Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stérilité masculine'
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Touhami, Ahami 19 Ahmed Omar. "Les dysfonctions sexuelles masculines isolées ou associées à la stérilité secondaire : aspects cliniques et épidémiologiques." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO1H064.
Full textMontjean, Debbie. "Anomalies génétiques et épigénétiques associées à l'infertilité masculine." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066724.
Full textSaid, Lamia. "Aromatase, estrogènes et infertilité masculine." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2020.
Full textThe involvement of aromatase in the quality of the spermatozoa was undertaken in Tunisian patients with abnormal mobility and morphology spermatozoa and undergoing infertility assessment. A significant decrease of aromatase transcript was noted in both teratozoospermia and asthenoteratozoospermia groups compared with normozoospermia. Asthenozoospermia group was divided into two sub-groups with aromatase mRNA rates lowered in the first and increased in the second. Moreover, a significant correlation between mRNA aromatase and the percentage of sperm morphology and/or MAI was recorded. The seminal plasma biochemical parameters in these patients revealed a significant reduction of fructose level in the asthenozoospermic in comparison with asthenoteratozoospermic patients. The correlation analysis reveals that neutral a- glucosidase is correlated with seminal volume and pH; citric acid with pH and fructose with seminal volume, sperm count and morphology. The implication of aromatase and estrogen receptor alpha gene in the sterility of chromosomal hybrid mice resulting from crosses between Robertsonian (22Rb) 2n = 22 and standard (40Std) 2n = 40 domestics mice was verified by the analysis of the expression of aromatase and estrogens receptor alpha genes. Our data showed no difference of mRNA rates of these two markers in the testes between hybrids and parental races but, in females a reduced level of aromatase ARNm was observed in the ovaries of hybrids resulting from the cross (♀40Std×♂22Rb)
Fellmann, Florence. "Génétique et infertilité masculine : étude d'une population d'hommes infertiles et contribution à la caractérisation de la pathologie moléculaire du chromosome Y." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA0024.
Full textThe study of an infertile male population seeking for Assisted Reproductive Technology is reported. Molecular study of the long arm of the Y chromosome, in AZF region, shows a relatively high ftequency of microdeletions, reflecting and confirming the interest of such an analysis in severe unexplained male infertility. Complete AZFa deletions are detected with a higher ftequency compared to literature data, essentially in non-obstructive azoospermia. Moreover, partial AZFb and AZFc deletions are detected: partial ptoximal AZFb deletions are rare and the associated phenotype has to be delimited. This work shows the interest of real-time PCR [polymerase chain reaction] technique to detect partial deletions or duplications of the AZFc region. The results are discussed following available data regarding mapping and molecular pathology of the Y chromosome
Roze, Virginie. "Locus AZFc, gènes de la famille DAZ et infertilité masculine : recherche et caractérisation de microréarrangements au niveau génomique et quantification de l'expression génique au niveau testiculaire." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA0014.
Full textThe AZFc region on the Y chromosome long arm is one of the most unstable regions in the human genome. It consists almost entirely of very long repeats, is prone to rearrangement and some of them have been reported to be associated with male infertility. We screened two populations: 344 infertile patients and 136 controls for AZFc microrearrangements and we observed a high frequency of genomic rearrangements with similar frequency of deletions and duplications in both populations. Rearrangements were then characterized using DAZ and CDY 1 genes analyses and Y chromosome haplogroup determination. We also studied DAZ gene family expression by "real time" quantitative RT-PCR [reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction] from 30 testicular biopsies presenting distinct histological pictures. Different expression profiles were obtained according to the gene tested and the fertility status
Baume, Brugnon Florence. "Apoptose du spermatozoïde et fertilité masculine." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2009. http://theses.clermont-universite.fr/nondiff/2009CLF1MM01.pdf.
Full textIn order to have a better insight into the implications of apoptosis markers in human ejaculated spermatozoa, the aim of our study was to measure these markers in the spermatozoa collected at different levels in the male genital tract in various physiopathological situations. To analyse the functional quality of these spermatozoa, the analysis of relationships between the expression of these markers and the results obtained after assisted reproductive technology was assessed. The markers analysed are factors that are involved in the initiation and activation of apoptosis (activated poly-caspases, caspases-3, -8, -9) and early (externalisation of phosphatidylsérine, PS), or late (DNA fragmentation) signs of apoptosis. Ultrastuctural analysis of the spermatozoa was also carried out for some samples. Measurement of the expression of activated caspases was subject of adjustment given the heterogeneity of the sperm samples and the low quantity of spermatozoa available. Finally, we decided on measurement using a double staining associating a green fluorescent inhibitor for the activated caspases and a red fluorescen vital staining (Propidium Iodide), with detection either by flow cytometry or by fluorescent microscopy depending on the type of spermatozoa to be analysed. In patients presenting congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens, the proportion of living or dead spermatozoa expressing activated caspases was higher in the testicular spermatozoa than in the epididymal spermatozoa suggesting that the apoptotic process started in the testicles and that epididymal spermatozoa were incapable of initiating apoptosis. Under these conditions, in case of ICSI, the risk of injecting an apoptotic spermatozoa into an ovocyte is higher with the testicular spermatozoa and could explain, in part, the different and inferior results obtained with these testicular spermatozoa, compared with epididymal spermatozoa. In the ejaculated spermatozoa of infertile reciprocal or Robertsonian autosomal translocation carriers, the expression of ultrastructural modifications and biochemical markers of apoptosis (activated caspases, DNA fragmentation, PS externalisation) associated with signs of ultrastructural immaturity was higher than in spermatozoa of fertile men. These results could explain that in the ejaculate of these patients, there is a predominance of chromosomal balanced spermatozoa. The gametes presenting an imbalance would have been preferentially eliminated by apoptosis. In conclusion, the apoptosis markers expressed by ejaculated spermatozoa would reflect the impairment of spermatogenesis with apoptosis initiated and aborted in the testicle associated with maturation and differentiation abnormalities. So measurement of apoptosis markers in spermatozoa could be helpful for the understanding of male infertility, particularly to predict the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies
Heyraud, Dominique. "Evolution de l'oligo-asthénospermie dans l'infertilité masculine." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11083.
