Corning, and A. B. Lawrence. "The effect of high fibre diet and the provision of straw as a foraging substrate on the development of stereotypic behaviour in group housed sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200594861.
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Food restriction appears to be a contributory factor in the development of stereotypic behaviour in sows. The sustained feeding motivation following the ingestion of a small meal of concentrated food results in high levels of foraging in the post-prandial period. In the absence of a suitable foraging substrate to facilitate the expression of complex behaviours, foraging may be channelled into a limited number of highly repetitive behavioural sequences (Lawrence and Terlouw 1993). High fibre diets may mitigate the development of such behaviours (Brouns, Edwards and English 1994) by providing increased gut fill in the post-prandial period, thereby reducing foraging motivation and consequently the need for a foraging substrate. The aim of this study was to examine the interactive effects of a high fibre diet and the provision of straw on levels of stereotypic behaviour in sows.
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Mousumi, Das. "Study of diurnal activity pattern and time budget of captive royal bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Alipore zoological garden, Kolkata." Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 25, no. 3 (2024): 38–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15455595.
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A study on diurnal activity pattern and time budgeting of female Royal Bengal tiger (<em>Panthera tigris tigris</em>) was conducted at Alipore Zoological Garden, Kolkata, India, for seven hours observation period from 10.00h to 17.00h between June, 2023 to May, 2024 by using focal sampling method with 33,600 minutes of observations. The study revealed twelve active behaviours, eight types of resting, five territorial, four exploration, five maintenance, two social, five vocalization and three stereotypic behaviours of the tigress during the observation period. The female Bengal tiger exhibited significant variations in activities among the seasons and in the different hours within a day. The study indicated that the tigress was predominantly engaged in resting behaviours through-out all of the three seasons. Among active behaviours, it was observed that the tiger exhibited walking behaviour (4.26 ± 0.28) significantly higher in winter than the other two seasons, whereas, behaviours like drinking, bathing and panting peaked during summer. Resting activities such as sitting (10.65 ± 0.26), head down (3.71 ± 0.10) and belly up (2.79 ± 0.22); and territorial behaviours like urination (0.33 ± 0.01) were notably higher in the rainy season. When comparing the data among three seasons, in the first hour of observation, panting (4.08%) and walking (10.28%) under the active behavioural category was found to be higher during the summer season, while during the winter season lay down (57.22%) occurred more frequently. Higher incidences of lay down (68.89%) activity was observed during the monsoon while exhibiting resting behaviour from 12:00 h to 13:00 h, whereas, grooming (2.08%) reached its highest point during this season between 15:00 h and 16:00 h. When the stereotypic behaviours were considered, pacing was found to be highest (6.94 ± 0.20) during monsoon, while, circling (26.96 ± 0.33) dominated the winter. The presence of stereotypic activities indicates its possible psychological stress and demands further research on the feasible cause of this problem. Moreover, further studies on captive tiger will identify the effect of enrichment tools on its behaviour which will ensure healthier lifestyle for that animal. published by the <strong>Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)</strong>
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de Leeuw, J. A., J. E. Bolhuis, G. Bosch, and W. J. J. Gerrits. "Effects of dietary fibre on behaviour and satiety in pigs." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, no. 4 (2008): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966510800863x.
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During the past decades there has been considerable interest in the use of dietary fibre in both animal and human nutrition. In human subjects dietary fibre has been studied intensively for possible effects on body-weight management and health. In animal nutrition the interest in dietary fibre has increased because it can be used as a cheap source of energy and because of its potential to improve animal welfare and reduce abnormal (mainly stereotypic) behaviour. Animal welfare is impaired if the diet does not provide sufficient satiety, combined with an environment that does not meet specific behavioural requirements related to natural feeding habits (e.g. rooting in pigs). A considerable proportion of the behavioural effects of dietary fibre are thought to be related to reduced feeding motivation. It has been hypothesized that: (1) bulky fibres increase satiety and thereby decrease physical activity and stereotypic behaviours immediately following a meal in pigs; (2) fermentable fibres prolong postprandial satiety and thereby reduce physical activity and appetitive behaviours for many hours after a meal. The validity of these hypotheses is examined by considering published data. In sows dietary fibres (irrespective of source) reduce stereotypic self-directed behaviours and substrate-directed behaviours, and to a lesser extent overall physical activity, indicating enhanced satiety shortly after a meal. Furthermore, fermentable dietary fibre reduces substrate-directed behaviour in sows and physical activity in sows and growing pigs for many hours after a meal. Evidence of long-term effects of poorly-fermentable fibre sources is inconclusive. The findings suggest that highly-fermentable dietary fibres have a higher potential to prolong postprandial satiety.
