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Journal articles on the topic 'Sternalis muscle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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1

Raikos, Athanasios, George K. Paraskevas, Faisal Yusuf, Panagiota Kordali, Orestis Ioannidis, and Beate Brand-Saberi. "Sternalis Muscle." Annals of Plastic Surgery 67, no. 6 (2011): 646–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e31820d688b.

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2

Dr., Surendra Chaudhary, and Uma B. Gopal Dr. "Rectus Sternalis Muscle A Rare Variant." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 2 (2019): 299–301. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21348.

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Rectus sternalis muscle is a rare morphological variation of the musculature of the anterior abdominal wall. A unilateral right sided Rectus sternalis muscle was found during routine dissection of a 55 years old female cadaver with hefty built at Department of Rachana Sharir, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka. The muscle was present in right hemithorax, superficial to right pectoralis major muscle. The cranial parts of the muscle was attached into manubrium sterni and sternocleidomastoid muscles while the caudal part was attached into 5th and 6th costal cartilages just lateral to the right sternal margin. The knowledge of this uncommon variation will help the radiologists, physicians and surgeons in interventions and diagnostic procedures as the muscle may be confused for an abnormal lesion or mass. The muscle may be useful in plastic surgery for reconstruction purpose. This anomalous muscle in chest region will raise awareness about its possible presence in the body and its clinical importance. Dr. Surendra Chaudhary | Dr. Uma B. Gopal | Dr. Muteeba Naz | Dr. Jeevan Kumar Giri | Dr. Simi C. P. | Dr. Daiarisa Rymbai "Rectus Sternalis Muscle - A Rare Variant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21348.pdf

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3

Chaudhary, Dr Surendra, Dr Uma B. Gopal, and Dr Daiarisa Rymbai. "Rectus Sternalis Muscle - A Rare Variant." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (2019): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21348.

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4

Nair, Smitha S., K. Jayasree, Ashalatha PR, and Jenish Joy. "Unilateral rectus sternalis muscle - a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 05, no. 03 (2016): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401606.

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AbstractRectus sternalis muscle, either unilateral or bilateral is an uncommon anatomical variant among the anterior chest wall muscles. During the routine dissection as a part of undergraduate medical teaching in the department of Anatomy, a unilateral rectus sternalis muscle was noticed on the right hemi thorax in one cadaver, located adjacent to the sternum between the pectoralis major muscle and the superficial fascia of the region. Though rare in occurrence, when present, rectus sternalis muscle demands proper awareness and attention by the clinicians especially radiologists and surgeons, as the ignorance of the existence of this muscle may lead to misinterpretation, incorrect diagnosis and unnecessary clinical interventions. Such anatomical variations should be borne in mind while doing radiological investigations, radiotherapy and surgical procedures in the chest region.

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5

Scott-Conner, Carol E. H., and Adel S. Al-Jurf. "The sternalis muscle." Clinical Anatomy 15, no. 1 (2002): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.1096.

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6

Parul K, Dalbir Kaur, Lovesh Shukla, and Abhey Chawla. "Sternalis Muscle Profile: A Cadaveric Study." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 11, no. 4 (2023): 8748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2023.211.

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Background: Sternalis muscle is an additional muscle of anterior chest wall present in the superficial plane occasionally. It can be unilateral or bilateral. It is attached below to ribs or costal cartilages and above to the upper part of sternum. Its fibres may fuse with pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid muscle or external oblique aponeurosis. Purpose of study: To study the profile of sternalis muscle in cadavers. Material and methods: During a time period of ten years, 50 adult cadavers were dissected in the dissection hall of Anatomy department of Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha. During the dissection of anterior chest wall a bilateral strap like muscle was found in one male cadaver. Morphometry of this muscle was done. The nature of muscle fibres, length, distance from the midline and angle with the midline was measured. Results: Bilateral sternalis muscle was found in one male cadaver. It was extending from the fifth rib 3 cm lateral to the lateral border of sternum to the sternal angle on both the sides. Lower part of the muscle was fleshy while its upper part was tendinous. On the right side, its tendon was bifurcating into medial and lateral lamina in the upper part of the muscle. The fleshy part of the muscle was 8 cm, medial lamina 4.5 cm and lateral lamina was 3 cm in length. On the left side, muscle was 13 cm in length with a single tendon. Conclusion: The early detection is essential in regular mammogram screening to differentiate it from the malignant lesions. This muscle is a matter of interest for anatomists, radiologists and surgeons for doing surgeries on anterior chest wall. KEYWORDS: Mammography, lamina, Pectoralis major muscle, Sternalis muscle, Sternocleidomastoid muscle, Sternum.