Full textMetzler-Guillemain, Catherine. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de la vésicule sexuelle au cours de la méiose masculine." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20670.
Full textKoscinski, Isabelle. "Génétique de l'infertilité." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13216.
Full textMarchetti, Carole. "L'apoptose dans le sperme éjaculé : une piste pour le développement de nouveaux marqueurs potentiels de l'infertilité masculine ?" Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S057.
Full textArkhis, Ahmed. "Contribution à l'étude des nucléoprotéines basiques du spermatozoïde humain." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120001.
Full textAldebert, Isabelle. "Le facteur masculin dans la fécondation in vitro." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11068.
Full textFerfouri, Fatma. "Anomalies génétiques et épigénétiques de l’ADN spermatique et infertilité masculine." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0054.
Full textThe male infertility seems to increase for several decades. Infertility etiologies are multiple, but the genetic and epigenetic causes are important. Here, we tried to study, the abnormalities carried by spermatozoa and sometimes transmissible in the conceptus. This work contains three parts, in a first time, the infertility linked with abnomalities of constitutionel karyotype by studying the consequences for the chromosomal risk with the risk estimated on all spermatozoa, in a second time, the infertility, with normal constitutionel karyotype, where the genetic origin was sometimes demonstrated and sperm morphology altered with macrocephalic sperm, Globozoospermia and spermatozoa with large or small vacuoles and in fine, DNA methylation abnormalities in various azoospermic aetiologies. These approaches have a triple interest because, it estimate the risks for conceptus and advice patients care, guide the choice of spermatozoa to be injected in the oocyte
Merignargues, Isabelle. "Evaluation de la fécondance des spermatozoïdes : apport respectif des tests inter-espèces (homme-hamster) et intra-espèce." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11056.
Full textPasteur, Xavier. "Contribution de la cytométrie en flux dans l'étude de la colorabilité de la chromatine des spermatozoïdes humains." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1T014.
Full textBesson, Jaoul Monique. "Infertilité masculine et blessures symboliques dans la filiation : une étude comparative et psychodynamique." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA070048.
Full textThe object of this study is the history of a set of infertile men through a filiation grid, based on psychoanalytical approach ; it examines the genealogical tree and applies the filiation grid to a sample of 30 înfertle men met in art departement cornpared to a reference group. The resuit shows a statistical difference in the two population. We can therefore assume than in the past génération play a part in some case of infertility
Jguirim-Keller, Sihem. "Les paternités médicalement assistées : quelques considérations cliniques et psychopathologiques relatives aux nouvelles techniques de procréation." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA070093.
Full textThis thesis in psychoanalysis and medicine is rooted in medical assistance to procreation on one hand and Andrology on the other. The author envisages the variety mode of subjectivation of infertile fathers between biotechnologiques heaviness and « handicrafts » conscious and unconscious. This work illustrate the limit of affirmation of paternity that could liberate from its corporeality. The hypothesis of a corporeality of paternity not only somatic but narcissist and libidinal is first stipulated. The fact that the new technology of procreation are taken in the paradoxical montage of "Pharmakon" constitutes the second. The methodology is based on preliminary observations of medical consultations doctor / patients who continue to return to the service of andrology after the PMA crowned with success by a childbirth and also on research interviews. The paradigm of hypochondria is imposed in this clinic as a "compass" to understand the "cold war" of the subject and also tested against a modem medicine armed with technology. The somatic symptoms of impotence observed at the patients presented in this research comes as if to certify that an attack of the narcissistic body takes place that chemical substances fail to stop it. The pathology hypochondriac appears in that case as a substitute to the disaster of the erasure of self
Guichaoua, Marie-Roberte. "L'infertilité masculine d'origine chromosomique : ses mécanismes : apport de l'étude du stade pachytène dans les spermatocytes I en prophase de Méiose." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX21904.
Full textBoscher, Dominique. "Varicocèle primitif de l'enfant et de l'adolescent." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3108.
Full textGregoire, Anne-Sophie. "Mise au point d'une technique de PCR multiplex pour la recherche de microdélétions sur le chromosome Y." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P165.
Full textRaverot, Gérald. "Expression et fonction de Sox3 : du développement gonadique au contrôle de l'initiation de la spermatogenèse : étude d'un modèle de souris Sox3 KO et application à l'infertilité chez l'homme." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10030.
Full textElinati, Elias. "Génétique de l'infertilité masculine." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872193.
Full textChoucair, Fadi. "Exploration du transcriptome spermatique par le séquençage nouvelle génération et le portrait épigénétique de l’infertilité masculine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4058.
Full textMale infertility is actually considered as a public alarming health problem. The sperm pathologies spectrum ranges between different phenotypes including oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia depending on the sperm conventional parameters abnormalities. Abnormal sperm is characterized by genetic alterations and epigenetic alterations which can affect the transcriptome extensively. These alterations in RNA profiles are retrospectively indicative of aberrant spermatogenic events. RNA-seq is a powerful tool for comprehensive characterization of whole transcriptome. To date, RNA-seq analysis of sperm from infertile men has not been reported. Our objectives are: (i) recognize key clusters, key pathways and specific gene transcripts for different sperm abnormalities; (ii) catalog the spermatozoal lncRNAs in different sperm pathologies; (iii) identify signature genes which are mechanistically important in the cascade of events driving a pathological spermatogenesis; (iii) portray the global epigenetic landscape in sperm from infertile men. Expression data from 60 sperm samples from 3 groups of infertile men (oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia) were generated on Illumina HiSeq platform, compared to 20 fertiles, and the resulting gene expression patterns were analyzed for functional enrichment. Our supervised analyses identified numerous differentially expressed genes between fertile and infertile men. In oligozoospermia, the deregulated spermatozoal transcripts were associated with various stages of spermatogenesis including meiotic cell cycle, synaptonemal complex assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, piRNA metabolic process, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus and interestingly fertilization. As for asthenozoospermia, spermatogenesis, cilium assembly, metabolic-related pathways, chemotaxis and immune cell physiology were most significantly differentially expressed. Interestingly, numerous transcripts associated with histone modifications were highly down-regulated. With regards to teratozoospermia, we evidenced sperm-specific differentially expressed genes which are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome, cytoskeleton organization, the cell cycle pathway, SUMOylation of DNA damage response and repair proteins, as well as many putative epigenetic modulators of gene expression.. We also attempted to identify distinct patterns of gene expression changes that were definite to the different abnormal sperm phenotypes in infertile men relative to controls. Signature genes of oligozoospermia were over-enriched by genes involved in fertilization and extracellular matrix components, while signature genes of teratozoospermia were enriched by genes involved in spermatogenesis and cellular components involved in morphogenesis, whilst signature genes of asthenozoospermia were enriched by genes implicated in ribosome and cilium assembly.We complemented this work by a parallel epigenetic analysis of the global epigenetic landscape in infertile men. We compared the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA integrity and global epigenetic parameters in sperm from 33 infertile subjects with abnormal semen parameters compared to fertile individuals. We pointed out that infertile men are characterized by strikingly high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were in part negatively correlated with the global DNA methylation, and positively correlated with the levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine (active demethylation intermediates). These findings suggest that male infertility associated with oxidative stress shapes the sperm epigenetic landscape. In summary, this original work yielded a transcriptional portrait of sperm abnormalities and provided valuable resources that would further elucidate sperm pathologies
Sermondade-Pichod, Nathalie. "Impact de l'indice de masse corporelle de l'homme sur les paramètres spermatiques et le pouvoir fécondant." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA132040.
