Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stérilité chez les plantes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Stérilité chez les plantes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Atlan, Anne. "Sexe et hérédité maternelle : évolution de la stérilité-mâle chez Thymus vulgaris L." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20205.
Full textBoutin-Stadler, Véronique. "Sélection sexuelle et dynamique de la stérilité mâle dans les populations de betteraves sauvages, Beta maritima L." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10152.
Full textDucos, Eric. "Caractérisation moléculaire du cytoplasme G induisant la stérilité mâle chez la betterave (Beta vulgaris)." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-252.pdf.
Full textSalgarolo, Patrice. "Étude des stérilités physiologiques chez le sorgho et de l'effet inducteur des abaissements nocturnes de la température." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT014A.
Full textCachon, Henri. "Stérilité mâle chez la pensée (Viola Wittrockiana Gams. ) : induction, déterminisme génétique et utilisation pour la création de variétés hybrides." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112291.
Full textThe purpose of this work carried out upon request of private breeders is to facilitate and to increase the production of new F1 hybrid pansy varieties by introducing male sterility. The crossing between V. Tricolor and V. Lutea has played a major part in the evolution of pansies. The structural chromosome variability in current varieties is probably due to the abnormalities observed in meiosis. -The male sterility obtained by mutagenic treatments (E. M. S. ) of the yello F1 variety "Paramount" is recessive monogenic, and disjoins following a tetrasomic pattern. A bacKcrossing programme of recurrent selection is proposed in order to introduce this gene into various lines. The male sterile genotypes must be cloned first by cuttings in order to test their combining ability, and then by culture in vitro in order to produce F1 hybrid seeds. The complexity of this programme is due to : variability of lines because such a gene cannot be introduced into some lines. The autopolyploid nature of pansies there is only a low rate of desired recombinations. Loss of vigour related to inbreeding, and to the difficulties encountered in the search for maximum heterosis in F1 hybrids
Simon, Matthieu. "Analyse génétique d'une stérilité hybride chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS266/document.
Full textSpecies differentiation and the underlying genetics of reproductive isolation are central topics in evolutionary biology. Hybrid sterility is one kind of reproductive barrier that can lead to differentiation between species. Here, we analyze the complex genetic basis of the intraspecific hybrid male sterility that occurs in offspring of two distant natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana, Shahdara and Mr-0, with Shahdara as the female parent. Using genetic approaches as well as cytological observation of pollen viability, we demonstrate that this particular hybrid sterility results from two causes of pollen mortality. First, the Shahdara cytoplasm induces gametophytic cytoplasmic male sterility controlled by several nuclear loci. Second, several segregation distorters leading to allele-specific pollen abortion (pollen killers) operate in the hybrids. The complete sterility of the hybrid with the Shahdara cytoplasm results from the genetic linkage of the two causes of pollen mortality, i.e. CMS nuclear determinants and pollen killers. One pollen killer was localized in a 70 Kb interval which also contains restorer alleles for the CMS. This locus is complex and harbors many structural variations, particularly at PPR genes. Our results suggest that two types of genomic conflicts, CMS and segregation distorters, may coevolve in natural populations and contribute to reproductive isolation, and possibly to speciation
Bell, Joseph Martin. "Étude génétique, cytologique et physiologique de différentes stérilités mâle géniques et cytoplasmique chez Phaseolus vulgaris L." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112147.
Full textMale sterility is used in plant breeding to facilitate controlled cross-pollinations. A general review of this character and its use in plant breeding is presented. Three cases of male sterility from Phaseolus vulgaris were studied. The first case occurred spontaneously in a population of Ph. Vulgaris. It was controlled by a single dominant gene. Its action was expressed by a microsporogenesis breakdown just after the tetrad phase, resulting in absence of pollen on the stigma of the male sterile plant at anthesis. This gene did not seem to have any effect on megasporogenesis. In the second case, male sterility was controlled by a single recessive gene. It was interpreted as resulting from transfer of specific gene of Ph. Coccineus in Phaseolus vulgaris after interspecific hybridization. The effects of this gene, controlled by the sporophyte, was expressed by the breakdown of growth of the pollen tube inside the style. In the third case, a cytoplasmic male sterility was derived from interspecific hybridization between Ph. Coccineus (as the donor of the cytoplasm) and Ph. Vulgaris. Cytologically, it was characterized by lack of separation of the four microspores from a pollen mother cell, followed by gradual degenerescence during the pollen maturation. In this case, restored fertility was associated with normal microspore dissociation after tetrad phase. This character was controlled by a single recessive gene in Phaseolus vulgaris. A dominant restoration system was found in Ph. Coccineus. These three cases of male sterility allow bean breeders to master the cross-pollination. The first two are rather suitable for genetic mixing, while the third could be included in breeding programmes of F1 hybrids
Dulieu, Philippe. "Les particules cytoplasmiques associées à la stérilité mâle nucléo-cytoplasmique "447" de la féverole (Vicia faba L. ) : méthode de purification et mise au point d'un test immunoenzymatique de détection dans les plantes." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10010.
