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Journal articles on the topic 'Sterilization of women – Costa Rica'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Alpizar, F. "Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Costa Rica: 694 cases." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 83 (December 2003): S141—S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(03)90107-x.

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2

CARRANZA, MARÍA. "THE THERAPEUTIC EXCEPTION: ABORTION, STERILIZATION AND MEDICAL NECESSITY IN COSTA RICA." Developing World Bioethics 7, no. 2 (August 2007): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00200.x.

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3

Rosero-Bixby, Luis, and William H. Dow. "Exploring why Costa Rica outperforms the United States in life expectancy: A tale of two inequality gradients." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 5 (January 4, 2016): 1130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521917112.

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Mortality in the United States is 18% higher than in Costa Rica among adult men and 10% higher among middle-aged women, despite the several times higher income and health expenditures of the United States. This comparison simultaneously shows the potential for substantially lowering mortality in other middle-income countries and highlights the United States’ poor health performance. The United States’ underperformance is strongly linked to its much steeper socioeconomic (SES) gradients in health. Although the highest SES quartile in the United States has better mortality than the highest quartile in Costa Rica, US mortality in its lowest quartile is markedly worse than in Costa Rica’s lowest quartile, providing powerful evidence that the US health inequality patterns are not inevitable. High SES-mortality gradients in the United States are apparent in all broad cause-of-death groups, but Costa Rica’s overall mortality advantage can be explained largely by two causes of death: lung cancer and heart disease. Lung cancer mortality in the United States is four times higher among men and six times higher among women compared with Costa Rica. Mortality by heart disease is 54% and 12% higher in the United States than in Costa Rica for men and women, respectively. SES gradients for heart disease and diabetes mortality are also much steeper in the United States. These patterns may be partly explained by much steeper SES gradients in the United States compared with Costa Rica for behavioral and medical risk factors such as smoking, obesity, lack of health insurance, and uncontrolled dysglycemia and hypertension.

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4

Anderson, Adele. "Women and Cultural Learning in Costa Rica: Reading the Contexts." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 9, no. 1 (August 15, 2003): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v9i1.114.

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This article reviews research on Costa Rica’s cultural context, student adjustment, and tourism theory as they relate to U.S. women student experiences there. It includes insights from ethnographic observations and interviews collected during three years of residential direction of a shortterm, small-group program in Costa Rica. It introduces an applied anthropological tool, based on a cultural learning model of participant observation, which may be used by study abroad practitioners to guide student cultural adjustment more systematically.

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Judson, Lucas, and Vivianne Solís. "Impact of coastal shrimp fishing on women and youth livelihoods and food security in Tárcoles, Costa Rica." UNED Research Journal 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v8i1.1224.

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Fishing communities often face similar challenges that include overfishing, lack of food security, and unenforced sustainability policies. Tárcoles, mid-Pacific coast of Costa Rica, generates the majority of its income through fishing. A local cooperative aids families with direct marketing, lowering middleman power and generally benefitting the community. To understand the role of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, we interviewed 47 women and youth (aged 13-72) and 41 young students (17-24) at the University of Costa Rica. We found that shrimp is a vital resource used both for food security and to improve economic situations of fishermen and women. People who have been fishing for more years perceive more positively the success of conservation efforts (P=0,05). Fishermen who have fished in more recent years also perceived greater success in shrimp recuperation in the town (P=0,03). At the University of Costa Rica, many students had at least a basic awareness of social and economic realities in rural fishing communities. Knowledge about artisanal fishing from UCR students was found to be very limited, with many respondents believing that artisanal fishing communities have no impact on large cities in Costa Rica. They should receive more education on this subject.

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6

Hollerbach, Paula. "The Impact of National Policies on the Acceptance of Sterilization in Colombia and Costa Rica." Studies in Family Planning 20, no. 6 (November 1989): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1966434.

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7

Twombly, Susan B. "Piropos and Friendships: Gender and Culture Clash in Study Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 1 (December 6, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v1i1.2.

