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Journal articles on the topic 'Sterkfontein Caves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ashraf, H., and F. Cawood. "Geospatial subsidence hazard modelling at Sterkfontein Caves." South African Journal of Geomatics 4, no. 3 (August 13, 2015): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v4i3.8.

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2

Stratford, Dominic Justin. "The Sterkfontein Caves after Eighty Years of Paleoanthropological Research: The Journey Continues." American Anthropologist 120, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12982.

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3

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Jason L. Heaton, Ron J. Clarke, and Dominic Stratford. "Hominin hand bone fossils from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998–2003 excavations)." Journal of Human Evolution 118 (May 2018): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.014.

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4

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Jason L. Heaton, R. J. Clarke, and Dominic Stratford. "Hominin vertebrae and upper limb bone fossils from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998-2003 excavations)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168, no. 3 (December 23, 2018): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23758.

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5

Stratford, Dominic, and Robin Crompton. "Introduction to special issue: A 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 158 (September 2021): 103008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103008.

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6

Ewer, R. F. "The fossil carnivores of the Transvaal caves. The Hyaenidae, other than Lycyaena, of Swartkrans and Sterkfontein." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124, no. 4 (May 7, 2010): 815–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07819.x.

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7

Carrión, J. S., and L. Scott. "The challenge of pollen analysis in palaeoenvironmental studies of hominid beds: the record from Sterkfontein caves." Journal of Human Evolution 36, no. 4 (April 1999): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1998.0276.

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8

Clarke, Ronald J. "Excavation, reconstruction and taphonomy of the StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 127 (February 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.010.

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9

Clarke, Ronald J., and Kathleen Kuman. "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 134 (September 2019): 102634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005.

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10

Emsley, Robin. "Focus on psychiatry in South Africa." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 4 (April 2001): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.4.382.

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South Africa is a country of great fascination to those interested in the origins, development and behaviour of humankind. For example, recent fossil discoveries appear to confirm Darwin's hunch that Africa – and perhaps southern Africa – was the cradle of humankind. Caves in the Sterkfontein Valley near Johannesburg have produced abundant scientific information on the evolution of modern man over the past 3.5 million years. This is of interest not only from a historical point of view but also in terms of modern science. With the significant advances in medical genetics in general, and psychiatric genetics in particular, there has been a growing interest in homogeneous populations with novel gene pools. South Africa is a rich source of homogeneous populations with an apparently common ancestry.

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11

Stratford, Dominic Justin, and Matthew V. Caruana. "The Long-Term Conservation of the Australopithecus-bearing Member 4 Excavation Walls at the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Studies in Conservation 63, no. 4 (April 4, 2017): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2017.1307635.

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12

Bruxelles, Laurent, Dominic J. Stratford, Richard Maire, Travis R. Pickering, Jason L. Heaton, Amelie Beaudet, Kathleen Kuman, et al. "A multiscale stratigraphic investigation of the context of StW 573 ‘Little Foot’ and Member 2, Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 133 (August 2019): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.008.

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13

Georgiou, Leoni, Christopher J. Dunmore, Ameline Bardo, Laura T. Buck, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Dieter H. Pahr, Dominic Stratford, Alexander Synek, Tracy L. Kivell, and Matthew M. Skinner. "Evidence for habitual climbing in a Pleistocene hominin in South Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (March 30, 2020): 8416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914481117.

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Bipedalism is a defining trait of the hominin lineage, associated with a transition from a more arboreal to a more terrestrial environment. While there is debate about when modern human-like bipedalism first appeared in hominins, all known South African hominins show morphological adaptations to bipedalism, suggesting that this was their predominant mode of locomotion. Here we present evidence that hominins preserved in the Sterkfontein Caves practiced two different locomotor repertoires. The trabecular structure of a proximal femur (StW 522) attributed to Australopithecus africanus exhibits a modern human-like bipedal locomotor pattern, while that of a geologically younger specimen (StW 311) attributed to either Homo sp. or Paranthropus robustus exhibits a pattern more similar to nonhuman apes, potentially suggesting regular bouts of both climbing and terrestrial bipedalism. Our results demonstrate distinct morphological differences, linked to behavioral differences between Australopithecus and later hominins in South Africa and contribute to the increasing evidence of locomotor diversity within the hominin clade.

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14

Stratford, Dominic, Stefania Merlo, and Stephen Brown. "The development of a new geospatial framework for the palaeoanthropological site of the Sterkfontein Caves, Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa." Journal of Field Archaeology 41, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2016.1157679.

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15

Ewer, R. F. "The fossil carnivores of the Transvaal caves. The Lycyaenas of Sterkfontein and Swartkrans, together with some general considerations of the Transvaal fossil Hyaenids." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124, no. 4 (May 7, 2010): 839–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07820.x.

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16

Moosa, M. Y. H., and F. Y. Jeenah. "A review of the applications for involuntary admissions made to the Mental Health Review Boards by institutions in Gauteng in 2008." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i4.254.