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7

Bala, M., D. Passi, and S. Kaushal. "The pectoral-sternalis complex: an unusual case report." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 04 (2014): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.64113.

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AbstractA unilateral absence of sternocostal fibers of pectoralis major muscle with unilateral presence of sternalis muscle has been noticed in right side of an adult male cadaver during routine dissection. All slips of pectoralis major muscle as well sternalis muscle innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves. Absence of pectoralis major has been described extensively, both as an isolated anomaly, with varying levels of hypoplasia, and in association with congenital syndromes. But the partial hypoplasia of pectoralis muscle with compensatory presence of one of the rare muscle of anterior thoracic wall the sternalis muscle make this case as unique and rare. This finding adds to our existing knowledge for the origin of sternalis, an identity not explored fully yet. Awareness of anomalous pectoralis major musculature as well presence of sternalis muscle is important for reconstructive surgeons who perform mastectomy and for radiologists during interpretation of skiagrams.

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8

Tomaszewski, Marek, Cezary Sienko, Katarzyna Skorka, and Monika Cendrowska-Pinkosz. "Sternalis muscle, a rare anatomical variation with clinical implications." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 37, no. 3 (2024): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cipms-2024-0029.

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Abstract The sternalis muscle is a rare variant of the anterior chest wall musculature. Although its frequency in general population worldwide has been reported from 2% to 8%, its prevalence depends on regions and populations. The aim of this paper is to describe one of the first cases of sternalis muscle found in Central Europe. An anterior chest wall of 64-year-old white male was dissected during a regular anatomy class at Department of Human Anatomy. A right unilateral sternalis muscle was revealed and described. The unilateral sternalis muscle laid between the pectoral and the superficial thoracic fascia. The muscle was long and wide. In addition, it had a massive tendon. According to the Snosek et al. Classification, it was a “simple unilateral” type. This report presents another case of the sternalis muscle among humans. Although the sternalis muscle serves a minor role in body movement, its occurrence gives several clinical implications. The awareness of variability in the thoracic region is important during diagnostic and treatment processes or in surgical operation planning.

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9

Naiyyar, Azam, Kumar Amrita, and K. Sinha B. "A Morphometric Assessment of the Profile of Sternalis Muscle in Cadavers: An Observational Study." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 01 (2024): 106–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10990895.

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AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to assess the profile of sternalis muscle in cadavers.Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and 70 adult cadavers (55 males and15 females) embalmed in 10% formalin were dissected in the dissection hall.Results: Muscle was bifurcating into medial and lateral tendinous laminae after 8 cm from the distal fleshy end.The length of medial lamina was 4.5 cm which was attached to sternal angle whereas the lateral lamina was 3 cmlong while was reaching to the medial end of second intercostal space merging with the deep fascia coveringpectoralis major muscle. Medial border of the muscle with its medial lamina was making an angle of 350 with themidline. On left side: Distal end was fleshy while its fibres at proximal ends were tendinous. Its length was 12 cmfrom the fifth rib to the sternal angle. Medial border of the muscle near the sternal angle was making angle of 300with the midline passing through centre of sternum.Conclusion: The early detection is essential in regular mammogram screening to differentiate it from themalignant lesions. This muscle is a matter of interest for anatomists, radiologists and surgeons for doing surgerieson anterior chest wall

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10

Chandra, Kiran, Kumar Praveen, and Prasad Rajendra. "An Observational Assessment of the Profile of Sternalis Muscle in Cadavers: A Morphometric Study." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 15, no. 10 (2023): 828–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13218868.