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In this paper I will describe and focus on two ways in which being a woman affected students' study abroad experiences in Costa Rica: (l ) piropos, or unsolicited gender-oriented comments, and (2) women's friendships, their absence with women of the host culture, and the importance of friendships with other North American women. At least two other facets of the gender-study abroad relationship warrant attention but will not be dealt with here: gender and classroom experiences, and the different experiences of male and female students. First I briefly describe the University of Costa Rica, the status of women in Costa Rica, and the method employed in this study. In this article, I argue that educators must ask not only how gender (and race/ethnicity) affects the study abroad experience, including attitudes toward the host country, but what study abroad programs can do to turn potentially negative experiences for women students into critical learning experiences. It is neither possible nor necessarily desirable to change the host country; however, we can help young women to understand how gender roles are constructed in other cultures and better prepare them to confront the differences.

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8

Saint-Germain, Michelle A. "Paths to power of women legislators in Costa Rica and Nicaragua." Women's Studies International Forum 16, no. 2 (March 1993): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(93)90003-r.

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9

Fieten, Karin B., Hans Kromhout, Dick Heederik, and Berna van Wendel de Joode. "Pesticide Exposure and Respiratory Health of Indigenous Women in Costa Rica." American Journal of Epidemiology 169, no. 12 (April 16, 2009): 1500–1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp060.

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10

Borges, Anne Karin da Mota, Adalberto Miranda-Filho, Sérgio Koifman, and Rosalina Jorge Koifman. "Thyroid Cancer Incidences From Selected South America Population-Based Cancer Registries: An Age-Period-Cohort Study." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.17.00024.

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Purpose The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased substantially worldwide. However, there is a lack of knowledge about age-period-cohort (APC) effects on incidence rates in South American countries. This study describes the TC incidence trends and analyzes APC effects in Cali, Colombia; Costa Rica; Goiânia, Brazil; and Quito, Ecuador. Materials and Methods Data were obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series, and the crude and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated. Trends were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change, and APC models were estimated using Poisson regression for individuals between age 20 and 79 years. Results An increasing trend in age-standardized incidence rates was observed among women from Goiânia (9.2%), Costa Rica (5.7%), Quito (4.0%), and Cali (3.4%), and in men from Goiânia (10.0%) and Costa Rica (3.4%). The APC modeling showed that there was a period effect in all regions and for both sexes. Increasing rate ratios were observed among women over the periods. The best fit model was the APC model in women from all regions and in men from Quito, whereas the age-cohort model showed a better fit in men from Cali and Costa Rica, and the age-drift model showed a better fit among men from Goiânia. Conclusion These findings suggest that overdiagnosis is a possible explanation for the observed increasing pattern of TC incidence. However, some environmental exposures may also have contributed to the observed increase.

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Meza Márquez, Consuelo. "Review of Mujeres poetas de Costa Rica/Women Poets of Costa Rica, 1980-2020. Antología bilingüe/Bilingual Anthology, Arabella Salaverry, editor. 2021." Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.23870/marlas.364.

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12

Goldberg, Anne, and Maxine Payne. "Art and Oral History: Applying Anthropology in Rural Costa Rica." Practicing Anthropology 33, no. 1 (December 22, 2010): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.33.1.y3221r1163q76812.

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This article describes the collaboration between an artist, an anthropologist, and the people of San Luis, a small town in the mountains of Costa Rica. When asked how the authors could “give back” to the community, which regularly hosts students and academic researchers, representatives of the community requested that stories of women in the community be told, not simply collected. Using oral history and photography, the authors worked with local women to create an exhibit that is permanently installed in the town and also tours the U.S. The project reflected a community desire for global connections while emphasizing their uniqueness.

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Downe, Pamela. "Participant Advocacy and Research with Prostitutes in Costa Rica." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.3.975432776408k920.

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In 1992-3, I conducted research with 53 street prostitutes in San José Costa Rica. The goal of this research, as I describe below, was to determine how these women use biomedical concepts of contagion to explain the healthrelated conditions that posed the greatest threat to their daily lives. Although I always intended the results of this study to be relevant to the participants, I never expected that these women would embrace the research as fervently as they did. What resulted was a research project that was very much participant-driven and advocacy-based. Much of the advocacy associated with anthropological fieldwork is reasonably formal, well-planned, and focused. However, in doing research with a community that is highly stigmatized and located on the legal margins of society (where many activities are illegal), research-related advocacy tends to be more informal and spontaneous. In this article, I outline the tenets of the project and reflect on the kind of advocacy that was forged through the participants' efforts. The focus here is not so much the research results per se (as those have been published elsewhere), but rather it is the research process and the collaboration with participants. The issues raised throughout this discussion will not be new to applied anthropologists but they will hopefully contribute to our understandings of ongoing debates about anthropological advocacy, collaboration, and authority.