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<p><strong>Aim.</strong> To review applications for involuntary admissions made to the Mental Health Review Boards (MHRBs) by institutions in Gauteng.</p><p><strong>Method.</strong> A retrospective review of the register/database of the two review boards in Gauteng for the period January - December 2008. All applications for admissions (involuntary and assisted inpatient) and outpatient care (involuntary and assisted), and periodic reports for continued care (inpatient or outpatient care) were included.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> During the study period the two MHRBs received a total of 3 803 applications for inpatient care, of which 2 526 were for assisted inpatient care (48.1% regional hospitals, 29.6% specialised psychiatric hospitals, 22.2% tertiary academic hospitals). Of the applications for involuntary inpatient care, 73.1% were from the specialised psychiatric hospitals (65.2% from Sterkfontein Hospital). Applications for outpatient care, treatment and rehabilitation (CTR) numbered 1 226 (92% assisted outpatient CTR). Although the health establishments in northern Gauteng applied for more outpatient CTR compared with those in southern Gauteng (879 v. 347, respectively), the ratios of assisted to involuntary outpatient applications for CTR for each region were similar (approximately 12:1 and 9:1, respectively). The boards received 3 805 periodic reports for prolonged CTR (93.5% inpatient, 6.5% outpatient), in the majority of cases for assisted CTR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> The study suggests that in the 4 years since the promulgation of the MHCA in 2004 , there have been significant strides towards implementation of the procedures relating to involuntary admission and CTR by all stakeholders. Differences in levels of implementation by the various stakeholders may result from differences in knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and understanding of their roles and therefore indicate the need for education of mental health care professionals and the public on a massive scale. The Department of Health also needs to invest more funds to improve mental health human resources and infrastructure at all health establishments.</p>

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17

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Jason L. Heaton, Ron J. Clarke, Dominic Stratford, and A. J. Heile. "Hominin lower limb bones from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998–2003 excavations)." South African Journal of Science 117, no. 1/2 (January 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/6758.

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We describe late Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominin fossils from Sterkfontein Caves (South Africa), including two femoral specimens, as well as a partial tibia and a partial fibula. The fossils are likely assignable to Australopithecus africanus and/or Australopithecus prometheus and the morphology of each corroborates previous interpretations of Sterkfontein hominins as at least facultative bipeds.

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18

Siebert, F., and S. J. Siebert. "Dolomitic vegetation of the Sterkfontein Caves World Heritage Site and its importance in the conservation of Rocky Highveld Grassland." Koedoe 48, no. 1 (June 30, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v48i1.163.

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An analysis of the vegetation of the Sterkfontein Caves (i.e. the natural area surrounding the caves) is presented. Releves were compiled in 24 stratified random sample plots. A TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, revealed six plant communities, also referred to as vegetation units. For each of these vegetation units the species richness was determined. Plant communities of conservation importance were identified and new associations were formally described.

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19

Tawan, Gaokgatlhee, Daniel García-Martínez, Jennifer Eyre, Markus Bastir, Lee Berger, Peter Schmid, Shahed Nalla, and Scott A. Williams. "A hominin first rib discovered at the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." South African Journal of Science Volume 112, Number 5/6 (May 27, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20150278.

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Abstract First ribs – the first or most superior ribs in the thorax – are rare in the hominin fossil record, and when found, have the potential to provide information regarding the upper thorax shape of extinct hominins. Here, we describe a partial first rib from Member 4 of the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa. The rib shaft is broken away, so only the head and neck are preserved. The rib is small, falling closest to small-bodied Australopithecus first ribs (AL 288-1 and MH1). Given that it was recovered near the StW 318 femur excavation, which also represents a small individual, we suggest that the two may be associated. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses were used to quantify the rib fragment morphology and compare it to extant hominoid and other fossil hominin ribs. While only the proximal end is preserved, our analyses show that South African Australopithecus share derived features of the proximal first rib more closely resembling A. afarensis and later hominins than great apes.

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20

Odes, Edward J., Alexander H. Parkinson, Patrick S. Randolph-Quinney, Bernhard Zipfel, Kudakwashe Jakata, Heather Bonney, and Lee R. Berger. "Osteopathology and insect traces in the Australopithecus africanus skeleton StW 431." South African Journal of Science Volume 113, Number 1/2 (January 24, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160143.

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Abstract We present the first application of high-resolution micro computed tomography in an analysis of both the internal and external morphology of the lumbar region of StW 431 – a hominin skeleton recovered from Member 4 infill of the Sterkfontein Caves (South Africa) in 1987. The lumbar vertebrae of the individual present a number of proliferative and erosive bony processes, which were investigated in this study. Investigations suggest a complex history of taphonomic alteration to pre-existing spinal degenerative joint disease (SDJD) as well as post-mortem modification by an unknown insect. This study is in agreement with previous pathological diagnoses of SDJD which affected StW 431 and is the first time insect traces on this hominin are described. The results of this analysis attest to the complex series of post-mortem processes affecting the Sterkfontein site and its fossil assemblages.

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21

Beaudet, Amélie, Jason L. Heaton, Ericka N. L’Abbé, Travis R. Pickering, and Dominic Stratford. "Hominin cranial fragments from Milner Hall, Sterkfontein, South Africa." South African Journal of Science 114, no. 11/12 (November 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/5262.