Full textHernould, Michel. "Etude de l'expression chez des plantes transgéniques, d'un gène mitochondrial non-édité (atp9) : effet sur la fertilité." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28229.
Full textMartin, Marie-Thérèse. "Etude de la synthèse de RNA dans les mitochondries d'embryon de blé." Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR22013.
Full textChahed, El Ouazzani Chadia. "Isolement, caractérisation des sous-unités du complexe F1-ATPase mitochondriale de la betterave (Beta vulgaris L. ) : activité, structure, variation dans le genre Beta." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112319.
Full textLi, Xiu-Qing. "Variabilité après culture in vitro : étude génétique à partir de culture de protoplastes chez Nicotiana sylvestris : description des plantes régénérées chez Medicago lupulina." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112187.
Full textMedicago lupulina and Nicotiana sylvestris were used to attempt improvement of regenerating capacity after successive cycles of in vitro culture, and to study variability among regenerated plants. I. RESULTS CONCERNING MEDICAGO LUPULINA:Plants were regenerated from tissue culture after a hormonal shock and the factors affecting regeneration were determined. Regenerated buds were observed on the basal extremity of cultured explants. A second culture cycle produced a slight increase in regeneration capacity. Plants regenerated without going through a callus stage and some of their selfed progeny showed morphological abnormalities. II. RESULTS CONCERNING NICOTIANA SYLVESTRIS: Three successive cycles of protoplast culture and plant regeneration were performed (PR1, PR2, PR3) during which an increase in regeneration capacity was observed. Heterogeneity of both quantitative characters and qualitative mutations in regenerated plants and their progeny was shown to increase with the number of culture cycles. Nearly all PR3 plants showed chromosomic abnormalities. About thirty diploid mutants were obtained, one of which was a chlorophylian PR2 mutant showing a chlorophyl b deficiency with semi-dominant nuclear heredity. Plants regenerated from this mutant showed somatic variations wether or not they had gone through a callus stage. Three other plants were regenerated from a single callus, two of which were shown to be cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS), the third being fertile. Chloroplastic DNA from these three plants was identical to wild type. Mitochondrial DNA variations appeared in these three lines with deletions in the two CMS. By studying a reciprocal cross between a wild plant and the fertile mitochondrial DNA variant the cytoplasmic variation was shown to affect eleven quantitative characters
Roux, Camille. "Effets de la sélection naturelle et de l'histoire démographique sur les patrons de polymorphisme nucléaire : comparaisons interspécifiques chez Arabidopsis halleri et A. lyrata entre le fond génomique et deux régions cibles de la sélection." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10157/document.
Full textThe dichotomous view of life has long been availed to represent the diversity observed in nature. The recent expansion of sequence data have identified large discrepancies between the phylogenies of genes and species, forming the so-called "mosaic structure" of genomes. This complex pattern is the result of different neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes shaping the diversity of life. These processes explain the shared polymorphism observed between two different species. The trans-specific polymorphism (TSP) is generated by neutral retention of ancestral polymorphism, introgression and genetic homoplasy. Functional TSP is the result of the same processes and of the effects of natural selection. Whether local adaptation of a species contributes to the reduction of TSP, natural selection may increase the TSP in the case of balancing selection.Using the pair of closely related plant species Arabidopsis halleri and A. lyrata, we compared the patterns of polymorphism observed in genomic backgrounds to those observed in the neighborhood of the target regions of balancing selection, in order to measure the relative importance of selection and demography.Demographic analysis by ABC from genomic backgrounds leads to the rejection of the hypothesis of recent migration between these two species, and support the importance of the evolution of tolerance to heavy metals in the process of speciation of A. halleri.Finally, by measuring the patterns of polymorphism around the S-locus, we showed that balancing selection affects very localy the neutral linked polymorphism
Goubet, Pauline. "Apports des approches de génomique ciblée dans l'étude des patrons d'évolution moléculaire du locus d'auto-incompatibilité dans le genre Arabidopsis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10117/document.