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14

Hutchinson Miller, Carmen. "‘El trabajo dignifica’ Twentieth Century Afro-Costa Rican Women and Informal Work in Port Limon, Costa Rica." Revista Nuevo Humanismo 6, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rnh.6-2.1.

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The patriarchal system has convinced most that women’s respectable place and function are exclusively within the private space of the home. When women ‘transgress’ and venture out into the public sphere by choice or by force, the reception is far from welcoming both by individuals and institutions. The analysis seeks to enquire, based on women of African descent history, how this ideology affects their participation in the public sphere. The main objective is to unearth and make visible some of the informal financial activities women were involved in during the 20th century in Port of Limon, Central America, Costa Rica. The information was gathered through interviews, some early 20th-century newspaper research, and other documentation. The analysis is conducted from a historical and gender perspective.

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15

Porras, Carolina, Mahboohbeh Safaeian, Paula González, Allan Hildesheim, Sandra Silva, Mark Schiffman, Ana Cecilia Rodríguez, et al. "Epidemiology of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Among Young Women in Costa Rica." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35, no. 5 (May 2008): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e3181644b4c.

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16

Rodríguez Corrales, Gloriana. "Women, bodies, and beauties: Practices and rituals in Costa Rica, 1950-1980." Memorias, no. 30 (August 15, 2016): 98–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.30.9096.

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17

Pires, Teresinha Teles. "Procreative autonomy, gender equality and right to life: the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica." Revista Direito GV 13, no. 3 (December 2017): 1007–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6172201739.

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Resumo The trial and the reasons adopted by Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) in Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica represent significant progress in protecting women’s procreative autonomy. The decision of the IACtHR revoked a decision of the Constitutional Chamber of Costa Rica that banned the use of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in the country. With this decision, the IACtHR not only clearly linked universal rights of freedom with procreative autonomy for women and men; the IACtHR also strongly reinforced an interpretation on the “right to life” that favors procreative autonomy. Moreover, the decision is remarkable to include a standard of equality in matters of procreative autonomy insofar as the IACtHR has held that women, because of negative gender stereotypes in society, have been greatly undermined by the decision of the Chamber of Costa Rica to ban IVF. Finally, as will be argued, courts may, in similar future cases, introduce the Convention of Belém do Pará in the analysis, considering that the elimination of IVF services (or other limitation of women’s procreative autonomy) can be seen as a form of violence against women’s moral integrity.

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18

Adamson, Erin, Cecilia Menjívar, and Shannon Drysdale Walsh. "The Impact of Adjacent Laws on Implementing Violence Against Women Laws: Legal Violence in the Lives of Costa Rican Women." Law & Social Inquiry 45, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 432–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.58.

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Most scholarship addressing implementation gaps of violence against women (VAW) laws focuses on countries with high levels of violence in the lives of women—accompanied by weak policing and judicial responses. These studies tend to argue that the most egregious forms of political or social violence explain this gap. However, there has been little attention to countries with lower levels of gender-based violence and relatively responsive state institutions. We analyze the application of VAW laws in Costa Rica, with a focus on the impact of adjacent laws, or laws that are seemingly unrelated to VAW laws but are applied in tandem with and often in conflict with VAW laws. Based on a decade of fieldwork in Costa Rica, we argue that adjacent laws on land, labor, and immigration can be leveraged in ways that undermine the interpretation and implementation of VAW laws. These failures constitute legal violence: the normalized but cumulatively injurious effects of laws that can result in various forms of violence. While legal violence causes implementation gaps in almost every country, our case study reveals that the underlying sociolegal system upon which these laws rest contributes to a significant gap between VAW laws and practice.

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19

De Joode, Berna Van Wendel, Benoit Barbeau, Maryse Bouchard, Ana María Mora, Rosario Quesada, Leonel Córdoba, Asa Skytt, Thomas Lundh, and Christian Lindh. "Sources Of Manganese Exposure In Pregnant Women Living Near Banana Plantations In Costa Rica: Results From The Infant's Environmental Health Study (ISA) In Costa Rica." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2015, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 7561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2015.2015-7561.

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20

Mata-Greenwood, Adriana. "Women in economic activity: Lessons from two surveys in Costa Rica and Kerala." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 6, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1989-6401.