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AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to assess the profile of sternalis muscle in cadavers.Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, ANMMC, Gaya Bihar for two yearsand 70 adult cadavers (55 males and 15 females) embalmed in 10% formalin were dissected in the dissection hall.Results: Muscle was bifurcating into medial and lateral tendinous laminae after 8 cm from the distal fleshy end.The length of medial lamina was 4.5 cm which was attached to sternal angle whereas the lateral lamina was 3 cmlong while was reaching to the medial end of second intercostal space merging with the deep fascia coveringpectoralis major muscle. Medial border of the muscle with its medial lamina was making an angle of 350 withthe midline. On left side: Distal end was fleshy while its fibres at proximal ends were tendinous. Its length was 12cm from the fifth rib to the sternal angle. Medial border of the muscle near the sternal angle was making angle of300 with the midline passing through centre of sternum.Conclusion: The early detection is essential in regular mammogram screening to differentiate it from themalignant lesions. This muscle is a matter of interest for anatomists, radiologists and surgeons for doing surgerieson anterior chest wall.

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11

Fakoya, Adegbenro Omotuyi John, Jessica Heymans, Lennis N. Colón Rivera, Brian Acevedo Fuentes, Abayomi Gbolahan Afolabi, and Thomas McCracken. "A Comparative Analysis of Rare Sternalis Muscles: A Case Report." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (2020): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4564.

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The sternalis muscle is a rare variant in the anterior chest wall located anterior to the vertical muscle. It was found in two cadavers during routine cadaveric dissection of 20 bodies. This finding provided an opportunity to perform a comparative anatomical analysis between a unilateral sternalis muscle on a female versus a bilateral sternalis muscle on a male. Having a better understanding of the anatomical variants can be extremely useful, precisely to avoid misdiagnosing tumors and to assist in landmark identification during surgeries.

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12

Mehta, Vandana, Mohan Ram K, and Balamurali M. "Sternalis - Variation of clinical importance." Journal of Anatomical Sciences 29, no. 2 (2021): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46351/jas.v29i2pp63-67.

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This case report concerns the presence of an accessory anterior thoracic wall muscle during routine dissection in the Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. A 59 year old male cadaver was being dissected, when a unilateral accessory muscle was found parallel and lateral to the right margin of sternum. Accidental encounter with Sternalis, one of the many names used to denote this muscle, made it apparent that such anatomical variations is not uncommon. A descriptive knowledge of such common anatomical variations is both essential and crucial in realizing that not any human body is alike. Besides theoretical interest & academic curiosity, the implications of these variations is indispensable in diagnostic and surgical disciplines. Keywords: Sternalis, Rectus sternalis, Chest wall, Muscle variation, Human anatomy, Mammography, Rectus sternalis, Anatomical variation, Breast augmentation, Reconstruction, Mammography, Medical education, Sternalis, Chest, Breast, Surgery, Radiography, Mammogram.

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13

Sasmal, Prakash K., Susanta Meher, Tushar S. Mishra, N. Deep, Prabhas R. Tripathy, and Satyajit Rath. "Sternalis Muscle: An Unexpected Finding during Mastectomy." Case Reports in Surgery 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/723198.

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Sternalis muscle also called rectus sternalis, rectus thoracis, or episternalis is an anomalous muscle of the anterior chest wall with unknown anatomical function. It is regularly observed in lower animal but infrequently in humans. Presence of this muscle can create confusion with tumours of the anterior chest wall during routine mammography. Although less is known about its origin and innervations, knowledge about this muscle can have many clinical implications. A case of unilateral sternalis muscle detected during mastectomy, in a female with carcinoma of the right breast, is being reported with a brief review of the literature and highlighting its clinical significance.

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14

Borthakur, Dibakar, Parul Kaushal, Kamalesh Saravanan, and Saroj Kaler Jhajhria. "Two Cases of Sternalis Muscle in Humans: Clinical Considerations." Prague Medical Report 126, no. 1 (2025): 46–50. https://doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2025.9.