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Newby, Jessica, Ashleigh Bell, Sophie Wilson, and Mirela Cuculescu-Santana. "The Impact of Puzzle Feeders, Ice-Pops and Artificial Seaweed on Captive Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) Behaviour." BioShorts 1, no. 1 (2024): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.70145/bish0004.
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Environmental enrichment is used in zoos and aquaria to improve animal welfare through the stimulation of naturalistic behaviours and reduction of stereotypic behaviours. This study investigated the impact of new enrichment items on the behaviour of a group of captive adult harbour seals. Data were collected in summer-autumn 2023 using continuous scan sampling and all behaviours one-zero recording method for 1-minute intervals (4 hours/day, 8 days). Under standard enrichment conditions, more than 90% of the seals’ behavioural budget was represented by naturalistic behaviours, with low levels of pattern group swimming, which occurred mainly before the two daily shows. Group swimming decreased and random swimming increased before the seal shows on days with new enrichment, but these differences were not statistically significant. The presence of new enrichment items led to a significant increase in exploration and a significant decrease in group swimming only during the morning periods when the new items were actually present in the enclosure (p<0.05, Kruskal Wallis test). During these periods the seals interacted most frequently with the submersed fish-filled puzzle feeders and least frequently with the floating artificial seaweed. This study concluded that new environmental enrichment may be beneficial even for seals displaying low levels of stereotypic behaviours as it provides more behavioural choices and helps promote active naturalistic exploratory behaviours which may alleviate captivity induced stress and improve welfare.
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Hall, K., J. Bryant, M. Staley, JC Whitham, and LJ Miller. "Behavioural diversity as a potential welfare indicator for professionally managed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Exploring variations in calculating diversity using species-specific behaviours." Animal Welfare 30, no. 4 (2021): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.4.002.
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Behavioural diversity may serve as a positive indicator of animal welfare that can be applied in long-term monitoring schemes in managed settings (eg zoos, laboratories, farms). Behavioural diversity is often higher when animals live in stimulating environments and experience positive events. Unfortunately, welfare researchers have not adopted consistent, standardised approaches to measuring behavioural diversity. The goal of this exploratory study was to utilise data from 41 adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed across 16 zoological institutions to examine various models of Shannon's Diversity Index. Specifically, we investigated the impact of: combining versus splitting behaviours, including only positive behaviours, including human interaction, and considering recipient behaviours. We evaluate how the inclusion or exclusion of different behaviours impacts the relationship of behavioural diversity with: (i) concentrations of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM), a common indicator of adrenal activity; (ii) concentrations of immunoglobulin-A (IgA), an indicator of immune function and potential indicator of positive welfare; and (iii) stereotypic behaviour, a validated indicator of poor welfare. Most indices had significant negative relationships with faecal GCM. Animals that express a variety of behaviours from their species-typical repertoire have lower average faecal GCM concentrations and are likely experiencing better welfare. We did not find significant relationships between the behavioural diversity indices and IgA concentrations. Two indices were inversely associated with stereotypic behaviour. Our findings provide additional support for using Shannon's Diversity Index to calculate behavioural diversity as a robust, valid measure of positive welfare. However, future publications must justify the process for including or excluding behaviours from calculations.
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Benhajali, Haifa, Mohammed Ezzaouia, Christophe Lunel, Faouzia Charfi, and Martine Hausberger. "Stereotypic behaviours and mating success in domestic mares." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 153 (April 2014): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.01.002.
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Sirovica, LV, M. Creamer, and KM Horback. "Preference for and behavioural response to environmental enrichment in a small population of sexually mature, commercial boars." Animal Welfare 28, no. 3 (2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/109627286.28.3.271.