Full textNumerous factors concerning lifestyle and environment may affect male fertility, in particular by causing quantitative or qualitative sperm defects. The objectives of our work were to evaluate the relationship between male body mass index (BMI) and semen parameters, as well as the effects of weight loss. In a collaborative meta-analysis including more than 13000 individuals, we reported a link between overweight/obesity and oligo/azoospermia, as well as a dose-effect association between BMI and the risk to present an abnormal total sperm count. We found a positive correlation between BMI and nuclear integrity measured by sperm DNA fragmentation, underlining a key role of oxidative stress for the impact of obesity on sperm. On the other hand, no link between BMI and binding ability of sperm cells to the oocyte zona pellucida was observed. We reported the case of five infertile obese patients who accepted personalized dietary care. In parallel of a significant modification of body composition, a decrease of sperm DNA fragmentation rate was found. Finally, we also reported the case of three patients, for whom was observed an drastic decrease of semen parameters during the months following bariatric surgery. This potential deleterious effect justifies proposing preventive sperm cryopreservation. These data underline the importance to consider male corpulence in case of infertility of the couple, including when conventional sperm parameters are normal. The perspectives of this work join global, personalized and multidisciplinary care of both partners in case of infertility. Nutrition appears as a fundamental element, but also inseparable from other environmental factors
Saut, Noëmie. "Délétions du chromosome Y et infertilité chez l'homme et chez la souris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX20674.
Full textWalschaerts, Marie. "La santé reproductive de l'homme : méthodologie et statistique." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1470/.
Full textMale reproductive health is an indicator of his overall health. It is also closely linked to environmental exposures and living habits. Nowadays, surveillance of male fertility shows a secular decline in sperm quality and increased disease and malformations of the male reproductive tract. The objective of this work is to study the male reproductive health in an epidemiologic aspect and through various statistical tools. Initially, we were interested in the pathology of testicular cancer, its incidence and its risk factors. Then, we studied the population of men consulting for male infertility, their andrological examination, their therapeutic care and their parenthood project. Finally, the birth event was analyzed through survival models: the Cox model and the survival trees. We compared different methods of stable selection variables (the stepwise bootstrapped and the bootstrap penalisation L1 method based on Cox model, and the bootstrap node-level stabilization method and random survival forests) in order to obtain a final model easy to interpret and which improve prediction. In South of France, the incidence of testicular cancer doubled over the past 20 years. The birth cohort effect, i. E. The generational effect, suggests a hypothesis of a deleterious effect of environmental exposure on male reproductive health. However, the living environment of man during his adult life does not seem to be a potential risk factor for testicular cancer, suggesting hypothesis of exposure to endocrine disruptors in utero. The responsibility of man for difficulties in conceiving represents 50% of cases of infertility, making the management of male infertility essential. In our cohort, 85% of male partners presented an abnormal clinical examination (either a medical history or the presence of an anomaly in andrological examination). Finally, one in two couples who consulted for male infertility successfully had a child. The age of men over 35 appears to be a major risk factor, which should encourage couples to start their parenthood project earlier. Taking into account the survival time in the reproductive outcome of these infertile couples, the inclusion of large numbers of covariates gives models often unstable. We associated the bootstrap method to variables selection approaches. Although the method of Random Survival Forests is the best in the prediction performance, the results are not easily interpretable. Results are different according to the size of the sample. Based on the Cox model, the stepwise algorithm is inappropriate when the number of events is too small. The bootstrap node-level stabilization method does not seem better in prediction performance than a simple survival tree (difficulty to prune the tree). Finally, the Cox model based on selection variables with the penalisation L1 method seems a good compromise between interpretation and prediction
Marsault, Ivan. "Stress oxydatif et infertilité masculine : étude comparative des effets de l'acide férulique et du férulate d'éthyle sur la survie des spermatozoi͏̈des après test de migration." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P077.
Full textJerczynski, Olivia. "Rôle des microARNs et des protéines extracellulaires de l'épididyme murin dans la fertilité mâle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30201.
Full textOnly 30% cases of male infertility can be diagnosed with a spermogram. As the epididymis plays an important role in spermatic post-testicular maturation, the dysfunction of this organ may be at the origin of unexplained infertility. Thus, since intercellular communication in the male reproductive tract is different when there is a fertility problem, we hypothesized that a precise molecular signature could help to better understand and diagnose a larger population. To do this, we used a genetically modified murine model with a conditional kockout (cKO) for an enzyme involved in the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs) at the proximal level of the epididymis. We compared the epididymal miRNAs and genes expression pattern between a control and cKO mouse model. One hundred and fifty-four miRNAs showed a strong expression decrease in the genetically modified mice, including miR-210, miR-672, miR-191 and miR-204. Note also the variation in expression of the proteins AZGP1 (Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein) and PATE4 (Prostate And Testis Expressed 4 protein) which have particularly attracted our attention, because they are directly involved in the male fertility. Secondly, since these molecules were found to be released into the extracellular environment, we decided to investigate their secretion pattern in the epididymal fluid in order to evaluate their potential as biomarkers for a certain type of male infertility. Referring to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), I was able to create a biobank containing 43 human samples. I was also able to practice a more current method of isolating membrane vesicles from seminal fluid. Finally, I validated the association of 4 molecules (miR-672, miR-191 and miR-204 and AZGP1) with exosomes. All these results therefore suggest that there is a molecular profile associated with the fertility phenotype and that these new extracellular molecules might help to represent subtypes of male infertility.