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21

Muñoz, Leda M., and Emilce Ulate. "Breast‐feeding patterns of urban low to middle income women in Costa Rica†." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 25, no. 1 (February 1991): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1991.9991154.

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22

Jamie Cistoldi Lee. "Access, Self-Image, and Empowerment: Computer Training for Women Entrepreneurs in Costa Rica." Gender, Technology and Development 8, no. 2 (July 2004): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097185240400800203.

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23

Lee, Jamie Cistoldi. "Access, Self-Image, and Empowerment: Computer Training for Women Entrepreneurs in Costa Rica." Gender, Technology and Development 8, no. 2 (January 2004): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2004.11910115.

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24

Sánchez Lovel, Adriana, and Flory Chacón Roldán. "Vagrancy and women transgression in Costa Rica (1870-1910): A construction from below." Memorias, no. 30 (August 15, 2016): 158–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.30.9084.

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25

Chant, Sylvia. "Families on the Verge of Breakdown? Views on Contemporary Trends in Family Life in Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Journal of Developing Societies 18, no. 2-3 (June 2002): 109–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0201800206.

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As in many other countries, family life in Costa Rica has changed in recent decades. Marriage is declining, divorce and separation are on the rise, out-of-wedlock births are increasing, and women head a growing number and proportion of households. Nationally and internationally, statements issued by the media, government bodies and the religious establishment indicate that these trends have provoked anxiety about “family breakdown.” Yet it is less well known if similar concerns are felt at the grassroots. The present paper explores reactions to family change among 176 low-and middle-income women and men from different age groups in Guanacaste province, northwest Costa Rica. A key finding is that although some trajectories in family life are perceived as encompassing possibilities for new, more flexible and egalitarian domestic arrangements, others are regarded as weakening family unity. Moreover, concerns about “family breakdown” are more common among adult males than their female counterparts or younger people. The reasons behind these disparate views relate to social, legal, and economic processes that have destabilized “traditional” gendered divisions of labor, power, and rights within Costa Rican households.

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Loría, Kattia Rojas, Teresa Gutiérrez Rosado, Leonor María Cantera Espinosa, Leda María Marenco Marrochi, and Anna Fernández Sánchez. "Trends in public health policies addressing violence against women." Revista de Saúde Pública 48, no. 4 (August 2014): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048004797.

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OBJECTIVE To analyze the content of policies and action plans within the public healthcare system that addresses the issue of violence against women.METHODS A descriptive and comparative study was conducted on the health policies and plans in Catalonia and Costa Rica from 2005 to 2011. It uses a qualitative methodology with documentary analysis. It is classified by topics that describe and interpret the contents. We considered dimensions, such as principles, strategies, concepts concerning violence against women, health trends, and evaluations.RESULTS Thirteen public policy documents were analyzed. In both countries’ contexts, we have provided an overview of violence against women as a problem whose roots are in gender inequality. The strategies of gender policies that address violence against women are cultural exchange and institutional action within the public healthcare system. The actions of the healthcare sector are expanded into specific plans. The priorities and specificity of actions in healthcare plans were the distinguishing features between the two countries.CONCLUSIONS The common features of the healthcare plans in both the counties include violence against women, use of protocols, detection tasks, care and recovery for women, and professional self-care. Catalonia does not consider healthcare actions with aggressors. Costa Rica has a lower specificity in conceptualization and protocol patterns, as well as a lack of updates concerning health standards in Catalonia.

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Srur-Rivero, Nadia, and Mayra Cartin-Brenes. "Breast Cancer Characteristics and Survival in a Hispanic Population of Costa Rica." Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research 8 (January 2014): BCBCR.S15854. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bcbcr.s15854.