Full textSelf-incompatibility is a common genetic system limiting inbreeding depression by preventing selfing and mating between relatives in hermaphroditic plants. This system is considered in evolutionary biology as one of the models of frequency-dependant selection, a particular type of natural selection. In the Brassicaceae family, the self-incompatibility system is controlled by a genomic region called the S-locus and comprising two tightly linked genes. The first gene encodes a ligand deposited on the pollen surface and the second its transmembrane receptor. Molecular recognition between these two proteins leads to a cascade of reactions resulting in the reject of self-pollen. If the self-incompatibility genes are becoming well understood, the diversity and dynamics of their genomic region remains poorly described. In this context, twelve genomic sequences of the region comprising the S-locus were obtained in the genus Arabidopsis through sequencing of BAC clones. These sequences highlight the relevance of genomic data in the analysis of regions under such selective constraints. First, the annotation of twelve functional sequences in A. lyrata and A. halleri allows to study the patterns of evolution of the S-locus and its flanking regions. Second, the loss of the system was investigated in A. thaliana, in particular through the occurrence of rearrangements or recombination events in non-functional sequences. Finally, a preliminary analysis of coevolution between pollen and pistil proteins was achieved
Gervais, Camille. "Evolution de l'auto-incompatibilité : modélisation des conditions de maintien et de diversification en populations finies." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10180/document.
Full textSelf-incompatibility is a widespread genetic system, which enables hermaphrodite plants to avoid self-fertilization and mating with close relatives. It is based on the pistil's capacity to recognize and reject pollen when they express cognate specificities. Specificities are encoded by alleles at the self-incompatibility gene complex (known as the S-locus), composed of two linked genes, one expressed in pollen and the other expressed in pistils. During my PhD, I studied the maintenance and evolution of self-incompatibility from a theoretical standpoint, using a modeling approach. The first part of my thesis examined the co-evolution of self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression in finite populations, focusing on the conditions for maintenance of self-incompatibility when self-compatible mutants were repeatedly introduced in the population by recurring mutations. Our results showed that the maintenance of self-incompatibility is associated with high inbreeding depression, and is facilitated by high rates of self-pollination. The second part of my thesis explored the conditions for evolution of novel self-incompatibility alleles (S alleles), which we have studied both analytically in infinite populations and in finite populations via computer simulations. Our results showed that the conditions for diversification at the S locus are much less stringent in finite than in infinite populations, and that there is more diversification at this locus when few S alleles are present in the population
Courquin, Betty. "Prise en compte de l’adaptation locale et de la dépression hybride en biologie de la conservation : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca, endémique de Haute Normandie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10129/document.
Full textIn conservation management of threatened populations or species, reintroduction and reinforcement procedures constitute essential tools. However, transplanted individuals may either establish in the introduction site or be poorly adapted to it. Moreover outcrosses may either increase or decrease outbred progeny fitness, by heterosis or outbreeding depression respectively. In this context, understanding the pattern of genetic and adaptive differentiation between populations is essential for the elaboration of conservation strategies. The objective of the present study is to apply this proposition in the context of the conservation program of Biscutella neustriaca, a declining species. First, we investigated progeny fitness from crosses between populations at distinct geographic scales. Second, we examined ecological differences between habitats, genetic differences in life-history traits between populations and the pattern of local adaptation in greenhouse and in introduction sites. Third, we compared the efficiency of two conservative reinforcement strategies. Finally after a synthesis of these three parts we developed a protocol for the conservation of B. neustriaca and more widely we identified the parameters to include for a successful transfer of individuals in threatened species or for a better understanding of failed attempts
Hénocq, Laura. "Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR019.
Full textWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Hénocq, Laura. "Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R019/document.
Full textWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Burghgraeve, Nicolas. "Mécanismes et conséquences évolutives de la dominance au locus d'auto-incompatibilité chez Arabidopsis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR018.
Full textThe dominance between S-alleles in the Brassicaceae is controlled by a set of small non-coding RNAs and their cognate targets. These dominance relationships have important consequences on the polymorphism accumulated at the S-locus itself but also at the flanking regions. The aim of the project was to study 1) the base-pairing criteria by which the small non-coding RNAs transcriptionally silence their target gene, 2) the diversity of these small RNAs, of their precursors and targets in natural populations in order to determine if the selective constraint they undergo is similar to what we know for other miRNAs genes in the genome, and finally, 3) the diversity of the flanking regions, to determine the size of the predicted peak of polymorphism peak caused by balancing selection, test whether genes in these regions show evidence of the predicted sheltered load and whether polymorphisms at these genes are specifically associated with S-alleles
Burghgraeve, Nicolas. "Mécanismes et conséquences évolutives de la dominance au locus d'auto-incompatibilité chez Arabidopsis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R018/document.