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The Sterkfontein Caves site is one of the richest early hominin localities in Africa. In addition to significant fossil assemblages from Members 2 and 4 of the Sterkfontein Formation, recent excavations have revealed hominin-bearing sedimentary deposits in the lesser-known Milner Hall. We describe two hominin cranial fragments excavated from the Milner Hall in 2015 and present the results of a high-resolution microtomographic-based approach to diagnosing the anatomical and taxonomical origin of these specimens. Based on external morphology, StW 671 and StW 672 are tentatively identified as frontal and occipital fragments, respectively. Our non-invasive bi-dimensional quantitative investigation of the two cranial fragments reveals a mean cranial thickness of 8.8 mm and 5.6 mm for StW 671 and StW 672 respectively and a contribution of the diploic layer to the cumulative cranial thickness that is less than 50%. While the mean cranial thickness of StW 671 falls within the range of Homo, the relative proportion of the diploë in both StW 671 and StW 672 is lower than in Australopithecus (>60%) and extant humans (>50%). Accordingly, in terms of both cranial thickness and inner structural organization, the Milner Hall hominins combine derived and unique traits, consistent with the condition of other postcranial and dental material already described from the deposit. Moreover, our study opens interesting perspectives in terms of analysis of isolated cranial fragments, which are abundant in the hominin fossil record. Significance: The Sterkfontein Caves have widely contributed to our understanding of human evolution. Besides the well-known Members 4 and 2, where the iconic ‘Mrs Ples’ and ‘Little Foot’ have been found, in this study we suggest that the Milner Hall locality represents an additional, stratigraphically associated source of not only fossil hominins, but also Oldowan stone tools. In particular, we describe for the first time two cranial fragments, StW 671 and StW 672, identified as frontal and occipital bones, respectively. Our microtomographic-based analysis of these materials reveals some affinities with Homo combined with unique characters. In this context, our study suggests an intriguing mosaicism consistent with the description of the two fossil hominins found in the Milner Hall.

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22

Stratford, Dominic, Laurent Bruxelles, J. Francis Thackeray, Travis R. Pickering, and Sophie Verheyden. "Comments on ‘U-Pb dated flowstones restrict South African early hominin record to dry climate phases’ (Pickering et al. Nature 2018;565:226–229)." South African Journal of Science 116, no. 3/4 (March 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2020/7094.

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Pickering et al. (Nature 2018;565:226–229) utilised calcium carbonate flowstone deposits (i.e. speleothems) from eight Pliocene and Pleistocene South African Cradle of Humankind cave sites to propose that biases were created within the fossil record due to absent clastic sedimentation phases during wet periods, when caves were closed and only speleothems accumulated. Such a scenario has significant implications for our understanding of variability in hominin mobility, resource exploitation, functional repertoires and interactions with competitors in changing environmental and ecological contexts. We find considerable issues with the article. First, Pickering et al.’s contribution omits crucial fossil evidence from various stratigraphic units of the Sterkfontein Caves that indicates conditions were not always arid when the caves were open and sediments were deposited. Second, Pickering et al.’s proposa that clastic and speleothemic deposits (including faunal and floral material) form mutually exclusively is an overly simplified, binary depositional (and in this case environmental) framework that demonstrates an inherent bias in the sampling of cave deposits for dating. This creates the impression that either speleothems or clastic sediments are deposited and does not take into account the full spectrum of sedimentary complexity in karst caves. Third, closure of the caves across the Cradle of Humankind landscape during wet periods is not substantiated geomorphologically or speleologically; identification of the responsible process is critical to the proposed infilling scenario.

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23

Mataboge, Bontle, Amélie Beaudet, Jason L. Heaton, Travis R. Pickering, and Dominic Stratford. "Endostructural assessment of a hominin maxillary molar (StW 669) from Milner Hall, Sterkfontein, South Africa." South African Journal of Science 115, no. 9/10 (September 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/6404.

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The site of the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa, is one of the richest early hominin fossil-bearing sites in Africa. Recent excavations in the Milner Hall locality have contributed to the discovery of new hominin specimens, including StW 669, a right permanent maxillary first molar (M1). StW 669 was excavated from the T1 deposits, which consist of a mixture of sediments from Members 2 and 5 of the Sterkfontein Formation. Accordingly, the deposits have the potential to contain remains of Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo. In this study, we employed micro-focus X-ray tomography in order to assess dental tissue proportions, enamel thickness distribution and enamel-dentine junction morphology as approaches to investigate the taxonomy of StW 669. We compare our results to those generated on the teeth of Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Our results suggest that StW 669 shares quantitative and qualitative affinities with M1s of Homo in terms of tissue proportions (i.e. two- and three-dimensional average and relative enamel thickness of 1.2–1.3 mm and 18.4, respectively) and enamel thickness distribution (i.e. thickest enamel on the lingual aspect of the protocone). However, data on the enamel-dentine junction morphology of StW 669 are inconclusive as to the tooth’s taxonomic affinities. Pending additional morphometric analyses, our studies of inner morphology of the crown of StW 669 support its attribution to Homo.

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