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An increasing public concern over the welfare of livestock species is motivating more producers to consider changes to production practices. Providing environmental enrichment for intensively housed animals is one such potentially welfare-enhancing change. The goal of environmental enrichment is to provide biologically relevant environmental stimuli that allows an animal to perform highly motivated, species-specific behaviours. To date, there is no research specific to the applicability of environmental enrichment for commercial boars (Sus scrofa domesticus), nor on commercial boar welfare in general. In this study, eight individually housed, mature boars were observed to prefer interacting with hanging cotton rope enrichment over hanging rubber chew sticks when given the option. There was a significantly negative correlation between the amount of time boars spent interacting with rope and the amount of time they spent performing stereotypic pen manipulation, suggesting that the rope was more effective at reducing stereotypic behaviour than the rubber. Such reductions in amount of time spent performing abnormal stereotypic behaviours could indicate that some of the animals' behavioural needs are being met by the enrichment object. Thus, the results of this study could help provide producers with more objective, research-based suggestions concerning the efficacy of practical enrichment choices for individually housed boars.
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ABDUL MAWAH, SITI SARAYATI, LO CHOR-WAI, and FARNIDAH JASNIE. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE DAILY ACTIVITY BUDGET OF SUN BEAR (Helarctus malayanus) IN CAPTIVITY AND SEMI-CAPTIVITY." Malaysian Applied Biology 50, no. 1 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v50i1.18.
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A comparative study on the daily activity budget of the sun bear was conducted in Lok Kawi Wildlife Park and Borneon Sun Bear Conservation Centre (BSBCC) Malaysia. The behaviour of 22 individuals was recorded using the Instantaneous scan sampling method. A total of 330 hr were collected, with 180 hr were collected at Lok Kawi Wildlife Park and 150 hr at BSBCC. Thirteen behavioural activities were recorded using the Ad-libitum sampling method in both captive and semi- captive bears, which were then grouped into three categories; active, passive, and abnormal behaviours classes and tabulated in an ethogram. Captive sun bears are kept permanently under human control, such as in zoos, while semi-captive sun bears are released to the forest during the day but kept in the cage at night. This study shows that semi-captive bears are significantly more active than captive bears. More passive and abnormal behaviours are present in captive bears. Stereotypic pacing scored the highest percentage of observation with 24% for abnormal behaviour in captive bears. Both captive and semi-captive bears showed a similar pattern of active and passive behavioural rhythms. The peak for active behaviours was from 1000 to 1100 hr, and the peak for passive behaviours was from 1300 to 1400 hr. In conclusion, although there was a difference in activities done between captive and semi-captive bears, the pattern of behavioural rhythms between both group of bears was similar. The introduction of enrichment programmes is crucial to captive bears to reduce stereotypic pacing behaviour.
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Święcicka, Natasza, Mariusz Bogucki, and Anna Kołodziejska-Sawerska. "The impact of temperament type on the occurrence of stereotypic behaviour in chinchillas." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 2 (2023): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.2.03.
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The aim of the study was to define the extent of occurrence of stereotypic compulsive behaviour in chinchillas (biting the cage, licking the paws, fur chewing, aimless running around the cage) depending on the displayed character type (temperament). Thirty chinchillas were assigned to three character type (temperament) groups on the basis of a behavioural test. The conclusion of the analysis was that the chinchillas not displaying any signs of fear or hyper-excitability spent the least time on stereotypic compulsive behaviour. More timid individuals most frequently displayed oral compulsion such as paw licking or fur chewing, whereas hyperactive ones most frequently were observed to aimlessly run around the cage. It was concluded that the animal's disposition significantly influenced the amount of time spent on repetitive stereotypic behaviour (P ≤ 0.01), and also that the time of day significantly influenced the frequency of chinchillas biting cage bars (P ≤ 0.05). It was observed that chinchillas in group III manifested the analysed behaviour mainly during the night time, in the remaining two groups the intensity of studied traits was more diversified during both day and night. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between most analysed behaviours.
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Polverino, Giovanni, Arianna Manciocco, Augusto Vitale, and Enrico Alleva. "Stereotypic behaviours in Melopsittacus undulatus: Behavioural consequences of social and spatial limitations." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 165 (April 2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.009.