Full textThe dominance between S-alleles in the Brassicaceae is controlled by a set of small non-coding RNAs and their cognate targets. These dominance relationships have important consequences on the polymorphism accumulated at the S-locus itself but also at the flanking regions. The aim of the project was to study 1) the base-pairing criteria by which the small non-coding RNAs transcriptionally silence their target gene, 2) the diversity of these small RNAs, of their precursors and targets in natural populations in order to determine if the selective constraint they undergo is similar to what we know for other miRNAs genes in the genome, and finally, 3) the diversity of the flanking regions, to determine the size of the predicted peak of polymorphism peak caused by balancing selection, test whether genes in these regions show evidence of the predicted sheltered load and whether polymorphisms at these genes are specifically associated with S-alleles
Leducq, Jean-Baptiste. "Système de reproduction, dispersion et succès reproducteurs chez une espèce végétale menacée : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca (Brassicaceae), une espèce auto-incompatible et micro-endémique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10015/document.
Full textIn sexual species, reproduction systems and dispersal could involve in viability of small populations by having directly an impact on individuals’ reproductive success. In plants, reproduction and dispersal are mainly passive processes and thus depend of local density in mates, isolation between populations and genetic relationships among individuals. In Biscutella neustriaca, a micro-endemic plant of the Seine river valley, we highlight a strong genetic isolation between populations corroborated by habitat fragmentation and low dispersal abilities of the species. By using phenotypic and molecular approaches, we determine that B. neustriaca is strictly self-incompatible. In this context of isolation and spatially structured genetic diversity, we wonder to what extent dispersal and self-incompatibility impact individuals’ reproductive successes. Through an ex situ experiment, we highlight both effects of pollen limitation and decrease in local density of compatible mates on maternal reproductive success decrease. In four natural populations, we identify individual reproductive potential and local density of available mates as main factors explaining male and female reproductive successes variability. Genetic factors as inbreeding depression and self-incompatibility also seem to evolve in reproductive successes in some populations. We discuss about importance of considering many factors when acting for conservation in a threatened population, the need to know the reproductive system and dispersal abilities of the species, inseparable from a monitoring of targeted populations, where effects of these factors are only detectable at certain temporal and spatial scales. We illustrate our works by a concrete conservation action in one of the studied populations
De, Cauwer Isabelle. "Importance relative des flux de gènes et de la valeur sélective individuelle dans les variations de sex ratio chez une espèce gynodioïque, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10048/document.
Full textIn flowering plants, which exhibit a spectacular diversity of reproductive strategies, gene dispersal generally occurs through two distinct pathways: pollen for the male function, and seed for the female function. Among sexually polymorphic flowering plants, gynodioecy refers to a particular breeding system in which females and hermaphrodites co-occur in natural populations. Since females reproduce only through seeds, they apparently transmit their genes only half as frequently as hermaphrodites, which gain fitness through both seed and pollen production. This apparent evolutionary paradox has attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists as far as the mid-nineteenth century. The aim of this PhD thesis was to understand the successful maintenance of female individuals and the important spatial variations in sex ratio that are often observed in natural populations of gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, in which sex is determined by interactions between cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear restorers of male fertility. Using population biology and population genetics approaches, three distinct themes were considered. (i) First, male and female fitness of the different sexual types were compared, using both measures in controlled conditions and paternity analyses in the wild. While our results only suggest a very restricted female advantage, we detected strong male fitness differences among hermaphrodites that were partially explained by the genotype of individuals and by the occurrence of a cost of restoration. (ii) The study of the distribution of genetic diversity in several natural populations and in several consecutive cohorts allowed us to quantify the relative impact of migration, founder events and genetic drift on the spatial distribution of sexes. Overall, random founder effects with spatially restricted pollen and seed flow appeared to be the primary determinants of sex ratio variations. (iii) Finally, we explore how such sex ratio variation can affect the reproductive output of hermaphrodites and females. Altogether, we show that fine-scale spatial structure, resulting from the joint action of founder events and limited gene flow, can notably modify the dynamics of gynodioecy in natural populations
Le, Vève Audrey. "Balancing selection, genetic load and dominance between self-incompatibility alleles in Arabidopsis : an empirical and theoretical study of this ménage à trois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR006.