Ben, Khelifa Mariem. "Identification et caractérisation de gènes impliqués dans l'infertilité masculine." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987437.
Full textElfassy-Zarka, Yaelle. "Impact du syndrome métabolique sur les fonctions de reproduction masculines : rôle des adipokines." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS683.
Full textMetabolic syndrome (MS) which increase since last decades impairs male reproductive functions. Adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in reproductive axis. These adipokines are poorly studied in semen and could be the link between MS and fertility. Fistly, we performed pre-analytical conditions to obtain reliable dosages in seminal plasma (SP). Thus, we studied seminal and circulating adipokines in metabolically normal patients and then in 160 male partners of infertile couple which present or not MS. Infertility time was longer in men with MS. Adipokines were more concentrated in blood than SP, except for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and visfatin. In case of MS, adiponectin was decrease as expected, but 2.1 fold higher in SP than men without MS, unlike other adipokines which variate the same way in blood than in SP. Seminal IL-6 was significantly correlated with sperm concentration, progressive motility and vitality. These data confirm the importance of screening infertile patients for MS. It suggest an involvement of seminal adipokines to modulate fertility in men with MS, and that seminal IL-6 could play a beneficial role on sperm functions probably by AMPK actions. The perspectives of this work are part of a global management of infertile couples to restore optimal metabolism to procreate
PIQUAOT, TROUVE CORINNE. "Du desir d'enfant a l'"enfant i. A. D. " : essai d'analyse sociologique du processus de parentalite dans les "familles i.a.d."." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN1294.
Full textNguyen, Minh Huong. "Infertilité masculine : fragmentation de l'ADN spermatique, ségrégation méiotique et facteurs génétiques." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0034/document.
Full textInfertility affects about 15% of couples with male factor found in half of the cases. This Ph.D thesisinvestigates three causes of male infertility including chromosomal abnormality, genetic disorderand factors related to alterations in sperm DNA quality. The thesis is organized into two parts.In the first part, the chromosomal equipment and sperm DNA fragmentation in gametes of infertilemen were assessed by FISH and TUNEL. On the one hand, a high rate of aneuploid gametes andsperm DNA fragmentation were observed in four patients with gonosomal mosaicism. On the otherhand, analysis of chromosomal equipment and sperm nuclear DNA in each gamete from 13 patientswith structural chromosome abnormalities showed that unbalanced gametes have more fragmentedDNA than normal or balanced ones.In the second part, a technique for analysing the transcriptome in spermatozoa was developed onfresh and frozen semen. In fact, the combination of a discontinuous density gradient and a somaticcell lysis solution makes it possible to completely eliminate somatic cells and to recover as manysperms in the semen as possible. The XS NucleoSpin RNA kit (Macherey Nagel) was found to bemore suitable for RNA extraction than the RNA extraction kit from Qiagen. The purity of sperm RNA was verified by both RT-PCR and the Bíoanalyzer 2100. These two methods have yieldedsimilar and consistent results. The microarray analysis showed that fresh sperms do not share thesame gene expression profile than frozen ones
Coutton, Charles. "Caractérisation génétique de moléculaire et l'infertilité masculine : applications à plusieurs formes sévères de tératozoospermie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS023.
Full textMale infertility affects more than 20 million men worldwide and represents a major health concern. Although multifactorial, male infertility has a strong genetic basis which has so far not been extensively studied. The objectives of my thesis were to initiate and conduct some genetic investigations on three specific phenotypes of teratozoospermia: macrozoospermia, globozoospermia and multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF).For the first phenotype, we studied 87 patients with macrozoospermia, including 83 index cases, and identified c.144delC, a pathogenic mutation in the AURKC gene in 82% of patients (68/83) confirming that this variant is the main cause of macrozoospermia. A new recurrent mutation, p.Y248*, leading to degradation of the mutant transcripts by non-sense mediated mRNA decay was identified in 10 unrelated patients. Patients with no identified AURKC mutation have a decreased rate of spermatozoa with a large head and multiple flagella. Identification of two ancestral mutations in AURKC maintained during evolution despite their negative effect on reproduction in homozygous men, raises the question of a potential selective advantage provided by the AURKC haploinsufficiency.For the second phenotype, we first analyzed 34 patients presenting with globozoospermia using MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) and Sanger sequencing. In total, 22 of the 30 unrelated patients where homozygous for the DPY19L2 deletion (73.3%) and 3 novel point mutations were identified. These results suggest that the molecular investigation of the DPY19L2 gene in globozoospermic patients should not be limited to the detection of the DPY19L2 genomic deletion and open interesting perspectives for the identification of DPY19L2 partners during acrosome biogenesis. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the genomic deletion was mediated by Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination (NAHR) between two homologous 28-Kb Low Copy Repeats (LCRs) located on each side of the gene. The vast majority of genomic breakpoints fell within a 1.2-Kb region central to the 28-Kb LCR. A 13-mer consensus sequence is located in the centre of that 1.2-Kb region recognized by PRDM9, a multi-unit zinc finger binding protein that promotes the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiating the homologous recombination process. The accepted theoretical NAHR model predicts that during meiosis, NAHR produces more deleted than duplicated alleles. Surprisingly, array-CGH data show that, in the general population, DPY19L2 duplicated alleles are approximately three times as frequent as deleted alleles. In order to shed light on this paradox, we developed a sperm-based digital PCR to measure the de novo rates of deletions and duplications at this locus. As predicted by the NAHR model, we identified an excess of de novo deletions over duplications. These discording results may be explained by the purifying selection against sterile, homozygous deleted men. Heterozygous deleted men might also suffer a small fitness penalty.Lastly, for the third phenotype, homozygosity mapping was carried out on a cohort of 20 North African individuals, presenting with primary infertility resulting from impaired sperm motility caused by a mosaic of multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). Five unrelated subjects out of 18 (28%) carried a homozygous variant in DNAH1, which encodes an inner dynein heavy chain and is expressed in testis. RT-PCR and immunostaining studies confirmed the pathogenic effect of one of these mutations located on a donor splice site. Electronic microscopy revealed a general axonemal disorganization including mislocalization of the microtubule doublets and loss of the inner dynein arms suggesting that DNAH1 plays a critical role in sperm flagellum biogenesis and assembly
Voisin, Allison. "Physiologie de la réponse et de la tolérance immunes dans l'épididyme murin." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC102.