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Josna, Priya Lewis* Ashoka Shenoy M. "Evaluation of Anti-Psychotic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Benincasa Hispida Peel in Experimental Animals." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 12 (2024): 491–501. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14276123.
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Objective: To evaluate the antipsychotic activity of ethanolic extract of Benincasa hispida peel using experimental animal models. Methods: The fresh fruits of Benincasa hispida were collected, and washed, and the peels were dried before being ground into a fine powder. The ethanolic extract was obtained by the maceration process. Two doses of Benincasa hispida peel extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight) were administered for 21 days in rats for the pole-climbing avoidance test, and for 15 days in mice for the ketamine-induced stereotypic behaviour model. In the pole-climbing test, Haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) served as the standard antipsychotic drug, while in the ketamine-induced stereotypy model, Olanzapine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as the standard. Results: The ethanolic peel extract of Benincasa hispida (EPBH) exhibited significant (P<0.05, P<0.01) dose-dependent inhibition of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats, demonstrated by the increased time spent on the grid floor of the chamber. In the ketamine-induced stereotypic behaviour model, EPBH administered for 15 consecutive days at two different doses significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) reduced stereotypic behaviours such as falling, weaving, head-bobbing, and turning in mice. The results indicate that Benincasa hispida ethanolic peel extract exerts antipsychotic activity in both models, with the higher dose of 400 mg/kg showing the most pronounced effects. Conclusion: The present study highlights the significant antipsychotic potential of Benincasa hispida peel extract, particularly at the higher dose of 400 mg/kg. While the exact mechanisms underlying its antipsychotic effects remain unclear, these findings warrant further research to isolate and identify the active compounds responsible for its therapeutic effects.
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Prioni, Sara, Veronica Redaelli, Paola Soliveri, et al. "Stereotypic behaviours in frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy." Cortex 109 (December 2018): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.023.
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Hitri, A., J. M. Cohen, D. A. O'Connor, and S. I. Deutsch. "Comparison of MK-801 and apomorphine induced stereotypic behaviours." Schizophrenia Research 9, no. 2-3 (1993): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(93)90530-v.
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Vinke, C. M., N. C. Eenkhoorn, W. J. Netto, P. C. J. Fermont, and B. M. Spruijt. "Stereotypic Behaviour and Tail Biting in Farmed Mink (Mustela Vison) in a New Housing System." Animal Welfare 11, no. 2 (2002): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600028189.
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AbstractFarmed mink are known for showing stereotypies and tail biting, behaviours that are mostly viewed as indicators of reduced welfare. Among the factors that are often described as being relevant for the welfare of mink are food management systems, age at weaning, and type/presence of nest boxes and bedding. In the present study of commercially farmed mink, all of these factors have been integrated in one housing system. The occurrence of stereotypies and tail biting were observed at six Dutch mink farms, which differed from one another with respect to the number of modifications and the time since the introduction of these modifications. On each farm, 60 non-lactating female mink were observed during winter and 50 lactating female mink (with kits) were observed during summer. Mink on the farm with the most modifications spent 4.1% and 0.8% of their time performing stereotypies in winter and in summer, respectively. Mink on the farm with the least modifications spent 32% and 10.9% of their time performing stereotypies in winter and in summer, respectively. The occurrence of stereotypic behaviour in winter gradually increased as feeding time approached. This gradual increase was not observed at the farm with the least modifications. In general, mink spent less time performing stereotypies in summer than in winter. No clear differences were found between the farms for the occurrence of tail biting in relation to the modifications of the new system, although one farm showed a lower percentage (4%) of tail biters during summer. In conclusion, the farms that had introduced more modifications into their husbandry system housed animals showing less stereotypic behaviour. The results of this field study demonstrate an inverse relationship between the number of modifications and the occurrence of stereotypies; because of the experimental design, however, a causal relationship is not implied. Further work is required to investigate the impact of each measure both in isolation and in the integrated system under more carefully standardised conditions.
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Mills, D. S., and K. Davenport. "The effect of a neighbouring conspecific versus the use of a mirror for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse." Animal Science 74, no. 1 (2002): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052255.