Full textSporophytic self-incompatibility is a genetic system preventing self-fertilization by self-recognition. In many species, this system is controlled by a single locus, the S-locus, composed of two linked genes coding for the pistil and pollen recognition proteins. The self-incompatibility locus is a classical case of a particular form of balancing selection called negative frequency dependent selection. This form of selection is predicted to cause an accumulation of polymorphism in the flanking regions of the S-locus, including sheltered deleterious mutations. In the Brassicacea, this system exhibits a linear dominance hierarchy between S-alleles. This dominance network is controlled by interactions between small RNAs linked to dominant S-alleles and their target sequences on recessive alleles of the gene controlling the pollen specificities SCR. The dominance level is predicted to have an effect on the accumulation of polymorphisms in regions immediately linked to the S-locus, with a higher accumulation of the genetic load sheltered by dominant S-alleles than by recessive S-alleles.In my PhD project, I first studied the effect of balancing selection at the S-locus on polymorphism in the flanking regions in order to determine the magnitude of the peak of polymorphism and to characterize its molecular properties. I used whole genome resequencing data from several populations of A. halleri and A. lyrata to specifically determine the chromosomal distance up to which the effect of the S-locus can still be observed. I observed an increase of polymorphism in the first 25kb around the S-locus, mainly explained by an increase of the proportion of polymorphic sites.I then tested if dominance of the S-alleles influences the genetic load they accumulate. I combined a genomic approach using parent-offspring trios to phase haplotypes and compare the number of deleterious mutations linked to dominant vs. recessive S-alleles, with a phenotypic approach to experimentally measure the severity of the load. I demonstrated that dominance promotes contrasted profiles of the genetic load between the recessive and the dominant S-alleles.Finally, I used a modeling approach based on stochastic simulations to predict the evolution of the dominance network between S-alleles, taking interactions between small RNAs and their SCR targets explicitly into account. My results show that mutations have different fixation probabilities according to whether they occur on dominant vs. recessive S-alleles, and also whether they hit the small RNA producing locus or its target sites. The distribution of the sheltered genetic load between dominant and recessive S-alleles is also an important determinant of the evolution of the dominance network
Hernández, Mora José Ramón. "Towards the characterization of the PPR-B protein, responsible for restoration of fertility in the ogura CMS system of radish : functional and evolutionary approaches." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112251.
Full textJari-Benbady, Atiqa. "La stérilité et les dysfonctions sexuelles chez le couple libanais." Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/benbady_a.
Full textThe aim of this research is to study the relation that may exist between sterility and sexual dysfunctions in the Lebanese couple. Sixty couples with primary and secondary sterility from different socio-cultural environment were interviewed by the researcher herself at Hotel-Dieu hospital in Beirut. The aim of this study is to answer the various psychological questions. Results of this study reveal that the desire to have a child is not only submitted to unconscious phenomena but also to social conditions. Sexual disorders are not directly caused by infertility, patients who came for clinical consultation had already suffered of these disorders since their marriage, forty two cases over sixty had sexual dysfunctions; frigidity fourteen cases, frigidity and dyspareunia twenty-one cases, dyspareunia three cases, vaginismus four cases, impotence three cases, any case of premature ejaculation. The success of therapy ameliorates conjugal relation but does not ameliorate sexuality in couples because women who had children, and those who can procreate both remain inhibited sexually and they always said that they are frigid. Medically assisted procreation remains a therapeutic non demanded by patients
Pellerin, Guillaume. "Contribution des polymorphismes d'insertions à la stérilité des hybrides chez Paramecium tetraurelia." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066078/document.
Full textLike all ciliates, P. tetraurelia entirely rearranges its genome during development of the somatic macronucleus from the germline micronucleus, in each sexual generation. Rearrangements include the precise excision of IESs (Internal Eliminated Sequences), single-copy intervening sequences likely derived from transposon insertions. At least for a fraction of IESs, correct excision, which is required to reconstitute functional genes in the macronucleus, is thought to depend on their recognition by Piwi-bound small RNAs (called scnRNAs) produced from the maternal germline genome during meiosis. This raises a problem during conjugation between strains presenting insertion polymorphisms: a cell will be theoretically unable to excise an IES from the incoming (paternal) allele if that IES is absent from the maternal allele, or if its sequence is too divergent. Our results, however, indicate that divergent paternal alleles are correctly rearranged, using scnRNAs produced by the paternal cell. In the case of an absence/presence polymorphism, the IES we studied is excised in 70% of heterozygotes, also using paternal scnRNAs. We explored two hypotheses to explain how they can act. It could be either an early programming of the gametic nuclei or through cytoplasmic exchange of scnRNAs. My results seem to favor the latter. Overall, I showed that the lack of maternal scnRNAs is not a possible cause of hybrid dysgenesis. However, 30% of heterozygous F1 display a variable retention of the IES through an unknown mechanism. If this is true for all hemizygous IESs then it will have a strong deleterious effect on hybrid F1s and may contribute to reproductive isolation
Pellerin, Guillaume. "Contribution des polymorphismes d'insertions à la stérilité des hybrides chez Paramecium tetraurelia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066078.pdf.