Full textThe epididymis, a key organ of male fertility, is the place of maturation and storage of sperm. However, the massive and late arrival of these cells at puberty, long after the setting of self-tolerance, makes them potential targets for the immune system which risks to destroy them. At the same time, the male genital tract, in contact with the external environment, is frequently challenged by ascending pathogens, which, if not controlled, impair fertility. Therefore, the epididymis must develop an efficient immune response against pathogens while establishing effective tolerance towards sperm. Alteration of this equilibrium is involved in 10 to 15% of male infertility cases. Nevertheless, the immune system of the epididymis has long been neglected compared to that of the testis, due to the common and admittedly mistaken idea that the testis conferred their immune protection to the whole genital tract. The work carried out during this PhD. aimed to strengthen the available knowledge on cellular and molecular actors involved in the maintenance of the immune balance in the murine epididymis. My first objective was to identify and quantify the mononuclear phagocyte and lymphocyte populations present, at steady state, in the tissue. I identified and located three lymphocyte populations never described in the murine epididymis. The rest of my work focused on Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), whose signaling pathway is involved in sperm tolerance in mice, but, its receptors had not been fully described in the organ. We have shown that the three TGF-β isoforms and their receptors are differently expressed throughout the organ, suggesting various roles in epididymal physiology, in addition to sperm tolerance.These studies have shown the diverse potential mechanisms involved in epididymal immune balance and offer many avenues for research to improve treatments of male infertility of immunological origin
Bhatt, Samarth. "Segregation analysis of paracentric inversions in human sperm." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T002.
Full textMonrose, Mélusine. "Etude des rôles du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans la physiologie et les physiopathologies testiculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAC114.
Full textFertility disorders are a major public health concern since they concern millions of people of reproductive age all over the world. The male factor is involved in 50% of identified cases of infertility within couples, involving qualitative and quantitative alterations of the sperm production. However, there are still too many unknowns regarding the cause of many male reproductive disorders. For several decades, an increase in these disorders has been detected especially in developed countries, attracting the scientific community attention to the involvement of environmental pollutants in the etiology of infertility. The number and variety of xenobiotics released into the environment are huge and threaten many physiological functions because of the multiple intracellular signalling pathways that they can affect. According to the researchers, perinatal exposure to xenobiotics may induce altered testicular physiology and predispose to the development of fertility disorders. However, It is essential to better understand the signalling pathways involved in the negative environmental impacts of xenobiotics on testicular physiology to identify other causes of infertility. CAR and PXR are xenobiotic receptors expressed in the testis in men as well as rodents. However, their roles within the testis have not been fully established. In this study, we have identified impacts of neonatal modulations of their signalling on the testicular physiology and the reproduction function in mice. Our data showed that the inhibition of CAR signalling leads to fertility disorders in mice, correlated with qualitative sperm production. Indeed, we have detected alterations in the early and late differentiations of germ cells, notably involving FOXO1 signalling and H4 acetylation levels deregulations that can be associated with histones retention within the sperm genome. Moreover, we have highlighted deleterious additive impacts of the neonatal co-activation of CAR and PXR signalling of mice fertility. Our study has identified major roles of CAR and PXR nuclear receptors in testicular physiology and their potential implication in the emergence of fertility disorders associated with environmental exposures
Choucair, Fadi. "Exploration du transcriptome spermatique par le séquençage nouvelle génération et le portrait épigénétique de l’infertilité masculine." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4058/document.
Full textMale infertility is actually considered as a public alarming health problem. The sperm pathologies spectrum ranges between different phenotypes including oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia depending on the sperm conventional parameters abnormalities. Abnormal sperm is characterized by genetic alterations and epigenetic alterations which can affect the transcriptome extensively. These alterations in RNA profiles are retrospectively indicative of aberrant spermatogenic events. RNA-seq is a powerful tool for comprehensive characterization of whole transcriptome. To date, RNA-seq analysis of sperm from infertile men has not been reported. Our objectives are: (i) recognize key clusters, key pathways and specific gene transcripts for different sperm abnormalities; (ii) catalog the spermatozoal lncRNAs in different sperm pathologies; (iii) identify signature genes which are mechanistically important in the cascade of events driving a pathological spermatogenesis; (iii) portray the global epigenetic landscape in sperm from infertile men. Expression data from 60 sperm samples from 3 groups of infertile men (oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia) were generated on Illumina HiSeq platform, compared to 20 fertiles, and the resulting gene expression patterns were analyzed for functional enrichment. Our supervised analyses identified numerous differentially expressed genes between fertile and infertile men. In oligozoospermia, the deregulated spermatozoal transcripts were associated with various stages of spermatogenesis including meiotic cell cycle, synaptonemal complex assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, piRNA metabolic process, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus and interestingly fertilization. As for asthenozoospermia, spermatogenesis, cilium assembly, metabolic-related pathways, chemotaxis and immune cell physiology were most significantly differentially expressed. Interestingly, numerous transcripts associated with histone modifications were highly down-regulated. With regards to teratozoospermia, we evidenced sperm-specific differentially expressed genes which are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome, cytoskeleton organization, the cell cycle pathway, SUMOylation of DNA damage response and repair proteins, as well as many putative epigenetic modulators of gene expression.. We also attempted to identify distinct patterns of gene expression changes that were definite to the different abnormal sperm phenotypes in infertile men relative to controls. Signature genes of oligozoospermia were over-enriched by genes involved in fertilization and extracellular matrix components, while signature genes of teratozoospermia were enriched by genes involved in spermatogenesis and cellular components involved in morphogenesis, whilst signature genes of asthenozoospermia were enriched by genes implicated in ribosome and cilium assembly.We complemented this work by a parallel epigenetic analysis of the global epigenetic landscape in infertile men. We compared the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA integrity and global epigenetic parameters in sperm from 33 infertile subjects with abnormal semen parameters compared to fertile individuals. We pointed out that infertile men are characterized by strikingly high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were in part negatively correlated with the global DNA methylation, and positively correlated with the levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine (active demethylation intermediates). These findings suggest that male infertility associated with oxidative stress shapes the sperm epigenetic landscape. In summary, this original work yielded a transcriptional portrait of sperm abnormalities and provided valuable resources that would further elucidate sperm pathologies
Vigneron-Dousset, Brigitte. "Etudes de certains facteurs de croissance en biologie humaine : l'axe somatotrope et son exploration, les insulin-like growth factors et leurs activateurs de faible masse moléculaire, les facteurs de croissance et la fertilité masculine." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN19009.