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Background Breast cancer characteristics may vary according to the patient's ethnic group. The goal of this cohort study was to evaluate the characteristics of a group of Costa Rican breast cancer patients and their relationship with survival. Methods Age, stage, tumor grade, immunohistochemistry, lymphovascular invasion, recurrence, and survival data on 199 Hispanic patients with breast cancer diagnosis, treated between January 2009 and May 2010, were collected from a single institution in San Jose, Costa Rica. The data were statistically analyzed for significance. Results Median age at diagnosis was 53 years. With a median follow-up of 46.5 months, there was an 88% overall survival rate. Thirty-seven percent of the patients ( p < 0.001) were at stages III and IV during diagnosis. The hormone receptor human epidermal receptor negative phenotype ( HR–HER2–) ( p < 0.001) was present in 17% of the cases. In a multivariate analysis, local (risk ratio, RR: 7.2; confidence interval, CI 95%: 3.8–7.6; p = 0.06) and distant recurrence (RR: 14.9; CI 95%: 7.7–28.9; p = 0.01) showed the strongest association with the probability of death from the disease. Patients with HR–HER2– phenotype tumors reported more local recurrences ( p = 0.04), a higher tumor grade ( p < 0.01), and lower overall survival than patients with other breast cancer phenotypes ( p = 0.01). Conclusions Although this study analyzes a modest number of cases, it is an initial insight into factors that may contribute to differences in breast cancer outcomes among Hispanic women in Costa Rica. The higher proportion of triple negative tumors, advanced stage, and younger median age at diagnosis could contribute to the inferior prognostic described among Hispanic women. There may be a different distribution of tumor subtypes compared to non-Hispanic white women. Further studies are necessary to confirm such findings.

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Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn, María Jesús Such Devesa, and Patricia Gabaldón Quiñones. "LA MUJER EMPRENDEDORA EN EL TURISMO RURAL: PECULIARIDADES DEL CASO COSTARRICENSE A TRAVÉS DE LA REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA." Cuadernos de Turismo, no. 46 (December 16, 2020): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.451691.

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Este artículo analiza el fenómeno de la mujer emprendedora en el turismo rural en Costa Rica, enmarcándola en el contexto latinoamericano y en el de las emprendedoras rurales. A partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se define el perfil de las empresarias, sus motivaciones y las barreras que enfrentan. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto las importantes similitudes entre las emprendedoras turísticas rurales costarricenses con el resto de las emprendedoras en Latinoamérica y del mundo. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de las emprendedoras dentro del marco del turismo rural, esencial para el desarrollo económico del país. This article analyzes the phenomenon of entrepreneurial women in rural tourism in Costa Rica, framed within the Latin-American and rural entrepreneurship context. Using a systematic literature review, the profile of business-women gets defined through their motivations to start their businesses and the barriers they face. The results show the important similarities between Costa Rican rural tourism entrepreneurs and other female entrepreneurs in Latin America and the world. This study contributes to the knowledge of these entrepreneurs within the framework of rural tourism, essential for the economic development of developing countries.

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Thrupp, Lori Ann. "Sterilization of Workers from Pesticide Exposure: The Causes and Consequences of DBCP-Induced Damage in Costa Rica and beyond." International Journal of Health Services 21, no. 4 (October 1991): 731–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/25b9-qfmv-y28p-l736.

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Oberle, Mark W., Mary E. Guinan, Andre J. Nahmias, Maria Sanchez-Braverman, Luis Rosero-Bixby, and Francis K. Lee. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Antibodies: High Prevalence in Monogamous Women in Costa Rica." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 41, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.224.

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Tompkins, Cynthia, and Enrique Jaramillo Levi. "When New Flowers Bloomed: Short Stories by Women Writers from Costa Rica and Panama." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148914.

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Santacruz, Thanya, and Enrique Jaramillo Levi. "When New Flowers Bloomed: Short Stories by Women Writers from Costa Rica and Panama." Chasqui 32, no. 1 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29741783.

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Goldade, Kate. "Babies and Belonging: Reproduction, Citizenship, and Undocumented Nicaraguan Labor Migrant Women in Costa Rica." Medical Anthropology 30, no. 5 (September 2011): 545–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.577043.

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34

Schwartz, Gregory J. "The role of women in payment for environmental services programs in Osa, Costa Rica." Gender, Place & Culture 24, no. 6 (June 3, 2017): 890–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2017.1342603.

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Slater, Charles L., Gema Lopez Gorosave, Patricia Silva, Nancy Torres, Adriana Romero, and Serafín Antúnez. "Women Becoming Social Justice Leaders with an Inclusive Viewin Costa Rica, Mexico, and Spain." Research in Educational Administration & Leadership 2, no. 1 (July 15, 2017): 78–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30828/real/2017.1.5.

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Miranda-Valverde, Erick, Daniel Valerio-Aguilar, Henri-Jacques Hernández-Gabarain, Cinthya Chaves-Araya, Monserrat Peralta-Azofeifa, Luis Emilio Corrales Campos, Rolando Angulo-Cruz, et al. "Memory clinic experience under a social security health system in Costa Rica." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8, no. 4 (December 2014): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642014dn84000011.