Full textLike all ciliates, P. tetraurelia entirely rearranges its genome during development of the somatic macronucleus from the germline micronucleus, in each sexual generation. Rearrangements include the precise excision of IESs (Internal Eliminated Sequences), single-copy intervening sequences likely derived from transposon insertions. At least for a fraction of IESs, correct excision, which is required to reconstitute functional genes in the macronucleus, is thought to depend on their recognition by Piwi-bound small RNAs (called scnRNAs) produced from the maternal germline genome during meiosis. This raises a problem during conjugation between strains presenting insertion polymorphisms: a cell will be theoretically unable to excise an IES from the incoming (paternal) allele if that IES is absent from the maternal allele, or if its sequence is too divergent. Our results, however, indicate that divergent paternal alleles are correctly rearranged, using scnRNAs produced by the paternal cell. In the case of an absence/presence polymorphism, the IES we studied is excised in 70% of heterozygotes, also using paternal scnRNAs. We explored two hypotheses to explain how they can act. It could be either an early programming of the gametic nuclei or through cytoplasmic exchange of scnRNAs. My results seem to favor the latter. Overall, I showed that the lack of maternal scnRNAs is not a possible cause of hybrid dysgenesis. However, 30% of heterozygous F1 display a variable retention of the IES through an unknown mechanism. If this is true for all hemizygous IESs then it will have a strong deleterious effect on hybrid F1s and may contribute to reproductive isolation
Turpin, Christian. "Hybridations somatiques partielles en vue d'introduire une stérilité mâle cytoplasmique chez la tomate cultivée (L. Esculentum)." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112348.
Full textJéronymidès, Elisabeth. "Desir d'enfant et sterilite chez les femmes la relation du symptome somatique avec l'inconscient dans l'hypofertilite feminine." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA070014.
Full textThis work tries to find the relationship between a persistent sterility without organic dysfunction for some women and also their persistent to have a baby. The very long suffering, for all of them, shows us another suffering, in psychoanalytical meaning : a concealed suffering which goes back to the very early stages of their childhood and unsolved conflicts. Through the child, they ask consciously, they ask unconsciously for "the good original mother" who seems to have always been missing. We draw a parallel between this hypothesis and some famous literary and biblical figures in a psychoanalytical application, and we found it confirmed
Llorens, Coraline. "Biomécanique de mouvements rapides chez les plantes." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4109/document.
Full textIn this PhD work, we focus on the biomechanics of two motions among the fastest in plant kingdom. The first part is a theoretical study of the motion leading to a prey capture by the bladderwort’s traps, elastic millimeter-sized bladders closed by a flexible door. A dynamical model, based on mechanical, elastic and hydrodynamic ingredients, links the pressure difference between the trap and its surroundings with the door position by the means of two coupled ordinary differential equations. The model captures the dynamics of the trap and predicts all the range of behaviors found in nature by including stochastic noise in the system. The second part focuses on the fern sporangium motion allowing the spores dispersal. Our experimental and theoretical studies point out the remarkable character of the annulus, a specialized structure of the sporangium, as it behaves as an autonomous catapult due to its poroelastic nature. The different stages of the motion: opening, triggering by cavitation, fast closure and eventual reloading are observed using ultra-fast imaging. The annulus curvature is measured experimentally and then compared to the theoretical predictions for each motion phase. This study enables us to identify the physical processes governing the complete motion and to determine the characteristic parameters of the annulus: stiffness, permeability and internal osmotic pressure, and also the negative cavitation pressure
WISS, CHRISTIAN. "Les substances immunostimulantes chez les plantes superieures." Strasbourg 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR15082.
Full textSaut, Noëmie. "Délétions du chromosome Y et infertilité chez l'homme et chez la souris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX20674.
Full textBelhassen, Eric. "Étude évolutive du système reproductif de Thymus vulgaris L : analyse écologique, génétique et moléculaire de la stérilité-mâle." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20001.
Full textBakar, Syawalida. "Hypoprotéinémie expérimentale et phénomènes de reproduction chez le rat." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON13503.
Full textBoulogne, Claire. "Adaptabilité du système endomembranaire chez les plantes supérieures." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112181.