Full textGivelet, Maëlle. "Étude des cellules souches germinales : caractérisation des cellules souches germinales humaines et effets de l'hypoxie Transcriptional landscape of spermatogonial stem cells and progenitors in human spermatogenesis Impact of hypoxia on the proliferation and colony-formation capacity of SSCs in culture Spermatogonial stem cells and progenitors are refractory to reprogramming to pluripotency by the transcription factors Oct3/4, c-Myc, Sox2 and Klf4." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB038.
Full textThroughout life, sperm cells are produced from germinal stem cells (GSCs) during the process of spermatogenesis in the testis. GSCs have the ability to self-renew to maintain stem cell stock and to differentiate. Male infertility is responsible in one out of two cases of issues of procreation. In patients treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (particularly in children with cancer), one of the major side effects that affects the quality of life after healing is the attrition of the GSCs stock and the subsequent problems of infertility. The most severe infertility issue, the Sertoli-Cell-Only syndrome with a complete germ cell aplasia, results from the exhaustion of the GSCs population. Therapeutic solutions such as transplantation of GSCs obtained from testicular biopsies harvested prior to cancer treatments are being studied. Recent studies on testicular transplantation of GSCs in non-human primates have shown the restoration, in the sterilized animal, of spermatogenesis allowing in vitro fertilization of oocytes by intracytoplasmic microinjection of spermatozoa derived from transplanted GSCs. These very encouraging results bring for the first time the transplantation of GSCs into the field of preclinical application. However, the identity of the pool of human GSCs and the molecular mechanisms governing their self-renewal remain poorly known. My thesis work focused on the characterization of GSCs in humans. During this project I also used the mouse model of GSCs to better understand some mechanisms of the physiological regulation of GSCs. As a first step, this thesis work has contributed to define, using a combination of cell markers and the testicular transplantation, as functional test, a population of immature spermatogonia enriched in GSCs. The specific expression profile of this population was performed by transcriptomic analysis, and allowed us to define a transcription regulator network preferentially expressed in this population. Among the enriched transcriptional regulators in the human immature spermatogonia population, we focused on the study of the bHLH transcriptional repressor Hes1 in the murine model. Under serum and growth factors-deprived conditions of culture inducing proliferative arrest and quiescence, our study tends to show a protective role of HES1 against cell death. In addition, we also observed a decrease in the number of cells with the potential to regenerate spermatogenesis in GSCs cultures when Hes1 expression is decreased. Secondly, we studied the effect of hypoxia on the self-renewal and differentiation of murine GSCs in culture. Indeed, hypoxia is an important component of the stem cell niche that regulates their cell fate. We observed that high hypoxia (1% and 0.1% oxygen) has a deleterious effect on the ability of murine GSCs to form colonies, and moderately induce quiescence and the onset of differentiation of GSCs. A positive effect on the functionality of murine adult GSCs has been observed at 3.5% oxygen, but these conditions do not support the proliferation and maintenance at long-term of human GSCs. Finally, this work has contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the spontaneous reprogramming to pluripotency of GSCs in vitro. While Yamanaka factors are effective for reprogramming testicular somatic cells, they do not allow reprogrammation of adult GSCs and spermatogonial progenitors. These results suggest the existence of a specific mechanism preventing reprogramming by Yamanaka factors of adult germ cells into a pluripotent state
Kherraf, Zine-Eddine. "Exploration génétique et moléculaire de défauts post-méiotiques sévères de la spermatogenèse entrainant une infertilité masculine." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS010/document.
Full textInfertility is currently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major health concern affecting more than 50 million couples worldwide. In western countries, the majority of infertile couples seek assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to achieve a pregnancy. Despite the success of these techniques, almost half of these couples fail to obtain a child. Part of these failures are explained by the alteration of gametogenesis. In humans, spermatogenesis involves hundreds of genes specifically expressed in the testis. The abundance of these genes suggests that spermatogenic defects are associated with a strong genetic component. Recently, technical advances have led to the identification of numerous causative genes, but the vast majority of male infertility cases remain idiopathic. The aim of the present thesis is to identify new genetic causes responsible for male infertility and to elucidate the physiopathological mechanisms associated with these anomalies.During my thesis, I participated with the team GETI (genetics, epigenetics and therapies of infertility) in the genetic exploration of two phenotypes of male infertility related to post-meiotic defects of spermatogenesis: a rare form of non-obstructive azoospermia and the phenotype of multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). I have also played a key role in creation and analysis of transgenic mice to better characterize the pathogeny of the identified genetic causes in Human.Genetic analyses performed on two infertile brothers born form consanguineous parents and presenting an-idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia associated with a post-meiotic arrest of spermatogenesis allowed us to identify a homozygous variant in the SPINK2 gene that encodes a serine-protease inhibitor. Phenotypic analysis of Spink2-/- adult male mice showed that they are infertile and perfectly mimic the sperm and testicular phenotypes observed in our patients. We showed that Spink2 protein is expressed from the round spermatid stage and localized in the acrosome, a lysosomal-like vesicle rich in proteases that play a key role during fertilization. When Spink2 is absent, the deregulated proteolytic activity of the targeted proteases such as acrosin leads to the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and arrest of spermiogenesis at the round spermatid stage. We also showed that sperm from heterozygous human and mice present a high level of morphological abnormalities and a decrease of progressive motility leading to a variable subfertility. These results showed for the first time that oligo-teratozoospermia and azoospermia could present a pathological continuum due to the same pathogeny.We also performed exome sequencing in a cohort of 78 non related MMAF subjects and identified in 49 cases deleterious bi-allelic mutations in a total of 11 candidate genes including DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 and FSIP2 giving a genetic diagnosis yield of 63%. These results confirm the genetic heterogeneity of MMAF and the efficiency of high throughput sequencing in genetic exploration of this phenotype. We also demonstrated the pathogenic implication of certain candidate genes (n=4) using knock-out mice created by the new technology of genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9.Overall, this work demonstrates the interest and effectiveness of combining exome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 system to study spermatogenesis disorders and male infertility
Dumargne, Marie-Charlotte. "Genetic and epigenetic factors associated with human male infertility." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066068.