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The sternalis is an occasional muscle of the pectoral region with a reported incidence of around 7.8%. Higher rates of occurrences have been noted in females and in Asians. The muscle becomes clinically relevant as the muscle can be mis-interpreted as a pathological mass. Routine dissection was performed in a 68-year-old male and a 65-year-old female donated cadavers in the pectoral region. Gross anatomical features were meticulously noted, photographed and measurements were recorded with digital Vernier callipers. In the male cadaver, a long, slender, flat bi-tendinous sternalis was found, and in the female cadaver, tripartite sternalis possessing three distinct bellies was observed. Both the sternalis was right sided and were supplied by 2nd, 3rd and 4th intercostal nerves. Single bellied and tripartite sternalis are rare and they need to be recognized in the diagnostic images and during surgeries to avoid confusion.

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15

JELEV, L., G. GEORGIEV, and L. SURCHEV. "The sternalis muscle in the Bulgarian population: classification of sternales." Journal of Anatomy 199, no. 3 (2001): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930359.x.

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16

Han, Giryang, Joon Min Choi, Dogyeong Han, Young-Suk Cho, and Kwang Il Nam. "Bilateral Sternalis Muscle in Korean." Anatomy & Biological Anthropology 35, no. 3 (2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11637/aba.2022.35.3.115.

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17

Kida, Masahiko Y., Atsushi Izumi, and Shigenori Tanaka. "Sternalis muscle: Topic for debate." Clinical Anatomy 13, no. 2 (2000): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2353(2000)13:2<138::aid-ca8>3.0.co;2-4.

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18

P H, Shabi, Lakshmy Devi. K, and Swapna Kumary. "STERNALIS AN ANATOMICAL VARIANT – A CASE REPORT." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal p7, no. 4 (2023): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj15p7042023.

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The Sternalis muscle is an anatomical variant that lies superficial to Pectoralis major muscle and sternum. It has been recognised as a variant of Pectoralis major or Sternocleidomastoid usually (1). The worldwide prevalence has been stated as 6% (2). The present case discusses the anatomical and embryological relevance. Bilateral Sternalis muscle was found in a 60year old male during the routine cadaveric dissection for undergraduate students. The muscle flap if present, is clinically used for breast reconstruction surgery.

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K., Vishal, Kavitha K., Vinay K. V., and Raghavendra A. Y. "UNILATERAL RECTUS STERNALIS MUSCLE: A CASE REPORT." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 03, no. 01 (2013): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703637.

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AbstractThe Rectus Sternalis muscle is a small supernumerary muscle occasionally present in the anterior thoracic wall. During routine dissection for undergraduate medical students we observed a unilateral left sided rectus sternalis present on the anterior thoracic wall.The knowledge about this variation is very useful for morphologists and anatomists. The presence of this muscle may be mistaken by surgeons, radiologists and physicians for tumor on mammogram or during mastectomy which may increase unnecessary burden on their patients.

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20

Shankar, Veena Vidya, Rahe Rajan, Komala Nanjundaiah, and Sheshgiri Chowdapurkar. "Rectus sternalis muscle - a rare anatomical variant." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 02, no. 01 (2013): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401698.

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AbstractThe Rectus Sternalis muscle is an unusual muscle that is observed on the anterior chest wall. The origin of this muscle is a highly debated variation of the pectoral musculature. We report a case of an abnormal vertically placed muscle - The rectus sternalis muscle, on the right medial side of the anterior chest wall of a male cadaver aged about 80 years. The abnormal presence of this muscle can be misdiagnosed as a breast mass on a routine mammogram. The advantage is its role in reconstruction flap surgeries. Hence knowledge of such an anatomical variant should be kept in mind during diagnostic investigations and surgical procedures.

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Vijaianand M, Sakthivel M, Sheela Grace Jeevamani, and Geeta Anasuya D. "A Cadaveric study on Rectus Sternalis muscle and its clinical significance in Western part of Tamilnadu state (Kongunadu region)." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 2.1 (2021): 7942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.114.