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Dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are an increasingly prevalent clinical entity in our field, showing an increasing incidence with age. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the main types of dementia and MCI treated in a memory disorders unit in Costa Rica. METHODS: A consecutive and standardized register of patients diagnosed with dementia and MCI at the memory disorders unit of the National Geriatrics and Gerontology Hospital (NGGH) was analyzed. RESULTS: Dementia was diagnosed in 63.5% of the 3572 cases, whereas 10.6% met criteria for MCI. The most frequent type of dementia was Alzheimer's disease (47.1%), followed by vascular pathology (28.9%), mixed forms (17.2%) and other types (6.8%). In MCI, 69.5% were of amnestic multiple domain type and 14.3% were non-amnestic multiple domain, while 41.3% were of vascular and 35.8% of neurodegenerative etiology. Mean age was 79.6±6.7 years and 64.7% were women in dementia cases whereas mean age was 76.4±6.9 years and 62.1% were women in MCI. Mean years of schooling was 4.95±4.09 years and 6.87±4.71, while mean time between onset of symptoms and clinical diagnosis was 3.2±2.6 years and 2.67±2.69 years, in dementia and MCI, respectively. CONCLUSION: The determination of the main types of dementia and MCI in Costa Rica and their main features has allowed the registration of comprehensive, hitherto unavailable information that will be useful for the management and strategic planning of public health care.

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Rosero-Bixby, Luis, and Mark W. Oberle. "Fertility change in Costa Rica 1960–84: analysis of retrospective lifetime reproductive histories." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 4 (October 1989): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018150.

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SummaryLifetime reproductive histories of a 1984–85 nationally representative sample of 870 women aged 25–59 years provided data to describe the evolution of fertility, contraception, breast-feeding, and natural fecundability in Costa Rica between 1960 and 1984. The contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 23% in 1965 to 58% in 1975 and 66% in 1984. Duration of breast-feeding was stable during the 1960s, decreased in the early 1970s, and increased after about 1976. Fecundability among women who did not practise contraception was lower than expected and declined between 1960 and 1975, probably because of selection effects. Despite a high consistency between estimations from the reproductive histories and other sources of data, some suggestion of omissions of short periods of contraceptive use in the distant past was detected. The survey may have reduced recall errors by using a calendar that summarizes major life events together. The analysis demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of asking for lifetime reproductive histories in fertility surveys in developing countries.

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Holl, Karen D., Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "The Fertility Plateau in Costa Rica: a Review of Causes and Remedies." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002350x.

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The decline and subsequent above-replacement plateau in Costa Rican fertility rates illustrates a demographic pattern that is apparent in other developing countries. This paper discusses the complexity of factors that contribute to the fertility plateau in Costa Rica. These contributory factors include the social and economic status of women, socio-economic conditions in general, lack of government commitment to and supply of family planning services relative to demand, deficient sex and family-planning education, and the powerful institutional influence of the Catholic Church.We then discuss possible strategies, for developing and developed nations alike, to slow and eventually halt the exponential growth of the global human population. For this quintessential need the most important strategies, we suggest, are targeted education for both sexes and provision of comprehensive contraceptive and abortion services.

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Foote, Nicola. "Rethinking Race, Gender and Citizenship: Black West Indian Women in Costa Rica, c. 1920-1940." Bulletin of Latin American Research 23, no. 2 (April 2004): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00104.x.

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Coseo, Sarah, Carolina Porras, Allan Hildesheim, Ana Cecilia Rodriguez, Mark Schiffman, Rolando Herrero, Sholom Wacholder, et al. "Seroprevalence and Correlates of Human Papillomavirus 16/18 Seropositivity Among Young Women in Costa Rica." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37, no. 11 (November 2010): 706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e3181e1a2c5.

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Lang Kuhs, Krystle A., Paula Gonzalez, Linda Struijk, Felipe Castro, Allan Hildesheim, Leen-Jan van Doorn, Ana Cecilia Rodriguez, et al. "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Oral Human Papillomavirus Among Young Women in Costa Rica." Journal of Infectious Diseases 208, no. 10 (September 6, 2013): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit369.