Full textSpermatogenesis is a complex process which depends on the cooperation of many genes. The end-product, the spermatozoon, is an ideal subject for study since it carries both clues of the past events and information which will be transmitted to the oocyte at fertilization. The identification of main actors of spermatogenesis, specific modifications of sperm DNAs or sperm specific isoforms could improve our understanding of a such complex mechanism and could serve as a determination of biomarkers or diagnostic tools for fertility. The aim of the project was to go further three omes: genome, epigenome and transcriptome of mature human sperm in the context of male infertility. We identified new genetic causes of male infertility and confirmed the presence of methylation abnormalities in sperm cells of infertile men. Firstly, SOX8 gene was found mutated in a cohort of 20 patients with disorder of sex development and male or female infertility. Similarly, to NR5A1, SOX8 appears to be a novel regulator of gonadal development and function. Then by exome-sequencing, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in the male germline-specific chromatin modeler ATAD2. Furthermore, RNA-seq and MeDIP-chIP of sperm from fertile and infertile men along with bioinformatics analyzes of the generated data, enabled us to characterize more deeply the normal sperm transcriptional signature. We also found that the majority of human sperm RNAs are remarkably preserved in placental mammals suggesting crucial ancestral functions. Finally, proper expression and regulation of chromatin remodelers seem to be critical for male fertility, as revealed by both the transcriptomic and the epigenetic data
Lejeune, Hervé. "Régulations endocrines, paracrines et autocrines des cellules de Leydig : des modèles animaux au testicule humain, étude in vitro." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1H114.
Full textBlagosklonov, Oxana. "Pathologie moléculaire du locus AZF : recherche de corrélation génotype-phénotype gonadique." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA0010.
Full textKaafarani, Nizar. "Recherche de Chlamydia Trachomatis par amplification génique dans le sperme avant fécondation in vitro : une série de 103 couples." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23015.
Full textBatias, Catherine. "Mise au point et validation d' une méthode d' étude de la toxicité testiculaire chez le rat mâle." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P221.
Full textDevianne, Isabelle. "Évaluation de la réaction acrosomique de spermes fertiles et hypoféconds in vitro, à l'aide de l'anticorps monoclonal GB24 et de la cytométrie en flux." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23097.
Full textVan, Schoore Grégory. "Etude d'un récepteur orphelin apparenté aux récepteurs aux hormones glycoprotéiques, LGR4." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210545.
Full textLes LGR forment une sous-famille de RCPG structurellement proches de la rhodopsine qui comprend les récepteurs aux hormones glycoprotéiques (TSH, LH, hCG, FSH) et à la relaxine. LGR4 est un membre de cette famille dont ni la fonction précise, ni l'agoniste ne sont connus.
Dans un premier temps, une cartographie détaillée de l'expression de Lgr4 chez la souris a été obtenue. Nous avons tiré parti de l'existence d'une lignée de souris transgéniques dont le gène Lgr4 a été interrompu par l'introduction d'une cassette comportant deux marqueurs histologiques. L'activité beta-galactosidase d'un de ces marqueurs a été analysée chez les souris hétérozygotes. Ces dernières ne présentent pas de phénotype particulier, ce qui permet d'estimer que l'expression des marqueurs rend effectivement compte de l'expression normale du gène Lgr4. Lgr4 est exprimé dans un grand nombre de structures, notamment dans le cartilage, le rein, les appareils reproducteurs mâle et femelle et certaines cellules du système nerveux.
Ensuite, le phénotype des souris homozygotes pour l'inactivation de Lgr4 (LGR4KO) a été exploré. Ces souris présentent à la naissance un poids inférieur à leurs congénères des autres phénotypes. Les mâles sont stériles à cause d'une malformation des tubules efférents et de l'épididyme. Un blocage au niveau des tubules efférents reliant le testicule à l'épididyme contraint les spermatozoïdes à s'accumuler à la sortie du testicule, dans la région du rete testis. De plus, les tubes de l'épididyme, pourtant normaux à la naissance, ne s'allongent pas pour former la structure convolutée habituelle. L'épithélium de ces tubes est aplati et est entouré d'une quantité anormalement élevée de mésenchyme.
Dans un troisième temps, des outils nécessaires aux futures tentatives d'identification de l'agoniste naturel de LGR4 ont été réalisés. Il s'agit :(1) d'anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre la partie extracellulaire du récepteur humain. (2) d'un appât moléculaire pour la ‘pêche au ligand’. Cet appât est constitué du domaine extracellulaire du récepteur humain couplé à un marqueur histologique. (3) d'une construction peptidique constituée du domaine extracellulaire du récepteur humain couplé à une queue poly-histidine. Cette construction est destinée à servir de greffon lors de chromatographies d'affinités devant permettre de purifier le ligand. (4) de lignées cellulaires exprimant le récepteur LGR4 humain ainsi que le système æquorine devant permettre de détecter l'activation de ce récepteur.
Les données apportées par ce travail montrent un rôle important du récepteur LGR4 au cours du développement et permettent de circonscrire le champ des recherches futures. Ceci, ainsi que les outils moléculaires développés, constitue une base pour l'identification future de l'agoniste et la détermination précise de la fonction de LGR4.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Okutman, Özlem. "Genetics of male infertility : genes implicated in non-obstructive azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ049/document.