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Background: Rectus sternalis is considered as an unusual accessory or supernumerary muscle which appears either unilateral or bilateral in the anterior thoracic wall of human beings. It varies in length, breadth, thickness and incidence among different races and in both sexes. Regarding its origin and insertion still a clear conclusion has not been reached because some authors says it originates and ascends for insertion while some of them opines it originates and descends for insertion. Clinically, its presence also leads to false diagnosis such as Breast tumours, lipoma etc. Aim of the study: To find out the presence of Rectus sternalis muscle in the anterior chest wall during routine dissection. Materials and Methods: 37 well embalmed and preserved cadavers of both sexes which is used for routine dissection to Phase-I MBBS students were taken into condideration. The pectoral region on either side of sternum was dissected in layers and visualised for the presence of Rectus sternalis. Results: Among 37 cadavers dissected, Rectus sternalis was found in the pectoral region of a male and a female cadaver. In male it appeared bilateral, whereas in female it is unilateral. In both the cases it lie superficial to pectoralis major. Conclusion: The incidence of Rectus sternalis reported from our study was 5.4%. In the earlier days it lead to misdiagnosis and made great challenge to radiologists and surgeons, but now-a days with advancement in imaging techniques its presence can be detected clearly thus avoiding unnecessary expenditure and invitro techniques. Clinically it is also used as pedicle flap in breast reconstructive surgeries. KEY WORDS: Cadaver, Dissection, Pectoral region, Rectus sternalis, sternocleidomastoid.

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22

Meerkotter, D. "Mammographic normal variant : the sternalis muscle." South African Journal of Radiology 13, no. 3 (2009): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v13i3.501.

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The imaging findings of a normal variant seen on mammography are presented in this article. The sternalis muscle is an uncommon normal variant, seen only in 8% of cadaveric studies. It is increasingly demonstrated with mammography as imaging techniques improve. This normal variant needs to be differentiated from significant pathology and can pose a diagnostic dilemma. In this article the anatomy of this muscle and the imaging findings are discussed. In selected cases computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be required to investigate the mammographic findings further and these modalities are described regarding the assessment of the sternalis muscle.

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23

Hung, Laurie Y., Octavian C. Lucaciu, and Jessica J. Wong. "Back to the Debate: Sternalis Muscle." International Journal of Morphology 30, no. 1 (2012): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022012000100058.

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24

Ram, Dharma, Veda Padamapriya Selvakumar, and Kartikeya Sharma. "Sternalis Muscle: Not So Uncommon Entity." Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 9, no. 2 (2018): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13193-018-0761-7.

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25

Aragão, José Aderval, Isaias Felipe dos Santos, Willian Moreira Leão e Silva, et al. "Unilateral sternal muscle in an adult melanodermic cadaver." MOJ Anatomy & Physiology 8, no. 1 (2021): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojap.2021.08.00316.

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The sternal muscle, also known as sternalis, rectussternal, parasternal or japonicus is a curious case of anatomical variation of the anterior chest wall. During a routine dissection, a muscle mass related to the sternum was found in the anterior wall of the right hemithorax in a melanodermic female cadaver. The literature, its incidence is mentioned to vary from 3.1 to 23.5%, and little is known about its function with divergences regarding its origin, insertion, innervation and vascularization. Clinically, some mastologists report that this finding is often confused with a tumor, making it difficult to distinguish between normal structures or lesions that symbolize cancer.

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26

Nair, SmithaS, K. Jayasree, PR Ashalatha, and Jenish Joy. "Unilateral rectus sternalis muscle - a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 5, no. 3 (2016): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-4025.294938.

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27

Awad, Khalid A., Ghassan E. Ahmed, Qabas A. Allah A.llah, and Hayat A. Ahmed. "Bilateral sternalis muscle in a Sudanese cadaver." International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 89 (December 2021): 106511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106511.

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28

Dudgeon, Sarah N., Kayla M. Marcotte, Glenn M. Fox, and B. Kathleen Alsup. "A previously unclassified variant of sternalis muscle." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 39, no. 12 (2017): 1417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-017-1883-2.