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AbstractWeaving behaviour involves the repetitive lateral swaying of the head, neck, forequarters and sometimes hindquarters of the horse and is generally believed to be indicative of poor welfare. The behaviour of six known weavers was recorded three times a day for 5 days in each of three different stable designs. These were a conventional loose-box, a conventional loose-box with a 1 m2 acrylic mirror and a conventional loose-box in which there was a grilled 1 m2 side window separating the resident horse from a non-weaving conspecific in an adjacent stable. Weaving and other stereotypic behaviours were significantly higher in the unmodified stable and during the late afternoon observation period. There was no significant difference in the amount of stereotypic behaviour recorded in the two modified stables. Significant differences in the behaviour patterns and location of horses during the study suggest that activity engaging with either a visual image of a horse or a hay net is associated with a reduction in weaving and other repetitive activities in the stabled horse.
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PELL, SM, and PD McGREEVY. "Prevalence of stereotypic and other problem behaviours in Thoroughbred horses." Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 10 (1999): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb13166.x.
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Dr., Jitender Singh1 Dr. Priyam Agravat2 and Dr. M. M. Islam3. "Behavioural Disorders in Farm Animals." Science World a monthly e magazine 3, no. 9 (2023): 2469–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8396458.
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There are various abnormal behaviours in different animals. Tongue rolling in cattle, crib biting in horses, wool biting in sheep, tail biting in pigs and feather pecking in birds are some of the commonly found stereotypic behaviours. These may be due to stress, prolonged confinement, dietary deficiencies and poor management. [d1] [d1]Elaborate abstract to about 100 words mentioned causes and remedial measures for vices
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McDonald, Jenelle, Dennis W. Moore, and Angelika Anderson. "Comparison of Functional Assessment Methods Targeting Aggressive and Stereotypic Behaviour in a Child with Autism." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 29, no. 1 (2012): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2012.9.
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There has been considerable research addressing functional assessment procedures, but little direct comparison of the practical utility of different methods of assessment. The aim of this study was to examine three different methods of conducting functional assessments of problem behaviours of a child with autism. Data obtained through indirect, direct and experimental functional assessment methods in both a classroom and playground setting were compared. Although results from both the indirect and direct observation methods gave some indication of the possible function of the target behaviour, the functional analysis provided conclusive results that the behaviour was maintained by access to preferred activities/tangibles. A brief trial of an intervention based on these results was effective in reducing problem behaviour and increasing desired behaviour.
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Veeraselvam, M., R. Sridhar, M. G. Jayathangaraj, and P. Perumal. "Behavioural Study of Captive Sloth Bears Using Environmental Enrichment Tools." International Journal of Zoology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/526905.
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Effects of environmental enrichment on behavioural changes were studied in five captive sloth bears kept in confined enclosure at Zoological Park, Chennai, India. Behavioural categories like active, passive, and abnormal behaviours were taken for the study. The activity budget was recorded as a single animal scan. The detailed baseline data of 150 hours, over a period of 30 days, were collected. At baseline, bears exhibited passive and more abnormal behaviours. Similarly, after application of the environmental tools like honey-log, underground food pipes, and wobbling box in the enclosure, the data were collected for 150 hours (30 days). Increased active behaviours and decreased abnormal behaviours were observed and showed highly significant changes in the abnormal behaviour as a whole when compared to the baseline level. During the postenrichment period, the data that were collected for 150 hours (30 days) showed no significant differences statistically between the behavioural categories. But certain level of difference was evident from the percentage of abnormal behaviours exhibited by individual bears. Among the enrichment devices, honey-log was the most preferred enrichment tool as revealed by the percentage of time spent by individual animal. The results show that application of enrichment tool continuously may bring long term effect in stereotypic behaviour.
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Wilson, ML, MA Bloomsmith, and TL Maple. "Stereotypic swaying and serum Cortisol concentrations in three captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana)." Animal Welfare 13, no. 1 (2004): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026646.