Full textAmong couples with a desire for a child, male factor is responsible approximately 20%. Despite long years of assisted reproductive activities, a significant number of cases remain idiopathic. Considering the high predicted number of genes involved in male gametogenesis, it is likely that most ‘idiopathic’ forms may have a genetic origin. In the present study, we have defined two new genes implicated in male infertility. Our data suggested that a nonsense mutation in TEX15 correlates with a decrease in sperm count over time. A diagnostic test identifying the mutation in man could provide an indication of spermatogenic failure and prompt patients to undertake sperm cryopreservation at an early age. We also identified MAGEB4 as a new X-linked gene involved in an inherited male infertility. This study provides the first clue on the physiological function of a MAGE protein
Dirami, Thassadite. "Le transporteur anionique TAT1 (SLC26A8) : rôle physiologique et implication dans les asthénozoospermies humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T050/document.
Full textTAT1 (Testis Anion Transporter 1 ; SLC26A8) belongs to the SLC26 family of anion transporters, which is implicated in cellular homeostasis of different epithelia. TAT1 is exclusively expressed in male germ cells, in human and mouse. On mature spermatozoa, TAT1 is located at the annulus, a ring-shaped structure composed of different septins polymers (1, 4, 6, 7 and 12), at the junction of the midpiece (MP) and principal piece (PP) of the flagellum.The knock-out mouse model of Tat1 gene shows a male infertility by complete asthenozoospermia (lack of sperm motility) and capacitation defects combined with flagellar structural abnormalities (flagella bending, MP and PP disjunction and atrophy of the annulus). This model suggests that the TAT1 protein could fulfill structural roles in the annulus and during flagellum biogenesis. Moreover TAT1 displayind an anion transport activity, it could also be implicated in the control of sperm motility and capacitation by regulating anions exchannges, which are well known to be essential for both processes.Indeed, chloride, bicarbonate and calcium ions are involved in the activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway, controlling sperm motility and capacitation processes (i.e. maturation events occuring in the female genital tract and providing the spermatozoa an hyperactivation movement and the ability to interact with oocyte).Several publications have reported a physical and functionnal interaction between SLC26 family members and the chloride/bicarbonate CFTR channel (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator), which mutations are responsible of cystic fibrosis. Interestingly, recent data showed CFTR expression in spermatozoa and its role in the regulation of chloride fluxes during capacitation. During my thesis, we tested TAT1 and CFTR cooperation; we showed that TAT1 can interact physically with CFTR and stimulate its anion transport activity, suggesting that in vivo they form a molecular complex involved in the regulation of chloride and bicarbonate fluxes during sperm capacitation.Like TAT1, several SLC26 family members have a tissue specific expression. Furthermore genetic mutations in several SLC26 members result in human pathology such as deafness, congenital chloride diarrhea and chondrodysplasia. According to the phenotype of the KO Tat1 mouse model and the role of SLC26 members in human pathology, TAT1 constitutes a good candidate for the search of genetic causes of human asthenozoospermia.During my thesis, the laboratory has set up, a research project aiming at identifying mutations in the TAT1 gene that are responsible for human asthenozoospermia.Sequencing of the TAT1 gene coding regions in a cohort of 147 infertile men presenting with asthenozoospermia allowed us to identify several new sequence variations in in the TAT1 gene. In vitro study of these variants shows that 3 of them are associated with protein instability and abrogate CFTR stimulation. Besides, patients sperm show important flagellar abnormalities in the midpiece, consistent with a role of TAT1 and its partners (septins) in flagellum biogenesis
Berby, Benoît. "Τélοmères et altératiοns nucléaires des spermatοzοïdes humains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR117.
Full textTelomeres are pivotal structures of eukaryote biology, engaged in genome replication and protection. Their interactions with nuclear content are either direct or mediated via a shelterin complex named telosome. They are known to decreased after cell division. Sperm telomeres have specific roles and architecture. Organized in doublets and quadruplets, their number expected in a haploid sperm nucleus is comprised between 12 and 23. Essential but diminished during meiosis, they are subject to permanent restauration and lengthening in germinal sperm cells. Their length varies amongst individuals and generations, interrogating about factors implicated in sperm telomere shortening and disorganization. During the present work, we focused on three different situations. First, we investigate whether sperm telomere length and mean number of telomeres in sperm nucleus were related to oxidative stress and nuclear parameters alterations in a population of infertile males. We performed an prospective study over 52 males, with a case group of 30 infertile males presenting conventional semen parameter alterations and a control group of normozoospermic fertile males. Mean number of telomeres per sperm head was significantly elevated in infertile men with oligozoospermia (21.7 ± 4.3 versus 18.8 ± 3.0, p = 0.049) as were as intracytoplasmic reactive oxygen species and condensation defects. The higher number of telomeres, the more chromatin condensation defects were observed (r = 0.29, p 0.04). Secondly, we assessed the impact of testicular cancer and its therapy on sperm telomeres. We performed an ancillary study of 29 patients over a research project which had followed testicular cancer patients before and after adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Patients had a higher number of telomere signal per sperm head than control before and after treatment (18.1 ± 2.7 versus 15.2 ± 1.4, p = 0.004 at diagnosis and 18.0 ± 3.2 at T24). Mean sperm telomere length did not vary between groups. Patients who received chemotherapy had the highest combination of extremely shorts sperm telomeres and highest number of telomeres per sperm head (58% versus 29% in the radiotherapy group). Thirdly, we assessed conventional and nuclear (telomeres and DNA fragmentation) semen parameters among a population of 50 healthy fertile sperm donor who donated spermatozoa over 24 years long timeframe. The older donation was, the higher sperm count (r = 0.46, p = 001). Older donations had less telomere signals (r = 0.27, p = 0.04). Older men had less alterations of telomere interactions and presented more sperm nucleus exhibiting the expected number of telomere signals (12-23). Distribution of telomere number per sperm head differed between donations made before 1998 and after 2000. Men under 36 who donated after 2000 had shorter telomeres than the other groups. We showed that sperm telomere alterations are presents alongside conventional semen alterations and testicular cancer. We raised concern regarding sperm telomere length of contemporary youth, in parallel to worldwide sperm count decline. Sperm telomeres are a valuable target for semen quality evaluation