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29

Shiotani, Motoi, Takeshi Higuchi, Norihiko Yoshimura, et al. "The sternalis muscle: radiologic findings on MDCT." Japanese Journal of Radiology 30, no. 9 (2012): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11604-012-0114-3.

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30

Kim, Won Sik, Soo Il Kim, and Seung Ro Han. "Three Cases of Sternalis Muscle in Korean." Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, no. 4 (2000): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.11637/kjpa.2000.13.4.337.

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31

Petto, Andrew J., David E. Zimmerman, Elizabeth K. Johnson, Lucas Gauthier, James T. Menor, and Nicholas Wohkittel. "Exploring Anatomic Variants to Enhance Anatomy Teaching: Musculus Sternalis." Diagnostics 10, no. 8 (2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080508.

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The opportunity to encounter and appreciate the range of human variation in anatomic structures—and its potential impact on related structures, function, and treatment—is one of the chief benefits of cadaveric dissection for students in clinical preprofessional programs. The dissection lab is also where students can examine unusual anatomic variants that may not be included in their textbooks, lab manuals, or other course materials. For students specializing in physical medicine, awareness and understanding of muscle variants has a practical relevance to their preparations for clinical practice. In a routine dissection of the superficial chest muscles, graduate students in a human gross anatomy class exposed a large, well-developed sternalis muscle. The exposure of this muscle generated many student questions about M sternalis: its prevalence and appearance, its function, its development, and its evolutionary roots. Students used an inquiry protocol to guide their searches through relevant literature to gather this information. Instructors developed a decision tree to assist students in their inquiries, both by helping them to make analytic inferences and by highlighting areas of interest needing further investigation. Answering these questions enriches the understanding and promotes “habits of mind” for exploring musculoskeletal anatomy beyond simple descriptions of function and structure.

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32

Lonergan, K. T., C. A. Sidor, R. S. Darrell, R. P. Mancini, and D. G. Blackburn. "Differential testosterone sensitivity of forelimb muscles of male leopard frogs, Rana pipiens: test of a model system." Amphibia-Reptilia 16, no. 4 (1995): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853895x00433.

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AbstractCertain forelimb muscles of anurans exhibit sexual dimorphism in mass and fiber composition, offering potential for studies of the effects of hormones on muscle characteristics. Androgen-responsiveness of major forelimb muscles of male leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, was evaluated by quantifying the effects of testosterone cypionate administration and castration on lyophilized muscle mass. The coracoradialis, pectoralis epicoracoideus, and pectoralis sternalis muscles were highly-responsive to testosterone treatment, showing a mean dry mass increase of approximately 50% over control values. However, the pectoralis abdominis muscle was unaffected by testosterone administration, and castration had no effect on any of the muscles. Testosterone sensitivity reflects both the degree of sexual dimorphism and the inferred functional roles of the muscles. Because their forelimb muscles vary markedly in androgen-sensitivity, leopard frogs show considerable promise as a model system for clarifying hormonal regulation of muscle characteristics.

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33

Vandeweyer, E. "THE STERNALIS MUSCLE IN HEAD AND NECK RECONSTRUCTION." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 104, no. 5 (1999): 1578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199910000-00069.

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34

Sharma, R., and R. Chauhan. "Bilateral rectus sternalis muscle with its clinical implications." Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 67 (August 2018): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2018.06.212.

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35

Harish, K., and K. S. Gopinath. "Sternalis muscle: importance in surgery of the breast." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 25, no. 3-4 (2003): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-003-0119-9.

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36

Sarıkçıoglu, Levent. "Three sternalis muscles associated with abnormal attachments of the pectoralis major muscle." Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy) 2 (2008): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/ana.08.067.

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37

Nuthakki, Soujanya, Martin Gross, and David Fessell. "Sonography and Helical Computed Tomography of the Sternalis Muscle." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 26, no. 2 (2007): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2007.26.2.247.