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AbstractThe behaviour and serum Cortisol concentrations of three captive female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were studied to determine whether their stereotypic swaying was more prevalent before regularly scheduled events in the elephants’ routine, and whether the elephants that exhibited more stereotyped swaying had lower mean serum cortisol concentrations. Behavioural data were collected during hour-long observations balanced across three periods, and during 15-min observations prior to the elephants being moved to different portions of their enclosure. Observational data were collected using instantaneous focal sampling of behaviours every 30s. Serum cortisol measures were obtained through weekly blood withdrawal from the elephants’ ears. Of the three elephants, two exhibited stereotyped swaying, which accounted for a mean of 0.4% of the scans during the hour-long observations and a mean of 18% of the scans prior to the elephants being moved between different parts of the enclosure. Swaying was highly variable among the individual elephants during both categories of observations. Additionally, both elephants swayed more prior to moving in the afternoon than prior to moving in the morning. Analyses of serum cortisol concentrations indicated that each elephant had a different mean cortisol level, which did not clearly correspond with the expression of swaying. The findings indicate that a rigidly scheduled management event may elicit stereotyped swaying in the studied elephants. Future research should document the behavioural and physiological effects of an altered management routine to improve captive elephant welfare.
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Barton, Lyle E., Alan C. Repp, and Andrew R. Brulle. "REDUCTION OF STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIOURS USING DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES AND MOMENTARY RESTRAINT." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 29, no. 1 (2008): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1985.tb00310.x.
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REPP, A. C., N. N. SINGH, K. G. KARSH, and D. E. D. DEITZ. "Ecobehavioural analysis of stereotypic and adaptive behaviours: activities as setting events." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 35, no. 5 (2008): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1991.tb00425.x.
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Done, E. J., H. Randle, and T. Counsell. "The effect of group size on proximity relations in pre weaned foals kept in a commercial stud environment." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042713.
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The Stud Book Returns of racehorse breeders to Weatherbys Group Ltd. in 2003 recorded 16,008 live foals in England, Scotland, Wales, the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland; the same organization estimates the U.K. racehorse population to be 40,000 (Defra, 2004). The link between diminished equine well-being and social isolation (where physical segregation from conspecifics is regarded as preventing the expression of instinctive social behaviour) is well documented (e.g. Fraser, 1992, ). The negative consequences of social deprivation during the primary socialization period have been studied in adult equines; these include fear responses when presented with novel stimuli, generalized fear-induced aggression and stereotypic behaviours (Fraser, 1992, ; McGreevy et al., 1995b, . The manifestation of ‘a normal behavioural repertoire’ is widely viewed as an indication of well-being (Hurnik et al., 1985, ). The acquisition of typical equine behaviour occurs in a socialization period that involves close contact with conspecifics (e.g. identification through olfactory investigation and reciprocal maintenance behaviours such as allo-grooming).
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Levin, Mindy F. "Should stereotypic movement synergies in hemiparetic patients be considered adaptive?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 1 (1996): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00041613.
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AbstractThe motor deficits observed in patients following some lesions of the central nervous system may be viewed as falling at one extreme of the continuum of possible motor behaviours. They are usually associated with an impaired ability to select and control specific movements from the available repertoire. Such movements may not be viewed as abnormal. However, it is unlikely that the primary motor deficits can all be considered adaptive.
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Terlouw, E. M. C., A. B. Lawrence, and A. W. Illius. "The roles of feeding regime, housing and Individuals' characteristics in the development of stereotypic behaviour in pregnant gilts." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018602.
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It has recently been shown that stereotypies In tethered sows are reduced at high feeding levels, Indicating that feeding level may be a major factor in the development of stereotypies (Appleby and Lawrence, 1987). It has also been suggested that the restraint of tethering Itself Is a major source of stress for the sow, thus promoting the development of stereotypies. The exact role of both factors of feeding level and restraint on the development of stereotypies have not yet been studied separately.Differences in experimental environments and genotypes may explain part of the large variability in levels stereotypies previously observed in tethered sows across experiments. Differences in stereotyped activities between sows of the same genotype within experiments must, however, be explained by individual differences In sows’ behavioural and neurological profiles.The present experiment investigated the role of restraint and feeding level on the development of stereotypies in pregnant gilts. Secondly it Investigated social temperament as a factor reflecting the gilts’ predisposition to develop certain abnormal behaviours.
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Arney, D. R., and C. J. C. Phillips. "The effect of supplementary sodium on the health and the behaviour of housed dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200598627.