Full textPlant cells, like all eukaryotes, possess a complex endomembrane system defines cell compartments and assures secretion. Ln addition to certain organization common to eukaryotes, plant secretory systems exhibit organizational and structural specificities. This work aimed to investigate the part of genetically distinct and adaptive-response secretory states. Two experimental models were studied: the digestive glands of the carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula and proliferating BY-2 cells. The secretory glands of Dionaea are a typical plant example of massive protein secretion under a tight stimulation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed us to observe an activation of Golgi apparatus (GA) after stimulation by prey, which profoundly remodelled the cell surface and cell wall. The role of these changes in the induction of a water flux is discussed. Study of BY-2 cells had two main axes. The first was to analyze GA evolution along the cell cycle and any duplication phase, combining cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Our results suggest an increase of GA mass during interphase. This increase seems to reflect a response to secretion needs of the growing cell rather than a regulated step of the progressing cell cycle. The second axis was to study brefeldin A (BFA) effects on cell cycle progression. BFA blocked the cell cycle at the end of mitosis, following aberrant positioning of the nucleus in daughter cells after division following disorganization of the reticulum (ER), critical to nuclear envelope reformation after mitosis. Overall, this work has shown the extreme variability of the endomembrane system in plant cells and the adaptability of both the GA and ER
Barthélémy, Daniel. "Architecture et sexualité chez quelques plantes tropicales : le concept de floraison automatique." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20192.
Full textSaumitou-Laprade, Pierre. "De la stérilité mâle à la gynodioecie chez Beta maritima L : Aspects génétiques et moléculaires." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10055.
Full textLefebvre, Aleth. "Approche biochimique et cytologique de la stérilité mâle nucléocytoplasmique chez la féverole (Vicia faba L. )." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS062.
Full textBeaudoin, Chantal. "Absorption et translocation d'acide heptadécénoïque et d'acide oléique exogènes chez Pisum sativum." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Find full textPérez, Christine. "Caractérisation des cytoplasmes chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus) en relation avec la stérilité male cytoplasmique : analyse moléculaire de l'ADN mitochondrial." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS066.
Full textJiménez-Ambriz, Georgina. "Hétérogénéité environnementale et polymorphisme chez Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) : étude conjointe de la diversité génétique neutre et sélectionnée chez une espèce tolérante aux métaux lourds." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20089.
Full textProust, Hélène. "Evolution de la fonction des strigolactones chez les plantes terrestres : étude chez Physcomitrella patens." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112276.
Full textStrigolactones are a novel class of plant hormones wich possess two fundamental functions, they controlling shoot branching and promoting root symbiotic and parasitic interactions. Ln Pea, to genes RMS1 and RMS5 encoding two CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOSYGENASES proteins, respectively CCD8 and CCD7 are involved in the biosynthesis of strigolactones. PpCCD8 and PpCCD7 have been identified in the genome of Physcomitrella patens. Physcomitrella patens is a non vascular plant belong to the group of bryophytes, first group of land plants. To gain a better understanding of the evolution of the function of strigolactones in land plants, we investigated whether strigolactones are produced in the moss Physcomitrella patens and what roles they play in a non vascular plant. Here we show that in P. Patens, wild type colonies released strigolactones or derived molecules into the medium to control branching of filaments and colony extension. Our results show that strigolactones possess two fundamental function in Physcomitrella, developmental function with filament branching inhibition, and ecophysiological function permitting the communication between colonies, reminiscent the "factor H" knew in Bryophytes. Strigolactones, exudated in the medium, repress the extension of neighbouring colonies in response of the density. We propose that in Physcomitrella patens strigolactones are reminiscent of quorum-sensing molecules used by bacteria to communicate with one another. Studies have been started to determine the link structure/activities in response of strigolactones in Physcomitrella patens
Thomann, Alexis. "Caractérisation du complexe Culline3-BTB chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13161.
Full textUbiquitin-dependent degradation by the 26S proteasome has emerged as a central mechanism to control protein turnover in eukaryotes. Ubiquitin transfer requires the activity of E1 (ubiquitin activating), E2 (ubiquitin conjugating) and E3 (ubiquitin ligase) enzymes. Ubiquitin ligases are multiprotein complexes that specifically recognize the substrates and mediate their ubiquitin-dependent degradation. To date several classes of E3s have been reported, most of them based on a protein with cullin domain. Eukaryote genomes encode several cullins: CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, CUL4 and CUL5, which are all believed to form protein complexes with ubiquitin-ligase activity. I focused my work on one of these cullin based E3 ligase, the CUL3-BTB complex. In this report, I describe the molecular and genetic characterizations of the plant Cullin3. We found that CUL3A is ubiquitously expressed in plants and is able to interact with the ring-finger protein RBX1. Yeast two-hybrid experiments indicate that BTB-domain proteins are able to physically interact with both CUL3A and CUL3B, suggesting that Arabidopsis CUL3 forms E3 protein complexes with certain BTB proteins. In order to determine the function of CUL3A, we used a reverse genetic approach. The cul3a null mutants flowers slightly later than the control plants. Homozygous cul3b mutant plants developed normally and were fully fertile. Thus, we investigated the consequences on plant development of combined Arabidopsis cul3a cul3b loss-of-function mutations. The disruption of both the CUL3A and CUL3B genes reduced gametophytic transmission and caused embryo lethality. Arrest of embryogenesis occurred at multiple stages of embryo development, but predominantly at the heart stage. At the cytological level, CUL3 loss-of-function mutations affected both embryo pattern formation and endosperm development. In addtion, recent results show that the Culline 3 is also involved in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis
Foussard, Hélène. "Les protéines LRCH : premières études chez la Drosophile." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1096/.