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38

JENG, HELLEN, and SHUEN-JING SU. "The sternalis muscle: an uncommon anatomical variant among Taiwanese." Journal of Anatomy 193, no. 2 (1998): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19320287.x.

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Salval, André, Anna Scevola, and Franz W. Baruffaldi Preis. "Sternalis Muscle: An Uncommon Finding During Aesthetic Breast Surgery." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 32, no. 7 (2012): 903–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090820x12455048.

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Shiotani, Motoi, Takeshi Higuchi, Norihiko Yoshimura, et al. "Correction to: The sternalis muscle: radiologic findings on MDCT." Japanese Journal of Radiology 36, no. 4 (2018): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11604-017-0708-x.

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Lee, Seung Jun, Jinu Kim, and Sang-Pil Yoon. "A Bilateral Double Sternalis Muscle in a Korean Cadaver." Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 30, no. 4 (2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.11637/kjpa.2017.30.4.161.

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Snosek, Michael, R. Shane Tubbs, and Marios Loukas. "Sternalis muscle, what every anatomist and clinician should know." Clinical Anatomy 27, no. 6 (2014): 866–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22361.

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Parmar, Nisha D., and Deepa S. Gupta. "A STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF PECTORAL REGION MUSCLE ‘RECTUS STERNALIS’ IN SOUTH GUJARAT REGION." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 2 (2016): 2423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.226.

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Bradley, F. M., H. C. Hoover, C. A. Hulka, et al. "The sternalis muscle: an unusual normal finding seen on mammography." American Journal of Roentgenology 166, no. 1 (1996): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.166.1.8571900.

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Bailey, Patricia M., and Chris D. Tzarnas. "The Sternalis Muscle: A Normal Finding Encountered during Breast Surgery." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 103, no. 4 (1999): 1189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199904010-00013.

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Bailey, Patricia M., and Chris D. Tzarnas. "The Sternalis Muscle: A Normal Finding Encountered during Breast Surgery." Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 103, no. 4 (1999): 1189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199904040-00013.

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Davimes, Joshua G., Nicholas Bacci, and Pedzisai Mazengenya. "Evidence of the sternalis muscle in two South African cadavers." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 40, no. 11 (2018): 1313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2058-5.

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Trastour, C., J. C. Machiavello, C. Chapellier, et al. "Le muscle sternalis : derrière quel sein se cache-t-il ?" Annales de Chirurgie 131, no. 10 (2006): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anchir.2006.04.003.

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Akyurek, Ulku, Diana Caragacianu, and Mustafa Akyurek. "Sternalis is muscle: An anatomic variation and its clinical implications." Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 73, no. 11 (2020): 2084–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.004.

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Huertas, Pol, Bernat Buscà, Jordi Arboix-Alió, et al. "Muscle Activity of Superimposed Vibration in Suspended Kneeling Rollout." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031637.

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Abstract:

Training using instability devices is common; however, for highly trained athletes, a single device may not provide sufficient challenge. This study examines the effect of superimposed vibration in suspended kneeling rollout. Seventeen physically active participants performed the exercise with non-vibration, vibration at 25 Hz, and vibration at 40 Hz. Muscle activation of the pectoralis clavicularis, pectoralis sternalis, anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, infraspinatus, and latissimus dorsi was recorded during exercise, and the perception of effort was recorded after exercise (OMNI-Res scale). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences for the kneeling rollout (p < 0.05). Friedman’s test showed significant differences in the OMNI-Res (p = 0.003). Pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the anterior deltoid (p = 0.004), latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), infraspinatus (p = 0.001), and global activity (p < 0.001) between the 25 Hz and non-vibration conditions. It also showed significant differences between the 40 Hz and non-vibration conditions for pectoralis sternalis (p = 0.021), anterior deltoid (p = 0.005), latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), infraspinatus (p = 0.027), and global activity (p < 0.001). The post hoc Conover pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the OMNI-Res only between the non-vibration and vibration at 40 Hz conditions (p = 0.011). Superimposed vibration increases the muscle activation of the upper limbs when performing the suspended kneeling rollout.

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