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Chant, Sylvia. "Women-Headed Households: Poorest of the Poor?:Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines." IDS Bulletin 28, no. 3 (July 1997): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1997.mp28003003.x.

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Valenciano-Salazar, Jorge A., Francisco J. André, and Mario Soliño. "Paying for Sustainable Coffee in a Developing Country: Consumers’ Profile in Costa Rica." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 9360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169360.

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This article analyzes the willingness to pay of Costa Rican consumers for three environmental certifications in the coffee market, namely, Carbon Neutral, Fairtrade, and ISO 14001. A face-to-face survey was applied to 1191 Costa Rican inhabitants. The results show that Costa Rican consumers are willing to pay price premiums around 30% for all the considered environmental certifications. In addition, a Cragg’s hurdle model shows that household income, the level of education, and environmental or community activism increase the likelihood of consumers paying price premiums for environmental certifications, while men are less likely to pay than women. It was also found that the size of the price premiums that respondents are willing to pay are positively related to income, gender (female), and education, and negatively related to age. Once the effect of socioeconomic variables has been controlled for, we conclude that consumers are more willing to pay for the CN certification than for the other two. The results can be useful for participants in the coffee value chain; coffee producers can use environmental certifications both to enhance their participation in green markets, particularly in developing countries, and to improve their environmental performance.

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Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. "The Law and Violence against Women in Politics." Politics & Gender 14, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000594.

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Latin America has been at the vanguard in implementing diverse strategies to combat violence against women in politics (VAWIP). In 2012, Bolivia became the first country to criminalize “political violence and harassment against women” with Law 243. Soon, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico followed with similar proposals (Krook and Restrepo Sanín 2016). Despite high levels of criminal impunity (Piscopo 2016), legislative measures have been the preferred strategy to combat VAWIP within the region. The Inter-American Commission on Women (CIM) recently published a model law, drawing on experiences in Bolivia, to serve as inspiration for other legislative measures in the region. What can these legislative definitions tell us about the phenomenon of VAWIP, its limits, and its challenges?

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BELHUMEUR, Sebastien, Alexander BARRIENTOS SEGURA, and Axel P. RETANA-SALAZAR. "Niveles de estrés de la población estudiantil en Costa Rica. Diferencias en función de las variables nivel socioeconómico, rendimiento académico, nivel académico y zona geográfica." Psychology, Society, & Education 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v8i1.457.

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RESUMEN: En este trabajo se describen los niveles de estrés de la población estudiantil en función de las variables: nivel socioeconómico, rendimiento académico, nivel académico, zona geográfica y género. Para este estudio se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra aleatoria de 112 estudiantes de diferentes carreras de la sede central de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Los resultados mostraron que las mayores fuentes de estrés en los estudiantes son la académica y la financiera. También los estudiantes cuyo lugar de procedencia es diferente al de la sede central de la universidad, presentan mayores niveles de estrés. Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres tienden a manejar mayores niveles de estrés que los hombres.Stress levels of student population in Costa Rica. Differences according to socioeconomic, academic achievement, educational level, and geographic location variablesABSTRACT: In this paper are described the stress levels of the student population about the variables: socioeconomic status, academic performance, academic level, geographical area and gender. For this purpose, a survey was administered to a randomized sample of 112 students of different careers from the main campus of the University of Costa Rica. Results showed that the major sources of stress in students are academic and financial pressures. Also, results showed that students whose place of origin is far from the main campus of the university have higher levels of stress and finally, women tend to handle higher levels of stress than men.

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MOORMAN, RANDALL S. "Benefits of local residents visiting La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002955.

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Many conservation organizations have attempted to reduce local threats to protected areas (PAs) by providing environmental education programmes in neighbouring communities. There is a great need to understand the effectiveness of these programmes in promoting support for PAs and ultimately reducing threats to biodiversity. La Selva Biological Station, a private PA in Costa Rica, has become increasingly threatened by illegal hunting in the PA and deforestation and land degradation in surrounding areas. The Station has responded with several outreach projects including an annual free visiting day. This study used a survey instrument to evaluate the benefits of local residents visiting La Selva. Specifically, three questions were asked: (1) is there a difference in ecological knowledge of local residents among residents who have visited the Station and those that have not; (2) does an increase in knowledge relate to a perceived benefit from the PA; and (3) does recognition of a perceived benefit among local people result in fewer residents admitting to hunting or desiring to hunt in the PA? This study showed that those residents who had visited the station had a greater understanding of ecological concepts than those residents that had never been to the station, suggesting that such visits provided educational opportunities. Men also had greater ecological knowledge than women. Additionally, residents were more likely to value the PA if they had a greater knowledge of local ecology and conservation. Increased knowledge and recognition of perceived benefit however, do not necessarily translate into lifestyle changes that benefit conservation; no relationship was detected between residents who stated they benefited from the PA and those who said they did not have a desire to hunt, but younger respondents were more likely to express an interest in hunting than older respondents. The results presented here suggest that protected areas generally may benefit from visitation by local residents. However, further study is needed to determine if such outreach activities actually decrease local threats to conservation efforts, such as hunting.