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Increasing sodium in herbage for grazing dairy cows can reduce the milk somatic cell count (Phillips et al., 1996), but the effects of providing salt supplements for cows fed conserved feeds indoors are less clear. Supplementary salt can also reduce oral stereotypic behaviour in individually-housed calves (Phillips and Youssef, 1994). Tethered dairy cows are also behaviourally restricted, demonstrate stereotyped behaviours and might similarly benefit from supplementary salt.In experiment 1, 36 tethered Estonian Red cows were allocated for nine weeks to a randomised block experiment in which they received a daily restricted allowance of 7.5 kg DM grass silage, 6.6 kg DM grass hay and 2.2 kg DM barley/cow, with the addition of 0, 200 or 400 g NaCl. The salt supplements increased the Na content of the diet from 1 (control treatment) to 6 and 11 g/kg DM respectively. Milk yield was recorded every ten days and somatic cell count (SCC) by fluorescence microscopy. A blood sample was taken from the milk vein of each cow at the end of the experiment for mineral analysis.
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Arney, D. R., and C. J. C. Phillips. "The effect of supplementary sodium on the health and the behaviour of housed dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034231.
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Increasing sodium in herbage for grazing dairy cows can reduce the milk somatic cell count (Phillips et al., 1996), but the effects of providing salt supplements for cows fed conserved feeds indoors are less clear. Supplementary salt can also reduce oral stereotypic behaviour in individually-housed calves (Phillips and Youssef, 1994). Tethered dairy cows are also behaviourally restricted, demonstrate stereotyped behaviours and might similarly benefit from supplementary salt.In experiment 1, 36 tethered Estonian Red cows were allocated for nine weeks to a randomised block experiment in which they received a daily restricted allowance of 7.5 kg DM grass silage, 6.6 kg DM grass hay and 2.2 kg DM barley/cow, with the addition of 0, 200 or 400 g NaCl. The salt supplements increased the Na content of the diet from 1 (control treatment) to 6 and 11 g/kg DM respectively. Milk yield was recorded every ten days and somatic cell count (SCC) by fluorescence microscopy. A blood sample was taken from the milk vein of each cow at the end of the experiment for mineral analysis.
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Wells, DL, and RM Irwin. "Auditory stimulation as enrichment for zoo-housed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)." Animal Welfare 17, no. 4 (2008): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600027822.
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AbstractThis study explored the effect of auditory stimulation on the behaviour and welfare of four zoo-housed, female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). All animals were exposed, in an ABA design, to two conditions of auditory stimulation: a ‘control’ (no auditory stimulation), and an ‘experimental’ condition, during which the animals were presented with a commercially-available CD of classical music. Each condition lasted for five days, with an interim period of two days between each condition (Study 1). The elephants’ behaviour was recorded every minute for four hours a day for the full five days of each condition using instantaneous scan-sampling. The procedure was repeated four months later (Study 2), for a shorter period of time (one day per condition, again using an ABA design) to assess whether the results are generalisable. Analysis of both studies revealed that the elephants spent significantly less of their time stereotyping during the experimental conditions than the control. None of the other behaviours recorded were influenced significantly by auditory stimulation. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that auditory stimulation, in the form of classical music, may be a useful method of reducing stereotypic behaviour in zoo-housed Asian elephants, although more long-term work with a larger number of animals is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Saurabh, Vashisth Dwijendra Nath Singh Natasha Sethi Randeep Singh. "Factors influencing the behaviour of common leopard (Panthera pardus) in captivity." Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity 8, no. 2 (2024): 225–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11105025.
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Understanding the factors influencing the enrichment of the behaviour of the common leopard (<em>Panthera pardus</em>) in a captive environment is crucial for promoting their well-being and enhancing conservation efforts. Lack of species-specific enrichment can lead to stress, disturbances, and altered behavioural patterns, including developing stereotypic behaviours. This study aims to assess the effect of different types of enrichment on the behaviour and welfare of four individual common leopards housed at the National Zoological Park, New Delhi. This study was conducted in two phases: the first phase i.e. pre-enrichment phase, in which the enclosures of leopards were studied with the existing infrastructure and facilities, and in the second phase, the enrichment was introduced in the leopard enclosures i.e. post-enrichment phase. We used focal and scan sampling methods for data collection during Phase I (Pre-enrichment phase) and Phase II (Post-enrichment). This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between different types of enrichment and behaviour in common leopards in captivity. The main results of the study highlighted that with no enrichment, all leopards exhibit more inactive and more stereotypic behaviour than in the presence of enrichment. However, with the use of different enrichment interventions, the leopard exhibits more active behaviour. This study will in turn form a basis for the development of effective management approaches to minimize stress and disturbances, enhance the welfare of the studied species, and support conservation efforts in zoos across the country.