Full textComparative genomics has revealed an unexpected level of conservation for gene products across the evolution of animal species. However, the molecular function of only a few proteins has been investigated experimentally, and the role of many animal proteins still remains unknown. Here we report the characterization of a novel family of evolutionary conserved proteins, which display specific features of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, referred to as LRCHs. Taking advantage of the existence of a single lrch gene in flies, dlrch, we explored its function in cultured cells, and show that dLRCH act to stabilize the cell cortex during cell division. DLRCH depletion leads to ectopic cortical blebs and alters positioning of the mitotic spindle. We further examined the consequences of dLRCH deletion throughout development and adult life. Although dlrch is not essential for cell division in vivo, flies lacking dlrch display a reduced fertility and fitness, particularly when raised at extreme temperatures. These results support the idea that some cytoskeletal regulators are important to buffer environmental variations and ensure the proper execution of basic cellular processes, such as the control of cell shape, under environmental variations
Leborgne, Nathalie. "Approches biochimiques des mécanismes de résistance au froid chez Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. F." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30227.
Full textDessauw, Dominique. "Étude des facteurs de la stérilité du bananier (Musa spp. ) et des relations cytotaxinomiques entre M. Acuminata Colla et M. Balbisiana Colla." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112397.
Full textTwo species are involved in the genetic background of edible bananas Musa acuminata Colla and M. B albisiana Colla (2n = 22). Inter or intra-specific differences do not exist between nuclear DNA amounts of 3 clones of the 2 species, determined by Feulgen cytophotometry. Nuclear DNA content amounst to 2. 7 pq per 2C nucleus. Meiotic chromosome pairing is good between both species at 2n, 3n and 4n levels. In the present state of knowledge, no significant difference can be shown between the 2 genomes. Chromosome changes reduce fertility. They result from hybridization between individuals of different geographic areas. Rate of spherical tetrads and pollen fertility are significantly correlated, which could give a special meaning to the orientation of the 2 homeotypic mitosis of the dyad. Female fertility of chromosome origin is increased in edible clones by embryo-sac development or fertilization failure and by abnormal relationships between embryo and endosperm. The wild tetraploids induced by colchicine treatment of seedlings have a slower growth rate and reduced numbers of female flowers and a lower female fertility. A mean of 3 potential quadrivalents are formed in the PMC. Tetraploid male fertility is good with a possibility of morphological separation of haploid and diploid gametophytes. Wild bananas interest in breeding scheme is discussed
Docquier, Mylène. "Caractérisation génétique d'un gène à effet maternel pléiotrope chez Drosophila melanogaster." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10037.
Full textLe, bars Romain. "Morphogenèse de compartiments membranaires : formation de l'autophagosome chez les plantes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00968437.
Full textArmisén, Giménez David Sergio. "Les gènes uniques chez les plantes : caractéristiques, évolution et promoteurs." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0025/document.
Full textThe main objectives of this thesis were (i) to search for the selection pressure exerted on plant orthologous genes and (ii) to describe the structural and functional features they share in particular in their promoters, in order to (iii) define a novel phylogenetic footprinting approach. Pairs of unique genes, defined by sequence comparisons, have been used because they were considered as having the greater chance to be true orthologues. Plant unique genes form three groups of genes with different structural, functional and evolutionary features. The unique genes that are specific either to Arabidopsis thaliana or Oryza sativa have features that are different than those of conserved unique genes. On one hand, the species-specific unique genes code preferentially for excreted peptides implied in regulatory functions. On the other hand, the conserved unique genes have characteristics described in genes implied in basal metabolism of the cells and which evolve slowly. Some potential regulatory motifs have been found over-represented only in the promoter of these genes. Lastly, after duplication, these genes generally lose one duplicate, which suggest a strong negative selection against the co-existence of two not diverged copies of the same gene
Brochu, Viviane. "Caractérisation des effets de la thaxtomine A chez les plantes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4636.
Full text