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Ulate Jiménez, Joseph, and Ronald De la Cruz Rojas. "Prevalence of Fractures in Upper Front Incisors and its Relationship with Overjet in Costa Rica." Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences, no. 16 (July 15, 2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ijds.v0i16.20327.

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<p><span>At the present time, in Costa Rica did not exist a national research on dental trauma, an issue that has become a worldwide public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries of permanent maxillary incisors. Thus, 1 626 Costa Rican school students of 12 years old were evaluated. The national prevalence of children with at least one fracture was 20.17 %, males showed a higher prevalence than women (p < 0.05). Moreover, i</span><span>t was observed that the group of students with more than 6 mm of overjet had a higher prevalence of fractures (p < 0.05). </span></p>

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Sagot, Montserrat. "Does the Political Participation of Women Matter? Democratic Representation, Affirmative Action and Quotas in Costa Rica." IDS Bulletin 41, no. 5 (September 10, 2010): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00163.x.

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Sandoval Carvajal, Irma, and Lidia María González Vega. "Estimación del valor económico del trabajo no remunerado en Costa Rica. Resultados e ilustración metodológica /// Estimating the Economic Value of Unpaid Work in Costa Rica. Results and Methodological Illustration." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v30i3.1497.

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En este texto se presenta la primera estimación que se hace en Costa Rica acerca de la valoración económica del trabajo no remunerado, a partir de los resultados de la encuesta “Uso del tiempo de la Gran Área Metropolitana 2011” (EUT-GAM, 2011). El cálculo del valor económico del trabajo no remunerado para la Gran Área Metropolitana equivale a 16% del pib nacional, cifra que se asemeja a la de la industria manufacturera y a la del sector comercio. Los resultados revelan que 95% de este valor se refiere al trabajo doméstico y que existen importantes brechas entre las mujeres y los hombres. Se estimó también el valor económico para todo el país, que representa 30% del PIB. AbstractThis text presents the first estimate made in Costa Rica of the economic value of unpaid work, based on the results of the “Time Use in the Greater Metropolitan Area 2011” Survey (EUT-GAM, 2011). The economic value of unpaid work for the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 16% of GDP, a similar figure to that of the manufacturing in-dustry and trade sector. The results show that domestic work accounts for 95% of this value and that there are significant gaps between women and men. The economic value for the whole country, equivalent to 30% of GDP, is also estimated.

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Hernández Ruiz, Irene, and Andrés Víquez Víquez. "Impacto y aplicación de las redes sociales en las generaciones Y y Z / Impact and Application of Social Networks in the Generations Y and Z: a Study Case in Costa Rica." Revista Internacional de Aprendizaje en Ciencia, Matemáticas y Tecnología 5, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revedumat.v5.1898.

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ABSTRACTThe following work presents the results of an exploratory research on the perception of students and graduates of two public universities in Costa Rica about social networks. This study was conducted in non-probabilistic sampling that included the voluntary collaboration of 111 students and graduates aged between 17 and 35 years, of which 28 are women and 83 are men. In this way, the bibliography studied and presented in this paper analyzed the variables: generational (generations Y and Z) and the variable gender.RESUMENEl siguiente trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación exploratoria sobre la percepción de los estudiantes y egresados de dos universidades públicas de Costa Rica acerca de las redes sociales. Este estudio se realizó en muestreo no probabilístico que incluyó la colaboración voluntaria de 111 estudiantes y egresados con edades entre los 17 y 35 años, de los cuales 28 son mujeres y 83 son hombres. De esta manera con la bibliografía estudiada y presentada en este trabajo se analizó las variables: generacionales (generaciones Y y Z) y la variable género.

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