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Rajesh, Kumar Mohapatra, Maharana Sudarshan, and Khan Parvez. "Behavioural Study of Zoo Animals." Indian Zoo Year Book 9, no. 1 (2022): 125–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5831772.
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The behaviour of zoo animals differs from their conspecifics in the wild. Understanding behaviour is a key for better husbandry and management. Behaviour defined, and behavioural sampling methods like Ad libitum sampling, Focal sampling, All occurrence sampling, one zero sampling and instantaneous sampling methods for qualitative and quantitative measurement of behaviours were described in this communication. Besides, various methods for development of ethogram, behavioural categories were explained. The role of this behavioural study was to describe the activity pattern, behavioural need, stress, welfare effect of environmental enrichment on stereotypic behaviour, and captive breeding of zoo animals. The significance of behavioural studies in zoo conditions in understanding of species biology, promoting husbandry, breeding and welfare were discussed. Limitations in behavioural research and insurmountable difficulties in zoos discussed. Suggestions were made for collaborative research and scientific management of zoos.
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Laan, Andres, Marta Iglesias-Julios, and Gonzalo G. de Polavieja. "Zebrafish aggression on the sub-second time scale: evidence for mutual motor coordination and multi-functional attack manoeuvres." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (2018): 180679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180679.
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Most animals fight by repeating complex stereotypic behaviours, yet the internal structure of these behaviours has rarely been dissected in detail. We characterized the internal structure of fighting behaviours by developing a machine learning pipeline that measures and classifies the behaviour of individual unmarked animals on a sub-second time scale. This allowed us to quantify several previously hidden features of zebrafish fighting strategies. We found strong correlations between the velocity of the attacker and the defender, indicating a dynamic matching of approach and avoidance efforts. While velocity matching was ubiquitous, the spatial dynamics of attacks showed phase-specific differences. Contest-phase attacks were characterized by a paradoxical sideways attraction of the retreating animal towards the attacker, suggesting that the defender combines avoidance manoeuvres with display-like manoeuvres. Post-resolution attacks lacked display-like features and the defender was avoidance focused. From the perspective of the winner, game-theory modelling further suggested that highly energetically costly post-resolution attacks occurred because the winner was trying to increase its relative dominance over the loser. Overall, the rich structure of zebrafish motor coordination during fighting indicates a greater complexity and layering of strategies than has previously been recognized.
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Abdul-Mawah, Siti Sarayati, Lo Chor-Wai, Farnidah Jasnie, Y. Norma-Rashid, and R. Ramli. "Effects of environmental enrichment on behaviours and faecal glucocorticoid levels in captive sun bear (Helarctus malayanus)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1019, no. 1 (2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1019/1/012016.
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Abstract Stereotypic behaviour is correlated to stress in wild animals in captivity. When wild animals are exposed to stress repeatedly, they may experience a chronic elevation of glucocorticoids (G.C.s), especially for captive sun bears. This study aimed to investigate the stress in captive sun bears by analysing the cortisol level using Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite (FGM) analysis before and after introducing environmental enrichments. 57 samples of faecal captive sun bears were collected from four selected study sites around Malaysia. The behavioural data were collected with an instantaneous sampling method. While for FGM analysis, glucocorticoids were analysed using enzyme immunoassays. As predicted, the stereotypic behaviour increased in pre and post enrichment and decreased during the enrichment period. For FGM analysis, the cortisol level was high in pre-enrichment and low in the enrichment period. In conclusion, the outcome of this study indicated that environmental enrichment might help reduce chronically elevated cortisol concentrations that are generally associated with distress in mammals.